Design Criteria

for
Canals and Related Structures

Table of Contents
Page
1.

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1-1

2.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN ......................................................................................... 2-1

2.1

Diversion weir and intake structure............................................................

2.1.1 Hydrology Analysis............................................................................
2.1.2 Shape of overflow crest of weir ........................................................
2.1.3 Discharge over crest of weir and gate................................................
2.1.4 Hydraulic jump basin ........................................................................
2.1.5 Basin length........................................................................................
2.1.6 Backwater curve calculation..............................................................
2.1.7 Diversion Channel .............................................................................

2-1
2-1
2-11
2-12
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-22

2.2

Canals and drains ........................................................................................

2.2.1 Typical cross section for irrigation canal and drainage canal............
2.2.2 Flow formula .....................................................................................
2.2.3 Roughness Coefficient........................................................................
2.2.4 Velocity of canal flow ........................................................................
2.2.5 Canal Section......................................................................................
2.2.6 Head loss for open channel................................................................
2.2.7 Heal loss for closed conduit...............................................................

2-24
2-23
2-23
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-27
2-30

2.3

Canal Structures...........................................................................................
2.3.1 Division structure/turnout with measuring device.............................
2.3.2 Check Structure..................................................................................
2.3.3 Siphon.................................................................................................
2.3.4 Culvert ...............................................................................................
2.3.5 Drop....................................................................................................
2.3.6 Spillway .............................................................................................
2.3.7 Cross drain and aqueduct ..................................................................
2.3.8 Bridge.................................................................................................
2.3.9 Washing Step......................................................................................

2-32
2-32
2-42
2-42
2-43
2-44
2-44
2-44
2-44
2-44

2.4

Structure related to drains .......................................................................... 2-44

STRUCTURAL DESIGN....................................................................................... 3-1

3.1

General.......................................................................................................... 3-1

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3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.1.10
3.1.11
3.1.12
3.1.13
3.1.14
3.1.15

Unit weight of materials ....................................................................

Dead load ...........................................................................................
Live Load...........................................................................................
Earth pressure ....................................................................................
Earth pressure due to Sediment or Sediment pressure ......................
Hydrostatic pressure ..........................................................................
Uplift..................................................................................................
Earthquake force.................................................................................
Index properties of soils.....................................................................
Allowable bearing capacity of subsoil for foundation ......................
Classification of concrete...................................................................
Allowable Stress.................................................................................
Youngs modulus ratio........................................................................
Reinforcement concrete .....................................................................
Loading combination and stability analysis.......................................

3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-9
3-9
3-12

3.2

Strength Analysis for Concrete.................................................................... 3-13

3.2.1 Calculation procedure......................................................................... 3-13
3.2.2 Alternative calculation procedure...................................................... 3-15

3.3

Slope Stability............................................................................................... 3-16

3.3.1 Cutting slope....................................................................................... 3-16
3.3.2 Embankment Slope............................................................................. 3-16

3.4

Open Canal....................................................................................................
3.4.1 Type of lining.....................................................................................
3.4.2 Stone Masonry Canal.........................................................................
3.4.3 Concrete flume...................................................................................

3-17
3-17
3-18
3-19

3.5

Concrete Box Type Conduit.........................................................................

3.5.1 Loading Conditions............................................................................
3.5.2 Stability Analysis against uplift..........................................................
3.5.3 Loading acting on each member........................................................
3.5.4 Bending moment axial force and shearing force................................
3.5.5 Requirement of reinforcement bar.....................................................

3-22
3-22
3-24
3-24
3-24
3-25

3.6

Concrete Circular Conduit..........................................................................

3.6.1 Loading Conditions............................................................................
3.6.2 Stability Analysis against uplift..........................................................
3.6.3 Bending moment and axial force........................................................
3.6.4 Requirement for reinforcement bar....................................................
3.6.5 Protective Covering for Culvert.........................................................
3.6.6 Protective Covering for Siphon..........................................................

3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-26

3.7

Aqueduct........................................................................................................
3.7.1 Maximum slope .................................................................................
3.7.2 Free board...........................................................................................
3.7.3 Flume..................................................................................................
3.7.4 Abutment and pier..............................................................................

3-26
3-26
3-26
3-26
3-27

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4.

3.8

Retaining Wall...............................................................................................
3.8.1 Loading Conditions............................................................................
3.8.2 Stability Analysis................................................................................
3.8.3 Structure analysis for Inverted T shape type..................................

3-27
3-27
3-28
3-30

3.9

Bridge.............................................................................................................
3.9.1 Kind of Bridge....................................................................................
3.9.2 General Features of Bridge.................................................................
3.9.3 Loading Conditions............................................................................
3.9.4 Design of Superstructure....................................................................
3.9.5 Design of Substructure.......................................................................

3-33
3-33
3-33
3-37
3-42
3-51

INTAKE WEIR....................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1

General.......................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2

Hydraulic calculation................................................................................... 4-1

4.3

Stability analysis for weir............................................................................. 4-2

4.4

Correction of trapezoidal section................................................................ 4-5

4.5

Apron............................................................................................................. 4-6

4.6

Creep length ................................................................................................. 4-7

4.7

Riprap............................................................................................................ 4-8

4.8

Scouring Sluice.............................................................................................. 4-9

4.9

Inlet................................................................................................................ 4-11

4.10 Settling basin................................................................................................. 4.11

4.11 Retaining wall............................................................................................... 4-12
4.12 Flood dike...................................................................................................... 4-14

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