( )

1982 ,
,
, ;

;
,
,

( CIP)
: .
3 . : , 2004 .1
ISBN 7 - 04 - 012958 - 2
. . . . . . . . . -
- - -
.O175 24O174 6
CIP (2003) 100543

4
100011
010 - 82028899

010 800 h ttp :

h ttp :

64054588
810 - 0598
www .hep .edu .cn
www .hep .com .cn

1978


9 .80

11 1
3

8501168 1 32
6 .75
170 000


, ,
33 , 70
: ,
; :
, ,

,
, :

,

:

, ,
,

,
, ,
,
,
,
,
1988 ,

, ,

2003 6


1978 ,
,
,
, ,

,
,

, ,

,
,
;
;

,

, ,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,

, ,
; ,
,
,
, 33 41 ,
:

34

810

45

45

68

45

,
1977
, ,
( )
,
, ,
,

, ,

1982 3

1
1 .1 1
1 .2 11
1 .3

15

17

18
2 .1 18
2 .2 28
2 .3 32
2 .4 36
2 .5 41

2 .6

49

52

56
3 .1

56

3 .2 63
3 .2 .1 63
3 .2 .2 64
3 .2 .3 69
3 .3

72

81

84
4 .1

84

4 .2 86
4 .3 92
4 .4 95
4 .4 .1 95
4 .4 .2 97
99

101
5 .1 101
5 .2 103
5 .3 n
5 .4

107

109

5 .5 112
5 .5 .1 112
5 .5 .2 115
5 .6 117

5 .7

122

5 .7 .1 122
5 .7 .2 123
5 .7 .3 ( ) 124

5 .8

125

127

130
6 .1 130
6 .2 132
6 .3 135

6 .4 138
6 .4 .1 138
6 .4 .2 140

6 .5 146
149

152
7 .1

152

7 .2 158
7 .3 160
162

163
8 .1 163
8 .2 165
8 .3 - 168
172

173
9 .1 173
9 .2

176

9 .3 179
9 .4 KdV

185

189

A 191
B 196
200


,
. , ,
,
.

1 .1
,
, .
1
, ,
.
, ,

, .
.

,
x (
1 - 1 ) .

,

1- 1

.
x t M ,

N M u . , u x t
u( x , t ) , u .
, .
MM, d s , , M M
T , T. ,
. M M t
. ,
.
x MM - Tcos + T
cos ,
,
T
cos - Tcos = 0 .

( 1 .1)

, M M
, 0 ,0 ,
2

cos = 1 +
-
2! 4!
, ,
cos 1 , cos 1 ,
(1 .1 ) ,
T = T.
u M M - Tsin + Tsin gd s, - gd s MM . 0 , 0
sin =

tan

tan =
2
1 + tan

sin tan =
ds =

1+

u( x , t )
,
x

u( x + d x, t)
,
x
u( x , t )
x

d x d x ,
2

t u
d s ,

u( x, t)
,
2
t

1 .1

3
2

u( x , t )
2
t

u( x , t )
d x,
2
t

- Tsin + Tsin - gd s d s

u ( x + d x , t)
x

u( x , t )
x

- gd x

( 1 .2)
x d x
u ( x , t)
, ,
x
u( x + d x , t)
x

u( x , t)

u
2

u( x, t)
- g d x
2
x

u( x , t )

2
x

u( x , t)
dx =
x

u( x , t)
d x,
2
x

u( x , t)
dx
2
t

u( x , t )
+ g .
2
t
2

, ,

u
2

, g . ,
, u ( x , t) x , t ,
u ( x , t )
2

u
2

t
2

a =

2
2

= a

u
2 ,
x

( 1 .3)

T
.( 1 .3) .

,
, t x F( x , t ) ,
, ( 1 .1) (1 .2 )
T
cos - Tcos = 0 ,
2

Fd s - Tsin + Tsin - gd s d s

u
2

u
2

t
f ( x , t ) =

2
2

= a

u
2 + f( x, t) ,
x

( 1 .3)

1
F( x , t ) , t x

.
(1 .3 ) ( 1 .3 ) ( 1 .3 )
u f ( x , t ) , .
, .
(1 .3 ) , (1 .3 ) .
2
, ( Kirchhoff)
. (
) ,
, .
,
( 1 - 2) , .
, , i v
, i v x , t , i ( x , t) v ( x , t ) . R ,
L , C, G :
R ;

1 - 2

1 .1

L ;
C ;
G .
, x ,
,
v - ( v + v ) = R x i + Lx

i
.
t

v
= - Ri - L
x

i
.
t

( 1 .4)

, ,
,
i = ( i + i) + Cx

i
= - C
x

v
+ G x v ,
t

v
- Gv .
t

( 1 .5)

(1 .4 ) ( 1 .5) , i, v :
i
+ C
x

v
+ Gv = 0 ,
t

v
+ L
x

i
+ Ri = 0 .
t

v ( i ) , i ( v ) .
, v , (1 .5 ) x ( v i x , t
) , ( 1 .4 ) C t
, ,
2

i
x

(1 .4 )

+ G

v
- LC
x

v
,
x

i
2

- RC

i
= 0,
t

6
2

i
x

= LC

i
t

+ ( RC + GL )

i
+ G Ri ,
t

( 1 .6)

i . ( 1 .4) ( 1 .5)
i v
2

v
LC
2 =
x

v
+ ( RC + GL )
t
2

v
+ GR v ,
t

( 1 .7)

(1 .6 ) ( 1 .7) .
, R , L, C, G ,
. ,
, , G =
R = 0 , (1 .6 ) ( 1 .7)
2

i
2

t
2

v
2

1
=
LC
1
=
LC

x
2

v
2 .
x

.
2

a =

1
, (1 .3 ) . ,
LC

.
, ,
.

3
, E

H D B .
( Maxwell)
D
,
t

rot H = J +
rot E = -

B
,
t

div B = 0 ,

( 1 .8)
( 1 .9)
(1 .1 0)

1 .1

div D = .

(1 .1 1)

J , .

D = E,

(1 .1 2)

B = H ,

(1 .1 3)

J = E

(1 .1 4)

, , , ,
, , , .
( 1 .8) ( 1 .9 ) E H ,
, . H ,
(1 .8 ) ( H , E )
(1 .1 2) (1 .1 4)
rotrot H =

rot E + rot E,

(1 .9 ) ( 1 .13 )
2

rotrot H = -

H
H
-
,
2
t
t

rotrot H = graddiv H - H, div H =

1
div B = 0 ,

H
2
2

H
=

H
H
+
;
2
t
t

, H E
2
2

E
=

E
E
+

2
t
t

(= 0) ,
2

H
1
2
=
H
,
2

(1 .1 5)

E
1
2
=
E,

(1 .1 6)

(1 .1 5) (1 .1 6) .
,
2

u
t

a =

2
2

= a

u = a

u
2 +
x

u
2 +
y

u
,
2
z

(1 .1 7)

1
, u E( H) .

(1 .1 1) (1 .1 2)
. , (1 .1 2) (1 .1 1)
div D = div E = div E = ,
E u
E = - grad u ,

div grad u = 2

u
= -

(1 .1 8)

( Poisson) .
, = 0 , ( 1 .18 )
2

u = 0 ,

(1 .1 9)

( Laplace) .
4
, ,
,
.
, ,

. 1 , ,
. , S ,
V ( 1 - 3 ) . t V M ( x , y , z )
u ( x , y , z , t ) , n S ( V V

1 .1

) .
( Fourier )
, d t ,
d S d Q
d t , d S , u
u

n

d S
,
dQ = - k

u
d Sd t
n

1 - 3

= - k (grad u) n d Sd t
= - k grad ud Sd t,
k = k ( x , y , z ) ,
, k .
, grad
u . ,

u
= grad un > ( < ) 0 ,
n

n ( ) , ,
n ( ) .
, t1 t2 , S
V
t

Q1 =

k grad u d S d t .
S

V , [ t1 , t2 ]
V u ( x , y, z , t1 ) u ( x , y , z , t2 ) ,
[ t1 , t2 ] V
c[ u ( x , y , z , t2 ) - u( x , y, z , t1 ) ] d V ,
V

c , ,

10

, .
,
,
t

k grad u d S d t

c[ u ( x , y , z , t2 ) - u( x , y, z , t1 ) ] d V .

(1 .2 0)

S , u x , y , z
, t ,
( Gauss) ,
k grad u d S =

k div grad u d V =
V

ud V ,

, ( 1 .20 )
t

u
dt dV =
t

u
dV dt .
t

u
dV dt .
t

k ud
V dt =

(1 .2 0)

[ t1 , t2 ] V ,
, ( 1 .20 ) ,

u
2
2
2
= a u = a
t
2

a =

u
2 +
x

u
2 +
y

u
2
,
z

(1 .2 1)

k
. ( 1 .21 ) .
c

, F( x , y , z , t ) ,

u
2
= a
t

u
2 +
x

u
2 +
y

u
+ f ( x , y, z , t) ,
2
z

1 .2

f =

11

F
.
c

, ( ) ,
( ) u x , t ( x , y , t )
, ( 1 .21 )
u
2
= a
t

u
2
x

u
2
= a
t

u
2 +
x

u
y
2

,
, u t ,

u
= 0,
t

(1 .2 1) ( 1 .19 ) .
u .
, ,
.

1 .2

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, . ,
,

12

, .
, , .
, .

. ;
.
.
, ,
, ( x ) , ( x ) ,

u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,
u
t

= ( x ) .

(1 .2 2)

t= 0

,
, ( M ) t = 0 M ,

u( M , t ) | t = 0 = ( M ) .

(1 .2 3)

,
, .
. , ,
, ( x = a ) ,
:
, , .

u | x=

= 0,

(1 .2 4)

u( a , t ) = 0 .
, , ,

. 1 .1 1
,

1 .2

u
x
u
x

13

= 0,
x= a

= 0,

(1 .2 5)

x= a

ux ( a , t ) = 0 .
, , .

u = 0 , u | x = a ,
( Hooke ) , x = a
T

u
x

- ku | x = a ,
x= a

u
x

= - ku

x= a

x= a

u
+ u
x

= 0,

(1 .2 6)

x= a

k ,= k T .
, . S V
, S f ( x , y , z ,
t ) ,
u |S = f,

(1 .2 7)

f S ( t ) .
, V ,
, S , 4 ,
S
u
n

= 0 .

(1 .2 8)

S ,
u1 ,
:
d Q = k1 ( u - u1 ) d Sd t,

14

k1 .
S , S ,
S ,
dQ
d Sd t

= - k

u
n

, , ,

- k

u
n

= k1 ( u - u1 )

u
+ u
n

= u1

(1 .2 9)

= k1 k .
, , ,
, :
S u ,
u | S = f1 .

(1 .3 0)

.
S u S
,
u
n

= f2 .

(1 .3 1)

.
S u S
,
u
+ u
n

= f3 .

(1 .3 2)

.
( 1 .30 ) , ( 1 .31 ) , ( 1 .32 ) f i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3)
S ( , t ) .
, ( u

1 .3

15

) , ,
.

1 .3

.
,
,
. .

, ,
( ) . ,
.
.
, .
, (
( Cauchy) ) ; , ,
.
.
,
. , :
1) , ;
2) , ;
3) , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
.

16

,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, .
, n

Lu

Aik

i,k= 1

u
+
x i xk

i =1

u
+ Cu = f ,
xi

(1 .3 3)

A ik , Bi , C , f x1 , x2 , , xn ,
. , (1 .3 3)
2

A ( x , y)

u
2 + 2 B( x , y )
x
+ E( x , y )

u
+ C( x , y )
x y

u
2 + D( x , y )
y

u
+ F( x , y ) u = f ( x , y ) .
y

u
x

(1 .3 4)

( 1 .33) ,
, ui
L u i = fi ( i = 1 , 2 , )
,

u =

Cu
i

i =1

, , Ci ( i = 1 , 2 , ) ,
u

Lu =

Cf
i

i= 1

( ) . ,
u i ( i = 1 , 2 , )
Lu = 0

17

, u =

Cu
i

, , u

i=1

. ( ) ,
.

1 . l , , , q
( q) ,
x( l - x )
, .
2
2 . l , x = c k ,
.
3 . , ,
, , . .
4 . l , , e
, , .
5 . F ( z ) , G( z) ,
u = F ( x + at ) + G( x - at )

u
2

2
2

= a

u
2

6 . , u1 ( x , y ) , u2 ( x , y ) , , un ( x ,
y) ,
2

u
2 + 2 B
x

u
+ C
x y

u
2 + D
y

u
+ E
x

u
+ Fu = 0
y

, A , B , C , D, E , F x , y . u =

C u ( x,
i

i =1

y) , Ci ( i = 1 , 2 , ) , x , y ,

u =

C u ( x , y) .
i

i= 1



,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.2 .1 ,
; 2 .2
( ) ; 2 .3
; 2 .4 2 .5
. 2 .6
( ) .
.

2 .1

, ,
.
, ,
:

2 .1
2

u
2

2
2

= a

u
x < l , t > 0,
2 ,0 <
x

u | x = 0 = 0, u | x =

u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,

u
t

= 0, t > 0,
= ( x ) , 0 x l .

19

( 2 .1)
( 2 .2)
( 2 .3)

t =0

: ,
. , . ,
,
( ) , ,
. , (2 .1 ) , (2 .2 ) , (2 .3 ) ,
(2 .1 ) ( 2 .2)
( ) ,
(2 .3 ) .
, .
, ,
, t ,
u ( x , t) = A ( t ) sin x
, : u ( x , t ) x t
.
, ( 2 .1)
u ( x , t) = X ( x) T ( t)
, ( 2 .2 ) , X ( x ) , T ( t )
x t .

u( x , t ) = X( x ) T ( t )
2

u
( x ) T ( t) ,
2 = X
x

u
2

= X ( x ) T( t ) ,

(2 .1 )
2

X( x ) T( t ) = a X( x ) T ( t )
X( x )
T( t )
= 2
.
X ( x)
a T ( t)

20

x , t ,
, .
- ,
X( x )
T( t )
= 2
= - ,
X( x)
a T( t)
:
2

T( t) + a T ( t) = 0 ,

( 2 .4)

X( x ) + X( x ) = 0 .

( 2 .5)

(2 .2 ) , u ( x , t ) = X( x ) T ( t) ,
X (0 ) T ( t) = 0 , X( l) T ( t ) = 0 .
T ( t ) 0 , T ( t ) 0 , u( x , t ) 0 ,
, .
X( 0) = X( l) = 0 .

( 2 .6)

, ( 2 .1) (2 .2 ) ,

X( x ) + X ( x ) = 0 ,
X (0 ) = X( l) = 0
X ( x ) .
X ( x ) , X ( x )
, ( 2 .5) ,
(2 .5 ) ( 2 .6 )
, X ( x ) .
(2 .5 ) ( 2 .6) , ( 2 .5) , ( 2 .6)
, X ( x )
. .
1 < 0 , ( 2 .5)
X ( x ) = Ae

- x

+ Be

(2 .6 )
A + B = 0,

- x

2 .1

Ae

- l

+ Be

- l

21

= 0 .

A , B
A = B = 0 .
X ( x ) 0 , , .
2 = 0 , ( 2 .5)
X( x ) = A x + B ,
(2 .6 ) A = B = 0 , .
2

3 > 0 , = , . ( 2 .5 )

X ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x ,
(2 .6 )
A = 0,
B sin l = 0 .
B ( X ( x ) 0 ) , sin l = 0 ,
=

n
( n = 1 ,2 ,3 , ) ,
l

( n , n = - 2 , B sin
B
sin

- 2
x
l

2
x )
l
2

n
=
,
2
l

( 2 .7)

, ( 2 .5) , ( 2 .6)
:
2

n
n =
( n = 1, 2, 3, ) ,
2
l
X n ( x ) = Bn sin

n
x( n = 1, 2, 3, ) .
l

( 2 .8)

, T ( t ) , ( 2 .7 )
(2 .4 )

22

a n
T
Tn ( t ) = 0 ,
n ( t) +
2
l
,
T n ( t ) = C
n cos

nat
na t
+ D
( n = 1, 2, 3, ) .
n sin
l
l
( 2 .9)

(2 .8 ) , (2 .9 ) ( 2 .1) ( 2 .2 )

un ( x , t ) =

Cn cos

na t
nat
nx
+ Dn sin
sin
l
l
l

( n = 1, 2, 3, ) ,

(2 .1 0)

Cn = Bn C
n , Dn = Bn D
n . ,
, ( 2 .1 ) ( 2 .2 )
. , ( 2 .3 ) .
(2 .10 ) ( 2 .1 )
(2 .2 ) , ( 2 .3) . ,
(2 .1 0) u n ( x , t ) :

u( x , t) =

( x, t)

n= 1

Cn cos

n= 1

na
na
n
t + Dn sin
t sin
x , (2 .1 1)
l
l
l

, ( 2 .11 ) ,
x , t , u( x , t ) (2 .1 )
(2 .2 ) . Cn , Dn , u ( x , t )
(2 .3 ) ,

u( x , t)

= u ( x , 0) =

t= 0

C sin
n

n= 1

n
x = ( x ) ,
l

u
t

=
t=0

D
n= 1

na
n
sin
x = ( x ) .
l
l

( x ) , ( x ) [ 0 , l ] , Cn

2 .1

( x ) ,

23

na
Dn ( x )
l

,
2
Cn =
l

( x ) sin

n
xd x ,
l

2
n
Dn =
( x ) sin
xd x .
na 0
l

(2 .1 2)

(2 .3 ) . (2 .12 ) Cn , Dn ( 2 .11)
, .
, , (2 .1 1) u ( x , t )
( 2 .1 ) , ( 2 .2 ) , ( 2 .3 ) , Cn , Dn
(2 .1 2) , , x , t
. ( x ) ( x )
. ( 1979
3) , ( x ) , ( x ) ,
(0 ) = ( l ) = ( 0 ) = ( l ) = ( 0 ) = ( l ) = 0 ,
(2 .1 ) , (2 .2 ) , ( 2 .3) , ( 2 .11 ) ,
Cn , Dn ( 2 .12 ) .
, ( x ) ( x ) ,
(2 .1 1) , ( 2 .12 ) u ( x , t ) ,
. ,
2

( x ) ( x ) [0 , l ] L ,
n

n ( x ) =

C sin
k

k=1

n ( x ) =

k= 1

k
x,
l

ka
k
Dk sin
x
l
l

[ L ( ) ] ( x )
( x ) , Ck , Dk ( 2 .12 ) .
(2 .3 )

24

u = n ( x ) ,
t=0

u
t

= n ( x ) ,
t= 0

Sn ( x , t ) =

Ck cos

k=1

ka
ka
k
t + Dk sin
t sin
x .
l
l
l

n , ( 2 .11) u ( x , t ) .
Sn ( x , t ) ( 2 .1) ( 2 .2 ) ,
(2 .3 ) , , n , S n ( x , t )
. u ( x , t ) ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
1 10 , , ,
( x ) =

x (10 - x )
, .
1 000

u ( x , t ) ,
2

u
2

2
2

= a

u
x < 10 , t > 0 ,
2 ,0 <
x

u | x = 0 = 0 , u | x = 10 = 0, t > 0,
u t = 0 =

x ( 10 - x )
u
,
1 000
t
2

= 0 , 0 x 10
t= 0

. l = 10 , a = 10 000(

2 .1

25

) .
, ( 2 .11 ) .
(2 .1 2)
Dn = 0 ,
1
Cn =

5 000

10

x (10 -

x ) sin

n
xd x
10

2
3
3 ( 1 - cos n)
5n

0 , n ,

4
3
3 , n .
5n

=
,

4
1
(2 n + 1 )
u( x , t ) =
x cos10 (2 n + 1 )t .
3
3 sin
10
5
n = 0 ( 2 n + 1)
2
2

2
u
= a
2
t

u
x < l, t > 0 ,
2 , 0 <
x

u | x = 0 = 0,
u

= x - 2 lx,

t =0

u
x
u
t

= 0, t > 0,
x= l

= 0 ,0 x l .
t=0

( 2 .1 ) , x = l
u | x = l = 0 ,

u
x

= 0 . , ,
x= l

(2 .4 ) ( 2 .5) , ( 2 .6)
X(0 ) = X( l ) = 0 .

( 2 .6)

X( x ) + X ( x ) = 0 ,
X (0 ) = X( l) = 0

( 2 .5)

26

.
2

, = > 0 ,
, ( 2 .5)
X ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x ,
(2 .6 )
A = 0,
B cos l = 0 .
B 0 , cos l = 0 ,
=

2n + 1
( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) .
2l

:
2

(2 n + 1 )
n =
,
2
4l
Xn ( x ) = Bn sin

(2 n + 1 )
x ( n = 0, 1, 2, ) .
2l

(2 .4 )
T n ( t ) = C
n cos

(2 n + 1 )a
( 2 n + 1)a
t + D
t
n sin
2l
2l
( n = 0, 1, 2, ) .

u( x, t) =

Cn cos

n=0

Dn sin

(2 n + 1 )a
t+
2l

(2 n + 1)a
( 2 n + 1 )
t sin
x .
2l
2l

Cn , Dn
Dn = 0 ,
2
Cn =
l

(x

- 2 lx ) sin

(2 n + 1 )
xd x
2l

32 l
= 3 3 ,
(2 n + 1 )

2 .1
2

32 l
u( x, t) = - 3

n= 0

27

1
(2 n + 1)a
(2 n + 1 )
t sin
x .
3 cos
2l
2l
(2 n + 1 )

, ( 2 .11)
.
un ( x , t) =

Cn cos

na
na
n
t + Dn sin
t sin
x
l
l
l

. : t ,
; , .
,
un ( x , t ) = A n cos( n t - n ) sin
A n =

C n + D n , n =

n
x,
l

Dn
na
,n = arctan
.
l
Cn

t t0 ,
un ( x , t0 ) = A
n sin

n
x,
l

A
n = An cos ( n t0 -
n ) . ,
u n ( x , t0 ) ,
.
x x0 ,
un ( x0 , t ) = Bn cos( n t - n ) ,
Bn = A n sin

n
x0 . x 0
l

, Bn , n , n . x
, , Bn . un
( x , t ) :
n , ,
, .
, [0 , l ] n + 1

28

( ) , x m =
, n) , sin

ml
( m = 0 , 1, 2,
n

n
x m = sin m= 0 .
l

. un ( x , t ) [ 0 , l ] ,
n + 1 , .
n ( ) ,
. 2 - 1 n = 1 , 2 ,
3 .

2 - 1

, u1 ( x , t ) , u2 ( x , t ) , , u n ( x , t ) ,
, n .
, u ( x , t )
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
, .

2 .2
, l , x = 0 x = l ,
, x = 0 ,

2 .2

29

x = l (
1 .2 , x = l ,
x ) , ( x ) .
, :
2
u
= a
t

u
x < l, t > 0 ,
2 ,0 <
x

(2 .1 3)

u( l , t )
+ hu( l, t ) = 0 , t > 0 , (2 .1 4)
x
(2 .1 5)
u ( x , 0) = ( x ) , 0 x l .
u (0 , t ) = 0 ,

.
,
u ( x , t ) = X( x ) T ( t ) ,
(2 .1 3)
T( t )
X( x )
=
.
X( x )
a T ( t)
2

x , t,
2

. - ( - ,
X( x ) = - X ( x ) ,
2 .1 ) ,
T( t )
X( x )
2
=
= - ,
2
X ( x)
a T ( t)

(2 .1 6)

T( t) + a T ( t ) = 0 ,
2

X( x ) + X( x ) = 0 .

(2 .1 6)
(2 .1 6)

(2 .1 6)
X ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x ,
(2 .1 4)
X( 0) = 0 , X( l ) + hX ( l ) = 0 .

(2 .1 7)

X (0 ) = 0 A = 0 , X( l ) + hX ( l ) = 0
cos l + h sin l = 0 .

(2 .1 7)

30

, ( 2 .17 )
tan = ,
= l ,= -

(2 .1 8)

1
. (2 .1 8) y1 = tan
hl

y2 = ( 2 - 2 ) ,
, ( 2 .18 ) ,
2

. ( 2 .18 ) (
( 2 - 2) , 2 .1 )

2 - 2

1 , 2 , 3 , , n ,
(2 .1 6), ( 2 .17 )
2

1 2
2
n
2
= 2 ,2 = 2 , ,n = 2 ,
l
l
l
2
1

X n ( x ) = Bn sin n x .

(2 .1 9)

(2 .1 6)
Tn ( t ) = An e

2 2
- a t
n

(2 .2 0)

(2 .1 9) , ( 2 .20 ) , (2 .1 3) (2 .1 4)

u n ( x , t ) = X n ( x ) Tn ( t )

2 .2

= Cn e

2 2
- a t
n

31

sin n x ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) ,

(2 .2 1)

Cn = A n Bn .
(2 .1 3) (2 .1 4) ,

u( x, t) =

un ( x , t ) =

n=1

Cn e

3 2
- a t
n

sin n x

(2 .2 2)

n= 1

. u ( x , t )
(2 .1 5) , ( 2 .22 )

u( x , 0) =

sin n x .

n=1

( x ) , [ 0 , l ]

( x ) n
Cn sin n x ,
= 1
Cn . , ( x ) [ 0 , l ]
, .
,
{sin n x } [ 0 , l ] . ( 2 .6
)
l

sin x sin xd x
m

= 0, m n .

sin n xd x ,

Ln =

( x ) =

sin n x

(2 .2 3)

n=1

sin k x , [0 , l ]
l

( x ) sin xd x
k

= L k Ck ,

1
Ck =
Lk

( x ) sin xd x .
k

(2 .2 4) (2 .2 2) .

(2 .2 4)

32

, u ( x , t ) ,
(2 .13 ) ( 2 .15 ) , ( x )
.
,
, :

,
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
u n ( x , t ) , un ( x , t )
.
,
u n ( x , t ) ,
. ,
, , 2 .6 .
,
, ,
, ,
.

2 .3
0 , ,
, .
,

2 .3

33

,
2

u = 0 .
, = 0 ,

u | = 0 = f () ,
,
. ,
2

1
u
1
u
u =

+ 2
2,
0 , 0
2 = 0 ,<

u (0 ,) = f () , 0 2 .
2

(2 .2 5)
(2 .2 6)

, , [ 0 , 0 ] [ 0 , 2] ,
,
, ( , ) (, + 2) ,
,
| u (0 , ) | < + ,

(2 .2 7)

u (,) = u(,+ 2) .

(2 .2 8)

( 2 .25 ) ( 2 .26 ) , ( 2 .27 ) , ( 2 .28 )

.
u (,) = R() () ,
(2 .2 5)
R
+

1
1
R
+ 2 R= 0 ,

R+ R

= .
R

+ = 0 ,
2

R+ R- R = 0 .
(2 .2 7) (2 .2 8)
| R (0 ) | < + ,

34

(+ 2) = () .

(2 .2 9)

,
+ = 0 ,

(2 .3 0)

( + 2) = () ,

R+ R- R = 0 ,

(2 .3 1)

| R (0 ) | < + .

? .
(2 .2 9) ( ( 2 .29 )
(2 .2 9) ) , (2 .3 0) .
2 .1
< 0 , (2 .3 0) ;
= 0 , 0 () = a
0 ( ) ;
2

> 0 , = , (2 .30)
() = a
+ b
,
cos
sin
() 2 , n , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , (
2 .1 ) ,
n () = a
n cos n+ b
n sin n.
2

, ( 2 .30) n = n ,
n () . ( 2 .31 ) . ( Euler)
,
R0 = c0 + d0 ln , = 0 ;
n

- n

Rn = cn + dn , = n ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) .
| R( 0) | < + , dn = 0 ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) ,
n

Rn = cn ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) .
, ( 2 .25 ) ( 2 .27 ) , (2 .2 8)

a0
u(,) =
+
2

( a
n

n= 1

cos n+ bn sin n) .

(2 .3 2)

2 .3

35

a0
a
0 c0 ; an , bn a
n cn b
n cn .
2

an , bn , (2 .2 6)
a0
f () =
+
2
n

( a
n
0

cos n+ bn sin n) ,

(2 .3 3)

n= 1

, a0 ,0 an ,0 bn f () ,
2

1
a0 =

f () d,

1
an = n
0

1
bn = n
0

f () cos nd,

(2 .3 4)

f ()sin nd.

(2 .3 2) .
, (2 .3 2)
. , ( 2 .34) (2 .3 2)
1
u (,) =

f( t)

1
+
2

n=1

cos n ( - t) d t ,

(2 .3 5)

1
+
2

n= 1

1
1 - k
k cos n ( - t ) =
2 1 - 2 k cos( - t ) + k2
n

( | k| < 1) ,

1

+
2

n= 1

1
+
2

cos n( - t) =

n= 1

1 n i n (- t )
k [e
+ e - i n(2

t)

1
1
+
2
2

1
1
kei (- t )
+
2
2 1 - kei (-

1
2

1+

k cos ( - t) + i k sin ( - t)
k cos ( - t) - i k sin ( - t)
+
1 - k cos ( - t) - i k sin ( - t) 1 - k cos ( - t) + i k sin ( - t)

1
2

1 +

2 k cos ( - t) - 2 k2
1 - 2 k cos ( - t) + k2

n= 1

[ kei (-

t)

t)

]n +
+

1
2

[ ke - i (- t ) ] n

n=1

1
ke - i (- t )
( | k | < 1)
2 1 - ke - i (- t )

1
1 - k2
.
2 1 - 2 k cos ( - t) + k2

36

(2 .3 5) u (,)
1
u (,) =
2

0 -
f ( t) 2
dt
2
0 + - 20 cos( - t )
(0 2, < 0 ) . (2 .3 6)

( 2 .36) .
, .

2

u
1 u
1
+ 2
2 +

u
= 0 , < 0 , 0 2,

u | = 0 = A cos , 0 2, A .
(2 .3 4) ,
bn = 0 ,
a1 =

A
, an = 0( n 1)
0

(2 .3 2)
u (,) =

A
cos .
0

2 .4
,
. , ,
.
,
. :
2

u
2

2
2

= a

u
x < l, t > 0,
2 + f ( x , t) , 0 <
x

u | x= 0 = u | x=

u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,

= 0, t > 0,
u
t

(2 .3 7)
(2 .3 8)

= ( x ) , 0 x l . (2 .3 9)
t =0

2 .4

37

, , ,
, ,
.
,
U( x , t) = V ( x , t) + W ( x , t) ,

(2 .4 0)

V ( x , t ) ,
2

V
2
V
= a
+ f ( x , t) , 0 < x < l , t > 0 ,
2
2
t
x
V | x = 0 = V | x= l = 0, t > 0,

(2 .4 1)

V
= 0 ,0 x l .
t t=0
W ( x , t ) ,
2
2
W
2
W
= a
x < l, t > 0,
2
2 ,0 <
t
x
W | x = 0 = W | x = l = 0, t > 0
(2 .4 2)
W
W | t = 0 = ( x ) ,
= ( x ) , 0 x l .
t t= 0
, V ( 2 .41 ) , W ( 2 .42 ) , U =
V |

t=0

V + W .
(2 .4 2) ,
(2 .4 1) .
(2 .4 1) ,
, ,
,
.
, ( 2 .41 ) :

V ( x, t) =

n= 1

vn ( t ) sin

n
x,
l

(2 .4 3)

vn ( t ) . vn ( t ) , f ( x , t )

38

f ( x , t) =

f n ( t ) sin

n=1

2
fn ( t ) =
l

f ( x , t ) sin

n
x,
l

(2 .4 4)

n
xd x .
l

(2 .4 3) (2 .4 4) (2 .4 1) ,

n= 1

a n
n
v
vn ( t ) - f n ( t ) sin
n ( t) +
2
x 0,
l
l
(2 .4 5)

a n
v
vn ( t ) = fn ( t) .
n ( t) +
2
l
(2 .4 3) (2 .4 1)
vn (0 ) = 0 , v
n ( 0) = 0 .
, vn ( t ) :
2

a n
v
n ( t) +
vn ( t ) = f n ( t ) , t > 0 ,
2
l

(2 .4 6)

vn ( 0) = 0 , vn (0 ) = 0 , ( n = 1 , 2 , ) .
( ) (2 .4 6) ,
l
vn ( t) =
na

f n () sin

na ( t - )
d ,
l

(2 .46 ) t ,
p 2 U n ( p) +

a2 n22
U n ( p ) = Fn ( p) ,
l2

U n ( p ) , Fn ( p ) vn ( t ) f n ( t ) .
Un ( p ) =

1
F ( p) ,
a2 n22 n
p2 +
l2

1
1
nat
, ,
2 2 2 na sin
l
a n
2
p +
l2

vn ( t ) .

2 .4

39

V ( x, t) =

l
na

n=1

f n () sin

na( t - )
n
d sin
x .
l
l

( 2 .42 ) , ( 2 .37 ) ,
(2 .3 8) , ( 2 .39 ) .
(2 .41 ) ,
.
, ,
. .
a

x + y b( 0 < a < b)

:
2

u
2 +
x

u
2
2
= 12( x - y ) , a <
y
2

u
n

x2+ y2= a = 0 ,

2
2
x + y = b

x + y < b,

= 0 .

, ,

x = cos ,
y = sin .
, :
2

1
u
1
u
2

+ 2 2 = 12 cos 2, a < < b, 02,

u = 0 ,
= a

u
=

= 0 , 02 .

(2 .4 7)
(2 .4 8)

.
, 2 .3
, ( 2 .47 ) , (2 .4 8)

u (,) =

[ A
n=0

(2 .4 7)

() cos n+ Bn () sin n] ,

40

n= 0

1
n
A
A
n () +
n () cos n+
2 An ()

1
n
2
B
B
n () +
n () sin n = 12 cos 2.
2 Bn ()

cos n, sin n
A
2 () +

1
4
2
A
2 () 2 A2 () = 12 ,

(2 .4 9)

1
n
A
An () - 2 An () = 0 ( n 2 ) ,
n () +

(2 .5 0)

1
n
B
B
n () +
n () 2 Bn () = 0 .

(2 .5 1)

(2 .4 8)
A n ( a) = A
n ( b) = 0 ,

(2 .5 2)

Bn ( a) = B
n ( b) = 0 .

(2 .5 3)

(2 .5 0) (2 .5 1) ,
A0 () = c0 + d 0 ln ,
B0 () = c
0 + d
0 ln ,
n

- n

A n () = cn + d n , n 2 ,
n

- n

Bn () = c
, n = 1, 2, 3,,
n + d
n
cn , dn ( n0 , n 2 ) ; c
n , d
n ( n 0 )
. ( 2 .52 ) ( 2 .53 )
An () 0 ( n 2 ) ,
Bn () 0 .
A2 () .
(2 .4 9) ,

A2 () = ,
,
2

-2

A 2 () = C1 + C2 + ,

2 .5

41

(2 .5 2) C1 , C2
6

a + 2b
C1 = - 4
4 ,
a + b
4

a b ( a - 2b )
C2 = .
4
4
a + b

4
a + 2b 2
a b ( a - 2b ) -2
A2 () = - 4
+,
4 4
4
a + b
a + b

u (,) = -

1
6
6
2
4
4
2
2
- 2
- 2 b ) 4 [ ( a + 2 b ) + a b ( a
a + b
4

( a + b ) ] cos 2.

2 .5
,
, . ,
? . ,
, ,
. , .

u
2

2
2

= a

u
x < l, t > 0,
2 + f ( x , t) , 0 <
x

u | x = 0 = u1 ( t) , u | x =
u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,

u
t

= u2 ( t ) , t > 0 ,

(2 .5 4)
(2 .5 5)

= ( x ) , 0 x l . (2 .5 6)
t =0

,
u( x , t ) = V ( x , t ) + W ( x , t ) .

(2 .5 7)

W ( x , t ) V ( x , t) ,
V | x= 0 = V | x=

= 0,

(2 .5 8)

42

(2 .5 5) (2 .5 7) , ( 2 .58 ) ,
W | x = 0 = u1 ( t ) , W | x =

= u2 ( t ) ,

(2 .5 9)

, W ( 2 .59 ) .
(2 .5 9) , W x ,
W ( x , t) = A( t ) x + B( t ) ,
(2 .5 9) A , B
1
[ u2 ( t ) - u1 ( t ) ] , B ( t ) = u1 ( t ) .
l

A( t) =

, W ( x , t) = u1 ( t ) +

u2 ( t ) - u1 ( t )
x ( 2 .59 ) ,
l

u = V +

u1 +

u2 - u1
x ,
l

(2 .6 0)

V .
, V
2

V
2
= a
2
t

V
x < l , t > 0,
2 + f1 ( x , t ) , 0 <
x

V | x= 0 = V | x=

V | t = 0 = 1 ( x ) ,

= 0, t > 0,
V
t

(2 .6 1)

= 1 ( x ) , 0 x l .
t=0

f 1 ( x , t) = f ( x , t ) 1 ( x ) = ( x ) 1 ( x ) = ( x ) -

u
1 ( t) +

u
2 ( t ) - u
1 ( t)
x ,
l

u1 (0 ) +

u2 (0 ) - u1 ( 0)
x ,
l

u
1 ( 0) +

u
2 ( 0) - u
1 ( 0)
x
l

(2 .6 2)
.

(2 .6 1) . ( 2 .61 ) ( 2 .60 )
.

2 .5

43

(2 .5 9) W ( x , t ) , W ( x , t ) x
(2 .62) , W ( x , t ) .
f , u1 , u2 t , W ( x ) ( t ) ,
V ( x , t) ,
V ( x , t ) . W ( x )
, .
, ,
W ( x , t ) ,
W ( x , t ) :
1 u | x = 0 = u1 ( t ) ,
2
3

u
x
u
x

u
x

= u2 ( t ) ;
x= l

= u1 ( t ) , u | x = l = u2 ( t ) ;
x=0

= u1 ( t ) ,
x=0

u
x

= u2 ( t ) .
x= l

,
, :
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
, .
(
) ,
, .
, .
, ,

44

.
1 :
2

= a

u
x < l, t > 0 ,
2 + A, 0 <
x

u | x = 0 = 0, u | x =
u
t

u | t= 0 =

(2 .6 3)

= B, t > 0,

(2 .6 4)

= 0, 0 x l .

(2 .6 5)

t= 0

, A , B .
: .
, , (2 .6 3)
t ,
, :
u( x , t ) = V ( x , t ) + W ( x ) ,
(2 .6 3)
2

2
V
= a
2
t

V
( x) + A .
2 + W
x

, W ( x )
2

a W( x ) + A = 0 , 0 < x < l,
W | x = 0 = 0, W | x =

= B, t > 0 .

(2 .6 6)

(2 .66 ) ,

W( x ) = -

A 2
+
2 x
2a

Al
B
x .
2 +
l
2a

W ( x ) , ( 2 .65 ) V ( x , t )
:
2

V
2
= a
2
t

V
x < l, t > 0 ,
2 , 0 <
x

V | x = 0 = V | x = l = 0, t > 0,
V | t= 0 = - W( x ) ,

V
t

= 0, 0 x l
t= 0

(2 .6 7)
(2 .6 8)
(2 .6 9)

2 .5

45

.
, ( 2 .67 ) ( 2 .68)

V ( x , t) =

Cn cos

n= 1

na
na
n
t + Dn sin
t sin
x .
l
l
l
(2 .7 0)

(2 .6 9) Dn = 0 .
(2 .6 7) , ( 2 .68 ) , (2 .6 9)

V ( x , t) =

na
n
tsin
x .
l
l

Cn cos

n=1

(2 .6 9)

- W( x ) =

n
x,
l

sin

n= 1

A 2
2 x
2a

Al
B
x =
2 +
l
2a

Cn sin

n=1

n
x .
l

2
Cn =
l

A 2
2 x
2a

a
l
2

Al
B
n
x sin
xd x
2 +
l
2a
l
A
2B
2 +
2
a
l

n
x sin
xd x l

xsin

n
xd x
l

2 Al
2
Al
= - 2 3 3 +
2
2
2 + B cos n .
n a n
a n

(2 .7 1)

,
A 2
u( x , t ) = +
2 x
2a

Al
B
x +
2 +
l
2a

Cn (2 .71) .
2 :

C cos
n

n= 1

na
n
tsin
x,
l
l

46

u
2
= a
t

u
2
- b u , 0 < x < l, t > 0 ,
2
x

ux | x = 0 = 0 , u | x = l = u1 , t > 0 ,
u1 2
2 x , 0 x l,
l

u t = 0 =

(2 .7 2)
(2 .7 3)
(2 .7 4)

b , u1 .
(2 .72) 2 .2 (2 .1 3)
2

- b u, ,
2

, , - b u ,
. .
, ,
u ( x , t ) = V ( x , t ) + u1 ,

(2 .7 5)

V
2
= a
t

V
2
2
- b V - b u1 , 0 < x < l, t > 0 ,
2
x

Vx | x = 0 = V | x =
V | t = 0 =

= 0, t > 0 ,

u1 2
- u1 , 0 x l .
2 x
l

:
V

( 1)

t
()

= a

( 1)

Vx | x= 0 = V
V

( 1)

| t = 0 =

(2 )

V
t
()

(1 )

V
2
x

=a

( 2)

( 2)

, 0 < x < l , t > 0,

| x = l = 0 , t > 0,

(2 .7 6)
(2 .7 7)
(2 .7 8)

(2)

V
2
x

Vx | x= 0 = V
V

( 1)

u1 2
- u1 , 0 x l,
2 x
l
2

(1)

- b V

(2)

- b V

(2)

- b u1 , 0 < x < l, t > 0, (2 .7 9)

| x = l = 0 , t > 0,

= 0 , 0 x l .

(2 .8 0)
(2 .8 1)

t= 0

( ) , ,

2 .5

47

2 .2 ( 2 .13 ) , (2 .1 4) , ( 2 .15 ) ,
(2 .1 6) .

( 1)

( x , t ) = X( x ) T ( t ) ,

(2 .7 6)
2

2
T+ b T
X
=
= - ,
2
X
a T

T+ ( b + a ) T = 0 ,

(2 .8 2)

X+ X = 0 .

(2 .8 3)

X(0 ) = X ( l ) = 0 ,

(2 .8 4)

(2 .7 7)
(2 .8 3) , ( 2 .84 )
2

( 2 n + 1)
=
,
2
4l
2

n = 0 ,1 ,2 , .
Xn ( x ) = Bn cos

( 2 n + 1)
x,
2l

( 2 .82 )
2

(2 n + 1) a
b +
2
4l
2

T+

T = 0,

Tn ( t) = e

2 2 2
2 ( 2 n+1 ) a
b +
2
4l

( )

(1 )

( x, t) =

Cn e

2 2 2
2 (2 n+1) a
b +
2
4 l

n=0

cos

(2 n + 1 )
x,
2l
(2 .8 5)

Cn (2 .78)
2
Cn =
l

u1 2
(2 n + 1 )
- u 1 cos
xd x
2 x
2l
l

48

= ( - 1)
V

(1 )

n+1

32 u1
3
3 ,
( 2 n + 1)

( x, t)

( 1)

n+ 1
2 2 2
( 2 n+1 ) a
32 u1 - b 2 t
( - 1)
t
( 2 n + 1)
2
( x , t) =
e
4l
cos
x .
3
3 e

2l

n = 0 (2 n + 1 )

(2 .8 6)
( ) , ,
2

- b u1 V

(2 )

( x , t ) cos

( 2 n + 1 )
x ( n = 0,
2l

1 , 2 , ) ,

n+1
4 b u1
( - 1)
( 2 n + 1)
- b u1 =
cos
x,

2n + 1
2l
n=0
2

(2 .8 7)

(2)

( x , t) =

( t ) cos

n= 0

( 2 n + 1)
x,
2l

(2 .8 8)

vn ( t )
2

(2 n + 1 ) a
2
+ b
2
4l

v
n ( t) +

vn ( t ) = ( - 1 )

n+1

4 b u1
,
(2 n + 1 )

vn (0 ) = 0 .
vn ( t )
vn ( t)
n

2 2 2
(2 n +1) a

b +
t
2
( - 1) 16 b u1 l
=
e 4 l - 1 ,
2 2
2
2
2
(2 n + 1 )[ 4 b l + (2 n + 1) a ]

( )
V

( 2)

( x , t)
2

16 b u1 l
=

n=0

2 2 2
2 (2n+1) a
b +
2
4l

( - 1)

2 2
2
2
2
( 2 n + 1) [4 b l + ( 2 n + 1) a ]
t

- 1 cos

( 2 n + 1 )
x,
2l

(2 .8 9)

(2 .8 6) (2 .8 9) , V ( x , t ) , V ( x , t )
(2 .7 5) , .

2 .6

49

, ( 2 .72 ) :
u( x , t ) = e

- b

V ( x , t)

(2 .1 3) . , (2 .1 3)
, ,
.

2 .6

,
, ,
,
( ,
, | y ( x0 ) | < + .) ,
, 2 .1 (2 .5 ) , (2 .6 ) ; 2 .2
(2 .16), ( 2 .17 ) ; 2 .3 ( 2 .30 ) .
,
. , :
?
( 2 .1 2 .3 ) ,
, ( 2 .2
{sinn x } ) , ? .
, ,
( ) ,
.
, :
d
dy
k( x)
- q( x ) y + ( x ) y = 0 ( a < x < b) ,
dx
dx
(2 .9 0)

50

, ( 2 .5) ( (2 .16 ) ( 2 .30 ) )

. , k ( x ) = 1 , q ( x ) = 0 , ( x ) = 1 , ( 2 .90 )
(2 .5 ) ( ) .
(2 .90) - (SturmLiouville)
(
) , , -
.
( 2 .90 ) k ( x ) , q ( x ) , ( x ) .
k( x ) [ a , b] , a < x < b , k ( x )
> 0 ; q( x ) [ a, b] , ( a , b)
, q( x ) 0 ; ( x ) [ a , b]
( x ) > 0 . , ( 2 .90 )
, .
k( x ) x = a x = b
k ( x ) , , k ( a) k ( b) 0 , x = a x =
b ,
1 .2 ,
(2 .3 0) ; k ( a) = 0 , k ( b ) 0 ( k
( a) 0 , k( b) = 0 , k ( a) = k( b) = 0 ,
) , x = a , x = b
,
[y ( x ) + hy( x ) ] | x =

= 0,

| y ( a) | < + ,

(2 .9 1)
(2 .9 2)

, h , ( 2 .91 )
.
(2 .9 0) , ( 2 .91 ) , (2 .9 2) , :
1 . , ,
,
1 2 n n + 1 ,

2 .6

51

y1 ( x ) , y2 ( x ) , yn ( x ) , .
2 . ,
n 0 , n = 1 , 2 , .
3 . m n ,
ym ( x ) , yn ( x ) ,
b

( x ) y

( x ) yn ( x ) d x = 0 (m n ) ,

[ a , b] ( x )
.
4 .{ yn ( x )} ( n = 1 , 2 , ) [ a , b]
( ) , [ a , b]
f ( x ) ,
yn ( x ) ( n = 1 , 2 , ) ( , ( 2 .91 )
(2 .9 2) ) , f ( x )

f( x ) =

yn ( x ) ,

n= 1

( x ) f ( x ) y ( x ) d x

=
.
( x ) y ( x ) d x
n

fn

2
n

, ,
, .
, , ,
, .
,
, :
2

x y+ x y+ (x - n ) y = 0 ,

(2 .9 3)

52

(1 - x ) y- 2 xy+ y = 0

(2 .9 4)

. ( 2 .90 ) , ,
2

n
k( x ) = x , q( x ) =
,( x ) = x , (2 .90)
x
2

d
dy
n
x
y + x y = 0 ,
dx
dx
x
2

x y+ xy+ (x - n ) y = 0 ,

(2 .9 3) .
2

k ( x ) = 1 - x , q( x ) = 0 , ( x ) = 1 , ( 2 .90 )
d
2
dy
(1 - x )
+ y = 0 ,
dx
dx
(2 .9 4) .
(2 .9 3) n ( Bessel ) , ( 2 .94 )
( Legendre ) . ,
.

1 . x = 0 x = l , ,
, , u( x , t ) .
2 .

u( x , 0 ) = 0 , 0 x l ,
u( x , 0)
= x ( l - x) ,0 x l ,
t
u (0 , t ) = u( l , t ) = 0 , t > 0 .
3 .

x , 0 x
u|

t= 0

=
1 - x,

1
,
2

1
< x 1 ,
2

( 1 )

u
t

53

= x ( x - 1 ) , 0 x1 ,
t= 0

u | x= 0 = u | x =1 = 0 , t > 0 .
4 . 2 .
5 .
u |

t =0

u |

= x ( l - x) ,0 x l ,
= u |

x= 0

= 0, t > 0 .

x= l

6 . ,
u | t= 0 = x ,

u
x

= 0,
x= 0

u
x

= 0.
x= l

7 . l , , t = 0
, .
8 .
2

u
- x
+ Ae
= 0,
t

- a

u | x =0 = 0, u | x=

= 0,

u |

= T ( ) .

t= 0

( 7 )

9 . :
2

u
= a2
t

u
2 + A,0 < x < l, t > 0,
x

u | x= 0 = u | x=

= 0, t > 0,

u | t =0 = 0, 0 x l
.
10 . :
u | x = 0 = 10 , u | x = l = 5 ,
u | t = 0 = kx , k .
11 . :
u
2
= a
t

u
+ f( x) , 0 < x < l , t > 0 ,
x2

u |

x= 0

= A, u |

u |

t= 0

= g( x ) , 0 x l

x= l

= B, t > 0 ,

54
.

12 . , x = 0 , x = l1 , y = 0 , y = l2
, x = 0 , x = l1 y = 0 , y = l2
( x ) , ( 0) = ( l1 ) = 0 .
13 . a , u ( a , ) =
T( - ) , , ,
u(,) .
14 . , r1 , r2 , ,
, 1 , u( r, ) .
15 . :
2

u
2

2
2

= a

x2

+ f( x ) , 0 < x < l , t > 0,

u | x = 0 = M1 ( ) , u | x =
u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,

u
t

= M2 ( ) , t > 0 ,

= ( x ) , 0 x l .
t=0

16 . :

u = f( x , y) , 0 < x < a,0 < y < b,

u | x = 0 = 1 ( y ) , u | x = a = 2 ( y ) , 0 y b,
u | y = 0 = 1 ( x ) , u | y = b = 2 ( x ) , 0 x a
.
17 . :
2

u
= 0 , 0 < < , < a ,
u | = 0 = u | = = 0 , a ,
u | = a = f () , 0
.
18 . 0 x a , 0 y b ,
:
u | x= 0 = 0, u |
u
y

y= 0

= 0,

x= a

u
y

= Ay , 0 y b ,

y= b

= 0, 0 x a .

19 . E , ,
, .

55

20 . , :
2

u
2

u
+
x2

u
,0 < x < a,0 < y < b, t > 0,
y
2

u | x= 0 = u | x= a = 0, t > 0 ,0 y b,
u | y=0 = u | y= b = 0, t > 0 ,0 x a,
u | t = 0 = xy ( x - a) ( y - b) ,

u
t

= 0, 0 x a,0 y b .
t =0

21 . 2 .2 { sin n x } ( n = 1 , 2 , ) [ 0 , l ]
,
l

sin xsin xd x
m

= 0 ( m n) ,

n n sin n l + hcos n l = 0 , h .
22 .
2

u
2

2
2

= a

u
2

+ sin

2
2 a
xsin
t,0 < x < l, t > 0 ,
l
l

u | x= 0 = u| x = l = 0 , t > 0 ,
u | t = 0 = ut | t = 0 = 0 , 0 x l .
23 .
2

u
+
x2

u
2

= - x y, x + y < 1 ,

u | x2 + y2 = 1 = 0 .


, ,
, (

) , .
, , .
,
, , .

3 .1
, ,
, .
? ,
,
, ,
.
, (
) , .
,
.

u
2

2
2

= a

u
2 ,
x

( 3 .1)

( , ) :

3 .1

57

= x + at ,

( 3 .2)

= x - at .

u
+
x

u
=
x
2

u
=
2
x

u
+

u
=
x

u
u
+
+
x

u
u
+
2 + 2

u
u
+
,

u
,

( 3 .3)

u
2

2
2

= a

u
u
u
- 2
+
2
2
,

( 3 .4)

(3 .3 ) ( 3 .4) (3 .1 )
2

u
= 0 .

( 3 .5)

(3 .5 )
u
= f () , ( f () )

f () d+

u( x , t ) =

f 2 ()

= f1 ( x + at ) + f 2 ( x - at ) ,

( 3 .6)

f1 , f2 .( 3 .6 ) ( 3 .1)
( ) .
, , f1
f2 ., ,
.,
u |
u
t

t=0

= ( x ) , - < x < + ,
= ( x ) , - < x < + .

t= 0

( 3 .7)

58

(3 .6 ) ( 3 .7) ,
f1 ( x ) + f2 ( x ) = ( x ) ,

( 3 .8)

a f
1 ( x ) - a f
2 ( x ) = ( x ) .

( 3 .9)

(3 .9 ) x ,
1
f1 ( x ) - f2 ( x ) =
a

() d+

C.

(3 .1 0)

(3 .8 ) ( 3 .10 ) f1 ( x ) , f2 ( x )
1
1
f1 ( x ) =
( x ) +
2
2a

()d+

C
,
2

()d -

C
.
2

1
1
f2 ( x ) =
( x ) 2
2a

f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) ( 3 .6 ) ,
(3 .1 ) ( 3 .7)
1
1
u ( x , t) =
[ ( x + at ) + ( x - at ) ] +
2
2a

x+ at

() d.

x - at

(3 .1 1)
(3 .1 1) (D
Alembert) .
.
(3 .6 ) , (3 .6 ) .
, u2 = f 2 ( x - at ) .
x , ,
. f2 ( x ) 3 - 1 ( a ) .
t = 0 , u2 = f2 ( x ) ; t =

1
, u2 = f2
2

x-

a
,
2

3 - 1 ( b) ; t = 1 , u2 = f2 ( x - a) , 3 - 1
( c ) ; t = 2 , u2 = f2 ( x - 2 a) , 3 - 1 ( d) .
, t , u2 = f2 ( x - a t )
a x . , u2 = f2 ( x - at ) a
x , . , u1 = f1 ( x + at )

3 .1

59

a x , .
,
, a .
,
.
( 3 .11 )
, ( x , t )
x [ x - at , x + at ]
,
. [ x - at , x + a t ] ( x ,
t ) . ( x , t )

1
x
a

( 3 - 2( a) ) .
t = 0
[ x1 , x2 ] , x1

x = x1 + at, x2 -

1
a

x = x2 - at , [ x1 ,
x2 ] ( 3 2( b) ) , ( x , t )
[ x1 , x2 ]
,
[ x1 , x2 ]
, ,

3 - 1

[ x1 , x2 ]
, [ x1 , x2 ] ,
.

60

x1 , x2 x = x1 - at , x = x2 + a t,
t [ x1 , x2 ]
x1 - a t x x2 + at ( t > 0 ) ,
[ x1 , x2 ] , x - t
[ x1 , x2 ] ( 3 2( c) ) .

3 - 2

, x - t

1
a

x at = , (3 .1 )
, ( 3 .1 ) .
x - a t = C2 , u2 = f2 ( x - at )
f 2 ( C2 ) , x + at = C1 , u 1 = f1 ( x + at )
f1 ( C1 ) , ( Ci ( i =
1 , 2) ) , , .
(3 .2 ) , .
, ( 3 .1) x a t =
,
(d x)

- a (d t) = 0

, ( 3 .1 ) .

3 .1
2

u
2 + 2 B
x

u
+ C
x y

u
+ D
y
2

u
+ E
x

61

u
+ Fu = 0
y

(3 .1 2)

= 0,

(3 .1 3)

,
A ( d y)

- 2 Bd xd y + C( d x )

( 3 .12) .

, .
, ( 3 .12)
2

. , B - AC < 0 ,
2

; , B - AC = 0 ,
2

; B - AC > 0 ,
.
2

B - AC < 0 , ( 3 .12 )
2

, ; B - AC
= 0 , (3 .1 2) , ;
2

B - AC > 0 , ( 3 .12 ) ,
.
(3 .1 2) ,
.
, ,
1979 . ,
.

:
2
2
2
u
u
u
-3
2 + 2
2 = 0, y > 0, - < x < + ,
x y
x
y
2
u
u | y = 0 = 3 x ,
= 0, - < x < +
y y=0

(3 .1 4)
(3 .1 5)

, ( 3 .12 ) ,

, , ,
.

62

.
. ,
( d y)

- 2d xd y - 3( d x )

= 0 .

3 x - y = C1 ,
x + y = C2 .

= 3 x - y,

(3 .1 6)

= x + y,
,
2

u
= 0 .

u = f1 () + f2 () ,
f1 , f2 . ( 3 .14 )

u ( x , y ) = f 1 ( 3 x - y ) + f2 ( x + y ) ,

(3 .1 7)

(3 .1 5)
2

f1 ( 3 x ) + f2 ( x ) = 3 x ,

(3 .1 8)

- f
1 ( 3 x ) + f
2 ( x) = 0 .

(3 .1 9)

1
f (3 x ) + f2 ( x ) = C,
3 1

(3 .2 0)

(3 .1 9)
-

(3 .1 8) (3 .2 0)
f1 ( 3 x ) =

9 2
x - C,
4

f2 ( x ) =

3 2
x + C,
4

3 .2

f1 ( x ) =

1 2
x - C,
4

f2 ( x ) =

3 2
x + C.
4

63

(3 .1 7)
u( x , y ) =

1
2
3
2
2
2
(3 x - y ) +
( x + y) = 3 x + y .
4
4
(3 .2 1)

3 .2
,
. ,
,
, :
2

u
2
2 = a
t

u
u
2 +
2 +
x
y

u
, - < x , y, z < + , t > 0 .
z
2

u | t = 0 = 0 ( x , y , z ) ,
u - < x , y, z < + .
= 1 ( x , y, z ) ,
t t= 0

(3 .2 2)
(3 .2 3)
(3 .2 4)

, ,
3 .1 . .
3 .2 .1
u ( r ,, ) ,
u , . , ( 3 .22 )
1
2
r

u
1
u
1
u
1
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
= 2
2
r

r sin
r sin
a

u , ,
1
2
r

u
1
= 2
r
a

u
t

u
2

64

r
2

u
2 + 2
r

u
r
= 2
r a

u
2 + 2
r

u
=
r

u
2

( ru )
,
2
r

( ru )
1
= 2
2
r
a

( ru )
.
2
t

ru ,
ru = f1 ( r + at ) + f2 ( r - at ) ,

u( r , t ) =

f1 ( r + at ) + f2 ( r - at )
.
r

, f1 , f2
,
.
3 .2 .2
, ( 3 .22 ) , ( 3 .23 ) ,
(3 .2 4) .
: , ru ( r , t ) ,
,
? u r t ,
u r t , x , y, z , t ,
, ru . ,
u , u M ( x , y , z ) ,
r , x , y, z
r , t . u ( r , t ) ,
u ( x , y , z , t ) M ( x , y , z ) r
M

Sr ,
u ( r , t) =

1
2
4r

u (,,, t ) d S
S

M
r

3 .2

1
4 2

65

u( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + rz 1 , t ) d

2
2
x + y + z = 1
1
1
1

1
u ( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + rz 1 , t ) d,
4 o
S

(3 .2 5)

1
M

= x + rx1 , = y + ry1 , = z + r z1 Sr
o

, S1 , d
M

, d S Sr , d S = r d . ,
x1 = sin cos , y1 = sin sin , z 1 = cos , d= sin dd .
(3 .25 ) u ( x , y , z , t ) , r 0 , lim
u
r 0
( r, t) = u ( M , t) ,
u( 0 , t ) = u( M , t ) ,
u ( M , t ) u M t .
M

u ( r , t) . (3 .22 ) Sr
M

V r ( Vr M
M

( x , y , z ) , ( x, y, z) V r ) ,
- ( )
2

u ( x, y, z, t )
2
dV = a
2
t

M
r

u ( x, y, z, t)
+
2
y

= a

M
r

u( x, y, z, t )
2
dV
z

u ( x, y, z, t )
+
x
x

u ( x, y, z, t )
z
z

+
2

= a

M
r

M
r

u( x, y, z, t )
+
2
x

u (, ,, t )
dS
n

dV

u ( x, y, z, t)
y
y

66

u ( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + r z1 , t ) 2
r d
n

= a

o
1

u ( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + r z1 , t )
d
n

= a r

S
2

o
1

= a r

u ( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + rz 1 , t ) d

r
S

o
1

u( r , t )
,
r
M
n Sr .
2

= 4a r

(3 .2 6)

(3 .2 6)
,
2

u( x, y, z, t )
dV =
2
t

M
r
2

u( x, y, z, t ) d V

M
r

u( x, y, z, t ) dd

M
r

u( x + sin cos , y + sin sin , z + cos , t)

t
2

sin d dd .
(3 .2 6)
2

u ( x + x

2
S

, y + y1 , z + z 1 , t ) d

o
1

= 4a r

u( r , t )
.
r

r ,
,
2
2

u( x + rx1 , y + ry1 , z + r z1 , t ) r d

o
1

3 .2

= 4a
2

u( r , t ) a
= 2
2
t
r

1
2
r

u ( r , t)
,
r

u( r , t )
r

u( r , t )
r

67

1
=
r

( r u( r , t ) )
,
2
r

( ru ( r , t ) )
2
= a
2
t

( r u( r , t ) )
.
2
r

r u ( r , t) ,
r u ( r , t ) = f1 ( r + at ) + f 2 ( r - a t) ,

(3 .2 7)

f1 , f2 .
( 3 .27 ) ( 3 .23 ) , ( 3 .24)
u ( M , t ) . ( 3 .27 )
f1 ( r ) + f2 ( r ) = ru ( r , t ) | t = 0 ,
a f
1 ( r) - a f
2 ( r) =

( ru ( r , t ) )

.
t= 0

ru( r , t ) | t = 0 = r0 ( r ) ,
t

( ru ( r , t) )

= r1 ( r) ,
t= 0

0 ( r) , 1 ( r ) 0 ( x , y , z ) 1 ( x , y , z )
M

Sr . ,
f1 ( r) + f2 ( r) = r0 ( r) ,

(3 .2 8)

r
( r) .
a 1

f
f
1 ( r) 2 ( r) =

(3 .2 9)

1
f1 ( r ) =
2

1
r0 ( r) +
a

1
f2 ( r ) =
2

1
r0 ( r) a

()d+
1

C ,

()d 1

C ,

68

(3 .2 7)
u( r , t ) =

( r + at ) 0 ( r + at ) + ( r - at ) 0 ( r - a t)
2r
1
+
2 ar

r + at

1 () d,

(3 .3 0)

r- at

,
1
4 2

u ( - r , t) =

u ( x + r ( - 1 ) , y + r( - 2 ) ,

2
2
+ + = 1
1
2
3

z + r( - 3 ) , t ) d
=

1
4 2

u( x + r1 , y + r2 , z + r3 , t ) d .

2
2
+ + = 1
1
2
3

u ( r , t ) r < 0 ,
u( - r , t ) = u ( r , t) ,
u( r , t ) r . , 0 ( r) 1 ( r) .
, ( 3 .30 )
u( r , t ) =

( at + r ) 0 ( a t + r) - ( at - r ) 0 ( at - r)
2r
1
+
2 ar

r + at

1 () d.

r- at

r0 , ( LHospital)
u (0 , t ) = 0 ( at ) + at
0 ( at ) + t
1 ( at )
=
1
=
4a t

1
[ ( at ) 0 ( a t ) ] + t 1 ( a t )
a t
2

0 ( x + at sin cos , y + at sin sin , z + at cos )

at
2

( at ) sin d d
t 2
+
4 0

1 ( x + at sin cos , y + at sin sin , z + at cos )

2
( at)
2

( at ) sin d d,

3 .2

69

1
4a

u( M , t ) =

0
1
dS +
t M at
4a
S

at

1
dS .
at
M

(3 .3 1)

at

( 3 .31 ) . ,
0 ( x , y , z ) , 1 ( x , y , z )
, ( 3 .31 ) .
, ( 3 .31 ) .
0 ( x , y , z ) = x + y + z , 1 ( x , y , z ) = 0 ,
(3 .2 2) .
0 ( x , y, z ) 1 ( x , y , z )
(3 .3 1) ,
1
u( x, y, z , t) =

4a
t

x + y + z + at ( sin cos + sin sin + cos )

2
( at ) sin dd
at
1
=
4a

d
sin d

+ a t

( sin + cos )d sin d

at ( x + y + z )

t
2

d
sin cos d
2

+ a t

= x+ y+ z .
3 .2 .3
(3 .3 1) .
(3 .31) , (3 .22 ) , (3 .23 ) , ( 3 .
24 ) ( x , y , z , t ) , M ( x , y, z ) at
M

S at , 0 , 1 ( 3 .31 )
. , M a t
u ( x , y , z , t ) . , ,

70

M0 (,,) , t M0 ,
M

at S at0 ,
M

Sat
, at
M0 .
a .
,
T0 , M , T0
d ,

3- 3

D ( 3 - 3) , ( 3 .31 ) , at < d , t <

d
, u
a

( x , y , z , t) = 0 , ; d < at < D,
d
D
< t < , u ( x , y , z , t ) 0 , ; a t > D,
a
a
D
, u ( x , y , z , t ) = 0 ,
a

t>

. , ,
,
( Huygens) . (, , )
, t ( , , ) , a t
, ( 3 .31 ) .
(3 .3 1) .
u
= 0 ,
z

u z ,

:
2

u
t

2
2

= a

u
2 +
x

u
, - < x, y < + , t > 0,
y
2

u | t = 0 = 0 ( x , y ) ,
u
t

= 1 ( x , y ) ,
t= 0

(3 .3 2)
- < x, y < - ,

3 .2

71

( 3 .31 ) ( 3 .32 ) ,
M

(3 .3 1) S at Ca t ; ( - x ) +
2

( - y) ( a t) ,

1
4a
S

1
d S
at
M
at

. :
1
4a

1
1
dS =
at
4a
M

1
1
1
dS +
dS,
at
4a S at

at

(3 .3 3)

S 1 , S2 Sat .
z , ( 3 .33)
,
1
4a
S

1
1
1
ds =
ds .
at
2a S a t
M
1

at

1
4a
S

1
ds
at
M
at

1 (,)
at
M

1
2a

C
at

1
2a

a t - ( - x )

- ( - y )

1 (,)
2

a t - ( - x )

M
C
at

1
4a

at
2

- ( - y )

dd

dd

0
dS
at
M
at

1
2a

0 (,)
2

a t - ( - x )

M
C
at

- ( - y )

dd.

(3 .3 1) , ( 3 .32 )
u( x, y, t) =

1
2a

0 (,)
t

M
C
at

a t - ( - x )

- ( - y )

dd

72

1 (,)

a t - ( - x )

M
C
at

- ( - y)

dd .

(3 .3 4)

(3 .3 4) , ( x , y, t ) ,
M

M ( x , y) at Ca t ,
(3 .34 ) . , T0 ,
d , D M ( x , y ) T0 , t <
, u( x , y, t ) = 0 ;

d
a

d
D
D
< t < , u( x , y, t) 0 ; t > ,
a
a
a

Ca t T0 , u ( x , y , t ) ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
2

(,) ( x - ) + ( y - )

= r z ,
(,) z , t
, a t , ( 3 .34)
.

3 .3
,
.
, .
, ,

, .
,
.

3 .3

73

.
1
, F( x , t ) ,
( x ) , t > 0 .

2
u
= a
t

u
2 + f ( x , t) , - < x < + , t > 0,
x

(3 .3 6)

u | t = 0 = ( x ) , - < x < + ,
f ( x , t) =

(3 .3 5)

1
F( x , t ) .
c

(3 .3 5) , ,
.
. U ( , t ) , G ( , t ) u ( x , t ) , f ( x ,
t ) x ,

U ( , t ) =

- jt

dx,

- jt

dx .

u ( x , t)e

G ( , t ) =

f( x , t)e

(3 .3 5) x ,
,
d U ( , t)
2
2
= - a U ( , t ) + G( , t ) .
dt

(3 .3 7)

. (3 .37 )
, ( 3 .36 ) , ( )
( x ) ,
U ( , t ) | t = 0 = ( ) .

(3 .3 8)

(3 .3 7) , ( 3 .38 )

U ( , t ) = ( ) e

2 2
- a t

G ( , ) e

2 2
- a ( t - )

d.(3 .3 9)

74

( 3 .35 ) , ( 3 .36 ) u ( x , t ) ,
U ( , t ) .
-1

F [e

2 2
- a t

] =

1
2a

4a

2
2

-1

u ( x , t ) = F [ U ( , t ) ]
=

1
2a

() e

( x - )
2
4a t

1
f (, ) - ( 2x - )
+
d
e 4 a ( t - ) d.
-
2a 0
t -

(3 .4 0)

.
,
:
,
. ,
.
, .
, (
) .
, .
, ( ) ,
( )
, ( ) .
( )
, , ,
.
2 , ,
0 , .
:

3 .3
2

u
2
= a
t

75

u
2 , x > 0, t > 0,
x

(3 .4 1)

u | t= 0 = 0, x > 0,

(3 .4 2)

u | x = 0 = f ( t) , t > 0 .

(3 .4 3)

, x , t
(0 , + ) . . x , t
, x t , (3 .4 1)
2

u
u
, x
2 , x = 0
x
x

. t , ( 3 .41 ) t ,
t = 0 u , (3 .42 ) ,
t .
U ( x , p ) , F( p ) u ( x , t ) , f ( x ) t
,

U ( x , p) =

u ( x , t)e

- pt

d t,

F( p) =

f( t)e

- pt

dt .

, ( 3 .41 ) ,
(3 .4 2)
2

d U( x , p )
p
- 2 U ( x , p) = 0 .
2
dx
a

(3 .4 4)

(3 .4 3) ,
U ( x , p) | x = 0 = F( p ) .

(3 .4 5)

(3 .4 4) U ( x , p ) ,

U ( x , p) = C1 e

p
x
a

+ C2 e a ,

(3 .4 6)

x + , u( x , t ) , U ( x , p) ,
C2 = 0 . (3 .4 5) C1 = F( p ) ,

76

U ( x , p) = F( p) e

u ( x , t ) , U ( x , p )
,
L

1 - ax
e
p

- 1

2
=

- y

dy .

2a t

- 1

x
a

= L

d
=
dt
x

x
a

1 p e
p

- 1

2 a t

3
2

- y

dy

2a t

4a

2
2

u( x, t) = L

- 1

F( p) e

x
=
2a

x
p
a

f () ( t
0

1
3

- ) 2

x
2

4 a ( t - )

d. (3 .4 7)

, , ,
:
(1 ) .
, ,
( - , + ) ,

, ( 0 , + ) .

, C .J .
( , ) .

3 .3

77

(0 , + ) . ,

L[ f

( n)

( t) ] = p L[ f ( t) ] - p
- p

n - 2

n - 1

f (0 )

f(0 ) - - f

( n - 1)

( 0) ,

, ,
.
(2 ) , .
,
, .
(3 ) .
( B) , ,
.
1 (3 .4 0) 2 (3 .4 7)
:

1
2a

x
4a

2
2

,
1
K( x , t) = 2 a

x
4a

2
2

, t > 0,
(3 .4 8)

0 , t0 .
K( x , t ) , (3 .4 0)

u( x , t) =
t

K ( x - , t ) () d +

K ( x - , t - ) f (,) dd.

(3 .4 9)

(3 .4 9) Poisson , ( x , t ;,) = K ( x , t - ) . ,

, ( - , + ) .

78

, .
,
,
2
1
- ( x +
e
2
3 2
( 4a t )

K( x, y, z , t) =

2
2
+ z ) (4 a t)

, t> 0

0 , t0 ,
( x , y , z , t ;,, , ) = K ( x
- , y - , z - , t - ) . K ( x , y, z , t )

2
u
= a
t

u
u
2 +
2 +
x
y

u
3
+ f ( x , y, z , t ) , ( x, y, z )R , t > 0,
z
2

u ( x , y , z , 0) = ( x , y, z ) , ( x , y , z ) R

K ( x - , y - , z - , t ) (, , )ddd

u( x , y, z , t ) =
R

K ( x - , y - , z - , t - ) f (, , ,) ddd.

3
R

3 l , ,
F = Asin t , F ,
.
3 ,
, :
2

u
2

2
2

= a

u | t = 0 = 0,
u | x = 0 = 0,

u
x < l , t > 0,
2 ,0 <
x
u
t
u
x

= 0, 0 x l ,

(3 .4 8)
(3 .4 9)

t =0

=
x= l

A
sin t, t > 0 ,
E

(3 .5 0)

E .
. x

3 .3

79

0 < x < l , t . U ( x , p)
u ( x , t ) t , (3 .48 )

d U( x , p )
2
a
= p U ( x , p) .
(3 .5 1)
2
dx
(3 .51) (3 .50 ) , ( 3 .51)
2

, ( 3 .50 ) ,
d U( x , p )
A

U ( x , p ) x= 0 = 0 ,
=
, (3 .5 2)
2
dx
E p + 2
x= l
(3 .5 1) (3 .5 2)
p
Aash x
a
U( x , p ) =
,
(3 .5 3)
2
2
p
Ep( p + ) ch l
a
(3 .5 3) ,
p
x
a

Aash
u( x , t) = L

-1
2

p
l
a
p
Aash x
a
2

Ep ( p + ) ch

pt

,
p
Ep ( p + ) ch l
a
p i U ( x , p) , pRes
[ ] pi .
= p
i

Res
p= p

U ( x , p )
2

p ( p + ) ch

p
l = 0
a

,
a
1
k ( k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) .
l
2
pi , u( x , t )
p = 0 , j, j

80

p
x
a

Aash

u( x , t ) =

Ep( p + ) ch

p t

Aa
E
i

e i sh

p
l
a

pt

p= p

pi
x
a

pi
pi
pi
2
2
2
l
( p + ) ch l + 2 p i ch l + pi ( p i + ) sh l
a
a
a
a
2
i

p t

e i sh
F( pi , x , t) =

pi
x
a

pi
pi
pi
2
l
2
2
( p + ) ch l + 2 p i ch l + pi ( p i + ) sh l
a
a
a
a
2
i

u( x , t ) =

Aa
F( p i , x , t) .
E
i

F(0 , x , t) = 0 ,
j

x
jsin x
a
a
jt
F( j, x , t ) =
= e ,
2
2
j

2( j) ch
l
2 cos l
a
a
jt

e sh

x
- jt
a
F( - j, x , t ) =
e
,
2

2 cos l
a
jsin

F j

a
l

k-

1
, x , t
2

j (2 k - 1 )
x
2l
=
2
2
2
(2 k - 1 ) a 2 - ( 2 k - 1) a l
j( 2 k - 1)
j
2
sh
2l
a
2
4l
j

( 2 k - 1 ) a
t
2 l

sh

81

(2 k - 1 )
x
( 2 k - 1 ) a
2l
j
t
=
e 2l
,
2
2
2
2
2
(2 k - 1)[4 l - ( 2 k - 1) a ]
k

( - 1 ) j8 l sin

a
l

- j

k-

1
, x , t
2

(2 k - 1 )
x
( 2 k - 1 ) a
2l
- j
t
2l
=
e
.
2
2
2
2
2
( 2 k - 1)[ 4 l - ( 2 k - 1 ) a ]
( - 1)

k- 1

j8 l sin

u( x , t ) =

( k=1

k- 1

sin tsin
x

a
cos l
a

( 2 k - 1 )
(2 k - 1) a
xsin
t
16 aA l
2l
2l
,
E ( 2 k - 1 ) [ 4 l2 2 - a2 (2 k - 1 ) 22 ]
2

1)

Aa
E

sin

(3 .5 4)
.
,
, ,
.
, ,

1 .
2

u
= x2 y , x > 1 , y > 0 ,
x y

u | y = 0 = x2 , u | x = 1 = cos y
.
2 . :

82
2

u
t

u
2 + tsin x , - < x + , t > 0 ,
x

u | t=0 = 0, - < x < +

u
t

= sin x , - < x < +

t =0

[ : , .
:
2

u
2

x2

, - < x< + , t >0,

u| t = 0 = 0,
()
u - < x < + ,
= sin x .
t t =0
2

u
t

u
2

+ tsin x , - < x < + , t > 0

()
u| t = 0 = 0,
u - < x < + ,
=0 .
t t =0
( ) ,
2

W
=
t2

W
, t > , - < x < + ,
x2

W | t = = 0,
W - < x < + ,
= sin x
t t=
W ( x , t ;) . W ( x , t ; )
t

W ( x , t ;)d,

u ( x , t) =

( ) .( ) , ,
.]
3 .
-1

F [ F1 ( ) F2 () ] = f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) ,

f1 ( t ) = F

- 1

[ F1 () ] , f 2 ( t ) = F

- 1

[ F2 () ] ,

f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t) =
4 . F

-1

[e

2 2
- a t

]=

1
2a

f 1 () f2 ( t - )d .
2
x
2
4a t


5 . :
2

u
= 1, x > 0, y > 0,
x y
u | x =0 = y + 1, y > 0,
u | y= 0 = 1 , x > 0 .
6 . ,
2

u = 0 , y > 0 , - < x < + ,

u | y=0 = f( x) , - < x < + ,
lim

2
2
x + y

u = 0.

7 . :
2

u
2
= a
t
u |

= u0 , 0 x l ,

t =0

u
x

u
,0 < x < l, t > 0,
x2

= 0, u | x=

= u1 , t > 0 .

x =0

8 . :
2

, - < x < + , t > 0,

u | t = 0 = ( x ) ,
u - < x < + .
= ( x ) ,
t t=0
9 . :
2

u
2

xt
, - < x< + , t>0,
( 1 + x2 ) 2

u
t

u| t = 0 = 0,

=
t= 0

1
, - < x< + .
1 + x2

10 . Goursat :
2

u
2

u| t=

=
- x

u
2

, - t < x < t, t > 0 ,

= ( x ) , x0 ,

u | t = x = ( x ) , x0 ,
(0) = (0) .

83


,
,
. ,
,
.

4 .1
,

2
2

u
2 +
x

u
2 +
y

u
= 0 .
z
2

,
. , ,
.
(1 ) ( x , y , z )
f , u ( x , y, z ) ,
+ ( ) ,
, f ,
u | = f .

( 4 .1)

( Dirichlet ) , ,

u ,
u C ( ) C2 ( ) .

4 .1

85

2 .3 .
, ,
, . ,
: ,
.
(2 )
f , u ( x , y , z ) ,
, + ,

u
,
n

f :
u
n

= f,

( 4 .2)

n .
( Neumann) .
,
, .
.
, ,
u , u | = f ,
, f .
.
,
?

86

, :
lim
u ( x , y, z) = 0 ( r =
r

x + y + z ) .

( 4 .3)

( 3) ( x , y , z )
f , u ( x , y, z ) ,
, + , ( x , y, z ) , u ( x ,
y, z ) ( 4 .3) ,
u | = f .

( 4 .4)

(4 ) f ,
u ( x , y , z ) ,
, + , (4 .3) ,

u
,
n
u
= f,
n

( 4 .5)

n .
, .

4 .2
,
, .
, P ( x , y,

, .

, , , , u
| = 1 . , u1 ( x , y, z ) 1 u2 ( x , y , z ) =

x + y2 + z 2

, .
, ,
: r , | u ( x , y ) | .

4 .2

87

z ) , Q ( x , y, z ) , R ( x , y , z ) + ,
,
P
Q
R

+
+
dV
x
y
z

[ Pcos( n, x ) + Qcos( n, y ) + Rcos( n, z ) ] d S , ( 4 .6)

d V , n , d S
.
(4 .6 ) .
u ( x , y , z ) v ( x , y, z ) +
, , ( 4
v
v
P = u
, Q = u
, R = u
x
y

( u v ) d V +

u
x

v
+
x

u
y

.6)
v
,
z

v
+
y

u
z

v
dV
z

v
d S,
n

( u

v ) d V =

v
dS n

grad u grad vd V .

( 4 .7)
(4 .7 ) ( Green) .
(4 .7 ) u , v ,
2
u
( v u) d V = v
dS grad vgrad ud V .
n

( 4 .8)
(4 .7 ) ( 4 .8)
2

( u v - v u )d V =

v
- v
n

u
dS .
n
( 4 .9)

88

(4 .9 ) .
.
( i)
,

.
M0 ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) ,
. ,
v =

1
=
r

1
2

( x - x0 ) + ( y - y0 ) + ( z - z0 )

.(4 .1 0)

1
M0 ,
r

. v =

1
M0 , M0 ,
r

,
K - K ( 4 - 1 ) , - K v =

1
r

. ( 4 .9 ) u ,
+ , v =

1
, - K
r

,
2

u
- K

1
1
2
u d V =
r
r

u
+

1
r
n

1
r

u dS,
n
(4 .1 1)

1
1
ln
2
rMM

.
0

1
1
,
4 r
4 rMM

.
0

4 .2

89

4 - 1

- K

1
= 0 .
r

u = 0,

1
r
n

1
r
r

= -

1
1
2 =
2 ,
r

1
r
1
1
2
d S = 2 ud S = 2 u 4 = 4u ,
n

u u .

1
r

u
1
dS =
n

u
d S = 4
n

u
,
n

u
u
. ( 4 .11 )
n
n
u

1
r

1
r

u
d S + 4u - 4
n

u
= 0 .
n

0 , lim
u = u ( M0 ) ( u( x , y , z ) ) ,
0

90

u
n

lim 4

= 0 ( u ( x , y, z ) ,

) ,
1
4

u( M0 ) = -

u( M )

n rM M0

1
rM M 0

u( M)
dS,
n
(4 .1 2)

, r =

( x - x0 ) + ( y - y0 ) + ( z - z 0 )

rM M0 .
(4 .12) , +
u , M0 , ( 4 .12 )
.
( ii)
u , +
, ( 4 .9 ) u ,
v1 ,
u
d S = 0,
n

u
n

(4 .1 3)

(4 .1 3)

= f f

M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) , M 0 M 0

, ,
0, M0 ,
-

1
r

1
r

u
n

dS =

2u( M0 ) , M 0 ,
4u( M0 ) , M 0 .

, u , + ,
, 2u = F,
u( M 0 ) = -

1
4

u( M )

1
n

r MM

1
r MM

u( M )
n

dS -

1
4

F( M )
dV .
r MM
0

4 .2

91

fdS = 0 .

(4 .1 4)

, ,
. . , . . (
, ) .
( iii)
u( M ) , M0 ,
Ka M0 , a
,
u( M0 ) =

1
2
4a

ud S .
K

(4 .1 5)

, ( 4 .12 ) Ka ,
Ka

1
1
1
= ,
r
a
n r

1
r
a

1
r r

u
1
dS =
n
aK

= -

1
2 ,
a

u
dS = 0
n
a

.
( iv)
,
1

: C ( ) C ( )
; .
u1 , u2 , v = u 1 - u2
. , v
2

v = 0 , ,
v | = 0 .

(4 .1 6)

, v
2

v = 0 , ,
v
n

= 0 .

(4 .1 7)

92

(4 .16 ) v v C ( ) ,
; (4 .1 7) .
, ( 4 .8) u = v = u1 - u2 ,
0 =

v
dS n

(grad v ) d V .

(4 .1 6) (4 .1 7)
2

(grad v ) d V = 0 ,

grad v 0 ,
v
=
x

v
=
y

v
0,
z

v C .

, v | = 0 , C = 0 , v = 0 .
1

, C ( ) C ( )
1

, u C ( ) ,
(4 .9 ) . , ,
2

C( ) C ( ) . ,
1979 3 2 .

4 .3
(4 .1 2)
.
,
u |

u
n

. , u | ,

u
n

, , u |

u
n

. ( 4 .12) ,

4 .3

u
n

93

, .

(4 .9 ) u , v ,
,
0 =

u
- u
n

1
v
1
n
4 n rM M 0

v
dS .
n

(4 .1 8)

(4 .1 2) (4 .1 8)
u ( M0 ) =

1
- v
4rM M0

u
dS .
n

(4 .1 9)

v ,
1
v | = 4rM M
0
(4 .1 9)

u
n

(4 .2 0)

1
- v dS .
n 4rM M 0

(4 .2 1)

u( M0 ) = -

G( M , M0 ) =

1
- v,
4rM M 0

(4 .2 2)

(4 .2 1)
u ( M0 ) = -

G
dS .
n

G( M , M0 ) .
G( M , M0 ) v ,
,
2

u = 0 , ,
u | = f( M )

94

( ) ,
u( M0 ) = -

G
dS .
n

f ( M)

(4 .2 3)

u = F, ,
u | = f
, ,
u ( M0 ) = -

f( M)

G
dS n

GFd V .

, f
. ( 4 .22 ) ,

v = 0 , ,
1
v | = 4r
MM
0

(4 .2 4)

, ( 4 .24 ) ,
(4 .2 3) , : (1 ) ,
,
,
; ( 2) , ,
.
.
M0 ,
, .
, , .
M , M0 ,

u , ,

, , , .

4 .4

95

1
( ,
4rM M 0

1
, , = 1 ) ,
4rM M 0
, v , v ( 4 .24 ) .
.

4 .4

(4 .23) , ,
,
. ,
. M0 M1 ,
, M0
, M0
, M1 , , M1
v , ,
1

v | = 4rM M
0

, M0 M1

.
.
4 .4 .1
z 0 ,
u ( x , y , z )
2
2
u
u
2 +
2 +
x
y
u |

z= 0

u
= 0, z > 0,
z
2

(4 .2 5)

= f ( x , y) , - < x , y < + .

G ( M , M0 ) , z > 0 M0 ( x0 , y0 ,

96

z0 ) , M0
z = 0 M1 ( x0 , y0 ,
- z0 ) ( 4 - 2) , M1
, M0
z = 0
.

1 1
z > 0
4rM M 1

, z 0
4 -2

,
G ( M , M0 ) =

1
1
1
rM M 1
4 rM M 0

(4 .2 6)

z > 0 .
G
n

(4 .2 5) ,

, z = 0
z=0

Oz ,
G
n
=

= z= 0

G
z

z=0

z - z0
1
3
4 [ ( x - x0 ) 2 + ( y - y0 ) 2 + ( z - z 0 ) 2 ] 2
z + z0

= -

[ ( x - x0 ) + ( y - y0 ) + ( z + z0 ) ] 2
z0
1
,
2 [ ( x - x0 ) 2 + ( y - y0 ) 2 + z 20 ] 32

z=0

(4 .2 7)

(4 .2 7) (4 .2 3) , ( 4 .25 )

, u ( x , y , z ) :

r r0 , | u | <

A
,
r

u
x

<

A
,
r2

u
y

<

A
,
r2

u
z

<

A
, ( 4 .23 )
r2

4 .4

97

u( x0 , y0 , z0 ) =
1
2

z0
2

2
0

[ ( x - x0 ) + ( y - y0 ) + z ]

3
2

f ( x , y )d xd y .
(4 .2 8)

4 .4 .2
, R , M0
2

( rO M0 = 0 ) , OM0 M1 rO M 0rO M1 = R , M1
M0 ( 4 - 3 ) . 1 rO M1 ,
2

0 1 = R .
M0 , M1 q ,
q ,

,
1
q
=
,
4rM 0 P
4rM 1 P

q = rM 1 P rM0 P ,

4- 3

P .

O M1 P OM0 P O ,
0
R
= , ,
R 1
rM 1 P
R
=
,
rM 0 P
0

q =

R
.
0

M1 R 0 ,

98

v =

R
,
40 rM 1 M

+ ,
1
4rM0

R
40 rM 1 M

1
R
1
4 rM 0 P 0 rM 1 P

= 0 .

(4 .2 9)

,
1
R
1
4 rM 0 M 0 rM 1 M

G ( M , M0 ) =

(4 .3 0)

u = 0 , ,
u | = f
G
n

. ,
1

rM M 1

,
1

,
+ - 20 cos

1
,
+ - 21 cos

rM M0
1

2
0

2
1

= rO M , OM0 OM ( OM1 OM
) ,
G( M , M0 ) =

1
4

1
+ - 20 cos
2
0

R
2

2
0

- 2 R 0 cos + R

(0 1 = R ) ,

,
G
=
n

= = R

- 0 cos
1
3
4 (2 + 20 - 20 cos ) 2

99

(0 - R 0 cos ) R
-

2
0

( - 2 R
0 cos + R )
2

3
2

= R

R - 0
1
= ,
4R ( R2 + 20 - 2 R0 cos ) 32
(4 .2 3)
2

R - 0
1
u ( M0 ) =
f d S , (4 .3 1)
4R ( R2 + 0 2 - 2 R0 cos ) 32

u (0 ,0 , 0 ) =
2

f ( R ,, ) ( R

R - 0

R
4 0

2
0

+ - 2 R0 cos )

3
2

sin dd,
(4 .3 2)

(0 ,0 , 0 ) M0 , ( R ,, ) P
, cos OM0 OP . OM0 , OP

( sin 0 cos 0 , sin 0 sin 0 , cos 0 )

( sin cos , sin sin , cos ) ,

cos = cos cos 0 + sin sin 0 ( sin sin 0 + cos cos 0 )

= cos cos 0 + sin sin 0 cos( - 0 ) .
(4 .3 1) (4 .3 2) .
,
, ( 4 .28 ) ( 4 .32 )
, . ,
.

1 .

100

( v 2u - u 2v )d =
D

u
- u
n

v
d s,
n

C D , d s .
2 . u = ln

1
( ) ,

( x - x 0 ) + ( y - y0 )

3 . , (4 .12) .
4 . ,
(4 .23) .
2

5 . x + y R
G( M , M0 ) =

1 ln 1 - ln R 1
r MM0
0 rMM1
2

( 2 .35) .
6 . :
2

u
2

u
2 = 0 , - < x < + , y > 0,
y

u | y = 0 = ( x ) , - < x < + .


, .
2 .3 , ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
2 .6 ,
. , ,
, , .
,
.

5 .1
.
R , ,
, , .
:
2

u
2
= a
t
u|

u
2 +
x

u
2
2
2
, x + y < R , t >0,
y
2

t=0

u| x2 +

= R

= ( x , y ) , x + y R ,
y

( 5 .1)

=0 .

,
u( x , y , t) = V ( x , y ) T ( t ) ,

( 5 .2)
( 5 .3)

102

(5 .1 )
2
2

V T= a

V
2 +
x

V
2
y

T
=
a T
2

V
2 +
x
V

V
2
y

= - (> 0) .

T ( t ) V ( x , y )
2

T( t ) + a T ( t) = 0 ,
2

V
2 +
x

V
2 + V = 0 .
y

( 5 .4)
( 5 .5)

(5 .4 )
T ( t ) = Ae

2
- a t

(5 .5 ) ( Helmholtz ) .

V | x2 +

= R

=0

( 5 .6)

, , (5 .5 ) ( 5 .6)

V 1
V
1
+ 2
2 +

V | =

V
2 + V = 0 , < R , 02,

( 5 .8)

= 0 , 02 .

( 5 .7)

V (,) = P() () ,

(5 .7 )
() + () = 0 ,
2

P() + P() + ( - ) P() = 0 .

( 5 .9)
(5 .1 0)

u( x, y, t ) , V ( x, y ) ,
() 2 ,
:
2

0, 1 , 2 ,, n , .

5 .2

103

n = n ,
0 () =

a0
( ) ,
2

n () = an cos n+ bn sin n ( n = 1 , 2 , ) .
2

n = n (5 .1 0)
2

P() + P() + ( - n ) P() = 0 ,

(5 .1 1)

( 2 .93) ,
, , n .

r = ,

r
,

F( r ) = P

r F( r ) + rF( r) + ( r - n ) F( r ) = 0 .
n .
(5 .8 ) u ,
P( R ) = 0 ,
| P(0 ) | < + .

(5 .1 2)

, ( 5 .11 )
(5 .1 2) ( ( 5 .12 ) =
R , = 0
2

, k () = = 0 ,
) . ( 5 .11 ) , 5 .5
.

5 .2
,
, . , x

104

, y , n
2

d y
dy
2
2
x
+ ( x - n ) y = 0,
2 + x
dx
dx
2

(5 .1 3)

n . n ,
2

n , , n 0 .
(5 .1 3) ,
c

y = x ( a0 + a1 x + a2 x + + ak x + )

c+ k

, a0 0 ,

(5 .1 4)

k=0

c ak ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) y y, y
(5 .1 3) .
(5 .1 4) (5 .1 3)

{[ ( c +

c+ k

k ) ( c + k - 1 ) + ( c + k ) + ( x - n ) ] ak x

} = 0 .

k= 0

( c - n ) a0 x + [ ( c + 1) - n ] a1 x

c+ 1

{[( c +

k)

- n ] ak + ak - 2 } x

c+ k

= 0,

k=2

, x ,
:
2

1a0 ( c - n ) = 0 ;

( 5 .13 )
y+

a( x )
b( x )
y+
y = 0
x
x2

, a( x ) , b( x ) x = 0 ,

y ( x ) = xr

cm x m

m= 0

. . . ( ,
) , .

5 .2
2

105

2a1 [ ( c + 1) - n ] = 0 ;
2

3[ ( c + k ) - n ] ak + ak - 2 = 0 ( k = 2 , 3 , ) .
1 c = n , 2 a1 = 0 . c = n , 3
4ak =

- ak - 2
.
k (2 n + k )

a1 = 0 , 4 a1 = a3 = a5 = a7 = = 0 , a2 , a4 , a6 ,
a0 ,
a2 =

- a0
,
2( 2 n + 2)

a4 =

a0
,
24( 2 n + 2) (2 n + 4)

a6 =

- a0
,
246( 2 n + 2) (2 n + 4) (2 n + 6)

a2 m = ( - 1)

a0
2462 m ( 2 n + 2 ) ( 2 n + 4 ) ( 2 n + 2 m )
m

2m

( - 1) a0
.
m ! ( n + 1) ( n + 2) ( n + m )

(5 .1 4)
n+ 2m

( - 1)

m
2m

a0 x
,
m ! ( n + 1) ( n + 2 ) ( n + m )

a0 , a0 , ( 5 .13)
. a0
a0 =

,
2 ( n + 1)
n

a0 2 x ,
:
( n + m ) ( n + m - 1 ) ( n + 2) ( n + 1)( n + 1) =( n + m +1 )

( n + 1) . A .

106

, ( 5 .14 )
a2 m = ( - 1)

n+2 m

1
,
m ! ( n + m + 1 )

(5 .1 5)

.
(5 .1 5) (5 .1 4) (5 .1 3)

y1 =

n+2 m

( -

1)

m=0

n+ 2 m

x
( n 0) .
m !( n + m + 1)

( )
. , n
,

n+ 2 m

( -

Jn ( x ) =

1)

m= 0

n+2 m

x
( n 0) .
m
! ( n + m + 1)
(5 .1 6)

, Jn ( x ) .
n ,( n + m + 1 ) = ( n + m ) !,

Jn ( x ) =

( -

n+ 2 m

1)

m=0

n+ 2 m

x
( n = 0 ,1 ,2 , ) .
m !( n + m ) !
(5 .1 7)

c = - n , ( 5 .13 )

J- n ( x ) =

( m= 0

- n+ 2 m

1)

- n+ 2 m

x
( n 1, 2, ) .
m !( - n + m + 1)
(5 .1 8)

( 5 .16 ) ( 5 .18 ) , ( 5 .16 ) n

- n , ( 5 .18 ) . n ,
(5 .1 6) .
n , Jn ( x ) J - n ( x )
, , (5 .1 3)

y = AJn ( x ) + BJ - n ( x ) ,
A , B .

(5 .1 9)

5 .3 n

107

, n , ( 5 .13 )
( 5 .19) ,
Jn ( x ) , Jn ( x ) ( 5 .13 ) ,
. , ( 5 .19 ) A = cot n, B =
- csc n, (5 .1 3)
Y n ( x ) = cot nJn ( x ) - csc nJ - n ( x )
=

Jn ( x ) cos n - J - n ( x )
( n ) .
sin n

(5 .2 0)

, Y n ( x ) Jn ( x ) , , ( 5 .13 )
y = AJn ( x ) + B Y n ( x ) .

(5 .2 1)

(5 .2 0) Y n ( x ) ,
.

5 .3 n
, n , ( 5 .13 )
(5 .19 ) (5 .21 ) , n , ( 5 .13)
?
, n , Jn ( x ) J - n ( x )
. , n N ( , n
, ) , ( 5 .18 ) ,

( - N + m + 1 )

m = 0 , 1 , 2 , , ( N - 1) , m = N
. ( 5 .18 )

J- N ( x ) =

- N +2 m

(m= N
N

= ( - 1)

1)

- N +2 m

N+2

x
m !( - N + m + 1 )
N+ 4

x
x
x
- N+2
+ N+4
+
N
2 N ! 2
( N + 1) ! 2
( N + 2) ! 2 !

= ( - 1 ) JN ( x ) .

108

JN ( x ) J -

( x ) , J N ( x ) J -

( x )

. ,
JN ( x ) .
? . n
(5 .20 ) ,
(5 .2 1) , .
n ,
Y n ( x ) = lim
n

J ( x ) cos - J - ( x )
( n ) . (5 .2 2)
sin
n

n , J - n ( x ) = ( - 1 ) Jn ( x ) = cos nJn ( x ) ,
0

,
0
( . . ,
, ) ,
x
( - 1)
2
2
( m !)

2m

2
x
2
Y0 ( x ) =
J0 ( x ) ln
+ c
2

m=0

m- 1

k=0

n-1

2
x
1
( n - m - 1) ! x
Yn ( x ) =
Jn ( x ) ln
+ c

2
m=0
m !
2

1
,
k +1
- n+2 m

n+2 m

x
( - 1)
2
m !( n + m ) !
m

m= 0

n+ m - 1

k=0

1
+
k +1

m-1

k=0

1
k +1

( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) , (5 .2 3)
c = lim 1 +
n

1
1
1
+
++
- ln n = 0 .577 2 ,
2
3
n

.
, ,
Jn ( x ) ( x = 0 , Jn ( x ) , Y n ( x )
) .
, n , ( 5 .13 )

5 .4

109

y = AJn ( x ) + B Y n ( x ) ,
A , B , n .

5 .4
,
, .
.
(5 .1 7) n = 0 n = 1 :
2

x
x
x
J0 ( x ) = 1 - 2 + 4
2 6
2 +
2
2 (2 !)
2 ( 3 !)
2k

x
+ ( - 1) 2 k
2 + ,
2 ( k !)
k

x
x
x
x
J1 ( x ) =
- 3
+ 5
- 7
+
2 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 3 ! 2 3 ! 4 !
2 k+ 1

+ ( - 1)

x
+ .
k ! ( k + 1) !

k
2k+1

k + 2 ,
2k + 2

2 k+ 1

d
k+1
x
k
( 2 k + 2) x

( - 1)
2k+2
2 = - ( - 1)
2k+2
2
dx
2
[ ( k + 1 ) !]
2
[ ( k + 1 ) !]
2k+1

= - ( - 1)
J1 ( x ) x

2k+1

k
2k+1

x
.
k ! ( k + 1) !

, J0 ( x )

,
d
J0 ( x ) = - J1 ( x ) .
dx
J1 ( x ) x ,
d
d

[ xJ1 ( x ) ] =
dx
dx

x
x
- 3
++
2
2 2 !

(5 .2 4)

110

2k+2

( - 1)

k
2 k+ 1

x
+
k ! ( k + 1) !

2k+1

x
k
x
= x - 2 + + ( - 1) 2k
2 +
2
2 ( k !)
2

2k

x
k
x
= x 1 - 2 + + ( - 1) 2 k
,
2 +
2
2 ( k !)

d
[ xJ1 ( x ) ] = xJ0 ( x ) .
dx

(5 .2 5)

, Jn ( x ) x ,

2 n+2 m

d
n
d
m
x
[ x Jn ( x ) ] =
(
1)
n+2 m
dx
d x
2
m !( n + m + 1 )
m= 0

= x

( -

n+ 2 m - 1

1)

m=0

n+ 2 m - 1

x
m !( n + m )

= x Jn - 1 ( x ) ,

n
n
d
[ x Jn ( x ) ] = x Jn - 1 ( x ) .
dx

(5 .2 6)

d
- n
- n
[ x Jn ( x ) ] = - x Jn + 1 ( x ) .
dx

(5 .2 7)

(5 .2 6) (5 .2 7) , ,

xJ
n ( x ) + nJn ( x ) = xJn - 1 ( x ) ,
xJ
n ( x ) - nJn ( x ) = - xJn + 1 ( x ) .
,
2
nJ ( x ) ,
x n

(5 .2 8)

Jn - 1 ( x ) - Jn + 1 ( x ) = 2 J
n ( x) .

(5 .2 9)

Jn - 1 ( x ) + Jn + 1 ( x ) =

,
. , (5 .2 8)

5 .4

111

,
, ( 5 .28 ) ,
.

d
n
n
[ x Yn ( x) ] = x Yn - 1 ( x) ,
dx
- n
- n
d
[ x Yn ( x) ] = - x Yn + 1 ( x ) ,
dx

Yn - 1 ( x) + Yn + 1 ( x) =

(5 .3 0)

2n
Y ( x),
x n

Y n - 1 ( x ) - Y n + 1 ( x ) = 2 Y
n( x ) .
,
, J 12 ( x ) , J -

1
2

( x ) . (5 .16)

( - 1)
x 2
J 12 ( x ) =
3
2
m= 0
m !
+ m
2
3
135(2 m + 1)
1

+ m =

m+ 1
2
2
2
135(2 m + 1)
=
,
m+ 1
2

+2m

J 12 ( x ) =

2 m+1
2
( - 1)
x
=
x
m = 0 ( 2 m + 1) !

2
sin x .
x
(5 .3 1)

,
J-

1
2

( x) =

2
cos x .
x

(5 .3 2)

(5 .2 8)
J 32 ( x ) =

1 1
J ( x ) - Jx 2

1
2

( x) =

2
x

- cos x +

1
sin x
x

112

= -

2 32 1 d sin x
x

x dx
x

= -

2 32
x

1 d
x dx

sin x
x

2 32
x

1 d
x dx

J-

3
2

( x) =

cos x
x

,
J

1
n+
2

( x) = ( - 1 )

2 n+
x

1
2

1 d
x dx

sin x
;
x
(5 .3 3)

1
- ( n+
)
2

( x) =

2 n+
x

1
2

1 d
x dx

cos x
x

1 d
x dx

1 d
n , ,
x dx

1 d
x dx

1 d
x dx

1 d sin x
x dx
x

.
n

,
2

sin x
x

1 d
, n
n .
x dx

(5 .3 3) , .

5 .5
,
.
,
.
5 .5 .1
5 .1 ,
:

5 .5
2

113

r P( r) + rP( r) + (r - n ) P( r) = 0 ,

0 < r < R,
P( r) | r =

=0,

| P( 0) | < + ( ) .

(5 .3 4)
(5 .3 5)
(5 .3 6)

(5 .3 4)
P( r ) = AJn ( r ) + B Y n ( r) ,
(5 .3 6) B = 0 ,
P( r) = AJn ( r ) ,
(5 .3 5)
Jn ( R) = 0 .

(5 .3 7)

, ,
Jn ( x ) .Jn ( x ) ? ,
? , :
1 Jn ( x ) , x
, Jn ( x )
;
2 Jn ( x ) Jn + 1 ( x ) ,
Jn ( x ) Jn + 1 ( x )
;
( n)

( n)

3 m Jn ( x ) ( m = 1 , 2 , ) , m + 1 ( n)

m m , Jn ( x ) 2
.J0 ( x ) J1 ( x ) 5 - 1 .
,
, . Jn ( x ) ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 5)
( n)

9 m ( m = 1 , 2 , , 9 ) :

114

5 - 1

(mn) n

m
1

2 .405

3 .832

5 .136

6 .380

7 .588

8 .771

5 .520

7 .016

8 .417

9 .761

11 .065

12 .339

8 .654

10 .173

11 .620

13 .015

14 .373

15 .700

11 .792

13 .324

14 .796

16 .223

17 .616

18 .980

14 .931

16 .471

17 .960

19 .409

20 .827

22 .218

18 .071

19 .616

21 .117

22 .583

24 .019

25 .430

21 .212

22 .760

24 .270

25 .748

27 .199

28 .627

24 .352

25 .904

27 .421

28 .908

30 .371

31 .812

27 .493

29 .047

30 .569

32 .065

33 .537

34 .989

, ( 5 .37 )
( n)

R = m ( m = 1 , 2 , ) ,

( n)

m
=
( m = 1, 2, ) ,
R

( n)
m

(5 .3 8)

( n)

Pm ( r ) = Jn

m
r ( m = 1 ,2 , ) .
R

(5 .3 9)

5 .5

115

5 .5 .2
( n)

m
r
R

Jn

( m = 1, 2, )

.
( n)

rJ

( n)

m
k
r Jn
r dr
R
R

0 , m k ,
=

(5 .4 0)

R 2
( n)
R 2
( n)
J n - 1 ( m ) =
J n + 1 ( m ) , m = k .
2
2
( n)

m
r
R

Jn

( m = 1 , 2 , )

(5 .3 4) , ( 5 .35) , ( 5 .36) , 2 .6
.
, ,
, ,
2 .6 3 .
, - .
(5 .4 0) . ,
( n)

F1 ( r ) = Jn

m
r ,
R

F2 ( r ) = Jn (r) ( ) ,
, F1 ( r ) , F2 ( r)
( n)

m
R

d
d F1 ( r )
+
r
dr
dr

n
rF1 ( r ) = 0 ,
r
2

d F2 ( r )
d
2
n
+ r F2 ( r) = 0 .
r
dr
r
dr
F2 ( r) F1 ( r) , r
0 R
( n)

m
R

rF ( r) F ( r)d r + F ( r) d r

d F1 ( r)
dr dr

116
R

F ( r) d r

d F2 ( r)
d r = 0,
dr

( n)

m
R

rF ( r ) F ( r ) d r +

{ r [ F2 ( r ) F
1 ( r) - F1 ( r ) F
2 ( r) ]}0 = 0 .

R [ F2 ( R) F
1 ( R) - F 1 ( R ) F
2 ( R) ]
,
( n)
2
m
2
-
R

rF1 ( r ) F2 ( r) d r = -

( n)

F1 ( R ) = Jn ( m ) = 0 ,
R

rJ

( n)

R F2 ( R) F
m
1 ( R)
r Jn (r )d r = ( n)
2
R
m
2
-
R

( n)

( n)

m Jn (R ) J
)
n (m
= .
( n)
2
m
2
-
R

(5 .4 1)

( n)

k
=
, k m ,
R
( n)

Jn (R) = Jn ( k ) = 0 ,
(5 .4 1) , ( 5 .40 ) .
( n)

m
(5 .4 0) , ( 5 .41 )
,
R
0
(5 .41)
,
0

( n)

rJ

2
n

m
r dr =
R

( n)

lim( n )

m
R

R
( n)
2
=
[ J
n( m
)] .
2

( n)

- m J
n ( m ) J
n (R ) R
- 2

5 .6

117

xJ
n ( x ) + nJn ( x ) = xJn - 1 ( x ) , xJ
n( x ) - nJn ( x ) = - xJn + 1 ( x ) ,
( n)

Jn (m ) = 0
( n)

( n)

( n)

J
),
n ( m ) = Jn - 1 ( m ) = - Jn + 1 ( m
( n)

rJ

2
n

m
( n)
( n)
R 2
R 2
r d r = 2 J n - 1 ( m ) = 2 Jn + 1 ( m ) ,
R

(5 .4 0) .
( n)

rJ

2
n

m
r dr
R
( n)

m
r .
R

, Jn

2 .6 ( ) , [ 0 ,
R ] f ( r ) ,
r = 0 , r = R ,

f ( r) =

( n)

Jn

m= 1

m
r
R

(5 .4 2)

A m , ( 5 .42 ) rJn
( n)

k
r , r 0 R , ( 5 .40 )
R
R

r f( r) J

( n)

k
r d r = Ak
R

rJ

2
n

( n)

k
r dr,
R

Ak =

1
2

rf ( r) J

R 2
( n)
J n - 1 (k )
2

( n)

k
r dr .
R

(5 .4 3)

5 .6
,

118

.
1 1 , ,
2

1 - r , r
, .
, ,
, u r , t ,
, :
2

u
2
= a
t

u 1
+
r
r

u
, 0 r < 1 , t > 0 ,
r

(5 .4 4)
(5 .4 5)

u | r = 1 = 0, t > 0,

(5 .4 6)

u | t = 0 = 1 - r , 0 r 1 .

, , | u | < , t + , u0 .

u ( r , t ) = F( r) T ( t ) ,

(5 .4 4)
2

FT= a

F+

1
F T ,
r

T
=
a T
2

F+
F

1
F
r
= - ,

r F+ rF+ r F = 0 ,

(5 .4 7)

T+ a T = 0 .

(5 .4 8)

(5 .4 8)
T ( t ) = Ce

2
- a t

,
2

t + , u 0 , , = ,
T ( t) = Ce

2 2
- a t

(5 .4 7)
F( r) = C1 J0 (r) + C2 Y 0 (r) .

5 .6

119

u ( r , t ) , C2 = 0 , ( 5 .45 ) J0 () = 0 ,
(0 )

J0 ( x ) . n

J0 ( x ) ,
( 0)
n

( n = 1, 2, 3, ) ,

( 0)

Fn ( r ) = J0 (n r ) ,
Tn ( t) = Cn e

u n ( r , t ) = Cn e

2
(0) 2
- a (
) t
n

2
(0) 2
- a (
) t
n

.
(0)

J0 ( n r ) .

u ( r , t) =

Cn e

2
(0) 2
- a (
) t
n

(0)

J0 ( n r ) .

n=1

(5 .4 6)

1 - r =

(0)

Cn J0 ( n r) ,

n=1

2
Cn =
(0)
2
[ J
)]
0 ( n

(1

2
= 2
( 0)
J1 ( n )
(0)

(0)

- r ) rJ0 ( n r) d r

rJ

(0)
n

(0 )

( r)d r -

(0)

J0 ( n r ) d r

(0 )

(0)

(0 )

d[ ( n r) J1 ( n r) ] = ( n r ) [ J0 ( n r) d( n r) ] ,
( 0)

rJ1 ( n r )
( 0)
d
(0)
= rJ0 (n r ) d r ,
n

(0)

rJ1 ( n r )
rJ0 ( r ) d r =
(0 )
n

( 0)
n

( 0)

J1 (n )
=
.
(0)
n

(0)
n

J0 ( r) d r =

( 0)

r J1 (n r )
=
(0)
n

2
- ( 0)
n

(0)

rJ1 ( n r)
r d
( 0)
n
2

(0)

J1 ( n r) d r

120
(0)

J1 ( n )
2
2
(0)
r)
=
( 0)
( 0 ) 2 r J2 ( n
n
(n )
(0)

( 0)

J1 ( n ) 2 J2 (n )
=
,
( 0)
( 0) 2
n
(n )
( 0)

4 J2 (n )
Cn =
.
(0 ) 2
2
(0)
( n ) J1 ( n )

(0 )

u ( r, t) =

n= 1

2
( 0) 2
4 J2 ( n )
(0 )
- a (
) t
n
J0 ( n r) e
,
(0)
2
2
(0)
( n ) J1 ( n )

(5 .4 9)
(0 )
n

J0 ( r ) .

2 :
2

u
2

u
r

2
2

= a

u 1
+
r
r
2

= 0,

u|

r= 0

u
r , 0 < r < R, t > 0 ,

(5 .5 0)

< + , t > 0,

(5 .5 1)

r= R

u| t= 0

u
=0,
t

t= 0

r
= 1 - 2 , 0 r R
R

(5 .5 2)

.
, u ( r , t ) = F( r ) T ( t ) , 1
,
F( r) = C1 J0 (r) + C2 Y 0 (r) ,

(5 .5 3)

T ( t ) = C3 cos at + C4 sin at .

(5 .5 4)

u ( r , t ) r = 0 , C2 = 0 ,
F( r ) = C1 J0 (r ) .
(5 .5 1) ,
F( R ) = C1 J
0 (R ) = 0 ,
C1 ,
J
0 (R ) = 0 .

(5 .5 5)

5 .6

121

(5 .2 4)
J1 (R ) = 0 ,
(1)

(1)

( 1)

R J1 ( x ) , 1 , 2 , , n , J1 ( x )
, J1 (0 ) = 0 ,
(1)

= 0 R = n ( n = 1 , 2 , ) .

(5 .5 6)

= 0 , (5 .47 ) , ( 5 .48 ) ( 5 .51 ) ,

(5 .5 0)
u0 ( r , t ) = C0 + D0 t,
C0 , D0 ;
(1)

n
=
( n = 1 , 2 , ) , ( 5 .55 ) ( 5 .54 )
R
(1 )

Fn ( r) = J0

n
r
R

( 1)

( 1)

an
an
Tn ( t ) = Cn cos
t + Dn sin
t,
R
R
(5 .5 0)
(1 )

(1 )

(1)

an
an
n
u n ( r , t ) = ( Cn cos
t + Dn sin
t ) J0
r ,
R
R
R
Cn , Dn , n = 1 , 2 , .

(1)

( 1)

(1)

an
an
n
u( r , t) = C0 + D0 t + ( Cn cos
t + Dn sin
t) J0
r ,
R
R
R
n= 1
(5 .5 2)

C0 +

CJ
n

n= 1

(1 )

n
r = 0,
R

(5 .5 7)

(1)

2
n
a
(1 )
r
D0 + Dnn J0
r = 1 - 2 .
R n= 1
R
R

(5 .5 8)

(5 .5 7) Cn = 0( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) , ( 5 .58 ) r r
[0 , R]

122

D0 =

r
1 - 2
R

rd r
0

rd r =

1
,
2

(1)

(5 .5 8) ( 14 ) : n

J1 ( x ) ,
R

rJ

2
0

( 1)

2
2
n
R
(1)
(1 )
R 2
( 1)
J0 ( n ) J
) =
J0 (n ) ,
r dr =
1 ( n
2
2
R

2
Dn =
( 1)
2
( 1)
an RJ0 ( n )

r
1 - 2
R

( 1)

rJ0

n
r dr
R

( 1)

4 RJ2 (n )
4R
=
= ,
(1)
3
2
(1)
( 1) 3
( 1)
a( n ) J0 ( n )
a(n ) J0 ( n )

( 1)

(1)

an
n
t
4R
1
u ( r , t) =
sin
tJ0
( 1) 3
(1 )
r

2
a n = 1 (n ) J0 ( n )
R
R

(5 .5 9)

5 .7

,
.
5 .7 .1
( Hankel) ,
:
(1)

H n ( x ) = Jn ( x ) + j Y n ( x ) ,
(2)

H n ( x ) = Jn ( x ) - j Y n ( x ) .
j =

- 1 , Jn ( x ) Yn ( x ) ,

, :

5 .7

123

d
n
( i)
n
( i)
[ x Hn ( x ) ] = x Hn - 1 ( x ) ,
dx
d
- n
( i)
- n
( i)
[ x H n ( x ) ] = - x Hn + 1 ( x ) ,
dx
( i)
n - 1

( x) + H

( i)

( i)
n+ 1

2 n ( i)
( x) =
H ( x),
x n

( i = 1 , 2)

d ( i)
H ( x) .
dx n

( i)

Hn - 1 ( x ) - Hn + 1 ( x ) = 2

x .
5 .7 .2
,
, ,
2

1
y+ yx

n
1+ 2
x

y=0

(5 .6 0)

, , x = - j t
,
x = - j t , d x = - jd t ,
2

dy
- 1 dy d y
d y
=
, 2 = - 2 ,
dx
j dt dx
dt
(5 .6 0)
2

n
d y 1 dy
+ 1- 2
2 +
t dt
t
dt

y=0 .

(5 .6 0)
y = AJn ( j x ) + B Y n ( j x ) ,

Jn ( j x ) = j

n+ 2 m

n+ 2 m

m=0

- n

x
.
m !( n + m + 1 )

, ,

- n

I n ( x ) = j Jn ( j x ) =

2
m= 0

n+2 m

n+ 2 m

x
.
m !( n + m + 1)

124

(5 .6 1)
,
2

x
x
x
I0 ( x ) = 1 + 2 + 4
2 +
6
2 + .
2
2 ( 2 !)
2 ( 3 !)
Kn ( x ) :
n
1
[ I - n ( x ) - In ( x ) ]
2
Kn ( x ) =
;
sin n
n
1
[ I - ( x ) - I ( x ) ]
2
K n ( x ) =
limn
.
sin

(5 .6 2)

(5 .6 0)
y = AIn ( x ) + BK n ( x ) ,
A , B .
In ( x ) Kn ( x ) ,
, Jn ( x ) Y n ( x ) .
5 .7 .3 ( )
n ( Kelvin ) ,
Jn ( x

- j ) , ber n x bei n x .

, .
J0 ( x

- j ) = J0 ( xj j)
2m

( m=0

1)

1
j jx
2
( m !)
2
4k

k= 0

x
j
2
2 +
[ (2 k ) !]
2k

2 m

m=0

4 k+ 2

k=0

x
j
2
2
[ ( 2 k + 1 ) !]
2 k+1

x
j
2
2
( m !)
m

k= 0

5 .8

x
( - 1)
2
2
[ ( 2 k ) !]

4k

125
4 k+ 2

x
( - 1)
2
,
2
[ (2 k + 1 ) !]
k

+ j
k= 0

ber0 x bei0 x

ber0 ( x ) = Re [ J0 ( x

- j) ] =

x
( - 1)
2
2
[ ( 2 k ) !]

4k

k=0

, (5 .6 3)

4 k+2

bei0 ( x ) = Im[ J0 ( x

- j) ] =

k= 0

x
( - 1)
2
2
[ (2 k + 1) !]
k

. (5 .6 4)

:
3

ber1 ( x ) = -

1
2

x
x
x
x
2
2
2
+
+ ,
2 1 !2! 2! 3! 3! 4!
(5 .6 5)
3

bei1 ( x ) = -

1
2

x
x
x
x
2
2
2
+
+
-
2 1! 2! 2!3 ! 3!4 !

.
(5 .6 6)

5 .8

,
x ,
, , ,

, , .
,
, ,
.
.

126

x
2
1
1
n ( x ) cos x - n
x
4
2

Jn ( x )

- n ( x ) sin x -

1
1
n
4
2

(5 .6 7)

2
1
1
n ( x ) sin x - n
x
4
2

Yn ( x )

+ n ( x ) cos x 2 j ( x - 4 e
x

1
n)
2

2 - j ( x - 4 e
x

1
n)
2

(1)

H n ( x)
(2 )

Hn ( x )

1
1
n
4
2

, (5 .6 8)

[n ( x ) + jn ( x ) ] , (5 .6 9)
[n ( x ) - jn ( x ) ] , (5 .7 0)

(4 n - 1 )(4 n - 3 )
n ( x ) = 1 +
2
2 ! (8 x )
2

(4 n - 1 ) (4 n - 3 ) ( 4 n - 5 ) ( 4 n - 7 )
-
4
4 ! (8 x )
2

4n -1
(4 n - 1 ) (4 n - 3 ) ( 4 n - 5 )
n ( x ) =
+
3
1 ! ( 8 x)
3 ! (8 x)
x ,
, , ,
Jn ( x )

2
1
n
cos x - - ,
x
4
2

Yn ( x)

2
1
n
sin x - - ,
x
4
2

( 1)

Hn ( x )
(2)

H n ( x)

2 j( x e
x

1
n
- )
4
2

2 - j( x e
x

1
n
- )
4
2

(5 .7 1)

127

1 . n , Jn ( x ) .
2 . J0 ( x ) , J1 ( x ) , Jn ( x ) ( n ) 5 .
3 . J2 n - 1 (0) = 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , .
4 .

d
J (x ) = ?
dx 0

5 .

d
[ xJ1 (x ) ] = ?
dx

6 .

xJ ( x ) d x ;

( 1)

( 2)

n+ 1

Jn ( ax ) d x .

7 . y = Jn (x )
2

+ sin

x y+ xy+ ( x - n ) y = 0
.
8 .
J 32 ( x ) =

2
x

1
cos
x

J 52 ( x ) =

2
x

1 -

x -

x -

3
3
sin( x - ) + cos( x - )
2
x
x

9 . y = x 2 J 32 ( x )
x2 y+ ( x2 - 2 ) y = 0
.
10 . y = xJn ( x )
2

x y- xy+ (1 + x - n ) y = 0
.
11 . i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) J1 ( x ) = 0 ,
f ( x ) = x (0 < x < 1)
J1 (i x ) .

128

12 . i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) J0 ( x ) = 0 , f ( x ) =
x 2 (0 < x < 1) J0 (i x ) .
13 . i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) J0 ( 2 x ) = 0 ,

f( x) =

1,

0 < x < 1,

1
,
2

x = 1,

0,

1< x< 2

J0 (i x ) .
14 . [ 0 , a] J0

i x
,
a

i J0 ( x ) .
15 . i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) J1 ( x ) ,
i
x J0
R

xJ0

j
x dx =
R

0 , i j,
R2 2
J ( ) , i = j .
2 0 i

16 .
( 1) J2 ( x ) = J
0 ( x) -

1
J( x ) ;
x 0

( 2) J3 ( x ) + 3 J
0 ( x ) + 4 J
0 ( x) = 0 .
17 .

J0 ( x ) d x = x n J1 ( x ) + ( n - 1) xn - 1 J0 ( x ) - ( n - 1 )2

n- 2

J0 ( x ) d x .

18 . : u = 0 ,
u |= a = 0 , u | z = 0 = 0 , u | z =

= A .

19 . :
2

u
2

t
u|

2
2

= a

t= 0

=1 -

u
1
+

u
, t > 0 , 0< R ,

2
u
2 ,
t
R

| u | = 0 < , u |=

= 0 , 0 R ,
t= 0

=0, t> 0 .

,
2

u
1
u
1
- 2
2 +
a

u
2

= - B( B ) ,

129

, .
20 .
x

W ( x , t) = e2

1
t- t

W( x , t ) =

n= -

[ : e

x t
2

- x
2t

Jn ( x ) t .

t .]


,
, 2 .6 ,
. [ - 1 , 1]
.

6 .1
,

1
2
r

u
1
u
1
u
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
2 = 0 . ( 6 .1)
r

r sin
r sin

u( r , , ) = R ( r) () ( ) ,

(6 .1 )

1 d
2 d R
1
d
d
r
+ R 2
sin
2
dr
d
r dr
r sin d
2

1
d
+ R 2 2
2 = 0,
r sin d
2

R
2

1 d
2 d R
1
d
d
1
d
2
r
+
sin
+
= 0,
R dr
dr
sin d
d
sin d2

1 d
2 d R
1
d
d
1
d
r
= sin
2
2 ,
R dr
dr
sin d
d
sin d
r , , ,

6 .1

131

. ,
n ( n + 1 ) ( ,
, n , ) ,
1 d
2 d R
r
= n( n + 1) ,
R dr
dr

( 6 .2)

1
d
d
1
d
sin
+
2
2 = - n ( n + 1 ) . ( 6 .3)
sin d
d
sin d
(6 .2 ) ,
2

d R
dR
r
- n( n + 1) R = 0 .
2 + 2 r
dr
dr
2

,
n

R ( r) = A1 r + A2 r

- ( n + 1)

A1 , A2 .
2

sin ( 6 .3)
2

1
d
d
2
1 d
sin
sin
+ n ( n + 1 ) sin +
=0,

d
d
d2

1
d
d
2
1 d
sin
sin
+ n ( n + 1) sin = .
2

d
d
d
, ,
. 5 .1 ( 5 .9) ,
2

m ( m = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) ,
1
d
d
2
2
sin
sin
+ n( n + 1) sin = m ,

d
d
2
1 d
2
.
2 = - m
d
(6 .5 )
( ) = B1 cos m+ B2 sin m .
()
2

1
d
d
m
sin
2 + n( n + 1) = 0 .
sin d
d
sin

( 6 .4)
( 6 .5)

132

,
2

d
d
+
2 + cot
d
d

m
n( n + 1 ) = 0 ,
2
sin

( 6 .6)

( Legendre ) .
x = cos ( - 1 x 1 ) , ()
P( x ) , (6 .6 )
2

d P
dP
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x
+
dx
dx
2

m
n( n + 1 ) 2
1- x

P = 0 . ( 6 .7)

u( r ,, ) , (6 .5 ) m = 0 , ( 6 .7 )

d P
dP
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x
+ n( n + 1) P = 0,
dx
dx
2

( 6 .8)

(6 .8 ) 2 .6 .
,
.

6 .2
(6 .8 ) y,
2

d y
dy
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x
+ n( n + 1 ) y = 0 ,
dx
dx
2

( 6 .9)

n ( n
, n ) .
, ( 6 .9)
c

y = x ( a0 + a1 x + a2 x + + an x + )

ak x

k+ c

, a0 0 .

(6 .1 0)

k=0

, ( 6 .10 ) ( 6 .9)

[( k +
k=0

c) ( k + c + 1) - n( n + 1 ) ] ak x

k+ c

6 .2

133

( k + c) ( k + c - 1 ) ak x

k+ c- 2

= 0 .

k=0

c( c - 1) a0 x

c- 2

+ c( c + 1 ) a1 x

c- 1

{( k +

c + 2 ) ( k + c + 1 ) ak+ 2 -

k=0

[ ( k + c) ( k + c + 1 ) - n( n + 1 ) ] ak } x

k+ c

= 0,

(6 .1 1)

x , x ,
c( c - 1) a0 = 0 ,

(6 .1 2)

c( c + 1) a1 = 0 ,

(6 .1 3)

( k + c + 2 ) ( k + c + 1 ) ak + 2 - [ ( k + c) ( k + c + 1) n ( n + 1 ) ] ak = 0 , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , .

(6 .1 4)

(6 .1 2) c = 0 c = 1 , ( 6 .13 ) c = 0 c = - 1 ( a1
0) , ( 6 .14 ) ak
ak + 2 =

( k + c) ( k + c + 1) - n ( n + 1)
ak ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) ,
( k + c + 1) ( k + c + 2 )

c = 0,
ak + 2 =

( k - n) ( k + n + 1 )
ak ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) ,
( k + 2) ( k + 1)

(6 .1 5)

a0 , a1 . k = 0 , 2 , , 2 i,
,
a2 =

- n( n + 1)
a0 ,
2!

a4 = ( - 1 )

n ( n - 2) ( n + 1 ) ( n + 3)
a0 ,
4!

a2 i = ( - 1 )

n ( n -2 ) ( n -2 i + 2 ) ( n +1) ( n +3) ( n +2 i -1 )
a0 ,
(2 i ) !

134

(6 .1 5) k = 1 , 3 , , 2 i - 1 ,
a3 = -

( n - 1) ( n + 2 )
a1 ,
3 !

a5 = ( - 1 )

( n - 1 ) ( n - 3 ) ( n + 2) ( n + 4 )
a1 ,
5!

a2 i + 1 =
( -1)

( n - 1) ( n - 3) ( n - 2 i +1) ( n +2 ) ( n +4 ) ( n + 2 i)
a1 .
(2 i +1) !

(6 .1 0) ,
n( n + 1) 2
n( n - 2) ( n + 1) ( n + 3 ) 4
x +
x +
2 !
4!

y = a0 1 + a1

x-

( n - 1)( n + 2) 3
x +
3!

( n - 1 ) ( n - 3) ( n + 2) ( n + 4 ) 5
x +
5!

(6 .1 6)

a0 , a1 ,
y1 = a0 1 -

n( n + 1 ) 2
n( n - 2) ( n + 1) ( n + 3 ) 4
x +
x + ,
2 !
4!
(6 .1 7)

y2 = a1

x-

( n - 1) ( n + 2 ) 3
x +
3 !

( n - 1 ) ( n - 3) ( n + 2) ( n + 4 ) 5
x +
5!

(6 .1 8)

(6 .9 ) , a0 0 , a1 0 ,
.
c = 1 , , y2 ;
, c = - 1 , y1 , ,
.
(6 .1 5)

6 .3

135

1 , ( - 1 , 1 ) ( 6 .16 ) ( 6 .9) .

6 .3
(6 .9 ) , (6 .1 7) (6 .1 8)
, n , y1 y2 , | x | < 1
, x = 1 ,
x = + 1 x = - 1 .
n , y1 y2 , n
( ) y1 n ( - n - 1 ) , n
( ) , y2 n ( - n - 1 ) .
, ,
.
(6 .1 5) :
ak = -

( k + 2) ( k + 1)
a
( k n - 2) ,
( n - k) ( k + n + 1 ) k + 2

an
:
an - 2 = -

n( n - 1)
a ,
2 (2 n - 1) n

an - 4 = -

( n - 2) ( n - 3 )
n ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2) ( n - 3)
an - 2 =
an ,
4 (2 n - 3 )
24( 2 n - 1 ) ( 2 n - 3 )

an - 6 = -

( n - 4) ( n - 5 )
an - 4
6 (2 n - 5 )

= -

n( n - 1) ( n - 2) ( n - 3 ) ( n - 4) ( n - 5)
an ,
246 (2 n - 1) (2 n - 3 ) ( 2 n - 5 )

, . . 279

, 1979 .

136

,
x = 1 1( 1 ) , an
an =

(2 n) !
135( 2 n - 1 )
( n = 1, 2, ) .
n
2 =
n!
2 ( n !)

an - 2 = -

n( n - 1) ( 2 n ) !

2 (2 n - 1) 2 n ( n !) 2

= -

n( n - 1) 2 n (2 n - 1) (2 n - 2) !
n
2 (2 n - 1) 2 n ( n - 1 ) ! n( n - 1 ) ( n - 2) !

= -

(2 n - 2) !
,
2 ( n - 1) ! ( n - 2 ) !

an - 4 = -

( n - 2) ( n - 3 )
4 (2 n - 3 )

(2 n - 2 ) !
2 ( n - 1 ) ! ( n - 2) !
n

( n - 2) ( n - 3 ) ( 2 n - 2) (2 n - 3 ) ( 2 n - 4) !
42 ( 2 n - 3 ) ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ! ( n - 2 ) ( n - 3 ) ( n - 4 ) !

( 2 n - 4) !
,
2 2 ! ( n - 2 ) ! ( n - 4) !

an - 6 = -

( 2 n - 6) !
,
2 3 ! ( n - 3 ) ! ( n - 6) !
n

, n - 2 m0 , :
an - 2 m = ( - 1)

(2 n - 2 m) !
.
2 m ! ( n - m) ! ( n - 2 m) !
n

n , (6 .1 7)
y1 =

( 2 n) ! n
(2 n - 2) !
n - 2
- n
x
+
n
2 x
2 ( n !)
2 ( n - 1 ) ! ( n - 2) !
n
2

( -

1)

( 2 n - 2 m) !
n- 2 m
x
,
2 m !( n - m ) !( n - 2 m ) !
n

m= 0

n , a n - 2 m (6 .18)
n- 1
2

y2 =

( m= 0

1)

( 2 n - 2 m) !
n- 2 m
x
.
2 m !( n - m ) !( n - 2 m ) !
n

6 .3

137

,
M

Pn ( x ) =

( - 1)
m=0

n- 2 m
( 2 n - 2 m) !
x
,
2 m !( n - m ) !( n - 2 m ) !
n

(6 .1 9)

M=

n
, n ,
2
n-1
, n .
2

n (
) .
, n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,
P0 ( x ) = 1 , P1 ( x ) = x ,
P2 ( x ) =

1
2
(3 x - 1) ,
2

P3 ( x ) =

1
3
(5 x - 3 x) ,
2

P4 ( x ) =

1
4
2
( 35 x - 30 x + 3) ,
8

P5 ( x ) =

5
3
1
( 63 x - 70 x + 15 x ) ,
8

6 1 .
,

6 -1

Pn ( x )
n

1
d
2
n
Pn ( x ) = n
- 1)
n ( x
2 n !dx

(6 .2 0)

, ( 6 .20 ) ( Rodrigues )
2

. , ( x - 1 ) ,
n , .
, :
n , (6 .9 ) y = y1 + y2 , y1 ,

138

y2 (6 .1 7) (6 .18) , [ - 1 , 1 ]
, ( 6 .9) [ - 1 , 1 ] .
n , an , y1 y2
Pn ( x ) , , Qn ( x ) ,
(6 .9 )
y = C1 Pn ( x ) + C2 Qn ( x ) ,
Qn ( x ) , [ - 1 , 1 ]
.

6 .4
,
( - 1 , 1 )
. ,
, ( { Pn ( x ) } ( n = 0 , 1 , )
2 .6 3 , ?)
( - 1 , 1 )
.
6 .4 .1
,
0 , m n,

Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x =

- 1

2
, m= n .
2n +1

(6 .2 1)

(6 .2 1) , :
1

x Pn ( x ) d x = 0 ,

-1

k n .
,

(6 .2 2)

6 .4
1

1
k
d
2
n
x
- 1) d x
n
n ( x
2 n ! dx

x Pn ( x ) d x =

-1

-1

n - 1

x
d
2
n
- 1)
= n
n - 1 ( x
2 n ! dx

- 1

n-1

k
- n
2 n!

139

d
2
n
- 1) d x .
n-1 ( x
dx

k- 1

-1

n - 1

d
2
n
( Leibnitz) n - 1 ( x - 1) ,
dx
x - 1 , x + 1 , .
, k
1

-1

k!
x Pn ( x ) d x = ( - 1 ) n
2 n!

n - ( k + 1)

k! d
= ( - 1)
n
n 2 n !d
k

( k + 1)

n- k

( x - 1)

- 1

d
2
n
- 1) d x
n- k ( x
dx
=0 .

- 1

(6 .2 1) , m n , m < n m > n ,
(6 .2 2) ,
1

Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x = 0 .

- 1

m = n , ,
1

-1

1
P ( x) d x = 2 n
2
2 ( n !)

2
n

-1

n - 1

2
n
2
n
d
d
- 1)
- 1)
n - 1 ( x
n ( x
dx
dx

1
= 2n
2
2 ( n !)
1

- 1

d
2
n
d
2
n
- 1)
- 1) d x
n ( x
n ( x
dx
dx

n+ 1

- 1

n-1

d
2
n
d
2
n
- 1)
- 1) d x
n+1 ( x
n- 1 ( x
dx
dx

1
= - 2n
2
2 ( n !)

-1

n+ 1

n-1

d
2
n
d
2
n
- 1)
- 1) d x .
n+1 ( x
n- 1 ( x
dx
dx

n ,
1

-1

1
P ( x) d x = ( - 1 ) 2 n
2
2 ( n !)
2
n

( x - 1) d x

- 1

2n

d
2
n
- 1)
2 n ( x
dx

140

1
= ( - 1) 2n
2
2 ( n !)

(2 n ) !
= ( - 1) 2n
2
2 ( n !)

2n

d
2n
2
n
( x - 1) d x
2 n x
dx

- 1

(x

- 1) d x .

- 1

2n

x = cos , ( x - 1 ) = ( - 1 ) sin , d x = - sin d,

-1

(2 n) !
P ( x) d x = 2 n
2
2 ( n !)

sin

2
n

2 n+1

2 (2 n ) !
= 2n
2
2 ( n !)

2 n+ 1

sin

2( 2 n ) !
2 n( 2 n - 2 ) 42
2n
2
2 ( n !) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n - 1) 53
n

2( 2 n ) !
2 n!
= 2n
2
2 ( n !) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n - 1) 53
=

2( 2 n) !
2
=
.
(2 n + 1) ! 2 n + 1

, (6 .21 ) . ,
1

P n ( x )d x

- 1

.
6 .4 .2
(6 .2 1) ,
. f ( x ) 2 .6 ,
f ( x )

f( x ) =

CP
n

( x ) , - 1 < x < 1,

(6 .2 3)

n=0

Cn , ( 6 .23 ) Pn ( x ) ( - 1 , 1)
,

f ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x =

- 1

C
k

k=0

- 1

Pk ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x = Cn

2
,
2n + 1

6 .4

2n + 1
Cn =
2

141

f ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) .

- 1

(6 .2 4)
Cn (6 .23) , f ( x ) .
(6 .2 3) (6 .2 4) x = cos ,

f ( cos ) =

Pn ( cos ) , 0 < < ,

n= 0

2n + 1
Cn =
2

f ( cos ) P ( cos )sin d.

n

1 f ( x ) = | x | ( - 1 , 1)
.
f ( x ) = | x | ( - 1 , 1) , P2 n + 1 ( x ) x
, C2 n + 1 = 0( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) . C2 n ( n = 0 , 1 ,
2, ) .
1
C0 =
2

-1

1
f( x)d x =
2

4n + 1
=
2

4n + 1
=
2

4n + 1
=
2

C2 n

-1

1
,
2

f ( x ) P2 n ( x ) d x

-1

4n + 1
- x P2 n ( x ) d x +
2

xP

2n

( x) d x

2n

1
d
2
2 n
- x 2n
- 1) d x +
2n ( x
2 (2 n) ! d x
2 n

1
d
2
2 n
x 2n
- 1) d x
2n ( x
2 (2 n) ! d x
2 n - 1

d
2
2 n
4n+1
- x
- 1)
= 2 n+1
2n - 1 ( x
dx
2
(2 n) !

xd x =

-1

4n + 1

2

- 1

1
- xd x +
2

+
- 1

, f ( x ) = | x | 2 .6

, f ( x ) , 2 .6 ,
, , .

142
0

-1

2 n- 1

d
2
2n
- 1) d x +
2n-1 ( x
dx
2 n - 1

4n+1
d
2
2 n
x
- 1)
2n - 1 ( x
2 n+1
2
(2 n) !
dx
1

2n-1

d
2
2 n
- 1) d x
2 n- 1 ( x
dx
2n - 2

d
2
2n
4n+1
- 1)
2n - 2 ( x
= 2 n+1
2
(2 n) ! d x

2n - 2

d
2
2n
- 1)
2n - 2 ( x
dx

- 1

2n - 2

4n+1
d
2
2n
= 2n
- 1)
2 n - 2 ( x
2 (2 n) ! d x
2n-2

4n + 1 d
= 2n
2n- 2
2 ( 2 n) ! d x
= ( - 1)
= ( - 1)

n+1

x= 0

2n
k
2n

2k

x ( - 1)

2 n- k
x=0

k=0

4n+1
n - 1
C2 n (2 n - 2) !
2 (2 n) !
2n

n+1

(4 n + 1) (2 n - 2 ) !
.
2 ( n - 1) ! ( n + 1 ) !
2n

1
| x | =
+
2

n=1

n+ 1

( - 1)
( 4 n + 1) (2 n - 2 ) !
P2 n ( x ) ,
2 n
2 ( n - 1) !( n + 1 ) !
- 1< x <1 .

2 :
( n + 1) Pn + 1 ( x ) - ( 2 n + 1 ) x Pn ( x ) + nPn - 1 ( x ) = 0 .
(6 .2 5)
( 6 .25 ) , x Pn ( x )
.

x Pn ( x ) =

CP
k

( x),

k= 0

2k + 1
Ck =
2

-1

x Pn ( x ) Pk ( x ) d x .

6 .4

143

x Pn ( x ) n + 1 ,
n + 1 , k > n + 1 , Ck = 0 . ,
,
1

2k+1
Ck =
2

x Pn ( x ) Pk ( x ) d x

- 1

2k+ 1 1
=
n
2
2 n !

-1

2k+ 1
= ( - 1)
n+ 1
2
n!

d
2
n
x Pk ( x )
- 1) d x
n ( x
dx
n

( x - 1)

-1

d
n [ x Pk ( x ) ] d x .
dx

d
k < n - 1 ,
n [ x Pk ( x ) ] 0 ,
dx
Cn - 2 = Cn - 3 = = C0 = 0 .
2

, ( 6 .17 ) ( 6 .18 ) , x P n ( x ) x ,
2n+1
Cn =
2

x Pn ( x ) d x = 0 .

-1

, xPn ( x ) ,
x Pn ( x ) = Cn + 1 Pn + 1 ( x ) + Cn - 1 Pn - 1 ( x ) .

(6 .2 6)

Cn + 1 Cn - 1 ,
, .
Pn ( x )

( 2 n) !
n
2 , (6 .26 )
2 ( n !)

,
(2 n ) !
(2 n + 2) !
n
2 = Cn + 1
n+1
2 ,
2 ( n !)
2
[ ( n + 1 ) !]

Cn + 1 =

n+1
.
2n+1

(6 .2 6) x = 1 , Pn (1 ) = 1 ,
1 = Cn + 1 + Cn - 1 ,

144

Cn - 1 = 1 - Cn + 1 = 1 -

n+1
n
=
.
2n+1 2n+1

Cn + 1 , Cn - 1 ( 6 .26 ) ,
x Pn ( x ) =

n+1
n
Pn + 1 ( x ) +
Pn - 1 ( x ) ,
2n+1
2n +1

( 6 .25 ) . ,
Pn - 1 ( x ) Pn ( x ) , Pn + 1 ( x ) ,
.
3
1 u ,
u|

r= 1

= cos .

, , r , ,
, , :
1
2
r
u|

u
1
u
+ 2
sin
= 0 , 0 < r < 1 , 0,
r

r sin

r= 1

= cos , 0 .

(6 .2 7)

, u( r ,) = R( r ) () ,
2

( r R+ 2 r R) + ( + cot ) R = 0

r R+ 2 rR
+ cot
= =.
R

r R+ 2 rR- R = 0 ,

(6 .2 8)

() + cot () + () = 0 .

(6 .2 9)

= n( n + 1) , ( 6 .29 ) ( 6 .6 ) m = 0
, . , u ( r , )
, () , 6 .3 ,
n , (6 .2 9) 0 n () =
Pn ( cos ) ( Pn ( cos ) ( n = 0 , 1 , ) ( 6 .29 )

6 .4

145

| (0 ) | < + , | () | < + ( Pn ( x )
( n = 0 , 1 , ) (6 .9) | y ( 1 ) | < +
2

, k ( x ) = 1 - x x = 1 ,
) . (6 .2 8)
n

R n = C1 r + C2 r

- ( n + 1)

u , Rn , C2 = 0 ,
n

R n = Cn r .

u ( r ,) =

r Pn ( cos ) .

(6 .3 0)

n=0

(6 .2 7)

cos =

CP
n

( cos ) .

(6 .3 1)

n=0

(6 .3 1) x cos ,

x =

CP
n

( x) .

n= 0

1
2
P0 ( x ) +
P ( x),
3
3 2

C0 =

1
2
, C2 = , Cn = 0( n 0 , 2) .
3
3

u ( r ,) =
=

1
2
2
+
P2 ( cos ) r
3
3
1
2
1
+ cos 3
3

r .

(6 .3 1) ( 6 .24 ) ,
.

146

6 .5

6 .1 , u ,

(6 .6 ) ( 6 .7) , ( 6 .7) p y
2

d y
dy
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x
+
dx
dx
2

m
n( n + 1) 2
1 - x

y = 0,
(6 .3 2)

m , .

d v
dv
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x
+ n( n + 1) v = 0
dx
dx
2

x m ,
m

d v
(1 - x ) 2
dx

d
m
dx

d
dv
d v
2x
+ n( n + 1)
m
m = 0 .
dx
dx
dx
(6 .3 3)

d
m
dx

m+ 2

m+1

d v
2
d
v m
d
v
(1 - x ) 2 = ( 1 - x )
2x
m+2 m+1 1!
dx
dx
dx
2

m ( m - 1)
d v
2 m ,
2!
dx
m

m+1

d
dv
d
v m
d v
2x
=2x
2 m ,
m
m+ 1 +
dx
1!
dx
dx
dx
(6 .3 3)
m+ 2

m+ 1

d
v
d
v
(1 - x )
m + 2 - ( m + 1 )2 x
m + 1 + [ n( n + 1 ) dx
dx
2

d v
m( m + 1)] m = 0 .
dx
m

d v
u=
m , (6 .34)
dx

(6 .3 4)

6 .5

147

d u
du
(1 - x ) 2 - 2 x ( m + 1 )
+
dx
dx
2

[ n( n + 1 ) - m ( m + 1) ] u = 0 .
2

(6 .3 5)

w = ( 1 - x ) 2 u ,
du
2
= mx( 1 - x )
dx
2

d u
2

2 = m( 1 - x )
dx
2

m
- 1
2

m
- 2
2

2 m x (1 - x )

w + (1 - x )

m
2

dw
,
dx

w[(1 - x ) + ( m + 2) x ] +

m
- 1
2

2
dw
+ (1 - x )
dx

m
2

d w
.
2
dx

(6 .3 5)
2

m
n( n + 1) 2
1 - x

d w
dw
(1 - x )
+
2 - 2 x
dx
dx
2

w =0,
m

d v
, v (6 .9 ) , w = ( 1 - x )
m
dx
2

m
2

( 6 .32 ) . , n
, ( 6 .9) [ - 1 , 1 ]
v = Pn ( x ) ,
, n ,
m

d Pn ( x )
w = (1 - x )
m
dx
2

m
2

(6 .3 6)

( 6 .32 ) [ - 1 , 1 ] ,
m

Pn ( x ) ,
m

d Pn ( x )
P ( x) = (1 - x )
( m n , | x | 1) .
m
dx
m
n

m
2

n m . -
m

, { Pn ( x )} ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , )
[ - 1 , 1 ] . ( . .
:) ,

148
1

[P

m
n

2
( n + m) !
.
2 n + 1 ( n - m) !

( x)] d x =

- 1

(6 .3 7)

(6 .37) { Pn ( x ) } ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ) ( ) ,
[ - 1 , 1 ]
f ( x ) ,

f ( x) =

CP

m
n

( x) ,

n= 0

(2 n + 1 ) ( n - m ) !
Cn =
2( n + m ) !

f ( x ) Pn ( x ) d x .

-1

x = cos ,

f ( cos ) =

CP
n

m
n

( cos ) ,

n= 0

( 2 n + 1) ( n - m ) !
Cn =
2( n + m) !

f ( cos ) P

m
n

( cos ) sin d.

6 .1 ,
( )
u = 0 , r < R , 0 , 02,
u|

r= R

= f (, ) , 0, 02
m

, f ( , ) { Pn ( cos) cos m,
m

Pn ( cos ) sin m} ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , , m = 0 , 1 , , n ) ,
f (, )

f (, ) =

n
m
n

( A

cos m + Bn sin m) Pn ( cos ) .

n=0 m=0

(6 .3 8)
m

A n Bn ,

149

cos m

cos l

sin m

sin l

Pn ( cos ) Pk ( cos ) sin

dd

0 , m l n k,
=

2m ( n + m ) !
, m = l , n = k,
( 2 n + 1 ) ( n - m) !

(6 .3 9)

2, m = 0,

m =

1 , m 0 .

(6 .3 9)
(2 n + 1 ) ( n - m ) !

2m ( n + m ) !

An =

f (, ) Pn ( cos ) cos m sin dd,

(2 n + 1 ) ( n - m ) !

2( n + m ) !

Bn =

f (, ) Pn ( cos ) sin m sin dd .

(6 .4 0)

1 . : Pn (1 ) = 1 , Pn ( - 1) = ( - 1) n ,
n

P2 n - 1 ( 0) = 0 , P2 n ( 0) =
2

2 . : a) x =

( - 1 ) (2 n) !
.
22 n ( n !) 2

2
1
P2 ( x ) +
P ( x) ,
3
3 0

1979 , 45 .

cos m

cos l

sin m

si n l

{ } , ( 6 .39 )

4 .

150

b) x 3 =

2
3
P3 ( x ) +
P ( x) .
5
5 1

3 .
1

xP ( x) d x ,

( 1)

0
1

[ P ( x) ]

( 2)

-1

d x,

( 3)

-1

P2 ( x ) P4 ( x ) d x .

4 . f( x) =

0 , - 1 < x0 ,
x, 0 < x < 1,

f ( x) =

1
1
5
3
P0 ( x ) +
P1 ( x ) +
P2 ( x ) P ( x) +
4
2
16
32 4

5 .
Pn ( x ) =

1
[ P
( x ) - P
n
- 1( x ) ] .
2 n + 1 n+ 1

6 .
P
n( x ) = ( 2 n - 1) Pn - 1 ( x ) + (2 n - 5) Pn - 3 ( x ) + (2 n - 9) Pn - 5 ( x ) +
7 . Pn ( x ) =

1
dn
2
n
.
n
n ( x - 1)
2 n!dx

8 . 1 u ,
u | r = 1 = 3cos 2+ 1 .
9 . 1 ,
u | r= 1 =

A , 0,
0 ,< .

10 . 1 ,
u | r = 1 = cos2 .
1

11 .

1 + t - 2 tx
1
2

1 + t - 2 tx

( x ) tn .

n= 0

[ : | t | , | t2 - 2 tx | < 1 ,

1
1 + t2 - 2 tx


( t 2 - 2 tx ) .]
12 . ,
Pn + 1 ( x ) =

2n+1
n
x Pn ( x ) P ( x) .
n +1
n+ 1 n -1

151


, ,
. ,
. , ,
, ( )
( ) . ,
.

7 .1
,
, ( ) .
, m , t v ,
t

1
2
m v . d s ,
2

d s d x , t u t , d s t

1 2
u t d x , ( x
2

) , t
l

U =

1 2
u t d x .
2

( 7 .1)

t ( ) ,
. , ,
. 1 .1
, , ,

7 .1

153

T , T u x .
, , u d u = ux d x .
d s t

1
2
T u x d x , t
2

1
V =
2

Tu

2
x

d x,

( 7 .2)

, T , t
f ( x , t ) ,
l

( 2

V =

Tux + fu ) d x .

( 7 .3)

(7 .1 ) ( 7 .2) ( ( 7 .3) ) , t
1
E( t) =
2

E( t ) =

(u t + T u x ) d x

( 7 .4)

2
1 2
1
u t +
T u x + f u )d x
2
2

( 7 .5)

, , (7 .4 )
l

[ u ( x , t ) +
2
t

E( t ) =

a ux ( x, t) ]d x,

( 7 .6)

a =

T
.

[ u ( x , t ) +
2
t

E( t ) =

ux ( x , t) ]d x .

( 7 .7)

(7 .6 ) ( 7 .7 ) , u (
u ) .

u
2

2
2

= a

u
2 + f ( x, t) , - < x < + , t > 0,
x

u | t = 0 = ( x ) , - < x < + ,
ut |

t=0

( 7 .8)

= ( x ) , - < x < + .

u ( 7 .8) ( ) , , ( x0 ,

154

t0 ) x = x0 a( t - t0 ) , x ( x0 - at0 , 0)
( x0 + at0 , 0) , x K .
0 t0 ,

7 - 1

K = K {0 t} ( ) ,
= K{ t = } = ( x0 + a(- t0 ) , x 0 - a(- t0 ) ) ( ) .
u
K ,
t
2
u
u
2
d xd t = f
d xd t .
t
x
K

(7 .8 )
u
t

u
2

- a

( 7 .9)

,
u
t

1
u
2 =
2 t
t
t
2
u u
u u
2 =
t x
x
t x
u u
=
x
t x
(7 .9 )

1
2

u
t

1
2

2
2

+ a

u
t
u
x

t
u
x

u
x
2

2
2

- a

u
t

u
x

d xd t

7 .1

155

u
d xd t .
t

f
K

u
t

u
1
dt +
x
2
=

u
t

u
x

+ a

dx

u
d xd t ,
t

f
K

(7 .1 0)

K K , 0 1
2 .
J,
1
J =
2

u
t

2
2

+ a

u
x

dx -

1
2
2
2
( + a x ) d x 2

u
x

1
2

u
1
dt +
t
2

u
t

u
x

+ a

dx

.
(7 .1 1)

J1 , J1 . 1 , d x = ad t , 2
, d x = - ad t ,

J1 = -

a
=
2

u
t

u
1
+
x
2

u
t

u
1
a
x
2

u
+ a
t

u
x

u
- a
t

u
x

u
t

u
x

+ a
u
t

2
2

+ a

a dt u
x

dt

x= x

- a( t - t)
0

dt +

dt
x = x + a( t - t)
0
0

0 .
(7 .1 0) , ( 7 .11 ) ( 7 .12 )

(7 .1 2)

156

u
t

u
x

+ a

(
2

dx

+ a x ) d x + 2 f

u
d xd t .
t
(7 .1 3)

2 ab a + b
2 f
K

u
d xd t
t

u
t

+ f

d xd t .

u
t

u
x

+ a

u
t

(
2

(
2

dx

0
2

f d xd t

d xd t +
K

u
t

2
x

+ a )d x +
u
x

+ a x )d x +

2
2

d xd t +

f d xd t .

(7 .1 4)

u
t

G() =
K

+ a

x + a( t - t)
0
0

u
t

- a( t - t)
0
0

u
x

u
t

d xd t

2
2

+ a

+ a

u
x

d xd t

u
x

d xd t .

(7 .1 4) G () :
d G ()
G () + F() ,
d

(7 .1 5)

( + a x ) d x +

F() =

f d xd t .
K

7 .1

(7 .1 5) G () , e

157

d
-
-
( e G() ) e F() .
d
[0 ,] ,

e G ()

- t

e F( t ) d t F() ( 1 - e ) .

G() ( e - 1) F() .

(7 .1 6)

(7 .1 6) (7 .1 5) ,
d G ()

e F() .
d
G () :

u
t

2
2

+ a

u
x

dxe

( + a x )d x +

f d xd t .
K

(7 .1 7)
1
,
:

U =

2
1
u t d x ,
2

V =

T
2
| u | d x ,
2

, x
( x = ( x1 , x2 ) x = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ) , u u ,

u =

u
i+
x1

u
j+
x2

u
k,
x3

158

| u |

u
xi

i= 1

, (7 .17 )
, ( ,
, ( x0 , y0 , t0 ) : a ( t0 - t ) =
2

( x - x0 ) + ( y - y0 ) ) , .
2 ( 7 .16 ) Gronwall ,
(7 .1 5) , ( 7 .16 ) . :
G () [0 , ] , G( 0) = 0 ,
[0 , T ] ,
d G()
cG () + F() ,
d

1 c
( e - 1) F() ,
c
- c
-
(7 .1 6) , e e
.
G()

7 .2
.
, ( 7 .8 ) ,
:
2

u
t

2
2

= a

u
2 , - < x < + , t > 0,
x

u | t= 0 = 0, - < x < + ,
ut | t = 0 = 0 , - < x < +
, ( 7 .17 ) . , = = f
0 , (7 .17)

u
t

2
2

+ a

u
x

dx = 0 .

7 .2

159

u
=
t

u
=0 .
x

u , u ( x , ) . , t = 0
u = 0 , u( x , ) 0 .
, ,
. :
2

ui
2
2 = a
t

ui
2 + fi ( x , t ) , - < x < + , t > 0 ,
x

u i | t = 0 = i ( x ) , - < x < + ,
ui
t

= i ( x ) , - < x < + , i = 1 , 2 .
t=0

( u1 - u2 )
2
= a
2
t

( u1 - u2 )
+ f1 ( x , t ) - f2 ( x , t ) ,
2
x

- < x < + , t > 0,

( u1 - u2 ) | t = 0 = 1 ( x ) - 2 ( x ) , - < x < + ,
( u1 - u2 )
t

= 1 ( x ) - 2 ( x ) , - < x < + .
t= 0

(7 .1 7)
( u1 - u2 )
t

+ a
2

( u1 - u2 )
x

( 1 - 2 ) + a ( 1 x - 2 x )

dx
2

dx +

( f1 ( x , t ) - f2 ( x , t ) ) d xd t

(7 .1 8)

( 7 .18 ) ,
, ( 7 .8 )
, ,

160

7 .3
,
2

u
t

2
2

= a

u
2 + f ( x , t ) , ( x , t ) Q{0 < x < l , t > 0} ,
x

u (0 , t ) = u( l , t ) = 0 , t > 0 ,
u ( x , 0) = ( x ) , 0 x l,
u t ( x , 0) = ( x ) , 0 x l .
(7 .1 9)
7 .1 , (7 .19 ) ut
Q ( 0 , l ) (0 , ) = {0 < x < l , 0 < t < } ,
2

u t ( ut t - a u x x ) d xd t =
Q

u t f d xd t .
Q

1 2
1 2 2
2
ut +
a u x d x + a ut u x d t =
2
2

u t f d xd t,
Q

(u

2
t

2
x

+ a u )
t =0

( u

2
t

2 a

ut u x

ut u x

d t = 2 u t f d xd t .

dx -

dt x= l

2
x

+ a u )

t=

2 a

dx -

x=0
Q

( u

2
t

2
x

+ a u )

t=

(
2

dx -

+ a x ) d x = 2 ut f d xd t .
Q

(7 .2 0)

7 .3
l

161

2
t

2
x

[ u ( x,) + a u ( x,) ]d x

( + a x )d x +

u t d xd t +
Q

f d xd t .

(7 .2 1)

G() =

( u t + a u x ) d xd t ,
Q

(7 .2 1)
d G ()
G () + F() ,
d

(7 .2 2)

(
2

F() =

+ a x ) d x +

f d xd t .
Q

7 .1 2 Gron wall (7 .6 )
2

E() M ( E( 0) +

f d xd t ) .

(7 .2 3)

, M = e
T

e , T , ( x ,) QT .
( ( 7 .20 ) ) , f0 ,
E() = E (0 ) ,
, , .
( 7 .23 ) , 7 .2
( 7 .19 ) ,
.
1
u
2
= a
t

u
2 + f( x, t)
x

(7 .2 4)

, , .
, 7 .1 7 .3 (7 .2 4)

162

, ,
u t , ( 7 .24 ) , u
. ,
, ,
.
2 ,
, , .

1 .
2

ut t - a u x x + cu = f ( x , t ) , - < x < + , t > 0 ,

u|

t= 0

ut |

= ( x ) , - < x < + ,
= ( x ) , - < x < + ,

t= 0

, c , f ( x , t ) , ( x ) ( x ) .
( : .)
2 .
, 1 .2
( - T u x + 1 u) |
( T u x + 2 u) |

x= 0

x= l

= g1 ( t ) ,

= g2 ( t ) ,

1 , 2 > 0 .
( : 7 .3 , g1 ( t ) g2 ( t ) 0 , ,
x = 0 x = l )
3 .
2

ut = a u x x + f ( x , t) , 0 < x < l , 0 < t < T ,

u|

x= 0

= g1 ( t) , 0 t T ,

u|

x= l

= g2 ( t ) , 0 t T ,

u|

t= 0

= ( x ) , 0 x l

, g1 ( 0) = ( 0) , f , g1 , g2 .
( : 1 )


,
,
, .

8 .1
:
,
J =
.
( ) .

. 7 .1 1 , ,

V =

1
2

( u x + u y ) d xd y,

( 8 .1)

.
f ( x , y ) ,
W =

f ud xd y ,

( 8 .2)

( )
J ( u) =

1
2

( u x + u y ) d xd y

f ud xd y

( 8 .3)

164

J( u ) =

1
2

( | u |

- 2 f u ) d xd y .

( 8 .4)

u( ) , J u ,
.
, :
- u = f , ( x , y ) ,
u | = 0

( 8 .5)

u J( u) . ,
, J( u) . ( 8 .4) , J( u)
1

, u , u C ( ) ,
, u ( 8 .5 ) .
M0 ,
1

M0 = { u | u C ( ) , u | = 0} .
, : (8 .5 ) J ( u) M0
.
(8 .5 ) ,
- u = f
u0 , - u0 = f . v = u - u0 , ( 8 .5)
- v = 0 , ( x , y ) ,
v | = - u0 | .
, .

- u = 0 , ( x , y) ,
u | = ( x , y ) , ( x , y) ,

( 8 .6)

. (8 .6 )
1

M = { v | v C ( ) , v | = }

( 8 .7)

u ,
J( u) = vmin
J( v )
M

( 8 .8)

8 .2

165

J( v ) =

1
2

| v | d xd y .

( 8 .9)

8 .2
, ,
(8 .5 ) ( 8 .4) M0
. ( 8 .4) M0
? , ( 8 .5 ) ? ,
.
,
( Weierstrass) 1870 ,

J( ) =

1+

d
dx

1 4

dx

(8 .1 0)

M = {( x ) | C ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) ,
, (0 ) = 1 , ( 1) = 0}
.
min J () = 1 ,

(8 .1 1)

, I( ) 1 ; > 0 ,
1
2
2 ( - x ) ,
( x ) =
0,

0 x ,
2

< x 1 ,

M , J ( ) 1 + .
1
min
J () 1 + .
M
, min
J( ) = 1 .
M

166

M ( 8 .11 ) , , [ 0 , 1 ]
d
0 , , M .
dx
, ( 8 .9)
. , , ,
.
S ( , S ,
) , x0 S ,
x0 ( , S
) , x0 S . S
S, S , S S( ) S
, S , S = S S.
n

, R , , R
1

x = ( x 1 , x2 , , xn ) , C0 ( )
, ,
1

C0 ( ) = { u | u C ( ) , }
(8 .1 2)
1

C0 ( ) :
1

u , v C0 ( ) , u , v C0 ( )
n

u - v1 (

| u - v | dx +

i=1

| ux i - vx i | d x )

1 2

u - v1 = (

| u - v | dx +

| u - v | d x )

1 2

(8 .1 3)
n

(8 .1 3) , R
, .
1

C
^ 0 ( ) = { u | u C ( ) ,

| u | d x <

8 .2

167

}
1
0

C ( ) .
1

, C0 ( ) ,
1

. H0 ( ) C0 ( ) ( C
^ 0 ( ) )
(8 .1 3) . , H0 ( )
1

.
,
:

| f | d x < ,

J ( u) =

min J( v )

(8 .1 4)

1
v H ( )
0

, u H0 ( ) ( 8 .14 ) , J ( v ) ( 8 .4)
.
(8 .1 4) , ( 8 .5)
? , ( 8 .14 ) ( 8 .5 )
2

, ( 8 .5) C ( ) C ( ) (
1

) , (8 .14 ) C ( )
, , (8 .5 ) .
(8 .1 4) (8 .5 ) . ,
. ,
, ,
.

, H 10 ( ) ( 8 .13 ) u x v x ,
i

v u x i , C10 ( )

vd x = -u

, u .

dx .
i

168

8 .3 -
1

, H0 ( ) ,
(8 .5 ) , ?
.
1

H0 ( ) SN ( 8 .14 ) ,
SN uN ,
uN . N
, uN u , u .
S N ,
1

H0 ( ) N 1 , 2 , , N ( N
1

H0 ( ) ( H0 ( )
) N ) ,
N

SN = { v N | v N =

aii , ( a1 , a2 , , aN ) R } .

i=1

(8 .1 5)
S N
J( uN ) = v min
J( v N ) ,
S
N

(8 .1 6)

J( v N ) =

1
2

1
=
2

( | v N |

- 2 f vN ) d x

a a
i

i= 1

j= 1

1
=
ai aj i j d x 2 i
, j= 1

1
ai j a i aj 2 i
, j= 1

- 2 f a ii d x
i=1

af d x
i

i= 1

ba ,
i

i =1

(8 .1 7)

8 .3 -

169

d x ,
j

(8 .1 8)

f d x ,

(8 .1 9)

aij =

bi =

( 8 .17 ) a1 , a2 , , aN , ( a1 , a2 , , aN ) ,
J( v N ) = ( a1 , a2 , , aN ) .

(8 .2 0)

, ( 8 .16 ) a1 , a2 , , aN
( a1 , a2 , , aN ) ,
, . .
1 : 0 < x < a , 0 < y < b,
:
2

u
2 +
x

u|

u
= f ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) ,
y
2

(8 .2 1)

=0

.

1
J( u) =
2

u
x

u
y

+ 2 f u d xd y .

(8 .2 2)

: u H0 ( )
J( u) = min
J( v ) .
1

(8 .2 3)

v H ( )
0

H0 ( )
W m , n ( x , y ) = sin

mx
ny
sin
, m, n = 1 ,2 ,, N ,
a
b
(8 .2 4)

vN =

i, j = 1

(8 .2 2)

ai j sin

ix
jy
sin
,
a
b

(8 .2 5)

170

1
J( v N ) =
2

i, j = 1

i, j=1

i
i x
jy
aij
cos
sin
a
a
b

j
i x
jy
ai j
sin
cos
b
a
b

2 aij fsin
i, j = 1

i x
jy
sin
d xd y .
a
b

i x
jy
sin

a
b
N
N
2
2
2
i
j
2
ab
ab
J( v N ) =
2 +
2
ai j +
i j ai j ,
4 i
2 i
a
b
, j= 1
, j=1

sin

(8 .2 6)

4
ij =
ab

f ( x , y ) sin

i x
jy
sin
d xd y .
a
b

(8 .2 7)

(8 .26) ai j ( i , j = 1 , , N ) .

J ( vN )
= 0 , i, j = 1 , 2 , , N
ai j

i
j
2 +
2
a
b

ai j + ij = 0 .

ij
, i , j = 1, 2, , N .
2
2
2
i
j

2 +
2
a
b
, ( 8 .23 )
ai j = -

vN = -

i, j = 1

ij
1
ix
jy
sin
.
2
2 sin
i
a
b
j
2 +
2
a
b

(8 .2 8)

(8 .2 9)

(8 .2 1) . N ( 8 .21 )

ij
1
ix
jy
u( x , y ) = sin
,
2
2 sin

i , j = 1 i
a
b
j
2 +
2
a
b

8 .3 -

171

ij ( 8 .27 ) .
1

- , H0 ( )
, :
. ,
.
2 -
u = - 2 , ( x , y ) ,
u|

=0

, : - a < x < a , - b < y < b .

x y ,
x y .
2

0 ( x , y ) = ( a - x ) ( b - y ) , 1 = 0 x , 2 = 0 y , ,
N = 1 ,
u1 ( x , y ) = A0 ( x , y )
(8 .4 )
J( u1 ) =

1
2

1
=
2

( | u1 |

- 4 u1 ) d xd y

{4 A [ x
2

- b

- a

- 4 A( a - x ) ( b - y )}d xd y
=

64 3 5
5
3
2
32 3 3
(a b + a b )A a b A .
45
9

d J ( u1 )
=0
dA

A=

(b - y ) + y (a - x ) ]

5
.
2
4( a + b )
2

172

5 ( a - x )( b - y )
u1 ( x , y ) =
.
2
2
4
a + b

1 . -
- u = 1 , 0 < x < a , 0 < y < b ,
u( 0 , y) = u ( x , 0 ) = u( a , y ) = u ( x , b) = 0
.
2 . -
- u = 1 , ( x , y ) ,
u|

=0
2

, : x + y < R .
( : u1 = A ( R 2 - x2 - y2 ) )
3 . -
2

u
2 +
x

u
2 + 2 = 0 , - 1 < x < 1, - 2 < y < 2
y

u ( x , - 2 ) = u( x , 2) = u( - 1 , y) = u(1 , y ) = 0
.
4 . 2 b = a , N = 3 .
( : N = 3 u3 = A 1 0 + A2 1 + A3 2 , b = a ,
x y , A3 = A2 ) .


,
,
, ,
, . ,
,
.

9 .1
,
( ,
) . , ,
. ,
.
, ,
:
x = x ( s) ,
y = y ( s) ,

0 s s0 ,

x ( 0) = x ( s0 ) , y (0 ) = y ( s0 ) , .
l ( l ,
) :
x = x ( s) ,
l:

y = y ( s) , 0 s s0 ,
u = ( s) ,

( 9 .1)

174

( 0) = ( s0 ) .
S , :
(1 ) S l ;
(2 ) S l .

v = v( x , y)
,
2

J( v ) =

1 + v x + v y d xd y .

( 9 .2)

u ,
(1 ) u = u ( x , y ) l ,
1

u C ( ) , u |

= , , u M ,

M (8 .7 ) ;
(2 ) J( u) = vmin
J( v ) ,
M

( 9 .3)

.
( 9 .3 ) ? u M
(9 .3 ) , u . , M0
1

v , v M0 , v C ( ) , v |

= 0 .

( - , + ) , u + v M ,
j () = J( u + v ) ,

( 9 .4)

J( u) (9 .2 ) . ( 9 .2) j () R
, u (9 .3 ) , R, j () j ( 0 ) ,
j () = 0 ,
j(0 ) = 0 .

( 9 .5)

( u + v ) x vx + ( u + v ) y vy

j() =

(9 .5 )

1 + ( ux + vx ) + ( uy + vy )

d xd y .

9 .1

ux
2
x

2
y

uy

vx +

2
x

1+ u + u

175

2
y

1+ u + u

vy d xd y = 0 .

u , u C ( ) ,
ux

2
x

1+ u + u

v M0 , v |

uy

2
y

v
2

1 + u x + uy
2

1 + ux + uy

vd xd y +

u
ds = 0 .
n

= 0 , , v

ux
x

2
x

2
y

1+ u + u

uy

2
x

2
y

1+ u + u

=0 ,

( 9 .6)

(9 .3 ) ( Euler) .
2

, u (9 .3 ) , u C ( ) , u
(9 .6 ) ,
u |

= .

( 9 .7)

l u = u( x , y)
( 9 .6 ) ( 9 .7 ) .
(9 .6 )
2

( 1 + u y ) ux x - 2 u x u y ux y + ( 1 + u x ) uy y = 0 .

( 9 .8)

. ?
2

u x x , ux y uy y , u y , ux uy
2

u x , u x , uy , , ux ,

R2 , f ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) C0 ( )

f ( x , y ) ( x , y ) d x d y = 0 ,

f ( x , y ) , C0 ( )
.

176

uy , ux x , ux y uy y , ,
.

9 .2
,
(9 .8 ) , ,
. , ( 4 ) ,
k , ,
u
=
t

u
+
x

k( u )

k ( u)

u
+
y

k ( u)

u
, ( 9 .9)
z

.
, -
( Navier - Stokes) ,

+
t

i =1

(ui )
= 0 ( ) ,
xi

d ui
1
p
= +
dt
xi

d
u

Cp T +
dt
2

ij
( ) ,
xj

xj

T
+
xj

(9 .1 0)

u
i

ij

p
, (
t

d
=
dt

i j =

u
i

ui
+
xj

xi

, p = RT ,

uj
2
- ij
xi
3
l

ul
+
ij
xl
l

ul
,
xl

(9 .1 1)

, u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) , T ,

, , p , Cp , R ,
ij , i j ( Kronecker) ,

9 .2

ij =

1,

i = j,

0,

i j .

177

, ; ,
(9 .1 0) -

ui
d ui
1
p

= 0,
= + u i .
xi
dt
xi

(9 .1 2)

1 , (9 .1 1) ,
ui
- ui +
t
3

i= 1

j=1

uj

ui
+
xj

p
= 0, i = 1, 2, 3,
xi
(9 .1 3)

ui
= 0 .
xi

p , u1 , u2 , u3 .
, ,
,
u = f ( x , u ,u )

(9 .1 4)

, ,
:
2

rt - s = f ( x , y, u , p , q) ,

(9 .1 5)

p = ux , q = uy , r = u x x , s = u x y , t = uy y .
- ( Monge - Ampere ) .

, . ( 9 .14 ) (
) , u
, , (9 .1 3)
; ( 9 .8) ( ) ,
( ) ,
; ( 9 .15 ) (
) , (
) . , ,

178

, .
, ,
. ,
,
, .
1 ( Burg
ers)
ut + uux = u x x .

(9 .1 6)

, , u = vx ,
x
vt +

1 2
v x = vx x .
2

v = - 2ln ,

t = x x .
,
, u .
2 ( Liouville)
2

u
u
=e
x y

(9 .1 7)

. u
2

u
=0
x y

(9 .1 8)

,
u
=
x
u
= y

1
( u+
u
- e2
x

u)

u 2 12 ( u - e
y

(9 .1 9)
u)

. : u ( 9 .19 ) , u

9 .3

179

(9 .1 7) . , (9 .1 8)
u( x , y ) = f ( x ) + g ( y )
f , g . u ( 9 .19 ) , ( 9 .17)

exp [ ( f ( x ) - g( y) )/ 2]
u = 2ln

1
exp f ( x ) d x +
exp( - g( y ) ) d y
2

, ,
, t 0 (
t) , ,
3 ( Riccati )
dv
2
= v , t > 0,
dt

(9 .2 0)

v (0 ) = v0 ( v0 ) .

v( t) =

v0
,
1 - v0 t

, v0 < 0 , ( 9 .20 ) t 0 ,
; v0 > 0 , t

1
1
, v ( t ) + , t0 =
v0
v0

1
, ( 9 .20 ) 0 , v , .
0

9 .3
,
ut + f ( u ) x = 0

(9 .2 1)

. ( 9 .21 )
, .
, .

180

, Burgcrs
ut + uux = 0 ,

t > 0, - < x < + ,

(9 .2 2)

u( x , 0 ) = ( x ) ,

- < x < + ,

(9 .2 3)

( C ) ,
dx
= u( x , t )
dt

(9 .2 4)

. ,
du
= 0,
dt
u . ( 9 .24 ) ,
( x0 , 0)
x = ( x0 ) t + x0 .

(9 .2 5)

u = ( x0 ) .

(9 .2 6)

( x ) C ( sup | ( x ) | + sup | ( x ) | M ) , t
,
x
= ( x0 ) t + 1 > 0 .
x0
(9 .2 5)
x0 = ( x , t) ,
(9 .2 6) (9 .2 2) , ( 9 .23 )
u = ( ( x , t ) ) .
, .
, ( x ) , x
( x1 , 0) , ( x2 , 0 ) :
x1 < x2 ,

( x1 ) > ( x2 ) .
,

9 .3

181

x = ( x i ) t + x i , i = 1 , 2
, ,
t0 .
.
( 9 .21 ) ,
(9 .2 3) . , x1 <
x2 , :
m1 =

1
1
<
= m2 .
f(( x1 ) )
f( ( x2 ) )

( x1 , 0) ( x 2 , 0 ) l1 l2 t > 0
P , li , u ( x , t ) = ( x i ) , i = 1 , 2 . , P
, ( x ) f , ,
, .
, f
f> 0 .

(9 .2 7)

9 - 1

t > 0 ( x , t ) , y ( x , t ) ( x , t)
x . u ,
t f( u ( y ) ) = x - y ,
u
u ( x , t ) = ( x - tf( u( x , t ) ) ) .

(9 .2 8)

, , t, ( 9 .28 )

182

u ,
ut = ux =

f( u)
,
1 + f( u) t

.
1 + f( u ) t

, ( x ) 0 , t 0 , u x u t ,
; < 0 , 1 + f( u ) t = 0 , u t
u x , .
, ( 9 .21) , (9 .23 ) ,
.
2

, R + { ( x , t ) | - < x < + , t
1

0} . C0 (R + ) ( x , t ) , (9 .21 )
2

R + , R +

( ut + f ( u) x ) d xd t +

( x )( x , 0 ) d x = 0 ,
(9 .2 9)

( 9 .29 ) u ( 9 .21 ) , ( 9 .23 )

( ) . , u , .
, ( 9 .21 ) ,
(9 .2 3) , ( 9 .29 ) .
, , u ,
, u . P , B P
1

, B x = x ( t ) . C0 ( B ) ,
(9 .2 9) :
0 =

( ut + fx ) d xd t =
B

( ut + fx ) d xd t +
B

( ut + fx ) d xd t .
B

(9 .3 0)

9 .3

183

9 - 2
1

u Bi ( i = 1 , 2 ) C ,
( ut + fx ) d xd t =
B

[ ( u) t + ( f) x ] d xd t
B

( -

ud x + f d t) , i = 1 , 2 .

(9 .3 1)

B = 0 , . ul = u ( x ( t )
- 0 , t ) , ur = u( x ( t ) + 0 , t ) ,
Q

( - ud x + f d t ) =

( - ul d x + f ( ul ) d t ) ,

1
Q

( - ud x + f d t ) = -

( - ur d x + f ( ur ) d t ) .

0 = ( - [ u ] d x + [ f ( u) ] d t) ,

(9 .3 2)

[ u ] = u l - ur , [ f ( u) ] = f ( u l ) - f ( ur )

(9 .3 3)

u f ( u ) . ,
s[ u ] = [ f ( u) ] , ,

(9 .3 4)

184

s =

dx
.
dt

(9 .3 4) u f ( u )
, ,
RankineHugoniot .
, , , Burgcrs
(9 .2 2) , :
( x ) =

0 , x < 0,
1 , x > 0,

:
0, x <
u1 ( x ) =
1, x >

t
,
2
t
,
2

0, x < 0 ,
u2 ( x ) =

x
,0 < x < t,
t
1, x > t .

0 < x < t , , u2
. ,
.
,
? ( 9 .21 )

u( x + a , t ) - u ( x , t)
E
, a > 0, t > 0
a
t

(9 .3 5)

, E x , t a .
(9 .27 ) ( 9 .35 ) , x
, ul > ur , (9 .34)
s=

f ( ul ) - f ( ur )
= f() ,
u l - ur

u l > > ur , (9 .2 7) ,
f( ul ) > s > f( ur )

(9 .3 6)

9 .4 KdV

185

( ,
(9 .2 1)

dt
dx
= 1,
= f( u) ) .
ds
ds

( 9 .34 ) ( 9 .36 ) , s
.

9 .4 KdV
1895 ( Korleweg ) ( de V ries)
( K dV ) :
ut + uu x + K ux x x = 0

(9 .3 7)

, K > 0( ,
u - u , x - x , t t,
K < 0 K > 0 ) .
(9 .3 7) ( ) ,
u( x , t ) = u () ,= x - ct, c ,

(9 .3 8)

(9 .3 8) (9 .3 7)
- cu + uu + K u = 0 .

- cu +

1 2
u + K u = A , A .
2

(9 .3 9)

u ( 9 .39 ) ,
2

3 Ku = - u + 3 cu + 6 Au + 6 B f ( u ) ,

(9 .4 0)

1 2
1
u +
{ - f ( u) } = 0 .
2
6K

(9 .4 1)

u , ( 9 .41 )

1
f ( u) .
6K

(9 .4 1) , f ( c) = 0 , u = c KdV

186

, ; f ( u) 0 , KdV
. f ( u ) u , :
( i) f ( 9 - 3 ) ,
, u c1 ,

9 - 3
1
2

du
1
=
f( u)
(9 .4 2)
d
3K
f( c1 ) 0 ( u = c1 f ( u ) ) ,
(9 .4 2)
u | = 0 = c1
. u + , f + ,
( ii) f

.
, f ( u) :
f ( u) = ( u - ) ( u - ) (- u) .
(9 .4 0) (9 .4 3)
1
c = ( + + ) ,
3
1
A= (+ + ) ,
6
1
B = .
6

(9 .4 3)

9 .4 KdV

187

:
( A ) ; ( B) = ; ( C) = .
f ( u ) 9 - 4 , A u
, B u , C u
. . (9 .4 2)
A : u;
B: u;
( C: u, ( i) , )
A ,
2

u () = + ( - ) Cn

-
,s ,
12 K

(9 .4 4)

9 - 4

12 K
-

[(1 0

dq
2
1 2
s q ) (1 - q ) ]
2

12 K
- 1
Sn ( q , s) ,
-
S n , Cn ( Jacobi) ,
=

s =

-
, q=
-

- u
,
-

(9 .4 5)

(9 .4 6)

188

(9 .4 5) u () , P
P = 2
= 4

12 K
-

dq
2
1 2
[ (1 - s q ) ( 1 - q ) ]
2

3K
2
K( s ) ,
-

(9 .4 7)

K ( s ) , A , K dV
.
B
d u ( u - ) - u
=
,
d
3K

(9 .4 8)

u () = + ( - ) sech

- .

12 K

(9 .4 9)

a
3

t , (9 .5 0)

a = - ,
2

u() = u + asech

a
12 K

x-

u +

| | , u , = u ,
C=

+ + 2+
=
,
3
3

= x -

2+
t.
3

(9 .4 9) (9 .5 0) ?
, u = 0 , -
+ , u , 9 - 5 .
; , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.

189

9 - 5

, .

1 . , ,
.
( 1) ut - u = f ( u) ,
2

( 2) t

x t

u
= 2 xt ,
x

+2

( 3) ut - u m = f ( x 1 , x 2 , , x n , u , t ) ( m > 1 ) ,
2
2

( 4) sin x

u
- 2 ysin x
x2

u
2
+ y
x y

u
= 0,
y2

( 5) ut + 6 uu x + u x x x = 0 ,
( 6)

u
x

u
y

u
z

= u,

( 7) ut - ( a( u) ) x x = u2x , a( s) s ,
( 8) F ( x 1 , x2 , , x n , u , u x i , u x i x j ) = 0 , i , j = 1 , , n .
2 . (9 .8) :
( 1) u = f
( 2) u = f (

y
x

,
x2 + y2 ) .

190

3 . ( 9 .6 ) , (9 .7) (9 .3) .
( : (9 .4 ) j () = 0 .)

 A
.

p , q :
1

p- 1

(1 - x )

q-1

dx

, p > 0 , q > 0 ,
, p , q ,
1

B( p , q) =

p- 1

( 1 - x) q- 1 d x .

( A .1)

( A .1) x = sin , B( p , q)

sin

B( p , q) = 2

2 p -1

cos2 q - 1 d .

( A .2)

p :

- x

p- 1

dx

, p > 0 , , p
,

( p) =

- x

xp - 1 d x .

( A .3)

( A .3) x = t2 ,

( p) = 2

2
- t

t2 p - 1 d t .

( A .4)

. , ( p)( q) ,
( A .4)

( p)( q) = 4

e - ( + ) 2 p - 1 2 q - 1 dd .

(,) , = cos,= sin,

( p)( q) = 4

2
-

2( p+ q) - 1

2 p- 1

sin

2 q- 1

cos

dd

( A .5)

192

= 2

2
-

2( p+ q) - 1

sin

d2

2 p- 1

2 q- 1

cos

d .

( A .2) , ( A .4) ,
( p)( q) = ( p + q) B( p , q) ,

( p)( q)
.
( p + q)

B( p , q) =

( A .6)

(A .6) ,
. ,
, .

1 . ( p + 1) = p( p) .

( A .7)

( p + 1 ) =

- x

xp d x

x de
p

= -

- x

= - x p e

p > 0 , x p e

+ p

- x

xp - 1 d x ,

= 0 ,

( p + 1 ) = p

- x

x p - 1 d x = p( p ) .

,
( p) = ( p - 1)( p - 1 ) = ( p - 1) ( p - 2)( p - 2 )
= ( p - 1) ( p - 2) ( p - m )( p - m ) .

( A .8)

, 1 1 0
.
p , ( A .8)
( p + 1 ) = p( p - 1 )21( 1) ,

(1 ) =

- x

d x = - e- x

( p + 1 ) = p !

= 1,
0
( A .9)

2
.
( A .7 ) , ( p )

193

. , - 1 < p < 0 ,
( p + 1)
,
p

( p ) =

( A .10)

p + 1 > 0 , .
- 1 < p < 0 , ( A .10)
- 2 < p < - 1 , ,
.
, ? ( A .10 )
( p + 1)
= ,
p 0
p

lim ( p) = lim
p 0

p0 ,( p) . , p - 1 , p - 2 , ,
p - n( n ) , ( p ) . , n = 0 , - 1 , - 2 ,
- 3 , ,

1
= 0 , A 1 .
( n)

3 . 0 < p < 1 ,

.
sin p

( p)(1 - p) =

( A .11)

( A .6)
( p)( 1 - p) = ( 1) B( 1 - p , p)
= B( 1 - p , p)
1

- p

(1 - x )

p- 1

d x,

t=

1 - x
,
x

( p)( 1 - p) =

tp - 1
d t,0 < p < 1 ,
1+ t

.
A

2 , z = 0

EA CD ( EA z
0 , CD z 2) , ,
p- 1

z
,
1+ z

194

A-1

C
R

p -1

p- 1

z
z

d z = - 2i Res
1+ z
z = -1 1 + z

C R + C r + E A + CD

zp - 1
dz
1+ z

A-2

p- 1

i( p - 1 )

R e
i
d
i i Re
1 + Re

R
R
d = 2
R - 1
R - 1

Rp - 1
= 2
= O( R1
1R

p- 1

(1 - p)

) 0 , R .

rp - 1 ei ( p - 1 ) i
i i re d
1 + re

z
dz =
1+ z

( rei ) p
d
i
1 + re

r
2r
d =
1 - r
1 - r

= O( r ) 0 , r 0 .

EA

p -1

CD

p -1

z
dz =
1+ z
i p2

tp - 1
dt1 + t

z
dz =
1+ z

i2

tp - 1
d t, R , r 0 ,
1+ t
p- 1

( te )
i p2
i2 d t = e
1 + te

p- 1

p- 1

1+
r

dt

t
dt, R , r 0 .
1+ t
Res

z= - 1

zp - 1
1+ z

= ei ( p - 1 ) .

2pi

(e

- 1)

p- 1

( p - 1 )i

e
1
d t = - 2i 2pi
= - 2ie-i pi
1+ t
e
- 1
e
- e- pi
=

, p =

tp - 1
( p - 1 )i
d t = - 2ie
,
1+ t

.
sin p

1
, 3
2
1
2

1
2

=,
= .

195

f( t)
f( t )
( n)
f ( t)

j i
f( t)e

F ()
( j) F( )
n
( j) F ()
F ( - )

f 1 () f 2 ( t - )d

f( t) =

h , - < t <
0 ,

( t )
u( t )
u( t ) e

- t

,> 0

e - | t | ,> 0
u( t ) t
u( t ) sin t
u( t ) cos t
cos t
sin t
2
t
1
- 22
e
2
1
2
2 , R e() < 0
+ t

F1 ( ) F2 () , , F i () f i ( t )

2h

sin

1
1
+()
j
1
+ j
2
+ 2
2

1
2
( j)

2
- 2
j
2 - 2
[( - ) + ( + ) ]

j [(+ ) - ( - ) ]
e

2 2

2

| |
e

197

f( t)

F( p)

f( n) ( t )

pn F( p) - [ pn - 1 f (0) + pn - 2 f(0) + + f( n - 1 ) (0) ]

( - t) n f ( t)

F( n) ( p)

f () d
0

f ( t - )
ep0 t f ( t )
t

f
0

() f 2 ( t - ) d

( t )
u( t )
e

at

tn ( n > - 1)
sin kt
cos kt
sh kt
ch kt
e - at sin kt
e-

at

e-

at n

t
1
t

cos kt
t ( n > - 1)

F ( p)
p
- p
e F( p)
F( p - p0 )
F1 ( p) F2 ( p) , F i ( p) fi ( t )
1
1
p
1
p- a
( n + 1)
pn + 1
k
2
p + k2
p
2
p + k2
k
2
2
p - k
p
2
p - k2
k
( p + a) 2 + k2
p+ a
( p + a) 2 + k2
( n + 1)
n+ 1
( p + a)

198

at

-e

bt

( a > b)

1
1
sin at sin bt
a
b

a- b
( p - a) ( p - b)
b2 - a2
( p2 + a2 ) ( p2 + b2 )
2

J0 ( t )

p2 + 1

J0 ( 2

2 e
p

t)

1 - 2a
e
t

1
p
2
a

1 p
e erfc
p

1
cos 2
t

kt

1 e
p

k
p

1
sin 2
t

kt

1 e
p3 2

k
p

erfc

k
2

1 -k
e
p

1 e
t
erf(

(b - a )p
2
( p + a2 ) ( p2 + b2 )

cos at - cos bt

2
k
4t

1 e
p

at )

a
p

( k0)

k p

a
p+ a

1
p+ p

e t erfc( t )
Jn ( at ) ( Re a > - 1 )

an
a2 + p2

1
p+

2 y - t2
erf( y) =
e dt,
0

erf( ) = 1 ,

a2 + p2

erf( y) =

2
y3
y5
y7
y +
+
1 !3
2 !5
3 !7

erfc( y) = 1 - erf( y ) =

e-

dt .

199

1 .

u
2
= a
t

u | t =0 =

u
,0 < x < l, t > 0 ,
x2

x( l - x )
, 0 x l ,
2
u
x

u | x= 0 = 0, k
2

2 .

u
2

= a2

u
2 , 0 < x < l, t > 0,
x

u
=0,
t

u | t =0

= q, t > 0 .
x= l

0 , | x - c| >
=
t=0

(0 ) , 0 x l ,
k
, | x - c| <
2

u | x= 0 = u| x= l = 0 , t > 0 .
2

3 .

= a

t2

u
2
E
, u ( x , t ) , a =
( E ,

x2

) .
4 .

u
2

= a2

u | t =0 =

u
, 0 < x < l, t > 0,
x2

e
u
x,
l
t

u | x= 0 = 0,

u
x

= 0 , 0 x l ,
t= 0

= 0, t > 0 .
x= l

2 hl
1
nc
na
n
1 . u ( x , t) = 2
cos
tsin
x .
2 sin

l
l
l
c( l - c) n = 1 n

4 l3
na
n
[ 1 - ( - 1 ) n ] sin
tsin
x .
4 4
l
l
n a

2 . u( x , t ) =

n= 1

4
n
cos nat +
2 sin
2
n

3 . u( x , t ) =

201

n= 1

4
n
[ ( - 1) - 1 ] sin nat sin nx .
4
n a
4

2k

nasin

4 . u( x , t ) =

n= 1
2

4l
5 . u( x , t ) = 3

nc
na
n
sin
tsin
x .
l
l
l

2 2 2
a n

1 - ( - 1) - l2 t
n
e sin
x .
3

l
n
n =1

l
6 . u( x , t ) =
+
2

2 2 2
a n

n= 1

t
2l
2
n
n
- 1] e l cos
x .
2 2 [( - 1)
l
n

2 2
a

2 2
9a

t
8 2 h - l2 t

1 3
7 . u( x , t ) =
e sin
x + e l2 sin
x 2
l
9
l

2 2
25 a

2 2
49 a

1 - l2 t
5
1 - l2 t
7
e sin
xe sin
x+
25
l
49
l
A
x
8 . u( x , t ) = - 2 e- x - ( e- l - 1 )
- 1 +
l
a
- l

bn =

.
2 2
n
2 2 t
a l

b e
n

sin

n= 1

n
x,
l

2T
2 A ( 1 - e cos n) l
(1 - cos n) .
2 2
2 2
n
n( a l + n )
2

A
2 Al
2
9 . u( x , t ) = - lx) + 2 3
2 ( x
2a
a

n= 1

2 2 2
a n

( - 1 ) - 1 - l2 t
n
e sin
x .
3
l
n
2 2 2
a n

5x
2
( - 1) n (5 - kl) - 10 - l2 t
n
10 . u( x , t) = 10 +
e sin
x .

l
n= 1
n
l
11 . u( x , t ) = A + ( B - A )

2
l

n =1

G () = g() - ( B - A )
-

x
F (0 ) - F ( l )
+ F( x) +
x - F( 0) +
l
l

a
n
G ()sin d e l

2 2 2
n
t
2
l

sin

n
x,
l

F ( l ) - F( 0)
- F () +
- A + F (0 ) , F ()
l
l

1
2 f () .
a

12 . u( x , y ) =

n= 1

l
1
2
n
n
n
( x ) sin
x d x sin
xsh
y .
l2 n 0
l1
l1
l1
l1 sh
l1

202

4T
n
n
13 . u(,) =
.
3
n [ 1 - ( - 1 ) ] sin n

n= 1 n a
1
r
ln
.
r2
r1
ln
r1

14 . u( r ,) =

15 . u( x , t ) =

Cn cos

n =1

na
na
n
t + Dn sin
t sin
x + W( x ) ,
l
l
l

W ( x )
a2 W( x ) + f ( x ) = 0
W | x = 0 = M1 , W | x =

= M2

,
l

2
l

[ ( x )

Cn =

- W ( x ) ]sin

2
Dn =
na

( x ) sin

16 . u( x , y ) =

( y ) sin

n= 1

n
xd x ,
l

n
xd x .
l

2 ( y ) - 1 ( y )
n
x + 1 ( y ) +
x,
a
a

f n ( y)
f
n ( y) =

2
a

f n (0) =

2
a

f n ( b) =

2
a

n22
f ( y)
a2 n

1 ( y) +

f ( x , y) -

1 ( 0) +

2 ( 0) - 1 (0 )
x
a

sin

2 ( x ) -

1 ( b) +

2 ( b) - 1 ( b)
x
a

sin

sin

1 ( x ) -

2 ( y) -
1 ( y)
x
a

n
xd x ,
a

n
xd x ,
a
n
xd x
a

17 . u(,) =

2
a

n= 1

Ab
18 . u( x , y ) =
x +
2a

n
f ()sin d
a

n =1

n
a

sin

n
.
a

2 Ab( cos n - 1)
n
n
sh
xcos
y .
an
b
b
n22 sh
b

4E
1
(2 n + 1)a
(2 n + 1)
19 . u( x , t ) =
cos
tsin
x .

n =0 2 n + 1
2l
2l

n
m
20 . u( x , y , t) = Cm n sin
xsin
ycos
a
b
m, n = 1

a m + b n
t ,
ba

203

16 a b
( 1 - cos n) (1 - cos m) .
n3 m 36

Cm n =
22 . u( x , t ) =

l
l
2 a
2 a
2
sin
t - tcos
t sin
x .
4 a 2 a
l
l
l

23 . u( x , y ) =

1
(1 - x 2 - y2 ) x y .
12

1 .

1 3 2
1 2
x y + cos y y + x2 - 1 .
6
6

2 . t sin x .
5 . u( x , y) = x y + y + 1 .
6 . u( x , y ) =

y
2
2 f ( t )d t .
( x - t) + y

7 . u( x , t )
2
2 2
a (2 n+1 )

= u1 + 4( u0 - u1 ) ( - 1)
n=0

8 . u( x , t ) =
9 . u( x , t ) =
arctan( x - t ) ] -

t
1
2
(2 n + 1 )
e 4 l cos
x .
(2 n + 1 )
2l

( x + t ) + ( x - t )
1
+
2
2

x+ t

() d.

x- t

1
1 + ( x + t )2
t
2- x
ln
arctan x +
[ arctan ( x + t ) 2 +
8
2
4
1 + ( x - t)

t
[ arctan( x + t ) + arctan ( x - t ) ] .
2

10 . u( x , t ) =

x- t
2

x+ t
2

- (0 ) .

6 . u( x , y) =

y
()d .
( x - ) 2 + y2

1 . ( - , + ) .
4 . - J1 (x ) .

204
5 . xJ0 (x ) .

6 . ( 1) - xJ1 ( x ) - 2 J0 ( x ) + c ,
( 2)

11 .
i=1

1 n +1
x
Jn + 1 ( a x ) + c .
a
2
J ( x ) .
- i J0 (i ) 1 i

12 .

i= 1

13 .

J0 (i x ) .

J1 (k )
J0 (k x ) .
2
k 1 ( 2
k )

2 J
k= 1

14 .

4
2
1 - 2
i
1 (i )

i= 1

x f ( x ) J0

18 . u(, z) =

n= 1

2A
n
h
a

n J1 (n ) sinh

19 . u(, t ) =

i
i
x d x J0
x
a
a

2
2 2
a J1 (i )

4 J2 (n )

J ( ) J
2 2
n 1

n= 1

sinh

n
n
z J0
.
a
a

an
n
cos R t ,
R

u(, t ) = 2 BR

J ( )
n= 1

3
n 1

an
n
t J0
.
R
R

1 - cos

3 . ( 1) 0 , (2)

2
, (3) 0
5

8 . u( r ,) = 2 r2 (3 cos2 - 1) .

9 . u( r ,) =

C r
n

P n ( cos ) .

n= 0

C0 =
C2 =

A
3A
(1 - cos) , C1 =
(1 - cos2 ) ,
2
4
5A
5A
( 1 - cos3 ) (1 - cos) ,
4
4

10 . u( r ,) =

1 -1
- 3
2
1 -3
r + r cos r
.
3
3

205

1 .

( u

2
t

+ a2 u2x + cu2 ) d x M

(
2

+ a2 2x + c2 ) d x +

f2 d x d t

3 . u , 0 < T ,
l

1 2
2
u ( x ,) d x + a
2

u
0

2
x

( x , t) d xd t = 0 .

1 . u1 ( x , y ) =

5
xy ( a - x ) ( b - y ) .
2 ( a + b2 )
2

2 . u1 ( x , y ) =

1
2
2
2
(R - x - y ) .
4

3 . u1 ( x , y ) =

1
2
2
(1 - x ) ( 4 - y ) .
4

4 . u2 ( x , y ) =

15 2
35
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 ( x + y )
2 ( a - x ) ( b - y ) 74 +
16277 a
a

1 . (2 ) , (4) ; ( 1 ) , ( 3) , (5 ) , ( 7 ) ; ( 6) , (8 )
.
2 . ( 1) u = arctan
( 2) u = arcosh

y
( )
x
2

x + y ( ) .