Cause: external force P

Uplift Force generates fabric Stress

Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 1

Type of Force 1 Axial (tension / compression) 2 Shear 3 Bending 4 Torsion 5 Images 6 Symbol (+ -) A B C D E Tension (elongates +) Compression (shortens -) Shear (clockwise couple +) Bending (concave + convex -) Torsion (right-hand rule +) elongates shortens tends to slide top compression bottom tension twists (right-hand +)
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Tension Compression Shear Bending (+) Torsion

Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Force vs. Stress Force P (external action) Stress f = P/A (internal reaction) Force P (absolute) US units pound (lb, #) kip (k) = 1000 pounds SI units N (Newton) kN (kilo Newton = 1000 Newton) Stress f = P/A (relative allows to compare material) US units psi (pound / square inch) ksi (kip / square inch) SI units Pa (Pascal = N/m2) kPa (kilo Pascal = 1000 Pascal) Note: SI units (System International = metric units) Stress f = P/A (force / area, helps to compare) fF fa = axial-; fb = bending-; fv = shear-stress f = actual stress F = allowable stress
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 3

Effect: internal stress f

Shear Shear stress tends to slide 1 2 3 4 5 6 A B P Single shear (1 shear plane) End-block shear Double shear (2 bolted shear planes) Double shear (2 glued shear planes) Double shear (twin beam / column) Shear wall Shear plane (s) Shear crack (diagonal) Load

Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Bending 1 Simple beam 2 Deformed beam under load 3 Bending stress Bending moment M = w L2 / 8 where L = span w = uniform load Bending stress f=M/S where S = Section Modulus Note: Derivations will be introduced later Gravity load causes: Concave bending (+) Top shortens in compression Neutral axis has zero stress Bottom elongates in tension
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5

Torsion 1 Door handle P = Force e = lever arm M = P e (torsion moment)

Building subject to torsion, caused by Seismic force & eccentric resistance. Shear wall at B but one side open; (tuck-under parking) Assume: Torsion moment: M = P e = 12k x 10 P = 12 k e = 10 M = 120 k
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Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Compression / tension 1 Wood column A = 2x2 f = P/A = 800/4 2 Steel rod ( ) A= r2 = 3.14 x 0.252 f = P/A = 5 / 0.2 3 Heel Allowable cross-fiber stress Impact load A = 0.2 x 0.2 f = P/A = 200 / 0.04

Fa = 1200 psi P = 800 # A = 4 in2 f = 200 psi 200 < 1200, ok Fa = 30 ksi P=5k A = 0.2 in2 f = 25 ksi 25 < 30, ok F = 400 psi P = 200 #

A = 0.04 in2 f = 5,000 psi 5,000 > 400 Not ok Heel would sink into wood due to overstress
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 7

Compression Wood column / concrete footing Assume: Allowable soil pressure Column 6 x 6 (nominal, 5.5x5.5 actual) Allowable stress 3x3x1 concrete footing @ Load Column analysis A = 5.5 x 5.5 f = P/A = 15000/30 Footing analysis DL = 150 pcf x 3x 3 x 1 Load on soil Ps = P+ DL = 15,000 + 1,350 Soil pressure f = Ps/A = 16350 / (3x3) Note: Ignore light column DL but not footing DL
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Fs = 2000 psf Fa =1000 psi 150 pcf P = 15,000 # A = 30 in2 f = 500 psi 500 < 1000, ok DL = 1350 # Ps = 16,350 # f =1817 psf 1817 < 2000, ok

Compression Concrete slab, CMU wall 8 slab, L = 20, DL=100 psf, LL=40 psf 8 nominal CMU wall, 8 high, 80 psf 2 x 1 concrete footing @ 150 pcf Allowable soil pressure Allowable CMU stress Analyze 1 ft wide strip Slab weight on wall w = (100+40) x 20 / 2 CMU wall (8 nominal = 7 5/8 = 7.625) w = 80 psf x 8 Wall area (per foot) A = 12 x 7.625(per linear foot) Wall stress f = P/A = (1400+640) / 92 Footing w = 150 pcf x 2x 1 Soil load per foot P = 1400+640+300 Soil pressure f = P/A = 2340 / 2
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Fs = 1500 psf Fa = 80 psi

w = 1400 plf w = 640 plf A = 92 in2 f = 21 psi<80, ok w = 300 plf P = 2340 plf f =1170 psf 1170<1500, ok
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Tension
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~ 70% metallic ~ 60% metallic

Cable ( strand) Assume: Allowable cable stress Fa = Fy/3 = 210 ksi/3 Load Metallic area (70% metallic) Am = .7r2 = .7 0.252 Stress f = P/A = 8 / 0.14

Fa = 70 ksi P=8k Am = 0.14 in2 f = 57 ksi<70, ok

Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Assume: Allowable hanger stress Load per level Level 1 hanger (pipe) Level 1 stress f = 227 / 12 Level 6 hanger (pipe) Level 6 stress f = 6 x 227 / 75

Fa = 30 ksi P = 227 k A = 12 in2 f = 19 ksi A = 75 in2 f = 18 ksi 18 < 19 < 30, ok

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Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Shear
1 Single shear Assume: Load 2x4 wood bars with bolt Allowable bolt shear stress Shear area (bolt cross section) A = r2 = (0.5/2)2 Shear stress fv = P / A = 3/ 0.2 Check end shear block (A) Assume: Length of shear block A Allowable wood shear stress End block shear area A = 2 x 2 x 6 Shear stress fv = P/A = 3000 # / 24 Required block length e = 6 x 125/85 = 8.8
Force vs stress Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

P=3k Fv = 20 ksi A = 0.2 in2 fv = 15 ksi 15 < 20, ok P = 3000 # e = 6 Fv = 85 psi A = 24 in2 fv=125 psi 125 > 85, NOT OK use e = 9
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Shear 3 Bolted double shear Assume: Load 2 5/8 bolts, allowable stress Shear area A = 4 r2 = 4 (0.625/2)2 Shear stress fv = P / A = 22 / 1.2

P = 22 k Fv = 20 ksi A = 1.2 in2 fv = 18 ksi 18 < 20, ok

Glued double shear Assume: Load Wood bars, allowable stress Shear area A = 2 x 4 x 8 Shear stress fv = P / A = 6000 / 64

P = 6000 # Fv = 95 psi A = 64 in2 fv =94 psi 94 < 95, ok

Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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Shear 5 Twin beam double shear Assume: 2 bolts, Shear area A = 4 r2 = 4 (0.5/2)2 Shear stress fv = P / A = 12 / 0.79

P = R = 12 k Fv = 20 ksi A = 0.79 in2 fv = 15 ksi 15 < 20, ok

Shear wall Assume: Load 8 CMU wall, t = 7.625 Wall length Shear area A = 7.625 x 12 x 8 Shear stress fv = P / A = 20,000 # / 732

P = 20 k Fv = 30 psi L = 8 A =732 in2 fv = 27 psi 27 < 30, ok

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Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Twin bolts at double shear

Shear walls: 1 Plywood on wood studs 2 Plywood on metal studs 3 Reinforced concrete wall 4 Reinforced CMU wall

Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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done

Force vs stress

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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