RCC design B.C.

Punmia

RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is called the surcharge , and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle b In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig) 1 2 3 4 Gravity walls Cantilever retaining walls Counterfort retainig walls. Buttresssed walls.

a. T- shaped

b. L- shaped

A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete . The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.

The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of varios com

ertical pressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal

DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL Horizontal back fill

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = Unit weight of Earth = Angle of repose = Safe Bearing capacity of soil = Coffiecent of friction = Concrete Mm = 13.33 wt. of concrete 2 Steel sst = 415 N/mm fe = scbc = = Nominal cover = Foundation depth DESIGN SUMMARY Stem thickness Footing width
At footing Toe width 2400 mm 290 mm -400 mm Key 290 At top Heel width x 200 mm 2500 mm 290 mm

200 0 mm f @ 0 mm c/c 0 mm f @ mm c/c 0 mm f @ 0 mm c/c 0 mm f @ 0 mm c/c 8 mm f @ 300 mm c/c 0 mm f @ 0 mm c/c 0 mm f @ 0 mm c/c 0 mm f @ mm c/c

3.00 18 30 180 0.5 20 25000 230 7 25 1.00

m KN/m3 Degree KN/m3

3

N/m N/mm2 2 N/mm mm m

Reinforcement Summary STEM :Main

100% Reinforcement upto 50% Reinforcement upto 25% Reinforcement upto m 2.29 m 1.74 m Top

10 10 10 8 8 16 8

mm F@ mm F@ mm F@ mm F@ mm F@ mm F@ mm F@

80 160 320 180 300 80 100

mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c

Distribution Tamprecture TOE :Main Distribution

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

8 300 @ c/c #### #### 8 mm F 180 @ c/c 720 #### 1000 #### 200 Toe #### mm F #### @ c/c 8 720 290

mm F @ c/c 4000 mm F

10 mm F 320 @ c/c 3000 1.74 10 mm F 160 @ c/c 10 80 mm F @ c/c

2.29

#### mm F #### @ c/c 16 mm F Heel 80 @ c/c #### 2500 Heel 300

-400 2400 300 2500

-400 mm F 180 @ c/c 8F 300

2.29 1.74

#### mm F #### @ c/c 10 mm F 320 @ c/c

#REF!

10 mm F 160 @ c/c 10 80 Out side Earth side mm F @ c/c

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level Unit weight of Earth Angle of repose Safe Bearing capacity of soil Coffiecent of friction Concrete Steel Nominal cover Foundation depth 1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars

g
q0 m fe

= = = = = = = = =

3.00 18 30 180 0.5

m kN/m3 Degree kN/m2

2 18000 N/m

M 20 415 25 mm 1.00 m

Cocrete M =

20
3 = #### N/m

sst = scbc =
k=

= =

2 230 N/mm

wt. of concrete

25

kN/m3

7
m*c

N/mm2 = x 13.33 13.33 x 0.289 7 / x 7 3 7 +

m
230

= 13.3
= 0.289 = 0.904

m*c+sst j=1-k/3 = 1 R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5

x 0.904

x 0.289 = 0.913

2 Diamension of base:3.00 + 1.00 = 4.00 meter height of wall above base, H = The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq. q0 180 1 = 1 = -0.14 a = 2.2 y H 2.2 x 18 x 4.00 . Eq (1) Keep a = -0.14 30 The width of base is given by Eq. sin = 0.5 Ka 1-sin F 1 - 0.5 b = 0.95 H x = = 0.33 Ka = (1- a)x(1+3 a) 1+sinF 1 + 0.5 b = 0.95 x 4.00 0.333 -0.14 )x( 1 = 2.70 m

+ -0.42 )

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq. b = 0.7HKa 0.7 x 4.00 x 0.33 = = 1.64 m (1-a) m ( 1 - -0.14 )x 0.5 This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H . 0.6 x

2.40 b = 0.60 x 4.00 = m 2.40 Hence Provided b = m The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base . Width of toe slab = a x b = -0.14 x 2.40 = -0.34 m Provided toe slab = -0.40 m Let the thickness of stem = H/12 = 4.00 / 12 = 0.33 or say = 0.30 m for design purpose Hence width of heel slab = 2.40 - 0.30 - -0.40 = 2.50 m 4 Thickness of stem:Heigth AB 4.00 - 0.30 = 3.70 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall Kxy x 0.33 x 18 x( 3.70 )3 H13 Maximum Bending momentat B = = = 50.65 Kn-m 6 6 50.65 x BM 10 6 Effective depth required = = = 236 mm Rxb 0.913 x 1000 Keep d = = 240 + 50 = 290 mm 240 mm and total thickness Assuming that 10 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 50 - 5 = 45 mm Reduce the total thickness = 200 mm at top so that effective depth of = 150 mm =

Taking value of H =

5 Stability of wall:Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a Let W 1 = w2 = w3 = w4 = weight of rectangular portion of stem weight of triangular portion of stem weight of base slab weight of soil on heel slab. The calculation are arrenged in Table Detail 1 x 0.20 x 3.70 x 25 1/2 x 0.09 x 3.70 x 25 1 x 2.40 x 0.30 x 25 1 x 2.10 x 3.70 x 18 = 213.00 kN-m 0.33 x 18 2 48 x( 4.00 )2 x 4.0 3.0 = = = 64 3.33 1.89 149 b 6 < = > >

w1 w2 w3 w4

= = = =

force(kN) 18.50 4.16 18.00 139.86 181.00

lever arm

Moment (KN-m)

Sw = Total resisting moment

0.100 0.245 1.200 1.35 total MR

1.85 1.02 21.60 188.81 213.00 ..(1)

Earth pressure p = Over turning \

Ka x y x H2 2

48 kN-m 1.5 1.5 kN-m 2.40 6

kN

..(2)

Over turning moment Mo = F.S. against over turning = mSw PH = = 0.5 x 48

F.S. against sliding

213 64 181.00

Hence safe Shear key Not required

Pressure distribution net moment SM = 213.00 64 = \ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is 149 SM = = 0.82 m x = 181 Sw b x = 2.40 - 0.82 = 0.38 m Eccenticity e = 2 2 Pressure p1 at 6e 181 6x 0.38 SW = 1+ = x 1+ = 2.40 b b 2.40 toe Pressure p1 at 6e 181 6x 0.38 SW = 1= x 1= 2.40 b b 2.40 Heel Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is 146.00 - 4.00 p = 146.00 x -0.40 = 169.67 2.40 Pressure p at the junction of stem with Heel slab is 146.00 - 4.00 p = 146.00 x 2.50 = -1.92 2.40 6

= 0.40 Hence safe Hence safe Hence safe

0.40 180 180

146.0 < kN -m2 4 < kN -m2 kN-m2 <

180

Hence safe

kN-m2 <

180

Hence safe

Design of Bottom slab:The upward pressure distribution on the slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it (1) Up ward soil pressure (2) Down ward weight of slab Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 7.50 kN-m2 Hence net pressure intensities will be = 146.00 - 7.50 = 138.5 kN-m2 under D And at under E -3.50 kN-m2 = 4.00 - 7.50 = Total S.F. = 0.50 x( 138.50 + -3.50 ) x 2.40 = 162.00 kN -3.50 + 2.00 x 138.50 2.40 x from E = x = 1.62 m 138.50 -3.50 + 3 B.M. at E = 262.56 kN-m 162.00 x 1.62 = \ 262.56 x BM 10 6 = 536 Effective depth required = = mm Rxb 0.913 x 1000 Keep effective depth d = = 550 + 50 = 600 mm 550 mm and total thickness Reduce the total thickness to 0.20 m at edge = say = 0.6 m 200 mm or 262.56 BM x 106 x 10 6 = Ast = = 2297 mm2 sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 550

3.14 x 16 x 16 3.14xdia2 = = 201 mm2 4 4 80 Spacing A x1000 / Ast 201 x mm \ = 1000 / 2297 = Hence Provided mm c/c 80 16 mm F bar, @ 45 x 16 = 720 mm Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = Providing 25 mm clear side cover actual length available = -400 25 = -425 mm -425 < Hence not safe 720 600 + 200 0.12 Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 480 mm2 2 100 '2 2 3.14 x ( 8 ) Using 8 = 50 mm F bars, Area = P D = mm2 4 4 1000 x 50 mm c/c = 105 mm say = 100 \ Spacing = 480 using 16 mm bars A = 8 Reinforcement in the stem:We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as = While it has now been fixed as 0.6 m only. Hence revised H1= 4.00 M = Kay x H13 6 BM Rxb = 0.33 0.30 m 0.6 = 3.40 m

= 39.30 kN-m 6 39.30 x 10 6 Effective depth required = = = 207 mm 0.913 1000 x Keep effective depth d = = 210 + 50 = 260 mm 210 mm and total thickness Reduce the total thickness to = 0.20 m at edge 200 mm or BM x100 39.30 x 10 6 = Ast = = 901 mm2 sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 210 '2 2 3.14 x ( 10 ) Using 10 mm F bars, Area = P D = = 79 mm2 4 4 1000 x 79 = 87 mm say = 80 mm c/c \ Spacing = 901 79 Actual AS provided = 1000 x = 982 mm2 80 Continue alternate bars in the toe slabto serve as tensile reinforcement ther.Discontinue the remaining half bars after a distance of 45 F = 45 x 10 = 450 mm beyond B , In th etoe slab. Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem 210 - 140 The effective depth d' at section is = 140 + x h (where h In meter) H 210 - 140 d' = 140 + x h =( 140 + 20.59 x h ) ,,,'(1) 3.40 H3 Ast Now As or H =( Ast d )1/3 d' Ast' d' 1/3 h Hence = Ast d H1 where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H1 d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H1 Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3 if Ast = 1/2 Ast than = = x \ Ast 2 H1 2 d Subsituting d = 245 h h mm and d' =( = = H1 3.40 x x 140 + 140 + 2 20.6 x h ) we get 20.6 x h 1/3 245 x

18

x(

3.40 )3

1/3 140 x 20.6 x h 2 245 x h = 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h )1/3 ..(3) m 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) 1/3- h = h = 2.50 -0.01 This can be solved by trial and error, Solving (3) by trial, we get h = 2.50 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point .Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm

Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point. h = 2.5 - 0.21 = 2.29 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of \ 2.29 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining Ast' 1 remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B , we have = Hence from .(2) Ast 4 \ h H1 h = = 1 4 3.40 x x d' 1/3 d 140 x 4 140 + \ h = H1 x
1/3

140 4

+ 20.6 x

h
245

1/3

20.6 x h 245 x h = 0.342 x ( 20.6 x h )1/3 ..(4) 1/3 -0.01 = m 0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) - h = h 1.95 This can be solved by trial and error, Solving (4) by trial, we get h = 1.95 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point .Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point. h = 1.95 0.21 = 1.74 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars \ by 1.74 m below the topof nanagh the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem Check for shear:kayH 2 = 0.33 2 34.68 x 1000 tv = = 0.14 \ 1000 x 250 Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:Average thickness of stem = 260 Shear force = p= \ Using Distribution reinforcement mm F bars, Area 1000 = =

x
< + 2

18
2 0.18 200

x 3.40

34.68

kN

Permissible shear stress table 3.1

230 230 = =

mm 276 50.24

P D2 = 4 182

0.12 x 1000 x 100 '2 3.14 x ( 8 ) 4

mm2
mm2

x 50 276 for tempreture reinforcement provide \ spacing =

=
=

mm say = mm bars =

at the inner face of wall, along its length 300 mm c/c both way in outer face

180 mm c/c

9 Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig. Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure P p devloped in front of key depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key Pp = KpP = 3.00 x 169.67 = 509.00 kN/m3 Kp=1/ka = 3.00 \ total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a = 509.00 a 18 Sliding force at level D1C1 = 0.33 x x( 4 + a )2 2.00 or PH .(2) = 3.00 x( 4 + a )2 Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D1C1 = 2.40 ax 18 = 43.20 a 181.00 + 43.20 a Refer force calculation table \ SW = Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have m Sw+Pp 0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a 1.5 = = PH 3 x( 4 ) + a2 0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a 2 1.5 x( 4 + = a) 3 x 1.5 + a)2 4 = 90.50 + 21.6 a+ 509.00 a ( 4.5 ( 4 + a)2 = 20.11 + 118 a 16 + 8 a + a2 = 117.91 a8 a + 20.11 - 16 = 109.9 a 4.11 a2 -4.11 + or a = a2 - 109.9 a or a = -0.04 m say = -40 mm However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 290 mm (equal to stem width)

it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length a1 given below is avilable in front of key ; F where (45 + F/2) = a1 = a tan F = a tan x 45 + = a kp shearing angle of passive resistance 2 a1 = 0.3 x ( 3.00 )1/2 \ a1 = Actual length of the slab available = DE = -0.40 m 0.52 m Hence satisfactory. Now size of key = 300 x 290 mm PH = 3.00 x( 4.00 + a )2 = 3.00 x( 4.00 + 0.30 )2 PH = 55.47 kN 509.00 a 509.00 0.30 = = x 152.70 kN Hence = SW = 181.00 + 43.20 a = 181.00 + 43.20 x 0.30 193.96 kN = Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5PH - mSW = 1.5 x 55.5 - 0.5 x 193.96 = -13.78 kN -13.78 x 1000 = -0.046 N/mm2 \ shear stress = 300 x 1000 -13.78 x 150 x 1000 Bending stress = 1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )2 2 -0.14 = Hence safe N/mm

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

0.20 0 mm F @ mm c/c

c/c

0 mm F @
0 mm F @ mm c/c

mm C/C

0 mm F @
3.70 0 mm F @ mm c/c

mm C/C

0 mm F @
0 mm F @ mm c/c 0.29 0 mm F @ mm c/c 0.29

mm C/C

0 mm F @

mm C/C

2.40 0 mm F @ mm c/c 0 mm F @ mm c/c

0.20 A

0.20 A

0.20 A

H= #### 3.00 m H1=3.70 m 3.00 m H1= 3.70 m 3.00 m

H= 4.00 3.70 m

W1

W1

W1

ab -0.40 toe #### D E

W2 B

2.50 heel C 0.30 D

2.40 0.00 E

W2 B

2.50 C 0.30 D

2.40 -0.40 E

W2 B

2.50 C 0.30

Toe b= 2.40 m 146.00

Toe b= P= 169.67 2.40 P= -1.92 m 4.00

a1 a D1 146.00 e Pp = 169.67 Kpp C1 Kay(H+a)

0.20 A Outer side face 8 mm F @ 300 c/c Earth side Face ` 8 mm F @ 300 c/c 1.74 2.29 H= 4.00 m

10 mm F@ 320 C/C 8
mm F@ 180 C/C

3000 #REF! 8 mm F @ 180 c/c

8 mm F @ 300 c/c

10 mm F@ 160 C/C 8 mm F @ 300 c/c

10 mm F@ 80
N.S.L. ####

C/C

#### mm F
@ ### c/c 290

### mm F@ ### C/C

1000

#### 200

Toe ####

Heel 200 Foundation level

Earth side Face Reinforcement Detail

Outer side face Reinforcement Detail

16 mm F @ 80 c/c 290

290

#### mm F @ #### c/c

mm F c/c

mm F c/c

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete

M-10 1.2

M-15 2.0

M-20 2.8

M-25 3.2

M-30 3.6

M-35 4.0

M-40 4.4

Tensile stress N/mm2

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M M M M M M M M M 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for 2 Bending acbc plain bars in tention (N/mm ) Direct (acc) (N/mm2) 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 Kg/m2 300 500 700 850 1000 1150 1300 1450 1600 (N/mm2) 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 Kg/m2 250 400 500 600 800 900 1000 1100 1200 (N/mm2) -0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 in kg/m -60 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
2

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete

Modular ratio m

M-10 31 (31.11)

M-15 19 (18.67)

M-20 13 (13.33)

M-25 11 (10.98)

M-30 9 (9.33)

M-35 8 (8.11)

M-40 7 (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete Modular Ratio M-15 18.67 5 93.33 0.4 0.867 0.867 0.714 0.329 0.89 0.732 0.433 0.289 0.904 0.653 0.314 0.253 0.916 0.579 0.23 M-20 13.33 7 93.33 0.4 0.867 1.214 1 0.329 0.89 1.025 0.606 0.289 0.904 0.914 0.44 0.253 0.916 0.811 0.322 M-25 10.98 8.5 93.33 0.4 0.867 1.474 1.214 0.329 0.89 1.244 0.736 0.289 0.904 1.11 0.534 0.253 0.916 0.985 0.391 M-30 9.33 10 93.33 0.4 0.867 1.734 1.429 0.329 0.89 1.464 0.866 0.289 0.904 1.306 0.628 0.253 0.914 1.159 0.46 M-35 8.11 11.5 93.33 0.4 0.867 1.994 1.643 0.329 0.89 1.684 0.997 0.289 0.904 1.502 0.722 0.253 0.916 1.332 0.53 M-40 7.18 13 93.33 0.4 0.867 2.254 1.857 0.329 0.89 1.903 1.127 0.289 0.904 1.698 0.816 0.253 0.916 1.506 0.599

scbc N/mm2 m scbc

kc jc Rc Pc (%) kc (b) sst = jc 190 Rc N/mm2 Pc (%) (c ) sst = kc jc 230 N/mm2 Rc (Fe 415) Pc (%) kc (d) sst = jc 275 N/mm2 Rc (Fe 500) Pc (%) (a) sst = 140 N/mm2 (Fe 250)

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As bd < 0.15 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
3.00 and above

Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab
300 or more

1.00

275 1.05

250 1.10

225 1.15

200 1.20

175 150 or less 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete

tc.max

M-15 1.6

M-20 1.8

M-25 1.9

M-30 2.2

M-35 2.3

M-40 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M-10 -tbd (N / mm2) M-15 0.6 M-20 0.8 M-25 0.9 M-30 1 M-35 1.1 M-40 1.2 M-45 1.3 M-50 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of concrete M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 Plain M.S. Bars kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) 0.6 58 0.8 44 0.9 39 1 35 1.1 32 1.2 29 1.3 27 1.4 25 H.Y.S.D. Bars kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) 0.96 60 1.28 45 1.44 40 1.6 36 1.76 33 1.92 30 2.08 28 2.24 26

Value of angle Degree 10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 sin 0.174 0.259 0.276 0.292 0.309 0.326 0.342 0.358 0.375 0.391 0.407 0.422 0.500 0.573 0.643 0.707 0.766 0.819 0.866 0.906 cos 0.985 0.966 0.961 0.956 0.951 0.946 0.940 0.934 0.927 0.921 0.924 0.906 0.866 0.819 0.766 0.707 0.643 0.574 0.500 0.423 tan 0.176 0.268 0.287 0.306 0.325 0.344 0.364 0.384 0.404 0.424 0.445 0.466 0.577 0.700 0.839 1.000 1.192 1.428 1.732 2.145