RELATIVE CLAUSES Mnh quan h trong ting anh gm c ba loi sau: + Mnh quan h xc nh ( defining clause ).

). + Mnh quan h khng xc nh ( non-defining clause). + Mnh quan h lin hp ( connective clause) I. Defining Relative Clauses (Mnh quan h xc nh) Mnh quan h xc nh c dng b ngha cho danh t i trc n, tc l lm chc nng nh ng (khng th b c). Chng xc nh ngi, vt, s vic ang c ni n l ai, ci no, iu noMnh quan h lun ng ngay sau danh t m n b ngha. E.g. - We're looking for someone who we can tell the truth. (Chng ti ang tm ngi m chng ti c th ni s thc) - These are the children that I looked after last summer. (y l nhng a tr m ti trng nom ma h va qua) ** Ch : - Du phy khng c dng trong mnh quan h xc nh - Khng th b c mnh quan h trong cu v nh th lm ngha ca cu khng , khng r rng. - i t quan h trong mnh quan h xc nh ng vai tr l tn ng c th lc b. E.g. The house (which) I am going to buy is not large. (Ngi nh m ti s mua th khng rng lm) 1. Cch dng

Mnh quan h xc nh thng c dng theo sau: + The + Noun. + A/AN + Noun. + Danh t s nhiu khng c the. + i t ( all, none, anybody, those.) Ex: The book is about a girl who falls in love .

2. Cc loi i t quan h trong mnh quan h xc nh v cc hnh thc ca chng.

Ch ng Cho ngi: Cho vt: Who That Which That.

Tn ng Who/ Whom That. Which That

S hu. Whose. Whose Of Which.

2.1 i t quan h dng cho ngi: Who/ That 2.1.1 Ch ng i t quan h Who thay th cho danh t ch ngi( he,she, we , you, they) lm ch ng trong mnh ph. C th thay Who bng That. Ex1: The man is friendly. He lives next door.

The man who lives next door is friendly. Ex2: We know a lot of people. They live in London. -> We know a lot of people who live in London. Khi Who/ That /Which l tn ng th ta c th lc b i t quan h. Ex: The woman was away on holiday. I wanted to see the woman. -> The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday. Or -> The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.

2.1.2. Tc t ca mt ng t.: Whom/ Who/ That hay That Hnh thc ca tc t l Whom. Trong Ting anh ni ta thng dng Who ( That thng dng hn Who) v ph bin hn l ta b i t lm tc t.

Ex: The man whom I saw told me to come back today. Or The man I saw told me to come back today. i t quan h Whom thay th cho danh t ch ngi lm tn ng trong mnh ph. C th thay who/ whom bng that hoc c th rt gn. Ex: The boy is my son. You see him at the door.

->The boy whom you see at the door is my soon. i t quan h whom/ who thay th cho danh t ch ngi lm tn ng gii t trong mnh ph. C th o gii t ln trc i t quan h whom / who nhng khng dng that. Ex: The man is their teacher. They are talking to him. -> The man who(m)/ that they are talking to is their teacher. ->The man they are talking to is their teacher. ->The man to who(m) they are talking is their teacher. 2.1.3. S hu: Whose Ta dng Whose trong mnh quan h thay th cho tnh t s hu( his, her, their..) Ex1: We saw some people.Their car had broken down. ->We saw some people whose car had broken. Ex2: A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead.

->A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. Ex 3: Whats the name of the man? His car you borrowed. ->Whats the name of the man whose car you borrowed? 2.2. i t quan h dng cho vt 2.2.1. Ch t: Which/ That. Mnh quan h Which c dng thay th cho danh t ch vt lm ch ng trong mnh ph. C th thay th which bng that, nhng Which c dng thng dng hn. Ex1: Tom bought a house. It has a bedroom and a kitchen. ->Tom bought a house which has bedroom and a kitchen. Ex 2: Can you see my pen? Its lying on that table. ->Can you see my pen which is lying on that table? 2.2.2. Tn ng ca mt ng t i t quan h which thay th cho danh t ch vt lm tn ng trong mnh ph. C th thay which bng that, hoc c th b i t quan h i.

Ex1:

The book is mine. You see it on the table. -> The book which (that) you see on the table is mine.

Which khng bao gi dng sau : all, everything, little, much, none, no, v cc hnh thc kp ca no hay sau cc cc cp. Thay v chng ta dng that hay b i t quan h nu n l tc t ca mt ng t. Ex : - All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.

- This is the best hotel (that) I know. 2.2.3. Tc t ca mt gii t Cu trc thng thng l gii t + Which nhng thng dng hn l a gii t n cui mnh . C th dng which / that hoc b i t quan h. Ex: The book is very interesting. You are talking about it. ->The book about which you are talking is very interesting. ->The book which you are talking about is very interesting. II. Non-defining Relative Clauses (Mnh quan h khng xc nh) - Mnh quan h khng xc nh c dng b ngha cho 1 danh t hoc mnh c cp n trc trong cu. N b sung thm thng tin thm v ngi, v s vt, mt hin tng ang c ni n. Mnh quan h lun ng ngay sau danh t, mnh m n b ngha. - Mnh quan h khng xc nh khng phi l thnh phn ct yu ca cu v c th loi b m khng nh hng g n cu. - Khc vi mnh quan h xc nh, mnh quan h khng xc nh c phn cch bng du phy v khng th b i t quan h. E.g. - That car, which I bought ten years ago, is still good. (Chic t m ti mua cch y 10 nm vn cn tt) - My elder sister gave me this shirt, which she had bought in Supermarket. (Ch ti cho ti ci o s mi ny, ci o m ch mua siu th. - She passed the examination, which makes me surprised. (C ta qua c k thi ri, iu ny lm ti ngc nhin.) ** Ch : - That khng c dng trong mnh quan h xc nh - i t quan h ng vai tr lm tn ng trong mnh quan h th khng b c E.g. His proposal, which the committee is considering, is related to exams system. ( ngh ca ng y, m u ban ang cn nhc, lin h n h thng thi c) 1. Cch dng.

Mnh quan h khng xc nh c dng khi danh t ng trc l: + Danh t ring. + Cc i t ch nh: this , that, these , those. + Tnh t s hu: my, his ,her.. + Cc nh ng, b ng. 2. Cc loi i t quan h dng trong mnh quan h khng xc nh.

Ch ng Cho ngi Who Cho vt Which 2.1. i t quan h dng cho ngi 2.1.1.Ch ng : Who Khng dng i t no khc ngoi Who. Ex1:

Tn ng Whom/ Who Which

S hu. Whose Whose/ of Which

My teacher has a lot of experiences. He has been teaching for 10 years.

->My teacher, who has been teaching for 10 years, has a lot of experiences. Ex2: I passed the letter to Petter. He was sitting beside me. -> I passed the letter to Petter , who was sitting beside me . 2.1.2. Tn ng: Whom/ Who i t quan h ny khng th b c. Whom l hnh thc ng mc d Who thnh thong c dng trong ting anh m thoi. Ex1: Peter turned out to be innocent. Everyone suspected him. -> Peter, whom everyone suspected ,turned out to be innocent. Ex 2: She introduced me to her husband. I hadnt met him before. ->She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before .

2.1.3. Tc t ca mt gii t: Whom i t quan h ny khng th b c , gii t thng t trc Whom. Tuy nhin c th a gii t n cui mnh iu ny c dng ph bin trong ting anh m thoi v Who thng c thay th cho Whom. Ex1 : Mr Lam was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him. -> Mr Lam, for whom I was working , was very generous about overtime payments. Or -> Mr Lam , who I was working for , was very generous about overtime payment. Ex2 : Peter was fitter than me. I played tennis with him on Sunday. -> Peter , with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me. Or -> Peter , whom I played tennis with on Sunday , was fitter than me. 2.2. i t quan h dng cho vt : Which. 2.2.1. Ch t : Which. Khng c dng that thay cho which trong trng hp ny. Ex: We stayed at the Hanoi hotel. Long recommened it to us ->We stayed at the Hanoi hotel, which Long recommened to us. 2.2.2. Tc t: Which That khng c dng trong trng hp ny v which khng bao gi c b i. Ex : These books will give you all the information you need. You can get them at any bookshop. -> These books, which you can get at any bookshops, will give you all the information you need. 2.2.3 .Tc t ca mt gii t Gii t ng trc Which hay cui mnh .

Ex : His house is now worth 10.000$ He paid for it 5.000$. ->His house, for which he paid 5.000$ , is now worth 10.000$. 2.3. S hu : Whose/ of which Whose c dng cho c con ngi ln vt. Of which c th dng cho vt, nhng khng thng dng tr ting anh trang trng. Ex : His house was a depressing right. Its windows were all broken. ->His house , whose windows were all broken. Lu : + Khng c dng That trong mnh quan h khng xc inh. + Trng hp ng t ca mnh quan h c gii t th ta ch dng Whom/Which. + Ta t gii t trc mnh quan h ( trc whom/ which) + Ta cng c th b whom/ which v t gii t ra sau ng t ca mnh quan h vi iu kin phI l mnh quan h xc nh. + Khi dng That, ta khng c em gii t ra trc m vn sau. Ex: - The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike. - The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike. - The man that Mary is talking to is Mr Pike. + Khi gii t ng cui mnh quan h l thnh phn ca ng t kp th ta khng em ra trc Whom/ Which. Ex : - This is the book which I am looking for . - That is the child whom you have to look after. + Khi dng Whom, Which c th cc gii t sau , ngoi tr Without. Ex : - The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr Pike. - That is the man without whom well get lost.

 Phn bit mnh quan h xc nh v mnh quan h khng xc nh. - Dng xc nh ngi, vt, vic ang ni n l ngi no, vt no, vic no. Nu khng c mnh quan h xc nh, ngi nghe khng bit r ngi, vt, vic ang c ni n l ai, ci no, iu no. - Khng c du phy ngn cch mnh chnh vi mnh quan h - Ch b sung ngha cho danh t, khng b sung ngha cho mnh . - i khi n dng ch mt phn trong s nhng ngi, vt, vic ang c nhc n trong danh t m n b ngha. E.g. The boys who are naughty must be punished. (Nhng cu con trai nghch ngm phi b pht.) => trong s nhng cu con trai , nhng ngi ang c nhc n, th ch c 1 s nghch ngm v s nn b pht. E.g. The boys, who are naughty, must be punished. (Nhng cu con trai, nhng a rt nghch ngm, phi b pht.) => tt c nhng cu con trai c mt u nghch ngm v tt c u ng b pht. III. Mnh d quan h lin hp ( connective clause ) Mnh quan h lin hp dng gii thch cho c mt cu, trng hp ny ch dng i t quan h which v dng du phy(,) tch hai mnh . Mnh ny lun ng cui cu. Ex1: Students are often afraid of exams, which is easy to understand. Ex 2: It rained very heavily, which prevented my going out.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with Relative pronouns or Relative adverbs, where necessary. Let me see all the letters.you have written Is there anyone.can help me do this? Mr. Brown , is only 34, is the director of this company I know a place..roses grows in abundance It was the nurse..told me to come in The teacher withwe studied last year no longer teaches in our school They show me the hospital..buildings had been destroyed by US bombings 8. We saw many soldiers and tankswere moving to the front 9. He joined the political partywas in power 10. Love , is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at sometimes n his life 11. Freedom is something for millions have given their lives. 12. It is easy to find faults in people .we dislike 13. We must find a time .we can meet and a place ..we can talk Exercise 2. Use a relative pronoun to combine each pair of sentences bellow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The man is my father. I respect his opinions most Tom has three sisters. All of them are married I recently went back to Paris. It is still as beautiful as a pearl I recently went back to Paris. I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago She was the most intelligent woman. Ive ever met this woman Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio. You didnt tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason 8. The day was rainy. She left on that day 9. Ive sent him two letters. He has received neither of them 10. That man is an artist. I dont remember the mans name 11. That car belongs to Dr. Clark. Its engine is very good 12. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it 13. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year 14. Rod Lee has won an Oscar. I know his sister 15. Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it 16. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out 17. 7.05 is the time. My plane arrives then 18. Max isnt at home yet. That worries me 19. Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green 20. Last week I went to see the house. I used to live in it. 21.This is the house. We often stay in this house in summer 22.I have not decided the day. Ill go to London on that day 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

23. The book is a telephone directory. We can look up telephone numbers in this book. 24.The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this airport 25.He doesnt want to speak of the cause. She divorced her husband for this cause 26.The days were the saddest ones. I lived far from home on those days. 27. I never forget the park. We met each other for the first time at this park.