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Mt s quy tc trng m
* Quy tc ring I: - Nhng t c hai vn tn cng bng -ANT hay -ENT thng c nhn mnh vn u. TD: constant, distant, instant, absent, accent (ging c, ni), current - Nhng nhng ng t tn cng bng -ENT th thng li c ch m vn th hai. TD: to accent (nhn ging), to consent (tha thun), to frequent (nng lui ti), to present Ngai l: Nhng t c hai vn tn cng bng -ENT sau y c nhn ging vn th hai, d l danh t, ng t hay tnh t: event, lament (li than vn), descent (s xung), descend (ngun gc), consent (s ng thun), to lament, to descent, to consent, to content (lm hi lng). * Quy tc ring II: - Nhng t c hai vn tn cng bng ER th c nhn mnh vn u. TD: father, mother, flower, to enter, to suffer Ngoi l: Nhng ng t sau y tn cng bng ER nhng li c nhn mnh vn sau: to confer (bn bc, hi ), to prefer, to refer (tham kho, vin n) * Quy tc ring III: - Nhng t c hai vn m vn u l mu t a (hay tip u ng a-) th lun c nhn mnh vn th hai. TD: abed ( trn ging), abaft ( pha sau), alive (cn sng), alone, about, above, aback, ago, asleep, again, abroad, aside, achieve, abuse, abyss (vc su), afraid, alike... * Quy tc ring IV: - Nhng t tn cng bng ETY, ITY, ION, ICAL, OUS, c ch m vn lin trc tn cng ny TD: gaiety (tnh vui v), piety( lng hiu tho), equality, fertility, dictation (bi chnh t), election, public, civic (thuc cng dn), historic( thuc lch s), historical( c tnh lch s),electrical, famous, nervous... Ngoi l: catholic ( tnh cng gio), lunatic(ngi in), arabic, rhetoric( thut hng bin), politics, arithmetic * Quy tc ring V: - Trong nhng t c trn ba vn(bn hoc nm vn), th ch m thng vn th ba t cui m ln TD: familiar, particular, interpreter, geography, goemetry... * Quy tc ring VI: - Nhng t tn cng bng ATE, nu l t c hai vn, th ch m vn th nht. Nu l t c ba vn v trn ba vn, th ch m vn th ba m t cui ln TD: 1. Ch 2 vn: climate, private, senate(thng ngh vin), nitrate(mui nitrat)... 2. congratulate, originate, communicate, concentrate, regulate... * Quy tc ring VII: - Nhng t tn cng bng URE, thng c nhn mnh vn trc tn cng ny TD: creature, feature, fixture, lecture, nature, adventure, pressure... Nhng:literature, temperature, mature, unmature (khng chn chn) * Quy tc ring VIII: - Nhng ch tn cng bng ADE-ESE-EE-EER-OO-OON c nhn mnh ngay chnh tn cng ny: TD: lemonade, colonnade(hng ct), balustrade (lan can), Vietnamese, Japenese, absentee, refugee, engineer, bamboo, taboo, typhoon(trn bo, cung phong), tycoon, saloon (hi trng), balloon.. * Quy tc ring IX: - Tt c nhng trng t ch th cch (adverb of manner) tn cng bng LY u c ch m theo tnh t gc (radical adjective) ca n. TD: patiently, differently, difficultly, comparatively, continuously

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Mt s quy tc khc
1) Trng m ri vo m tit th nht - Hu ht danh t v tnh t c 2 m tit th trng m ri vo m tit th nht. V d: Danh t: PREsent, EXport, CHIna, Table Tnh t: PREsent, SLENder, CLEver, HAPpy - i vi ng t nu m tit th 2 cha nguyn m ngn v kt thc khng nhiu hn mt ph m th trng m s ri vo m tit th nht. V d: ENter, TRAvel, Open... - Cc ng t c m tit cui cha ow th trng m cng ri vo m tit u. V d: FOllow, BOrrow... - Cc ng t 3 m tit c m tit cui cha nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i hoc kt thc nhiu hn mt ph m th m tit u nhn trng m. V d: PAradise, EXercise 2) Trng m vo m tit th hai - Hu ht ng t c 2 m tit th trng m ri vo m tit th 2. V d: to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN - Nu m tit th 2 cha nguyn m di, nguyn m i hoc kt thc vi nhiu hn mt ph m th m tit nhn trng m. V d: proVIDE, proTEST, aGREE... - i vi ng t 3 m tit quy tc s nh sau: Nu m tit cui cha nguyn m ngn hoc kt thc khng nhiu hn mt nguyn m th m tit th 2 s nhn trng m. V d: deTERmine, reMEMber, enCOUNter... 3) Trng m ri vo m th 2 tnh t di ln - Nhng t c tn cng bng ic, -sion, tion th trng m ri vo m tit th 2 tnh t di ln V d: - Nhng t c tn cng bng ic: GRAphic, geoGRAphic, geoLOgic... - Nhng t c tn cng bng -sion, tion: suggestion, reveLAtion... Ngo i l : TElevision c trng m ri vo m tit th nht. 4) Trng m ri vo m tit th 3 t di ln - Cc t tn cng bng ce, -cy, -ty, -phy, gy th trng m u ri vo m tit th 3 t di ln: V d: deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy - Cc t tn cng bng ical cng c trng m ri vo m tit th 3 tnh t di ln. geoLOgical 5) T ghp (t c 2 phn) - i vi cc danh t ghp trng m ri vo phn u: BLACKbird, GREENhouse... - i vi cc tnh t ghp trng m ri vo phn th 2: bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned... - i vi cc ng t ghp trng m ri vo phn th 2: to OVERcome, to overFLOW... L
u : 1. Cc ph t khng lm nh hng n trng m cu: -able, -age, -al, -en, -ful, -ing, -ish, -less, -ment, -ous. 2. Cc ph t bn thn n nhn trng m cu: -ain(entertain), -ee(refugee,trainee), -ese(Portugese, Japanese), -ique(unique), -ette(cigarette, laundrette), -esque(picturesque), -eer(mountaineer), -ality (personality), -oo (bamboo), -oon (balloon), -mental (fundamental) Ngo i l : COffe, comMITtee, ENgine 3. Trong cc t c cc hu t di y, trng m c t m tit ngay trc hu t: -ian (musician), - id (stupid), -ible (possible), -ish (foolish), -ive (native), -ous (advantageous), -ial (proverbial, equatorial), -ic (climatic), -ity (ability, tranquility). Cch pht m c a cc ph m - TH c 2 cch pht m l // (three) v // (then). Trong mt s t ch tn ngi v tn ni chn TH c pht m l /t/ (Thailand, Thomas). - Cc ch SH, S ng u t (shoe, sugar); SH, SS, TI, C ng gia t (fashion, Russia, nation, ocean); SH ng cui t (finish) u c pht m l / /. V d: CRItical,

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- Cc ch J, G ng u t (jaw, general); G, J ng gia t (page, major); GE, DGE ng cui t (rage, ledge) u c pht m l /d /. - Cc ch CH ng u t (chair); CH, T ng gia t (teacher), (future); TCH ng cui t (watch) u c pht m l /t /. - Thng thng H c pht m l /h/ (hill) tuy nhin cng c ngoi l l WH (who) cng c pht m l /h/ v H khng c pht m (m cm) trong mt s t: hour, honour, honest... - W (will), WH (when) thng c pht m l /w/. Mt s trng hp him l O trong one, once cng c pht m l /w/. Ch QU thng c pht m thnh /kw/ (quite). - Cc ch Y, U, E, I c pht m thnh /j/ trong cc t sau: you, cute, few, view. - Cc ch G, GG thng c pht m l /g/ (go, bigger). i khi cc ch GH, GU cng c pht m l /g/ (ghost, guest). G l m cm trong cc t sign, foreign. - Cc ch C, K ng u t (can, king); CC, CK ng gia t (soccer, locker); K, CK, C, CH ng cui t (milk, black, comic, ache) u c pht m l /k/. Ch rng QU c pht m l /kw/ (quick), X c pht m l /ks/ (six). Mt s t bt u bng K nhng khi pht m th K bin thnh m cm (know, knife). - Cc ch F (fall), FF (offer), PH (photo), GH (laugh) thng c pht m l /f/. - Hu ht V c pht m l /v/ (never) tuy nhin i khi F cng c pht m l /v/ (of). - Hu ht P, PP c pht m l /p/ (open, apple) nhng trong psychology P l m cm. - Cc ch S (sad), SS (class), C (place) thng c pht m l /s/. i khi SC (science) cng c pht m nh trn. Pht m ui ed - ED c pht m l /t/ sau cc m v thanh nh p, k. f, s, , - ED c pht m l /id/ sau cc m nh t, d Example: walked, booked... Example: showed, Examples: bedded, wanted...

- ED c pht m l /d/ sau cc ph m cn li nh w, n, ... v cc nguyn m burned... Pht m ui s nhiu

- ui s nhiu ca danh t, ng t chia ngi th 3 s t c pht m l /s/ khi t kt thc bng cc m v thanh nh p, t, k, f, Examples: books, looks... - ui s nhiu ca danh t, ng t chia ngi th 3 s t c pht m l /iz/ khi t kt thc bng s, z, , , , , Examples:boxes,bosses... - ui s nhiu ca danh t, ng t chia ngi th 3 s t c pht m l /z/ khi t kt thc bng cc m cn li v cc nguyn m: n, m, ... Examples: learns, tools... Cch pht m c a cc nguyn m - Hu ht cc ch c vit di dng ee (meet), ea (meat), e-e (scene) u c pht m thnh /i:/. Trng hp e (me), ie (piece) cng c pht m nh trn nhng khng nhiu. - Ch e (men) hay ea (death), ie (friend), a (many), ai (said) c pht m l /e/. - Hu ht cc ch c vit l ar, al th c pht m l /a:/. Ch a trong ask, path, aunt cng c pht m l /a:/. Cc ch vit l ear, ere, are, air, th c pht m l /e/ (ngoi heart c pht m l /ha: t/). - Cc ch c vit l a-e (mate) ay (say), ey (grey), ei (eight), ai (wait), ea (great) th khi pht m s l /ei/. - Cc ch c vit l a th pht m s l // (Tr trng hp sau a c r sau r khng phi l mt nguyn m). Tuy nhin ch a trong ask, path, aunt li c pht m l /a:/. - Hu ht cc ch c vit l i-e (smile), ie (die), y (cry) c pht m l [ai]. Mt s ch vit l igh (high), uy (buy) cng c pht m ging nh trn nhng khng nhiu. Ring cc t fridge, city, friend li khng c pht m l /ai/. - Hu ht cc ch c vit l i (win) c pht m l /i/, i khi y cng c pht m nh trn (Tr trng hp sau i c r sau r khng phi l mt nguyn m). - Hu ht cc ch c vit l er hoc nguyn m trong cc m tit khng c trng m th c pht m thnh //: teacher, owner... - Ch u trong ting Anh c 3 cch pht m: Pht m l /u:/ (u di) khi ng sau /j/ (June); pht m l // hoc // trong cc cch vit khc nh full, sun. Khi t c 2 ch oo vit cnh nhau th hu ht s c pht m thnh /u:/ tr cc trng hp m cui l k: book, look, cook...

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- Cc ch ci c pht m l /:/ thuc cc trng hp sau: ir (bird), er (her), ur (hurt). Ngoi ra cn c cc trng hp ngoi l or (word), ear (heard) - Cc ch ci c pht m l /:/ thuc cc trng hp sau: or (form, norm). Cc trng hp ngoi l khc: a (call), ar (war), au (cause), aw (saw), al (walk), augh (taught), ough (thought), four (four). - Cc ch ci c vit l oy, oi s c pht m l //. V d: boy, coin... - Cc ch ci c vit l ow, ou thng c pht m l // hay /a/, tuy nhin chng cng cn c nhiu bin th pht m khc na.

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Tham kho thm

I) stress : - a s nhng t 2 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng bng : er, or, y, ow, ance, ent , en, on. Ex: ciment/ si'ment/: ximng event /i'vent/: s kin. - a s nhng t c 3 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng l :ary, erty, ity, oyr - a s nhng ng t c 2 m tit , trng m nm m tit th 2 Ex: repeat / ri'pi:t/ :nhc li - Trng m trc nhng vn sau y: -cial, -tial, -cion, -sion, -tion,-ience,-ient,-cian ,-tious,-cious, -xious Ex: 'special, 'dicussion, 'nation, poli'tician( chnh tr gia) - Trng m trc nhng vn sau: -ic, -ical, -ian,-ior, -iour,-ity,-ory, -uty, -eous,-ious,-ular,-ive Ex: 'regular, expensive, - Danh t ch ccc mn hc c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit Ex: ge'ology, bi'ology - T c tn cng bng -ate, -ite, -ude,-ute c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit Ex: institute / 'institjuVery Happy/ (vin) - a s danh t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit u. Ex: raincoat /'reinkuot/ :o ma Ex: homesick/'houmsik/( nh nhWink - Tnh t ghp trng m ri vo m tit u - Trng t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit th 2 Ex: downstream/ daun'sri:m/( h lu) - Tnh t ghp c t u tin l tnh t hoc trng t th trng m ri vo t th 2, tn cng bng -ed Ex: well-dressed/ wel'drest/( n mc sang trng) Vn nhn theo loi t Nhng t c 2 m tit: NG T v TNH T: +) Nu m tit th 2 c nguyn m di hay nguyn m i hoc n tn cng bng hn mt ph m th nhn vo m tit th 2: V d: apPLY - c nguyn m i, arRIVE- nguyn m i, atTRACT- kt thc nhiu hn mt ph m + Nu m tit cui c nguyn m ngn v c mt hoc khng c ph m cui th chng ta nhn vo m tit th 1. V d: ENter - khng c ph m cui v nguyn m cui l nguyn m ngn, Open Equal DANH T: + Nu m tit th 2 c nguyn m ngn th nhn vo m tit u: Ex: Money, PROduct, LARlynx, + Nu khng th nhn vo m tit th 2: Ex: balLOON deSIGN esTATE Nhng t c 3 m tit: NG T/ TNH T: + Nu m tit cui l nguyn m di, nguyn m i hoc tn cng bng hn mt ph m th chng ta nhn vo m tit cui: entertain, resuRECT + Nu m tit cui l nguyn m ngn th nhn vo m tit gia, nu m tit gia cng l nguyn m ngn th chng ta nhn vo m tit th 1. Nh vy i vi t c 3 m tit, chng ta s ch nhn vo m tit no l nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i, xt t m tit cui ln u. DANH T: Chng ta phi xt t m tit cui tr v trc + Nu m th 3 l nguyn m ngn th m KHNG c nhn + Nu m th 3 l nguyn m ngn v m th 2 l nguyn m di hay nguyn m i th nhn vo m tit th 2: Ex: potato, diSASter + Nu m tit th 3 l nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i, hoc kt thc bng nhiu hn mt ph m th chng Ex:QUANtity ta nhn vo m tit th 1: - i vi danh t c 3 m tit th m th 1 thng c nhn: Tip v ng(Suffixes) 1. Trng m nm phn tip v ng: i vi cc t gc(sterm) mang cc v ng sau y, th trng m nm chnh phn v ng : _ain (ch dnh cho ng t) nh entertain, ascertain _ee nh employee, refugee _eer nh volunteer, mountaineer _ese nh journalese, Portugese _ette nh cigarette, launderette _esque nh picturesque, unique

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2. Tip v ng khng nh hng v tr trng m: Nhng tip v ng sau y, khi nm trong t gc th khng nh hng v tr trng m ca t gc , c ngha l trc khi c tip v ng, trng m nm u, th by gi n vn y : _able : comfortable, reliable.... _age : anchorage... _ al: refusal, natural _ en : widen _ ful : beautiful ... _ ly: lovely, huriedly.... _ ment: punishment... _ ness: happpiness _ ing :amazing ... _ like : birdlike ... _ less : powerless ... _ ous: dangerous _ fy: glorify _ wise : otherwise _ y(tnh t hay danh t) : funny _ ish (tnh t) : childish, foolish ...

(Ring i vi ng t c t gc hn mt m tit th chng ta nhn vo m tit ngay trc tip v ng: demolish, replenish)

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Mt s ch khc
1. Khi gp gch di ch S : Bnh thng ch s pht m l /s/,nhng c nhng ngoi l cn nh l : - s c /z/ cc t sau:busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, - s c / / : sugar,sure 2. i vi ch CH - CH c / / l bnh thng - CH c /k/ gm cc ch sau: chemist, ache, christmas, mechanic, architect, character chaos, technology, echo.. - CH c l / / : machine, champagne, chamois, chalet, charade ,... 3. i vi ch H: cc ch H sau y l h cm hour, honor, honest 4. ch GH bnh thng c l /f/ nhng cc ch sau GH khng c: plough, though, although, weigh.... 5. ch B cm ,khi ng sau ch m: climb, bomb,lamb.... 6. W cm: sword 7. Ch T , cm Listen , often 8. i vi m /u/ v /u:/ /u/ gm: put, pull, full, could, woman, foot, look, good, book.... /u:/ gm: food, school, tooth, fruit, June, noon, soup, through, move, shoe,..... 9) c mt s ch khi thm vo pha sau th bin thnh m khc say -> /ei/ says -> /e/, nation -> /ei/ national -> /a/ south -> /au/ southern -> /^/ breath -> /e/ breathe -> /i:/ 10. Nhng t c ui SM th trng m thng ri vo m tit th nht ! Eg: SOcialism, CHAUvinism,....

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Mt s nguyn m
m di l m khi c s ko di hn m ngn .Trong k hiu phin m quc t m di s c thm du hai chm : Mt s nguyn m c phn bit di ngn l : I di v i ngn : i di thng ri vo cc ch c 2 nguyn m nh : ea,ee, (meat,heat,meet ,seat...) i ngn thng ch ri vo mt nguyn m i m thi (sit,hit,rid ..) a di v a ngn : a ngn :ri vo cc ch a : ( hat,man,cat,can...) a di : thong c r i sau: (are, farm , park, ....) o di v o ngn : 1. /o/ : c nh m t trong ting Vit Cch nhn dng : + Gn nh tt c cc ch o m pha sau c mt ph m hot,not,box,job .... 2. /o:/ : c o trn ming Cch nhn dng - or : horse - oar : board - aw : saw ,lawn - au : daughter ngoi l : - a : all ,water - ar : warm,quarter - oor : door ,floor - our : four ,court, - ou : bought CC QUY TC CHUNG * Quy tc chung 1: Hu ht nhng t c hai vn u c cng hnh thc chnh t m thuc nhiu t loi khc nhau, th c ch m vn th nht nu l danh t hay tnh t, v c ch m vn th hai nu l ng t TD: Danh t hay Tnh t__________ng t absent_________________________to absent contract_______________________to contract conflict________________________to conflict extract________________________to extract export_________________________to export import_________________________to import increase________________________to increase decrease_______________________to decrease present________________________to present record_________________________to record * Nguyn t c R: l nguyn tc:ch R khi ng sau mt nguyn m s lm bin i cch c ca nguyn m V d: hat -> c /a/ (a ngn ) rat -> c /a/(a ngn ) hot -> /o/ ( o ngn ) not -> /o/ ( o ngn ) nhng : hart -> /a:/ (a di ) nhng : morn -> /o:/ (o di ) + ngoi l : A c /o/ : watch ,what,quaatity... - au c /o/ : because,sausage .. - ow c /o/ : knowledge

* Ph
ong php v n nh n: Nguyn tc ny nh sau: Nguyn m no c vn nhn (stress) th s pht m khc vi nguyn m khng c vn nhn. V d : her -> / di / ( 1 vn xem nh l nhng:

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father -> / ngn / ( vn khng nhn )

vn nhn ) certain -> / di / ( vn nhn )

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Tham kho thm

Ex: student, table, sticker... happy, random, courage.... Exceptions: machine, event b) Verbs of 2 syllables: stress 2nd syllable Ex: to admit, to intent, to construct... c) Verbs of 2 syllables-ending with OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ISH: stress 1st syllable Ex: to open, to follow, to hurry, to struggle, to flatter, to finish.. 2. RULE 2: three or > three syllable words: stress 3rd syllable- counting backwards Ex: to celebrate,curriculum, to unify... Exception: to develop, imagine, banana 3. RULE 3: Suffixes: a) Stress before CIV(consonant-I-vowel) Ex: australia, religious, physician.. b) Stress before IC Ex: titanic, panasonic, pacific.... Exceptions: rhetoric, lunatic, catholic, arithmetic, politics, Arabic c) Stress on the following ending syllbles: ADE, OO, OON, EE, EEN, EER, ESE, ISE, IZE, AIRE, SELF Ex: pickaboo, millionaire, cocoon, analyze, engineer, themselves.... d) stress before TION, TAL: Ex: tradition, continental,.... 4. RULE 4: Phrases: 4.1. Noun phrases: a) WH - to inf ; whether/if-to inf ; gerund+ obj: stress on the last word: Ex: what to do, learning english... b) compound nouns: b1. N+N , N+gerund , gerund+N: stress on 1st element Ex: river bank, coal mining, living room... b2. N + adj: stress on N: Ex: a handsome and good man... b3. N( possession, material, component) + N: stress on both of them: Ex: my father's book, wood chair, egg cake... 4.2. Adj / adv phrases: stress on the last word: Chn t c trng m chnh nhn vo m tit c v tr khc vi nhng t cn li: 1. A. study B. reply C. apply D. rely 3. A. employee B. referee C. committee D.refugee 5. A. company B. atmosphere C.customer D. employment 7. A. neighbour B.establish C. community D. encourage document 9. A.writer B.teacher C.builder D. career 1. A. decided B. needed C. wanted D. succeeded 2. A. car B. carriage C. corn D. city 3. A. success B. song C. sugar D. soup 4. A. churches B. chairman C. chemist D. changes 5. A. rough B. tough C. cough D. though 6. A. promise B. devise C. surprise D. realise 7. A. leaf B.deaf C. of D. wife 8. A. go B.large C.angry D. give 9. A. thus B.thick C. think D. thin 10. A. home B.hour C. horn D. high 2. A. deficiency B. deficit C. reference D. deference 4. A. tenant B.common C. rubbish D.machine 6. A. animal B. bacteria C. habitat D.pyramid 8. A. investment B. television C. provision D. 10. A. decision B. deceive C. decisive D. decimal 1. RULE 1: Two syllable words a) Noun/adj of 2 syllables: stress 1st syllable

Chn t m phn gch chn c cch pht m khc vi nhng t cn li