1. Cu to ca cp quang Cp quang c cu to gm dy dn trung tm l si thy tinh hoc plastic c tinh ch nhm cho php truyn i ti a cc tn hiu nh sng.

. Si quang c trng mt lp lt nhm phn chiu tt cc tn hiu nh sng v hn ch s gy gp ca si cp quang. Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh: li (core) Lp phn x nh sng (cladding) Lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary buffer). Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao bc core l cladding lp thy tinh hay plastic nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo v core v cladding khng b bi, m, try xc. Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) cp quang lm bng thu tinh v POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) cp quang lm bng plastic. POF c ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu khong cch ngn, mng tc thp. Trn cc ti liu k thut, bn thng thy cp quang GOF ghi cc thng s 9/125m, 50/125m hay 62,5/125m, y l ng knh ca core/cladding; cn primary coating c ng knh mc nh l 250m.

Bo v si cp quang l lp v ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh cht ca mi loi cp. Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp chu lc ko (strength member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o gip (jacket) ty theo ti liu s c tn gi khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng, thng lm t cc si Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s c thm cc lp jacket khc nhau. Jacket c kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn trong trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi trng. C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loose-tube) v ng m cht (tight buffer).

Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong. Loose-tube gip si cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin, khng b cng, b gp nhng ch cong.

Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang (nh cp in), gip d lp t khi thi cng

2. Phn loi cp quang Cp quang Singlemode (SM) c ng knh core kh nh (khong 9m), s dng ngun pht laser truyn tia sng xuyn sut v vy tn hiu t b suy hao v c tc kh ln. SM thng hot ng 2 bc sng (wavelength) 1310nm, 1550nm. Cp quang Singlemode truyn c d liu vi khong cch khng gii rt xa =>do vy lm cho cp quang Singlemode tr nn rt ph dng, h thnh h i rt nhiu.
Singlemode : si Singlemode dng truyn d liu vi c li di , nhng chng yu cu cc Connector c chnh xc cao v thit b t tin . Trong kiu si ny nh sng ch c th i theo mt ng nht nh bn trong si li . Li c ng knh 7 micron v 10 micron , lp sn ph c ng knh 125 micron . Do c hai si kiu Multimode v Singlemode u c cng ng knh nhng ch c ng knh si li l khc nhau . C ba kiu ca si Singlemode : non dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and non zero-dispersion-shifted fibers (NZDSF). ITU a ra mt lot chun phn loi kiu ca si Multimode v Singlemode : ITU G.651 : si Graded-index Multimode c ng knh li 50-micron v ng knh lp sn ph 125-micron ITU G.652 : si Non dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF) Singlemode dng cho bc sng 1130nm h tr cho c li xa : 1,000 km vi tc 2.5 Gbps, 60 km vi tc 10 Gbps v 3 km (1.86 miles) vi tc 40 Gbps. ITU G.653 : si Dispersion-shifted (DSF) Singlemode ITU G.655 : si Non-zero dispersion-shifted (NZ-DSF) Singlemode . N ht vi

khong cch xa 6,000 km vi tc 2.5 Gbps, 400 km vi tc 10 Gbps v 25 km (15.5 miles) vi tc 40 Gbps. Ch : Si quang truyn nh sng bc sng m chng ta khng nhn thy bng mt thng .

Cp quang Multimode (MM) c ng knh core ln hn SM (khong 50m, 62.5m). MM s dng ngun sng LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc laser truyn tia sng v thng hot ng 2 bc sng 850nm, 1300nm; MM c khong cch kt ni v tc truyn dn nh hn SM. Cp quang Multimode hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng truyn d liu vi khong cch 5Km, thng c cc doanh nghip, c quan s dng trong cc h thng mng ni b, truyn thng trong cng nghip

Multimode : ng knh ca li Multimode ln hn ng knh li si Singlemode . iu ny lm cho nh sng truyn theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau , c ngha l nh sng i qua si li bng nhiu ng ch khng phi ch s dng mt ng nh si Singlemode . ng knh si Multimode c kch thc t 50 micron ti 100 micron ( kiu thng mi thng thngc ng knh 50, 62.5 , 100 micron ) v c ng knh lp sn ph ( cladding ) 125 micron . Si Multimode c phn bit : Graded-index v Step-index , tu thuc vo ch s khc x gia li l lp sn ph . Graded-index c s thay i dn gia li v lp sn ph . Step-index ch s khc x thay i theo tng on ( tng bc ) . Si Step-index c th truyn d liu ti 50Mbps , trong khi si Graded - index c th truyn d liu ti tc 1Gbps . Si Multimode cn c gi l MMF c s dng trong truyn d liu vi c li ngn .

- MM c hai kiu truyn: chit xut bc (Step index) v chit xut lin tc (Graded index). + Cc tia sng kiu Step index truyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau v vy c mc suy hao cao v tc kh chm. Step index t ph bin, thng dng

cho cp quang POF. si quang c li (core) ng nht c chit sut l n1 v lp phn x nh sng
(cladding) xung quanh li c chit sut n2 (n2 < n1)

Cc tia sng trong si quang Step Index Multimode Si quang Multimode chit sut bc b nh hng nhiu bi hin tng tn sc, do bng thng khng cao v khng c s dng trong cc h thng mng. hn ch s nh hng ca hin tng tn sc, cc nh sn xut cho ra i loi cp si quang Multimode chit sut bin i (Graded Index Multimode).

+ Cc tia sng kiu Graded index truyn dn theo ng cong v hi t ti mt im. Do Graded index t suy hao v c tc truyn dn cao hn Step index. Graded index c s dng kh ph bin. Lp thy tinh bn trong c chit sut cao
hn v lp bn ngoi c chit sut thp hn. Cc tia sng s lan truyn chm hn khi gp chit sut cao v nhanh hn khi gp chit sut thp. Chnh v vy, si quang Graded Index Multimode lm gim chnh lch thi gian Dt, hn ch hin tng tn sc, gip tng bng thng s dng v tr nn ph bin trong h thng mng hin nay.

Cc tia sng trong si quang Graded Index Multimode

Hin tng tn sc (Dispersion)

Cc tia sng Axial, High Order v Lower lan truyn trong si quang theo cc ng c chiu di khc nhau. Do d, cc tia sng c truyn ti mt thi im vi cng vn tc lan truyn n cui si quang nhng thi im khc nhau. S chnh lch v thi gian gia cc tia sng ny c gi l Dt. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng tn sc. Hin tng tn sc lm hn ch bng thng ca cp si quang v nh hng n vic truyn d liu (Dt cng ln th gy nh hng n vic truyn d liu cng nhiu). + i vi tn hiu tng t th lm mo dng tn hiu + i vi tn hiu s th gy ra s chng lp gia cc bit.

Band Descriptor Range (nm) O band Original 1260 to 1360 - 1310 E band Extended 1360 to 1460 - 1

S band Short wavelength 1460 to 1530 C band Conventional 1530 to 1565 L band Long wavelength 1565 to 1625 U band Ultralong wavelength 1625 to 1675

1550 1625

Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang c hai dng n cng (simplex) v song cng (duplex). Simplex truyn tn hiu ch 1 chiu. Duplex c th truyn nhn tn hiu 1 chiu bn song cng (half-Duplex) hoc c 2 chiu song cng ton phn (fullDuplex) Duplex cng thi im ty theo cch cu hnh.

3. u im ca cp quang

- Suy hao truyn dn nh - Dung lng ln, Tc truyn dn cao - Bng thong rng O,E,S,C,L - Kch thc v trng lng nh do d dng lp t - Khng b nhiu bi cc tn hin in, in t hoc thm ch c bc x nh
sng - Tnh cch in do c lm t thy tinh, khng cha vt cht dn in nn rt an ton khi s dng trong cc mi trng i hi tnh an ton cao - Tnh bo mt cao do khng th b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng - tin cy cao do cp quang c thit k thch hp c th chu ng c nhng iu kin v nhit v m khc nghit v thm ch c th hot ng di nc - Tnh linh hot do cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng tin s liu, thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc chun RS.232, RS422, V.35, Ethernet, Arcnet, FDDI, T1, T2, T3, Sonet, thoi 2/4 dy, tn hiu E/M, video tng hp v cn nhiu na -D dng nng cp khi ch cn thay th thit b thu pht quang cn h thng cp si quang vn c th c d nguyn Cc thnh phn c bn khi u ni a. ng dy cp quang: Dn t t cp quang gn nht v nh bn. ng dy ny phi t tiu chun khng gp khc (gy), ti mt im un phi c cong tiu chun.

b. Hp phi quang (OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME) : Cui ng dy cp quang vo nh bn v trc cc thit b khc l ni lp t hp phi quang. Thng thng s dng l hp phi quang treo.

c. B chuyn i (Converter): Tnh hiu nh sng s c b chuyn i chuyn thnh tnh hiu in trc khi vo Router.

d. Router: router thng c 2 cng k hiu WAN v LAN. Cng WAN c kt ni n B chuyn i bng cp ng qua u ni RJ45. Cng LAN c kt ni n Switch cng bng cp ng qua RJ45.

e. u ni: L ni kt ni cc thit b truyn nhn quang. Thng c hai dng Vung hoc Trn

f. Dy nhy quang (Patchcord): Kt ni gia hp phi quang v b chuyn i l 2 dy nhy quang qua 4 u ni.

g. Cp ng v u ni RJ45: Kt ni gia ng ra b chuyn i v ng vo WAN ca Modem, gia ng ra LAN ca Modem v ng vo ca Switch. 5. S u ni:

NDSF l non-dispersion-shifted fiber c dng ch nhng si quang n mt silica chun hin nay. Loi si NDSF thng c dng nht l SMF-28 sn xut bi Corning. Cc si NDSF c h s tn sc bng khng nm trong vng bc sng 1310 nm (gi l 0). Cc h thng truyn thng 1550 nm chu tn sc kh ln vi loi si ny v cn c b tn sc (khong 17 ps/nm/km). nh hng ca tn sc cng ln khi tc truyn d liu cng ln, c bit l vi tc truyn t 10 Gbit/s tr ln. DSF: (Dipersion Shifted Fiber) gim thiu tn sc cho vng quang ph 1550 nm, mt loi si mi c pht minh vo u nhng nm 80 ca th k trc. Bng cch thit k li cu trc ca si, 0 c th c dch chuyn t vng quang ph 1310 nm n vng quang ph ca EDFA l t 1540 n 1560 nm, hay cn gi l "vng ph thng thng" hoc "vng ph chun" (C band - Conventional Band). tn sc ca loi si ny c gim thiu, xung cn khong 0,5 ps/nm/km 1550 nm. Tuy nhin , vic a 0 vo gn bc sng lm vic cng gy hu qu xu, l s tng hiu sut ca cc hin tng phi tuyn lm bin dng tn hiu, c bit l trn bn sng (FWM). Nhng hiu ng phi tuyn ny c bit gy tr ngi trong truyn thng dng WDM. NZ-DSF: hay y hn l Non Zero - Dipersion Shifted Fiber, l loi si c pht trin gim thiu hiu sut ca cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si DSF. tng thc hin iu ny l a 0 ra ngoi ra ca bng tn C. Cc loi si ph bin loi ny l TrueWave Classic (0 < 1530 nm), TrueWave Plus (0 = 1497 nm), TrueWave RS (0 < 1452 nm) bi Lucent, v SMF-LS (0 > 1560 nm) sn xut bi Corning. Cc loi si ny c coi l gii php hu hiu cho vic gim tn sc ng thi hn ch c nhng bt li ca loi si DSF. NZ-DSF c hai loi tng ng vi hai hng tn sc khc nhau: tn sc dng (+D) NZ-DSF, v tn sc m (-D) NZ-DSF.

1. Dng si phn b chit sut nhy bc (MM-SI) Si quang a mode chit sut nhy bc (Step-Index) cho php cc tia sng truyn qua theo kiu phn x ton phn khi gp mt phn cch gia li v v. Cc thng s in hnh - ng knh li: 50 m 62.5 m - ng knh v: 100 m 140 m - Phn b chit sut ca li l ng nht mi im - Khu s: NA c gi tr 0.2 0.5 - Bng thng: thp 20 KHz.km Nhc im: do bng thng thp nn ch c s dng cho ng truyn c ly ngn 2. Dng si phn b chit sut gim dn (MM-GI) Si quang a mode chit sut gim dn (Graded-Index) cho php cc tia sng truyn qua theo kiu hnh sin khi gp mt phn cch gia li v v. Cc thng s in hnh - ng knh li: 50 m 100 m - ng knh v: 125 m 140 m - Phn b chit sut gim dn t tm li ra ngoi v

- Khu s: NA c gi tr 0.2 - Bng thng & Suy hao: 160 MHz.km & 3 dB/km ti bc sng 850 nm 500 MHz.km & 1 dB/km ti bc sng 1300 nm u im hn si SI do cc mode bc cao c ng truyn di hn nhng nm ngoi trc trung tm v thuc vng c chit sut nh tc tng ln. Hn na s khc bit v tc gia cc mode bc cao v thp s nh hn so vi si SI 3. SMF(G.652) Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cc h thng hin nay l si n mode SMF-28, G.652 Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi tr nh nht vng bc sng 1500 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht (bng khng) li bc sng 1300 nm. V si tn sc mu m dng cho cc tuyn di bin, tn sc mu c th c b bng cch dng si quang n mt chun (SMF) c tn sc mu dng, ngha l vic thay i tun t cc on si quang SMF c tn sc mu dng v tn sc mu m c th gi cho tn sc mu tng cng thp. iu ny thch hp s dng si quang b tn sc do chng c nhy hn i vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v din tch hiu dng li ca n thp. Si n mode tiu chun (SMF-G.652) gip chng ta loi b c tn sc mode nhng trong vng suy hao nh nht (ca s 1550 nm), tn sc mu vn khng phi l ti thiu Do ti bc sng 1310nm, tn sc sc th n v ca si quang SMF bng khng nn yu cu v rng ph ca ngun quang khng nghim ngt lm. 4. DSF(G.653) Si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DSF, G.653) c tn bng tng bng khng ti bc sng gn 1550 nm Si quang DSF-G.653 ch ph hp cho cc h thng n knh hot ng bc sng 1550 nm. Cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng quang (WDM) bn cnh hai yu t suy hao v tn sc, cn chu nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Cc loi si quang mi cng c pht trin lm gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng ny 5. NZ-DSF(G.655) Mc d si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DSF) gii quyt trit cc nh hng do tn sc mu gy ra ca s bc sng 1550 nm. Tuy nhin, n li khng thch hp dng trong h thng WDM do s thit thi nghim trng v cng sut do hiu ng trn bn bc sng v cc s phi tuyn khc gy ra. Hin nay, Bu in Thnh ph ang trin khai thi cng cc tuyn cp quang Metronet, tip cn thu bao, FTTx. vi chun G.652D, bn knh un cong nh hn 15 mm. Trong thi gian sp ti s a vo s dng chun G.657x, suy hao c th t 0.35 dB/Km v bn knh un cong nh hn 5 mm