Copyright 2013 by UTM Razak School, All rights reserved.

. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address below. Dean UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Level 7, Razak Tower Jalan Semarak 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. www.razakschool.utm.my June 2013

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

Contents
LiDAR data Validation and Quality Assurance Nathan Quadros Biomass of Forests in Peninsular Malaysia from L-Band ALOS PALSAR Hamdan Omar, Khali Aziz Hamzah, Mohd Hasmadi Ismail Urban Features Extraction from LiDAR and Hyperspectral data fusion: A Comparison of Dempster-Shafer Theory and Hue, Saturation, Intensity (HSI) Technique Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M. Shafri Oil Spill Automatic Detection from Envisat Satellite Data using Generic Algorithm Maged Marfghany Towards Understanding of the Seismo-Tectonic Processes from Space Rabieahtul Abu Bakar, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Khamarrul A. Razak Estimation of Composite Hydrodynamic Roughness Overland in Tropical Environment using Airborne LiDAR; A Case Study in Hutan Rekreasi Ayer Keroh Melaka Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd Wahid Rasib and Azman Ariffin Detection of Tropical Landslides using Airborne LiDAR Data and Multi-Imagery: A Case Study in Genting Highlands, Pahang Irhamilla Khamsim, Muhammad Zulkarnain, Khamarrul A. Razak Mapping Coastal Area Based on Simulation Model Using Calibrated High Resolution Digital Camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Othman Zainon, Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, NorHadija Darwin, Anuar Ahmad Phase Unwrapping of Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (inSAR) using Three-Dimensional Sorting Reliability Algorithm Maged Marghany Building Roof Top Segmentation of LiDAR Data Based Upon Slope and Aspect Analysis Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi Kamaruddin Sustainable City Compactness Assessment using ALOS PALSAR Imagery Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Naemah Jebur 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

Incoming Solar Radiation Map on 3D LiDAR Model Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi Land Use Forecasting Impact to Hydrological Responses in a Monsoon Catchment Area Noor Syafiqah Che Omar, Nor Aizam Adnan Estimation of Timber Volume in Tropical Rainforest using Airborne LiDAR Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Shahabuddin Amerudin, Ab Latif Ibrahim The Use of Radar ALOS PALSAR and the Prospective Use of Airborne LiDAR for Studying the Age of Oil Palm Trees Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Kian Pang Tan and Arthur Philip Cracknell Crop Surveillance with On Board Processing Capabilities using DSP Techniques on FPGA Platform Zainab Rasol, Mohd Fauzi Othman The Problem and Potential of SAR Data for Forest Biomass Estimation Md Latifur Rahman Sarker Extracting Topographic Information in Tropical Rain Forest Using IfSAR Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Abdul Razak Abdul Yusuf Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Orthophoto Production of Coastal Area for 3D Monitoring Using Close Range Photogrammetry Approach NorHadija Darwin, Othman Zainon, Anuar Ahmad Landscape Mapping of Golf Course using LiDAR and multispectral Imagery Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet Pradhan High Definition Survey (HDS) New Tools for Tangible Asset Data Capture Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert Chong Long Range Terrestrial Laser Scanning of Complex Landslides Investigation: A Technological Perspective Anomath, Khamarrul A. Razak, C S Lim, Rozaimi Che Hasan, Othman Zainon, Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib

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Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

LiDAR DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE Nathan Quadros Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information CRCSI, Australia nquadros@crcsi.com.au
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Abstract Validation is vital in ensuring that LiDAR data meets the requirements of its intended application. It is especially important to perform the validation, or obtain a validation report, before using the data. Discovering short comings in the data during later analysis can cause significant setbacks for projects. The most thorough checks must be performed directly post-acquisition, or on receiving a dataset from the acquisition provider. If the end user is the first person to analyse the LiDAR data there is a great risk of discovering an error which will cause significant setbacks. If obtaining data from a second party who has already performed some validation steps, users should only have to perform additional checks within the context of the experience and thoroughness of the previous validation. The LiDAR validation concepts presented cover the most important compliance and quality assurance checks. These validation checks are performed against an expected standard. The checks in this presentation are in response to the Australian standards. More application specific checks maybe performed above the standard depending upon the data use. Towards the end of 2013, the validation steps outlined in this presentation are to be included in a publicly available, automated LiDAR compliance and quality assurance tool developed in Australia. This tool is currently being developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI), with the support of State and Commonwealth Governments. The software tool is aimed at providing an easy to use mechanism for contracting authorities, and data users to perform standard independent compliance testing on their LiDAR data. LiDAR providers can also use the tool and supply the output report to users. The output report will provide transparency to the end user on the quality of the LiDAR data.

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

BIOMASS OF FORESTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA FROM L-BAND ALOS PALSAR Hamdan Omara Khali Aziz Hamzaha and Mohd Hasmadi Ismailb
b

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 FRIM, Kepong, Selangor, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor hamdanomar@frim.gov.my

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Abstract Tropical forest biomass is one of the key parameters in addressing issues on carbon cycle related to the climate change. Retrieving forest biomass over the large area has been challenging since decades due to the limited data resource, accessibility, complex forest ecosystem and many technical issues. Remote sensing has been used actively for forest biomass estimation since the last three decades and it is proven to be effective, especially for large area coverage. Although there are issues and arguments raised on the estimation accuracies and limitations, research are still continuously being carried out. Recently, with enhanced methods and machinery applications, L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems revealed broader opportunities in estimating forest biomass as it has the capability to interpret forests better than the other space borne radar systems. This study -which was implemented under JAXAs Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative- is carried out to retrieve biomass of forests in Peninsular Malaysia by using L-band SAR satellite data. Dual-polarization 25 m resolution data acquired in 2010 from Phase Array Type L-Band SAR (Palsar) onboard Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite (Alos) was used in the study. Lowland (<300m m.s.l) and hill dipterocarp (300 750m m.s.l) forests over the entire Peninsular Malaysia were selected as the study area. Forest-non-forest (FNF) classification was performed on HV polarization of the images and the forest types were defined by using digital elevation model acquired from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Over 300 sampling plots of aboveground biomass (AGB) were observed on the ground. Pixel-base regression was performed by correlating the sampling plots with the corresponding backscattering coefficients of Palsar data. Covering some 4.7 mil ha of forests, the AGB was estimated based on spatial distribution in pixel basis. Results indicated that the HV polarization gave better estimate than HH and the HV backscatter for the forests ranged from -18 to 10 o (dB). The backscatters have good response at lower biomass and gradually saturate at AGB ~180 Mg/ha and above, which concentrated around -13 to -11 o (dB). It was estimated that a total of about 1.3 billion tons stored as living biomass in the whole study area. The AGB ranged from 51 to 570 Mg/ha with an average of 275.5 Mg/ha. The first ever wall-to-wall high resolution forest biomass map has been produced for the whole Peninsular Malaysia. Keywords: Biomass retrieval, Tropical forest, L-band SAR

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

URBAN FEATURES EXTRACTION FROM LIDAR AND HYPERSPECTRAL DATA FUSION: A COMPARISON OF DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY AND HUE SATURATION INTENSITY (HSI) TECHNIQUE Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M. Shafri Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul-Ehsan, Malaysia saeidi.va@gmail.com, biswajeet24@gmail.com
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Abstract This paper compares two multi-sensor data fusion techniques Dempster-Sharfer Theory (DST) and Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods interm in space and time and quality of information extraction. LiDAR and hyperspectral data were fused using the two methods to extract urban land scape features. First, digital surface model (DSM), LiDAR intensity and hyperspectral image were fused with HSI. Then the result was classified into five classes (metal roof building, non-metal roof building, tree, grass and road) using supervised classification (minimum distance) and the classification accuracy assessment was done. Second, Dempster Shafer Theory (DST) utilized the evidences available to fuse normalized DSM, LiDAR intensity and hyperspectral derivatives to classify the surface materials into five classes as before. It was found out that DST perform well in the ability to discriminate different classes without expert information from the scene. Overal accuracy of 87% achieved using DST. While in HSI technique, the overal accuracy obtained was 74.3%. Also, metal and non-metal roof types were clearly classified with DST which, does not have a good result with HSI. A fundamental setback of HSI is its limitation to fusion of only two sensor data at a time whereas we could integrate different sensor data with DST. Besides, the time required to select trainimg site for supervised classificition, the accuracy of feature classification with HSI fused data is dependent on the knowledge of the analyst about the scene with the other one. This study shows DST to be an accurate and fast method to extract urban features and roof types. It is hoped that the increasing number of remote sensing technology transforming to era of redundant data will make DST a desired technique available in most commercial image processing software packages. Keywords: Data fusion, Feature extraction, Urban mapping, Rroof type, Hyperspectral, LiDAR, Dempster Shafer Theory, HSI, Remote Sensing

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

OIL SPILL AUTOMATIC DETECTION FROM ENVISAT SATELLITEDATA USING GENETIC ALGORITHM Maged Marghany Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia maged@utm.my
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Abstract The main objective of this work is to design automatic detection procedures for oil spill in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data. In doing so the genetic algorithm tool was designed to investigate the occurrence of oil spill in Malaysian coastal waters using ENVISAT ASAR satellite data. The study shows that crossover process, and the fitness function generated accurate pattern of oil slick in SAR data. This shown by 85% for oil spill, 5% lookalike and 10% for sea roughness using the receiver operational characteristics (ROC) curve. It can therefore be concluded crossover process, and the fitness function have the main role in genetic algorithm achievement for oil spill automatic detection in ENVISAT ASAR data. Keywords: Oil spill, ENVISAT ASAR data, Crossover process, Fitness Function Genetic algorithm

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

UNDERSTANDING THE SEISMOTECTONIC PROCESSES FROM THE SPACE Rabieahtul Abu Bakar1, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin2 Khamarrul Azahari Razak3 Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia rabieahtul@gmail.com, taj@ukm.my, khamarrul@ic.utm.my
1

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Abstract Geophysical related natural disaster in particular the seismic activity has affected about 174 million people globally in the last 113 years. Despite remarkable efforts of mapping, monitoring and modelling of such great events at the regional, national or global scale, the understanding of the processes in the Earths dynamic system remains a subject of research particularly in the equatorial regions. Although the degree of risks to seismically-induced disasters (earthquake and tsunamis) is relatively low in Malaysia, recent geodynamic activity indicates the need of advanced mapping and monitoring to continuously provide reliable spatial and temporal information of the events. The reliability of the space-based dataset for quantifying the geodynamic activities in the tropics is not fully investigated. In this paper, we provide an overview of past and current research on seismotectonic activity as revealed from the space. Integral modern space borne remote sensing data coupled to historical or archived images are used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate landforms-related to geodynamics activity. Satellite positioning and Earth observation data acquired from passive and active sensor images are intensively used to retrieve geo- and seismo-indicators. The Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared (AVNIR-2) ALOS images coupled to historical images (e.g. ASTER, SPOT, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, LANDSAT and LAGEOS) are analyzed to identify the coastal and landform changes and quantify them as part of the large scale mapping and monitoring of landforms induced by geodynamic activities. Small and large scales of terrain data, e.g. ASTERGDEM, photogrammetry-derived map and LiDAR become such important and valuable to support the aforementioned research activity. This exploratory research also aims to outline the standard operating procedures (SOP) for disaster and mitigation purpose in Malaysia. In this study, seismo-tectonic database (STDB) is intensively updated from historical records, USGS archives and recent occurrences of geophysical-related disasters (e.g., earthquake and tsunami) that effect Malaysia directly or indirectly. The density and frequency analyses of these events are among the quantitative way of abstracting the data. Expert knowledge in particular the result interpretation on the Earths processes seeing the event as a whole and complex system, has play crucial role in bridging the knowledge gaps between the geomorphology, geophysical and geomatics fields. As a conclusion, we carefully addressed the status and future use of advanced geoinformation tools for mapping and monitoring geodynamic activity in Malaysia. We highlight the spatiotemporal analyses of geodynamic events are of pivotal importance in assessing the Earth surface and tectonic processes particularly in the regions with high anthropogenic activities and susceptible to the hazard and risk related to seismotectonic-catastrophic events. Also the limitation of the current methods is accordingly discussed and followed with some practical recommendations in Malaysia.

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

ESTIMATION OF COMPOSITE HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS OVERLAND IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT USING AIRBORNE LIDAR; A CASE STUDY IN HUTAN REKREASI AYER KEROH MELAKA Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd Wahid Rasib and Azman Ariffin Page | 11 Tropical MAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor, Malaysia, ayuaseham@gmail.com, mdzulkarnain@utm.my, abdwahid@utm.my, azmanariffin@utm.my

Abstract Parameterization of flood modeling overland has benefited from Airborne LiDAR technologies in many ways and one of the prominent examples is the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness. Low density airborne LiDAR with relatively low penetration over vegetation canopy under leaf-on condition further complicate the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness in tropical zone. This paper will present a detail investigation on the capability of airborne LiDAR data for hydrodynamic roughness estimation over tropical region in Air Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area is divided into four landcover classes i.e. building, forest, grassland and paved road. The airborne LiDAR data was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density of about 0.69 point per meter squared. The estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness consists of four processing stages namely 1) landcover classification, 2) estimation of parameters as required by the hydrodynamic roughness, 3) estimation of hydrodynamic roughness of individual landcover class and 4) estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness with different spatial resolutions. In the first stage, the landcover classification is performed by using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on the aerial photo of the study area obtained simultaneously with the airborne LiDAR. Estimation of hydrodynamic value for each landcover class requires different hydrodynamic models expressed by Mannings (n), Chezy (c), and Darcy (f) coefficients. The calculation of hydrodynamic roughness for each landcover class should be done separately, in which finally will be merged at specific spatial resolution to produce composite hydrodynamic roughness map represented by the Mannings n coefficient. In the stage of hydrodynamic roughness estimation building, forest, grassland and paved road require estimation of momentum absorption area, tree density, height of grass and area classified as road respectively. These parameters will be estimated by using airborne LiDAR data and aerial photograph. Estimation of tree density requires delineation of individual trees in forest area. Tree density and diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual tree is then estimated for each tree based on allometric equation. The overall accuracy for landcover classification is 96% with user and producer accuracies more than 80%. The results show that based on the airborne LiDAR data, the height of grass and tree DBH can be estimated with about 0.33m and 0.22m RMSE respectively. Finally, the composite hydrodynamic roughness is calculated based on the conventional averaging concept, which integrates different landcover types in a specific piece of land (spatial resolution). Keyword: Composite hydrodynamic roughness, Airborne LiDAR, Allometric, Tropical environment

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

DETECTION OF TROPICAL LANDSLIDE USING AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE: A CASE STUDY IN GENTING HIGHLAND, PAHANG Irhamillah Khamsin1, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman1, Khamarrul Azahari Razak2, Shahrul Rizal Abd Rahman3 Fakulti Geoinformasi dan Harta Tanah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, 2 UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur 3 RS & GIS Consultancy Sdn Bhd, A4-2-3A Solaris Dutamas, Jalan Dutamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur irhamillah@hotmail.com, mdzulkarnain@utm.my, khamarrul.kl@utm.my, shahrul@rsgis.com.my
1

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Abstract
Landslide geomorphology system in a tropical region remained complex, and its understanding often depends on the completeness and correctness of landslide inventorization. In mountainous regions, landslides pose a significant impact and known as an important geomorphic process in shaping major landscape in the tropics. Modern remote sensing based approach has revolutionized the landslide investigation in a forested terrain. Optical satellite imagery, aerial photographs and synthetic aperture radar images are less effective to create reliable tropical DTMs for landslide recognition, and even so in the forested equatorial regions. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data have been used to construct the digital terrain model (DTM) under dense vegetation, but its reliability for landslide recognition in the tropics remains surprisingly unknown. The present study aims at providing better insight into the use of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data: i) to investigate qualitatively the performance the performance of different LiDAR filtering approaches in removing non-ground point clouds, ii) to generate different parameters layers suitable for landslide recognition in tropical region, iii) to evaluate the capability of object-oriented approach to detect different types of landslides in a lowland evergreen rainforest region. The methodology was developed over the forested landslides characterized by tropical regime in Genting Highlands, Pahang and supported by field evidences. By using the Optech ALTM 3100 sensor flying on 3rd of August 2007, 728 412 million points with a mean density of 0.66 points per meter squared is obtained. For the bare-earth extraction, the qualitative evaluation of several prominent filtering algorithms and surface interpolation methods are used: i) progressive TIN densification, ii) morphological, and iii) command prompt from Lastool with aims in removing non-ground points while preserving important landslide features. For automatically identification of landslides, a series of topographic-, hidro-topographic-, geological structures-, and antropogenic factor maps were used which is purely derived from ALS data as input dataset for object-oriented landslide detection. Qualitative assessment is illustratively presented and critically discussed. As a result, progressive TIN densification filter algorithms able to extract ground points and Kriging surface interpolation method had a better strategy of producing reliable terrain models for tropical landslides. Derivative of DTM production: flow accumulation and hill shading are the best layer to classify the landslide in tropical region. By using OOA, three out of five landslides are correctly classified; debris flow; debris slide and rotational landslides, however small landslide remains unrecognized. The results are promising given the complexity of the terrain and difficulty of generating precise terrain information in the tropics. This paper also addresses the limitation of the methods and highlights the research challenges in making reliable landslide inventory maps and subsequently used for assessing landslide hazard and risks in such environment. The method of the present study is recommended for all forested mountainous terrain affected by landslides in the tropics. Keywords: Landslide, Airborne LiDAR, Tropical, Object oriented classification

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

MAPPING COASTAL AREA BASED ON SIMULATION MODEL USING CALIBRATED HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL CAMERA AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE SYSTEM
1

Othman Zainon, 2Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, 2Norhadija Darwin & 2Anuar Ahmad
1

UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur 2 Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation Science & Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor

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Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate the potential use of a high resolution digital camera and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system for mapping coastal area based on a simulation model. In this study, a strip of serial images of a simulation model of coastal area were captured using a calibrated high resolution compact digital camera known as Canon Power Shot SX230 HS and it has 12 megapixel image resolution. The digital camera was calibrated in the laboratory and field. For laboratory calibration, a 3D test field in form of calibration plate was used. The dimension of the calibration plate is 0.4m x o.4m and consists of 36 grid targets at different height. For field calibration, a 3D test field was constructed which comprise of 81 target points at different heights and located on a flat ground with dimension of 9m x 9m. In the laboratory calibration, a scale bar was placed in the test field for scaling the image and approximate coordinates were used for calibration process. Similar method was utilized in the field calibration. For both test fields, the digital images were acquired using convergent configuration. For the field calibration, additional aerial digital images were acquired using a UAV system. Different calibration results were obtained for both laboratory and field calibrations. For laboratory calibration, the achievable accuracy is 0.000m while for field calibration the achievable accuracy is 0.000m. The best result is from the field calibration method. For most photogrammetric and non-photogrammetric applications, the digital camera must be calibrated in the field or on site. In this study, after the digital camera was calibrated using field calibration method, it was attached to a rotary wing UAV to acquire a strip of aerial images of a simulation model of coastal area for the purpose of mapping. In the simulation model, ground control points (GCP) and check points (CP) were established using total station for the purpose of processing the digital aerial images. Results showed that the digital terrain model (DTM) and orthophoto were successfully produced using a digital photogrammetric software. In conclusion, accurate mapping results could be obtained using a calibrated high resolution compact digital camera attached to the UAV and it has great potential to be used in various applications. Keywords: Mapping, Coastal Area, Digital Camera, Calibration, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

PHASE UNWRAPPING OF INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SORTING RELIABILITIES ALGORITHM Maged Marghany Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, maged@utm.my
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Abstract The paper is focused on three-dimensional (3-D) coastline deformation from interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). In doing so, conventional InSAR procedures are implemented to three repeat passes of ENVISAT ASAR data. Further, three-dimensional sorting reliabilities algorithm (3D-SRA) is implemented with phase unwrapping technique. Consequently, the 3D-SRA is used to eliminate the phase decorrelation impact from the interferograms. The study shows the performance of InSAR method using the 3D-SRA is better than InSAR procedure which is validated by a lower range of error (0.060.32 m) with 90% confidence intervals. In conclusion, integration of the 3D-SRA with phase unwrapping produce accurate 3-D coastline deformation. Keywords: InSAR, Fringe, Interferogram, Three-dimensional sorting reliabilities algorithm (3DSRA), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Coastline deformation, ENVISAT ASAR

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

BUILDING ROOF TOP SEGMENTATION OF LiDAR DATA BASED UPON SLOPE AND ASPECT ANALYSIS Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi Kamaruddin Centre for Geospatial Technology (CGT) Centre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA noraain.ms@gmail.com , juazer@salam.uitm.edu.my , halmi@salam.uitm.edu.my
Page | 15

Abstract Building segmentation and 3-D models of LiDAR data have been tremendously useful especially in 3-D city mapping, 3-D simulation, urban planning, infrastructure development and disaster monitoring. In order to increase the 3-D model accuracy, providing precise building information such as building roof top segmentation is vital for 3D modelling and city mapping.This paper aims to segment the roof top of the building based on the slope and aspect analysis of the urban study site in Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. LiDAR data were used for that purpose. The data were initially checked and verified accordingly. Digital models (DEM and DSM) were generated based on this LiDAR data involving classification, filtering and masking. A normalised DSM was generated to separate the buildings from other spatial features. The height of the building is that height taken without the roof top. Those LiDAR points that are representative of the height of building were removed leaving only the points representing the roof top. Slope and aspect analysis were conducted based upon segmentation on the roof top. Hence, an error assessment was done and findings were highlighted and documented. 3-D building reconstruction can be carried out using the analysis clarified in this paper. The result of LiDAR verification certifies that the data is reliable and useable where the Root Mean Square (RMS) error obtained is within the tolerance value of vertical accuracy (z) with 0.091m. Roof top segmentation based on slope and aspect analyses indicate that the approach can derive the reliable and accurate 3-D building roof top. The finding from this study demonstrates the capability and the effectiveness of LiDAR data. Keywords: 3-D LiDAR, Building segmentation, Building roof top, Slope, Aspect

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

SUSTAINABLE CITY COMPACTNESS ASSESSMENT USING ALOS PALSAR IMAGERY Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Neamah Jebuv Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia saleh_mrb@yahoo.com; biswajeet24@gmail.com; mas99ta_fa@hotmail.com

Page | 16

Abstract In recent decades, attaining urban sustainability is one of the primary goals in urban development processes. Current urban development patterns such as urban sprawl in which, plenty of lands are left abandoned inside the cities and subsequent conversion of valuable agricultural lands into built-up area is against the concept of urban sustainability. These kinds of dispersion urban development cause various environmental, economical and social issues. In this context, compact development, smart city and or TOD (Transit Oriented Development) are recognized as best type of urban form to achieve urban sustainability. The rationale behind the compact development is, to protect natural environment, decrease car dependency, support public transportation and existing community facilities, increase walking and cycling behavior etc. Kajang city (Malaysia) in recent years has faced large urban sprawl development due to its proximity to three main cities of this country. This paper, analyzed urban sustainability of Kajang city through city compactness assessment. Generally in traditional mapping, city compactness are studied more qualitatively, however, this research tried to investigate this theory in quantitative manner. Urban density, mixed development and intensification processes were the main indicators to evaluate the city compactness. Various parameters such as population, landuse, land-cover, road network and other information regarding city planning were collected from local planning authority. However, for extraction of the built up areas density, SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery was used. Subsequently, built-up areas were extracted using both pixel based supervised classification (Decision Tree) as well as object oriented classification of ALOS PALSAR image (2010) with 12.5 m spatial resolution. Overall results of object-oriented classification had higher accuracy than DT, however, both outputs were used for built-up density indicator. For compactness assessment, the study area was divided into cells according to districts defined by local government. Each cell was then evaluated based on the predefined compactness indicators. For the final judgment and overlay analysis, multicriteria decision analysis and statistical approaches were utilized. The results demonstrated that, urban densities and existence of public transportation and community facilities are the key factors to develop the city in more compact and sustainable manner. Furthermore, southeastern zones of Kajang city that are more intensified with higher density are determined as compact zones. The results obtained in this paper can be helpful for town planning in order to design in a compact form and sustainable manner. The local government of Kajang city also can take advantage of this research, to improve the most compact zones and plan new developments for least compact zones to make Kajang city more sustainable. Keywords: Sustainable development, City compactness, SAR imagery, Urban density, Mixed development

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION MAP ON 3D LiDAR MODEL Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi Centre of Studies Surveying Sciences & Geomatics Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA fixa_suya@yahoo.com, juazer@salam.uitm.edu.my, azmansuldi@gmail.com

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Abstract A proper planning, design and development of built structures towards sustainable practices of green building technology, for instance, is a key for todays built environment practice. The Suns radiated energy is an important source in realizing this green technology concept in building reconstruction. The incoming solar radiation (insolation) when interact with the atmosphere and objects on the Earths surface would create some insolation pattern that are ambiguous and as result need to be investigated further. This paper explores on the insolation pattern and ambiguities towards the 3D reconstructed building and topographic surfaces in urban area in the context of direct, diffuse, and reflectance irradiance. Within this context, this research focuses on several issues including the selection of appropriate algorithm to generate the insolation map on Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model. The Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model generated by points cloud data from LiDAR images and the information of coordinates and heights of the points cloud enable triangular irregular network to be generated in ArcGIS environment. From the TIN produced, the pattern of incoming solar radiation can be visualized using area insolation map which indicates the maximum and minimum solar irradiance on the surfaces. The final product is area insolation map on polyhedral surface which consist of topographic and buildings 3D model. The significance of this study are, the result in insolation pattern for difference surface would hold opposing views on the subject of 3D reconstructed buildings. The optimum direction of buildings allocation can be predicted to assist passive solar design strategies which used broadly in energy efficiency to increase occupant comfort. Keywords: Insolation, 3D Building reconstruction, Solar radiation

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

LAND USE FORECASTING IMPACT TO HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES IN A MONSOON CATCHMENT AREA Noor Syafiqah Che Omar and Nor Aizam Adnan Centre of Study Surveying Science & Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture,Planning and Surveying, UiTM, Shah Alam, Malaysia noorsyafiqahcheomar@yahoo.com , nor2277@gmail.com
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Abstract The increases of urban development drastically affect the nature of land sustainability, thus, in order to sustain the development of land, the development planning should follow the guideline derived by authority. Any land area left behind can be modeled its future development based on previous years data (i.e. population, employment and etc.) and factors of development (i.e. soil condition, terrain, river, road, urban growth pattern and etc.) in systematic planning. As urban land development increase, the condition of land surface may changes. This research is carried out in order to project future land use development of Kelantan with the aid of the GIS planning support system software (i.e. What if? 2.0) and its effect on hydrologic responses (i.e. runoff volume & peak discharge). The expected outputs of this research is to apply that remote sensing and GIS provide a means for performing land use land cover development assessment and its effect on hydrological responses in Kelantan. As a result, a map of future land development planning and its effect on hydrological responses in Kelantan can be established. Keyword: Urban, Land use, Land cover, Land development, Land surface, Remote sensing, Geographical information system (GIS), Hydrological responses

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

ESTIMATION OF TIMBER VOLUME IN TROPICAL RAINFOREST USING AIRBORNE LiDAR Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Shahabuddin Amerudin & Ab Latif Ibrahim TropicalMAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation Science & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA. fatehahbest@yahoo.com.my, mdzulkarnain@utm.my, wanhazli@utm.my, shahabuddin@utm.my, ablatif@utm.my
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Abstract Airborne Laser Detention and Ranging (LiDAR) has been used extensively for timber volume estimation especially in temperate region. Application of such technology in tropical region specifically in developing countries faces several challenges due to low penetration of laser pulses over tree canopy and relatively low density of point clouds due to the cost constraint. This paper presents a thorough investigation on the capability of ALS data in estimating density of vegetation over Ayer Keroh recreational forest, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area covers about 2 hectare and consists of more than 30 tree species, which dominated by Merawan Siput Jantan (Hopea odorata). The airborne LiDAR data was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density of about 0.69 point per meter squared. The estimation of forest timber volume involves five main processing stages, i.e. 1) delineation of individual trees, 2) estimation of individual tree diameterat breast height (DBH) based on allometric equation, 3) estimation of crown diameter, 4) estimation of tree height and 5) estimation of timber volume. Individual tree crown segmentation is based on the inverse watershed (IW) segmentation routine and local maximum (LM) filtering in TreeVaw. Tree height and crown diameter of individual trees are calculated by using canopy height model (CHM) and crown segments. These parameters will be used as input in the allometric equation that is specially developed over tropical region to estimate tree DBH. Based on the estimated DBH, tree height and crown diameter, the timber volume will be calculated at a certain unit area by using a multiplicative method. The final timber volume map is validated using field collected data. In this study, the results are presented as a map of average of timber volume for every one acre in the study area. Correlation between field collected tree height, DBH, crown diameter and timber volume with values extracted based on the ML individual tree delineation are 0.59, 0.72, 0.72 and 0.79 respectively. On the other hand for IW segmentation, the correlation values for tree height, DBH, crown diameter and timber volume are lower than the ML approach with 0.26, 0.03, 0.16 and 0.05 respectively. The root mean square (RMSE) value for timber volume estimation by using IW segmentation capable of producing timber volume map with the accuracy about 111.31m3/acre. Whereas for LM filtering capable of estimating timber volume with RMSE of 73.62m3/acre. Keyword: Timber volume, airborne LiDAR, allometric, tropical rainforest.

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

THE USE OF RADAR ALOS PALSAR AND THE PROSPECTIVE USE OF AIRBORNE LIDAR FOR STUDYING THE AGE OF OIL PALM TREES Kasturi Devi Kanniah1, Kian Pang Tan1 and Arthur Philip Cracknell2 Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Page | 20 Malaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia. 2 Division of Electronic Engineering and Physics, University of Dundee, Dundee DDI 4HN, Scotland, UK.
1

Abstract It is important to study the age of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) which is one of the important factors influencing oil palm productivity, biomass, the production of fruit bunches, and the age information is useful for the application such as precision farming. Oil palms age mapping using remote sensing would be useful for inferring old oil palm trees (above or at 25 years old) that are likely to need to be replanted and this kind of mapping is also valuable in monitoring productivity or biomass of oil palm trees at a regional scale. This paper investigated the age of oil palm trees using Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) radar remote sensing data at a private oil palm estate in southern Peninsular Malaysia. The correlation of the polarisations i.e. horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (termed HH polarisation), horizontal transmitting and vertical receiving (termed HV polarisation), and the ratio of these polarisations with the age of oil palm trees were investigated. The results showed that the backscatter coefficient of HH polarisation and the age of oil palm correlate moderately strongly (R2=0.49) while HV polarisation has weak correlation (R2=0.27). The ratio of the polarisations does not show any improvement on the correlation with the age of oil palm trees. The ratio of HH over HV demonstrated R2=0.26. This study classified the age of oil palm trees by using HH polarisation with the Random Forest classification. The accuracy of the age classification was moderate, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained were 49.4% and 0.48 respectively. It is suggested in future study that one should focus on monitoring changes in height as the canopy level monitoring efforts will be limited for oil palm trees of after 10 years old. Mapping the age of oil palm trees at a regional scale has become possible with the existing of airborne LiDAR. Apart from the fact that the costing of airborne LiDAR data is rather expensive, it is generally difficult to map the height of oil palm trees at a very large scale like Malaysia as the absence of routine airborne LiDAR data collection.

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

CROP SURVAILLANCE WITH ON BOARD PROCESSING CAPABILITIES USING DSP TECHNIQUES ON FPGA PLATFORM
1

Zainab Rasol and 2Mohd Fauzi Othman

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UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur 2 Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIRO),Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur zainab01@ic.utm.my

Abstract The utilization of UAV for various applications such as crop surveillance, mapping, military, etc. purposes is getting more popularity since it offers simplicity in terms of operational. As the technology for UAV and image scanning advances more images could be produced in a single flight. The next step is, how to process these data in a more intelligent and competent manners. In this paper a cheaper on board data processing method using DSP techniques on FPGA platform is proposed so that the diseased palm oil crops could be isolated from the rest. The main aim is to process these data in real time scale and the position of the diseased crops could be reported back to the base via GPS facilities. This would allow the diseased crops to be treated accordingly as soon as possible in order to avoid further damage to the plants. Keywords: FPGA, DSP, Crop surveillance, UAV, Data processing technique

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

THE PROBLEM AND POTENTIAL OF SAR DATA FOR FOREST BIOMASS ESTIMATION Md. Latifur Rahman Sarker Department of Geoinformation, Uinversiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor, Malaysia sarker@utm.my/lrsarker@yahoo.com
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Abstract Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is still one of the best choices for the estimation of forest biomass but the accuracy of the biomass estimation is low especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions due to the saturation problem of SAR data. However, the saturation problem of SAR can be minimized by using spatial image processing techniques of recent high resolution and dual polarization SAR data. Therefore, this research investigated the potential of recent SAR data (C-band Radarsat and Lband PALSAR) for the estimation of forest biomass using spatial image processing techniques i.e. texture processing and texture polarization indices along with original backscattering data. Results indicate that raw backscattering data , whether it is C-band or L-band, is unable to provide a better forest biomass estimation accuracy because of the saturation problems. However, texture processing of SAR data provides a better estimation accuracy although it varied based on the polarization and spatial resolution of the SAR data. This research found that further improvement of the forest biomass estimation can be achieved using texture polarization indices of both SAR data. The accuracy of 0.02 (r2) was obtained from the raw backscattering data, while the accuracies (r2) of 0.85 and 0.90 were obtained from the texture parameters and texture polarization ratio respectively for the biomass level up to 500t/ha. This research also found that the performance of C-band SAR texture is better than the L-band SAR probably because of the higher spatial resolution of C-band SAR which has the ability to provide a better texture on the SAR image. However, the accuracy of the L-band SAR can supersede the accuracy of the C-band SAR if multi-data can be used in the processing algorithm. Keywords: Forest biomass; SAR; Saturation; Texture polarization indices

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

EXTRACTING TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST USING IfSAR Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir and Abdul Razak Mohd Yusuf Tropical MapResearch Group, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Malaysia. suraya_jamaluddin@yahoo.com
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Abstract Recently, low-cost information from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) is widely used for the purpose of creating topographic information such as landforms map. Theoretically, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with 32-bit floating number are using a different phase of waves so that the deformation of surface (digital elevation) can be generated. However over high density vegetation coverage, this data has limitation to produce a better accuracy of terrain elevation such as in Tropical Rain Forest. Thus, this study is attempted to analyze the topographic information at Pasoh Forest Reserve such as contour extraction and tree height from correlation of two IfSAR products namely digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM). Tree height patterns which calculated from isometric allometric equation is also been used to gain the digital elevation accuracy of the study. The outcomes of the study is then can be used in enhancing further analysis in forest ecosystem conservation studies such as extraction of tree biomass from remote sensing satellite data. Keywords: Topographic, Tropical Rain Forest, IfSAR

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL AND ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION OF COASTAL AREA FOR EROSION MONITORING USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPROACH Norhadija Darwin1, Anuar Ahmad1 & Othman Zainon2 Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor 2 UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur norhadija.d@gmail.com , anuarahmad@utm.my , othman08@ic.utm.my
1

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Abstract Close range photogrammetry technique can be employed to achieve high accuracy measurement for topographic applications where images are taken close to the object within the range of 300 meters. Compact digital camera has the potential for acquiring high resolution digital images for environmental hazards such as coastal erosion, landslide, and others. By using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform, coastal evolution and digital elevation model (DEM) production for 3D monitoring of coastal morphology can be done. This paper highlights the study carried out using UAV system and close range photogrammetry technique for the production of DEM and orthophoto. The first objective is to investigate the use of digital aerial images captured using fixed wing UAV for DEM and orthophoto production of simulated coastal area for 3D monitoring. The second objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the DEM. A fixed wing UAV was used to acquire the digital aerial images of the coastal area at low altitude. A compact digital camera was attached to the UAV for acquiring a strip of digital aerial images. In digital image processing, minimum of two digital aerial images of the simulated coastal area are required. For accurate measurement, the high resolution digital camera was calibrated and output of the camera parameters were used for interior orientation in digital image processing. The ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs) were established using total station. The results comprised of DEM and orthophoto of the simulated coastal area. The digital aerial images of the simulated coastal area were acquired at two epochs for the purpose of erosion monitoring. As conclusion, the study carried out proved that UAV can be used for production of photogrammetric output and environmental modeling and has great potential for implementation of real coastal area. It also has great potential to be used for diversified applications. Keywords: UAV, Close range photogrammetry, DEM, Coastal area

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

LANDSCAPE MAPPING OF GOLF COURSE USING LiDAR AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet Pradhan
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Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

HIGH DEFINITION SURVEY (HDS) NEW TOOLS FOR TANGIBLE ASSET DATA CAPTURE Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert Chong Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Research Group INFOCOMM Research Alliance, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) zulkeplimajid@utm.my
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Abstract High Definition Survey (HDS) is a new era in the field of measurement requires a fast data capture and high level of resolution and accuracy. Currently, HDS-based measurement technology was incorporated in the laser-based measurement equipments that can provide high resolution measurement and accuracy up to millimeter level in a short measurement time. This paper shows the use of HDS technology as a new approach for collecting spatial data of tangible assets in the building. Terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10 was placed at several scanning stations to collect point cloud data of tangible assets. The collected point cloud data was then registered, merged and modeled by using Cyclone and Sketch-up software. The 3D model of each tangible asset was then classified as individual entity and exported to GIS software for asset management application development. The findings in this research show that the HDS technology is suitable for collecting indoor asset data due to advantages of the technology which offers fast, high resolution, high accuracy and safety in capturing the data. This technology is less work when confronted with the assets that made using glass and dark material. However, this technology is founded to be very effectively used in dark situations.

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

LONG RANGE TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING OF COMPLEX LANDSLIDES INVESTIGATION: A TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Khamarrul Azahari Razak1, C S Lim2, Anomaht Aitin2, Rozaimi Che Hasan1, Othman Zainon3, Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib4 UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 GPS Lands (M) Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor 3 UTM SPACE, Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur 4 Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
1

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Abstract Despite tremendous capability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been used in Earth system sciences, few studies have been carried out to investigate its potential in characterizing the complex landslides in a tropical environment. This paper provides an overview of modern terrestrial laser scanning covering the planning, data collection and post-processing stages to investigate the complex landslides in the Gunung Pass, Cameron Highlands. Some functionalities of long range RIEGL product are critically discussed. Remarkably, this mapping system is superior to the existing mapping technique implemented in the susceptible areas. We performed an experimental assessment of terrain data collected by TLS system and reflectorless Total Station at particular location to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of topographic data across the landslides with an active rate of activity. As a result, we listed out some recommendations of TLS campaign for tropical landslide mapping and extended it into a standard operation procedure of ground-based laser scanning system for acquiring high, accurate and reliable TLS data across the complex tropical landscape in particular in the rugged mountainous region. We also highlighted the potential of TLS system to be utilized as major source of geospatial data for mapping, monitoring and modeling of complex tropical landslides in the near-future. Keywords: TLS system, SOP TLS campaign, tropical landslides, Gunung Pass

Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

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