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Chapter
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PENTING!
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UP!
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
Chapter 4
4.1
PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
Konstruktivisme
4.1
DISCUSSION
Activity
Constructivism
Chapter 4
Isi tempat kosong dengan istilah yang sesuai daripada senarai yang diberikan di bawah.
Habitat Ekosistem Populasi Komuniti Ekologi Spesies
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the list given below.
Habitat Ecosystem Population Community Ecology Species
Spesies
BAB
Species
CHAPTER
Habitat
Kumpulan organisma yang mempunyai morfologi (bentuk dan struktur) yang sama dan dapat saling membiak.
Habitat
for
Group of organisms with the same morphology (shape and structure) and can mutually reproduce.
Komuniti Populasi
MINDRobics
Sekumpulan spesies hidupan yang sama dan tinggal di suatu kawasan tertentu.
Beberapa jenis populasi organisma yang hidup bersama dan saling berinteraksi serta mempengaruhi antara satu sama lain.
Population
Community
Several populations of organisms living together interacting and influencing one another.
MINDRobics
Ekosistem Ecosystem
Beberapa komuniti yang saling bersandaran dan berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dan juga dengan persekitaran fizikalnya. Ekologi persekitaran. ialah kajian tentang cara organisma bersandaran antara satu sama lain dan dengan
Several communities interdependent on one another and with the physical environment.
Ecology
is the study on how organisms depend on one another and on the environment.
4.1 HP Menyatakan maksud spesies, populasi, dan komuniti Menyatakan maksud habitat dan ekosistem
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4.1 LO State what species, population and community are State what habitat and ecosystem are
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4.1
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Ch 04(68-92).indd 69
4.1
DISCUSSION
Activity
4 Several communities that interact with one another and with the physical environment form an 6/23/10 10:37:52 AM . (ecosystem) 5 State the study on the relationship among organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment. (Ecology)
1 State the natural living place for plants and animals. (Habitat) 2 State a group of organisms of the same species that live together and reproduce in a habitat. (Population) 3 Several types of animal and plant populations live together and interact with one another in a habitat to . (community) form a
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
Chapter 4
4.2
TUJUAN LANGKAH
Eksperimen
INKUIRI
Kontekstual
4.2
AIM PROCEDURE
Experiment
INQUIRY
Contextual
Chapter 4
2009 Bhg. A, S3
2009 Sec. A, Q3
Mengkaji interaksi antara organisma hidup 1 Kaji gambar rajah dalam jadual di bawah. 2 Bincang dengan rakan-rakan anda tentang jenis interaksi antara organisma hidup itu. 3 Kemudian, tulis dalam ruang yang disediakan.
To study interaction between living organisms 1 Study the diagrams in the table below. 2 Discuss with your friends the types of interactions between the living organisms. 3 Then write in the space provided.
PEMERHATIAN
Penerangan ringkas 1 Organisma memburu dan menangkap organisma lain sebagai makanan. Jenis interaksi
OBSERVATION
Brief explanation 1 An organism hunts and catches another organism for food.
Type of interaction
CHAPTER
BAB
Mangsa-pemangsa
Prey-predator
4
2 Interaksi antara organisma untuk mendapat keperluan hidup yang sama.
Persaingan
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
3 Interaksi antara organisma di mana satu organisma mendapat faedah manakala satu organisma lain tidak mengalami sebarang keuntungan atau kerugian.
staghorn fern
Komensalisme
3 Interaction between two organisms where one organism gets some benefit while the other does not benefit or suffer from any loss.
Commensalism
4 Interaksi antara organisma di mana satu pihak mendapat faedah manakala satu pihak lain mengalami kerugian.
Rafflesia
Parasitisme
4 Interaction between two different organisms where one derives benefits while the other suffers some disadvantage. Rafflesia
4.2 LO Explain with examples the interactions between living organisms
Parasitism
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, 4.2 Interaksi antara hidupan, hlm. 81; Essential Science PMR, 11.2 Interaction among living organisms, hlm. 235
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Refer to Essential Science Form 2, 4.2 Interaction among living things, p. 81; Essential Science PMR, 11.2 Interaction among living organisms, p. 235
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Ch 04(68-92).indd 70
INQUIRY
LIBRARY
5 State the type of interaction between different organisms where one organism benets from the other 6/23/10 10:37:52 AM whereas the other organism is negatively affected. (Parasitism) 6 State the type of interaction between two different organisms that live together in which both organisms benet from each other. (Mutualism) 7 State the type of interaction that occurs when organisms compete for the same basic resources. (Competition) 8 State two examples of basic resources that are competed in a group of lions. (Food and living space/ water/mates)
&
1 An organism that kills and eats another organism is called a 2 An organism that is eaten by a predator is called a
RESEARCH
3 State the type of interaction between the different organisms that live together dependently. (Symbiosis) 4 State the type of interaction between different organisms where one organism benets from the other whereas the other organism is not adversely affected. (Commensalism)
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Penerangan ringkas 5 Interaksi antara dua organisma di mana kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah.
Jenis interaksi
Brief explanation 5 Interaction between two different organisms where both benefit from it.
Type of interaction
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Mutualisme
nodul akar tumbuhan kekacang (mengandungi bakteria yang mengikat nitrogen di udara) nodule of leguminous plants (contains bacteria which fix nitrogen in the air)
Mutualism
ANALISIS
1 Apakah yang diperoleh oleh pemangsa daripada mangsa? Makanan 2 Selain makanan, apakah yang disaingi organisma daripada spesies yang sama seperti harimau? Tempat tinggal/Pasangan
KBSB
Menjanakan idea
ANALYSIS
1 What is obtained by the predator from the prey? Food 2 Apart from food, what will the organisms of the same species (e.g. tiger) compete for? Living space/Mates
TSTS
Generating ideas
CHAPTER
BAB
3 Namakan jenis interaksi antara hidupan di mana dua spesies berlainan yang tinggal bersama dengan satu pihak mendapat faedah manakala satu pihak lain mungkin menerima faedah, mungkin mengalami kerugian, atau tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan. Simbiosis 4 Nyatakan tiga jenis interaksi antara hidupan secara simbiosis. Komensalisme, parasitisme, dan mutualisme 5 Nyatakan dua faedah paku pakis tanduk rusa dan Rafflesia dapat daripada interaksi ini.
Paku pakis tanduk rusa Untuk memperoleh cahaya matahari sokongan dan Rafflesia Untuk memperoleh dan garam mineral makanan
3 Name the type of interaction where two living things of different species live together in a manner in which one party benefits while the other may benefit or may not benefit in any way, or may even lose out. Symbiosis 4 State three types of symbiotic interactions between living things. Commensalism, parasitism and mutualism 5 State two benefits the staghorn fern and Rafflesia get from the interaction.
Staghorn fern sunlight To obtain support and Rafflesia food To obtain mineral salts and
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION
Mangsa-pemangsa
Persaingan
Simbiosis
Prey-predator
Competition
Symbiosis
Commensalism
Example: Staghorn fern and plant
Parasitism
Example: Rafflesia and plant
Mutualism
Example: Nitrogen fixing bacteria and leguminous plant
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9 Which of the following usually has a bigger body, a prey or predator? (A predator)
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RESEARCH
10 State the type of interaction between the living things below. (a) A kingsher and sh (Prey-predator) (b) Nitrogen-xing bacteria and leguminous plant (Mutualism) (c) Flowering plants and weeds (Competition) (d) Tree barnacles and trees (Parasitism) (e) Birds nest fern and tree (Commensalism)
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11 Name the method in which a natural enemy is used to control the population of a pest in an area. 6/23/10 10:37:53 AM (Biological control) 12 State two advantages of controlling pests using biological control. (Safe to use and does not pollute the environment) 13 Give one pair of organisms as an example of biological control. (Owl and rat/Snake and rat)
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4.3
PENYELIDIKAN
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
Konstruktivisme
4.3
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
Constructivism
Mangsa-pemangsa
Persaingan
Parasitisme
Prey-predator
Competition
Parasitism
buran
sea anemone
umangumang
hermit crab
Mutualisme
Mutualisme
Komensalisme
Mutualism
Mutualism
Commensalism
ikan yu
shark
ikan remora
remora sh
Komensalisme
Mutualisme
Persaingan
Commensalism
Mutualism
Competition
10
11
pokok
12
10
11
tree
12
kulat tetupai
bracket fungus
Mangsa-pemangsa
4.3 HP Menerangkan dengan contoh jenis interaksi antara organisma hidup
Parasitisme
Mangsa-pemangsa
Prey-predator
4.3 LO Explain with examples the interaction between living organisms
Parasitism
Prey-predator
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4.4
PENYELIDIKAN
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
Kawalan biologi
STM
4.4
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
Biological control
STS
Kumpul maklumat daripada pusat sumber tentang maksud kawalan biologi dan kebaikannya. Kemudian, nyatakan jenis interaksi antara hidupan yang wujud dalam contoh kawalan biologi yang diberi.
Kawalan biologi
Gather information from the school resource centre on biological control and its advantages. Then, state the type of interaction between living organisms in the given examples of biological control.
Biological control
Maksud kawalan biologi pemangsa sebagai musuh Satu cara yang menggunakan populasi perosak (mangsa) semula jadi untuk mengawal di suatu kawasan.
BAB
Meaning of biological control predator which is a natural enemy of A method of using a population of that pest (prey) a pest to control the in an area.
CHAPTER
alam sekitar.
the environment.
selain daripada .
perosak
except the .
pest
(b)
larva Ichneumon
(b)
Ichneumon larva
tree trunk
ulat karung daun kelapa sawit
ladybird
caterpillar oil palm leaf
caterpillar
(pest)
(c)
snake
mosquito larva sh
tikus rat
Ular
makan
tikus
(perosak)
Ikan
makan jentik-jentik nyamuk Snake eats rat (pest) Fish eats mosquito larvae
Di Malaysia, perosak kubis yang utama di Cameron Highlands ialah rama-rama belakang intan (Plutella xylostela). Perosak itu dibawa masuk ke negara kita bersama-sama dengan kubis yang diimport dari Eropah pada tahun 1940. Racun serangga yang digunakan didapati tidak berkesan untuk melindungi tanaman. Pada tahun 1975, dua jenis parasit dari New Zealand dan Australia telah diperkenalkan. Parasit ini dapat menyerang rama-rama belakang intan sahaja tanpa merosakkan tanaman. 4.4 HP Menerangkan melalui contoh tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan kawalan biologi dalam mengawal atur bilangan perosak di kawasan tertentu
In Malaysia, the main pest of cabbages in Cameron Highlands is the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostela) which was brought into the country together with cabbages imported from Europe in 1940. The pesticide used was found to be ineffective against these pests. In 1975, two types of parasites from New Zealand and Australia were introduced. These parasites are able to attack the diamondback moth without damaging the crops. 4.4 LO Explain through examples the advantages and disadvantages of biological control in regulating the number of pests in certain areas
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
Chapter 4
4.5
BERFIKIR
Aktiviti
Konstruktivisme
4.5
THINKING
Activity
Constructivism
Chapter 4
Kaji rajah yang diberi dengan teliti dan label setiap satu dengan tenaga suria, pengeluar atau pengguna. 1 2 3
Study the pictures given carefully and label each one as solar energy, producer or consumer. 1 2 3
CHAPTER
BAB
Pengguna
Pengguna
Pengguna
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Pengeluar
Pengguna
Pengeluar
Producer
Consumer
Producer
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Pengeluar
Tenaga suria
Pengguna
Producer
Solar energy
Consumer
Panduan:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pengeluar : Tenaga suria : Pengguna : Pengguna primer : Pengguna sekunder : Pengguna tertier : Pengurai : Organisma yang dapat membuat makanan sendiri secara fotosintesis Tenaga yang berpunca daripada Matahari Haiwan yang memakan tumbuhan atau haiwan yang lain Haiwan yang mendapat makanan secara langsung daripada tumbuhan Haiwan yang memakan pengguna primer Haiwan yang memakan pengguna sekunder Organisma yang mengurai organisma mati menjadi bahan-bahan ringkas
Guide:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Producer Solar energy Consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Decomposer
: : : : : : :
An organism that makes food for itself through photosynthesis Source of energy from the Sun Animals that eat plants or other animals Animals which feed directly on plants Animals which feed on primary consumers Animals which feed on secondary consumers Organism that decomposes dead organisms into simpler substances
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4.3
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INQUIRY
4.5
THINKING
Activity
1 All green plants that make food through photosynthesis are called 2 Animals that eat plants or other animals are called
5 Name the energy link that shows how energy in food is passed from plants to animals. 6/23/10 (Food chain) 6 The diagram below shows a food chain in a habitat. Grass Caterpillar Frog Snake (a) Grass is a (b) Caterpillar is a . (producer) . (primary consumer)
10:37:54 AM
3 Organisms that decompose dead organisms and change them into simple substances are called . (decomposers) 4 State two examples of decomposers. (Bacteria and fungi)
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4.6
Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment
Eksperimen
INKUIRI
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.6
AIM MATERIALS PROCEDURE
Experiment
INQUIRY
Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Membina rantai makanan dan siratan makanan Gambar foto tumbuhan hijau, arnab, serigala, harimau, rusa, beluncas, ayam
To construct a food chain and a food web Photographs of green plant, rabbit, wolf, tiger, deer, caterpillar, chicken
CHAPTER
BAB
4
1 Kaji organisma di atas yang terdapat di sebuah ekosistem padang rumput. 2 Bina lima rantai makanan yang melibatkan organisma tersebut dalam ekosistem itu. 3 Kemudian, gabungkan rantai makanan yang telah dibina untuk membentuk satu siratan makanan dalam ruang yang disediakan. KEPUTUSAN 1 Study the photographs above of organisms found in a grassland ecosystem. 2 Construct five food chains involving these organisms in the ecosystem. 3 Then, combine the food chains constructed to form a food web in the space provided. RESULTS (a) Food chain Green plant A Deer A Tiger (ii) Green plant A Rabbit A Tiger/Wolf (iii) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken (i) (iv) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken A Tiger (v) Green plant A Caterpillar A Chicken A Wolf (b) Food web
MINDRobics
(a) Rantai makanan (i) Tumbuhan hijau A Rusa A Harimau (ii) Tumbuhan hijau A Arnab A Harimau/Serigala (iii) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam (iv) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam A Harimau (v) Tumbuhan hijau A Beluncas A Ayam A Serigala (b) Siratan makanan
MINDRobics
Beluncas
Ayam
Caterpillar
Chicken
Tumbuhan hijau
Arnab
Serigala
Green plant
Rabbit
Wolf
Rusa
Harimau
Deer
Tiger
4.6 HP Menghubungkan beberapa rantai makanan untuk membina siratan makanan Mengenal pasti pengeluar, pengguna, dan pengurai dalam suatu siratan makanan
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, 4.3 Siratan makanan, hlm. 85; Essential Science PMR, Food chains, hlm. 238
4.6 LO Combine a few food chains to construct a food web Identify the producer, consumer and decomposer in a food web
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Refer to Essential Science Form 2, 4.3 Food webs, p. 85; Essential Science PMR, Food chains, p. 238
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RESEARCH
4.7
THINKING
Activity
7 Based on the food chain in Question 6, state what will happen to the number of organisms if all the snakes in the habitat are caught. (a) Number of frog (Increases) (b) Number of caterpillar (Decreases) (c) Number of grass (Increases) 8 Name the term that refers to several food chains that are interlinked. (Food web)
9 What are the organisms that form the base and the top of a pyramid of numbers? (Base: Producer; Top: Tertiary consumer) 10 From the base of a pyramid of numbers to its top, state the changes in the (a) number of organisms (Decreases) (b) size of organisms (Increases)
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ANALISIS
1 Define the term food chain. feeding A sequence of 2 What forms a food web?
organisms
2 Apakah yang membentuk satu siratan makanan? rantai makanan Gabungan beberapa
A combination of several
food chains
3 Bulatkan organisma yang membentuk pengeluar dalam suatu rantai makanan. Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda. Pokok tebu Katak Cendawan
3 Circle the organism which forms the producer in a food chain. Give a reason for your answer. Sugarcane plant Frog Mushroom
Sebab:
Pokok tebu
food
5 Apakah kepentingan pengeluar kepada semua hidupan di dalam suatu rantai makanan atau siratan makanan? makanan sama ada secara langsung atau tidak Ia membekalkan langsung kepada semua hidupan. 6 (a) Berikan dua contoh pengurai. Bakteria dan kulat
4 What is the source of energy for the food chain and the food web?
CHAPTER
5 What is the importance of the producer to other living things in a food chain or food web? food directly or indirectly to all living things. It supplies 6 (a) Give two examples of decomposers. Bacteria and fungi
4
KESIMPULAN
(b) Apakah peranan pengurai? Mengurai organisma mati kepada bahan-bahan yang lebih ringkas. 7 Mengapakah bukan semua tenaga dalam pengeluar dapat dipindahkan kepada penggunapenggunanya? digunakan semasa organisma menjalankan Sebahagian tenaga proses hidup seperti membiak, bernafas, dan berkumuh.
(b) What is the role of decomposers? decompose dead organisms into simpler materials. To 7 Why isnt all the energy in the producer transferred to the consumers? used when the organisms carry out A part of the energy is living processes like reproducing, breathing and excreting.
8 Nyatakan jenis organisma bagi contoh rantai makanan yang dapat ditemui di suatu taman.
Pengguna primer Pengguna tertier Pengeluar Pengguna sekunder
8 State the types of organisms for the example of food chain that can be found in a garden.
Primary consumer Tertiary consumer Producer Secondary consumer
Pengeluar
Pengguna primer
Pengguna sekunder
Pengguna tertier
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
1 2 3
pengguna
, dan
pengurai
membentuk suatu
CONCLUSION
1 2 A 3
Producers
consumers
and
decomposers
Siratan makanan
food web
consists of a combination of several food chains. occurs in a food chain or food web from the producers to the
Aliran tenaga berlaku dalam rantai makanan atau siratan makanan daripada pengeluar ke pengguna-penggunanya.
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4.7
BERFIKIR
Aktiviti
Masteri
4.7
THINKING
Activity
Mastery
Study the food chain below and answer the following questions.
Rantai makanan
Pengguna primer Pengguna sekunder Pengguna tertier
Sunlight Producer
Food chain
Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer
CHAPTER
BAB
Pokok padi
Tikus
Ular
Helang
Paddy plant
Rat
Snake
Eagle
Decomposers Nutrient
Kulat
Fungus
SOALAN
1 Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada bilangan organisma dalam rantai makanan di atas sekiranya semua helang telah diperangkap? (a) Ular: Bilangannya bertambah (b) Tikus: Bilangannya berkurang (c) Pokok padi: Bilangannya bertambah 2 Apakah yang akan berlaku ke atas keseimbangan alam jika satu kumpulan organisma terhapus? Keseimbangan alam akan terganggu .
QUESTIONS
1 What happens to the number of organisms in the food chain above if all the eagles were trapped? (a) Snake: The number of snakes increases (b) Rat: The number of rats decreases (c) Paddy plant: The number of paddy plants increases 2 What happens to the equilibrium of the environment if one group of organisms die? disturbed . The environmental balance or equilibrium will be
4.7 HP Meramal akibatnya apabila organisma dalam suatu rantai makanan (ekosistem) menjadi berkurangan
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4.7 LO Predict the consequences if a certain component of a living organism in the ecosystem is missing
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4.8
PENYELIDIKAN
Aktiviti ICT
Piramid nombor
STM
4.8
RESEARCH
Activity ICT
Pyramid of numbers
STS
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu piramid nombor yang terdapat di sebuah padang rumput. Kaji rajah yang diberi dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut: http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
The diagram below shows a pyramid of numbers in a grassland. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
Dalam suatu piramid nombor: bilangan haiwan kecil adalah lebih banyak daripada haiwan besar saiz haiwan pemangsa adalah lebih besar daripada haiwan mangsa
In the pyramid of numbers: small animals are more numerous than larger animals the size of predators are bigger than their prey
CHAPTER
BAB
4
Y Z
1 Apakah peranan pokok-pokok dalam piramid nombor itu? Pengeluar 2 Organisma yang manakah merupakan pengguna primer dan pengguna sekunder? Zirafah (b) Pengguna sekunder: (a) Pengguna primer: 3 Dari tapak piramid nombor ke puncaknya, apakah yang berlaku kepada (a) bilangan organisma? Berkurangan (b) saiz organisma? Bertambah 4 Pada peringkat yang manakah, X, Y, atau Z, dapat pengurai seperti bakteria dan kulat dijumpai? Semua peringkat/X, Y, dan Z
4.8 HP Menghubungkaitkan siratan makanan dan piramid nombor dengan aliran tenaga
1 What role is played by the trees in the pyramid of numbers? Producers Singa 2 Which organisms are the primary and secondary consumers? Giraffes (b) Secondary consumers: (a) Primary consumers: 3 From the base to the peak of the pyramid of numbers, what happens to the (a) number of organisms? Decreases (b) size of organisms? Increases 4 At which of the stages, X, Y or Z can decomposers such as bacteria and fungi be found? All stages/X, Y and Z
4.8 LO Relate the food web and pyramid of numbers to energy flow
Lions
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
Chapter 4
4.9
PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
Fotosintesis
Masteri
4.9
DISCUSSION
Activity
Photosynthesis
Mastery
Chapter 4
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada tumbuhan hijau. Kaji rajah di bawah dan jawab soalansoalan berikut. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut. http://library.thinkquest.org/3715/photo3.html
Panduan: Klorofil Air Cahaya matahari Karbon dioksida
The diagram below shows parts of a green plant. Study the diagram below and answer the following questions. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://library.thinkquest.org/3715/photo3.html
Guide: Chlorophyll Water Sunlight Carbon dioxide
CHAPTER
BAB
Sunlight Sunlight
4
Water Water
AirAir
Pigmen hijau:
Klorofil
1 Apakah itu fotosintesis? Suatu proses yang dilakukan oleh sendiri. tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan
1 What is photosynthesis? A process that takes place in for themselves. green plants where they make food
MINDRobics
2 Nyatakan empat syarat yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis dalam alam semula jadi. Air, karbon dioksida, cahaya matahari dan klorofil 3 Isi tempat kosong dalam rajah di atas dengan syarat-syarat yang diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. 4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi fotosintesis.
cahaya matahari
2 State four conditions needed for photosynthesis in nature. Water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and chlorophyll 3 Fill in the spaces in the diagram above with the conditions needed for the process of photosynthesis. 4 Complete the word equation of photosynthesis. Water +
sunlight
MINDRobics
Air +
makanan +
oksigen
food +
oxygen
5 Apakah kepentingan proses fotosintesis? fotosintesis pengeluar membolehkan tumbuhan hijau bertindak sebagai Proses untuk membekalkan makanan sama ada secara langsung atau tidak kepada hidupan dalam pelbagai ekosistem.
5 What is the importance of the process of photosynthesis? photosynthesis enables green plants to act as The process of directly or indirectly, for living things in various ecosystems.
producers
of food,
4.9 HP Menyatakan maksud fotosintesis Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Menerangkan peranan fotosintesis dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem
79
4.9 LO State what photosynthesis is State the factors required for photosynthesis Explain the role of photosynthesis in maintaining a balanced ecosystem
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Bab 04(68-92).indd 79
4.4 4.5
Analysing photosynthesis Evaluating the importance of conservation and preservation of living organisms
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INQUIRY
4 In the laboratory activity to test the presence of starch as a product of photosynthesis, state the purpose of 6/23/10 10:37:56 AM (a) boiling the small pieces of leaf in a beaker. (To kill the cells and break the cell walls) (b) heating the small pieces of leaf in alcohol. (To remove chlorophyll) (c) soaking the pieces of leaf in hot water. (To soften the leaf) 5 State the solution that can be used to test the presence of starch in leaf and state the observation. (Iodine solution; A dark blue colour appears)
4.9
DISCUSSION
Activity
1 What is the process that occurs in green plants where food is made? (Photosynthesis) 2 State four conditions (or substances) needed for the process of photosynthesis. (Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll) 3 Write the word equation of photosynthesis. (Carbon dioxide + water : glucose + oxygen)
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4.10
Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment
Eksperimen
INKUIRI
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.10
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
Experiment
INQUIRY
Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun Daun, air, alkohol, larutan iodin Bikar 250 cm3, tabung uji, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, kepingan asbestos, jubin putih, penitis, pisau
Petik sehelai daun hijau yang telah terdedah kepada cahaya matahari.
1
To test for starch in leaves Leaf, water, alcohol, iodine solution 250 cm3 beaker, test tube, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, asbestos sheet, white tile, dropper, knife
Pluck a green leaf that has been exposed to sunlight.
1
Didihkan cebisan-cebisan daun itu dalam satu bikar air selama lima minit.
3 air cebisan daun
Boil the small pieces of leaf in a beaker of water for five minutes.
3 water pieces of leaf
CHAPTER
BAB
6 larutan iodin
daun
cebisan daun
leaf
panaskan 4
pieces of leaf
heat
6 iodine solution
4
PEMERHATIAN
kukus air
water bath
heat
Titiskan beberapa titik larutan iodin ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun di atas jubin putih.
Didihkan cebisan-cebisan daun dalam alkohol seperti dalam rajah di atas selama beberapa minit.
Using a dropper, add a few drops of iodine solution onto the pieces of leaf.
Heat the pieces of leaf in alcohol as shown in the diagram above for a few minutes.
Warna
biru tua
OBSERVATION terhasil apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun. ANALYSIS
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
ANALISIS
1 Berikan satu inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas daun. KBSB kanji Membuat inferens Daun mengandungi . 2 Tulis tujuan tentang langkah-langkah dalam aktiviti ini.
Langkah Mendidihkan daun dalam air didih Mendidihkan daun dalam alkohol Merendamkan daun dalam air panas Tujuan Mematikan sel dan memecahkan dinding sel daun Menyingkirkan klorofil daun kanji
1 Give an inference to your observation when drops of iodine solution are put on the pieces of leaf. starch The leaf contains . 2 Write the aim for the steps of this acitivity.
Step Boiling the leaf in water Boiling the leaf in alcohol Soaking the leaf in hot water Putting drops of iodine solution on the leaf Aim
TSTS
Making inferences
To kill the cells and break the cell walls of the leaf To remove To soften chlorophyll the leaf starch
Melembutkan
To test for
KESIMPULAN
Kanji disimpan sebagai makanan simpanan dalam daun dan dapat diuji dengan menggunakan larutan iodin .
CONCLUSION
iodine solution
80
4.11
Experiment
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 89; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 11.1, hlm. 241
80
Activity Ch 4.14 04(68-92).indd 80
Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 89; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 11.1, p. 241
GUIDED
Bab 04(68-92).indd 80
6 What is the gas that can be absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution? (Carbon dioxide) 7 State the change of energy that occurs during photosynthesis. (Light energy chemical energy) 8 Name the green pigment on leaves. (Chlorophyll)
DISCUSSION
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6/23/10 10:37:56 AM
UNGUIDED GUIDED
Oxygen
4.15
DISCUSSION
Activity
11 State three human activities that cause environmental pollution. (Logging, agriculture and mining/ industrialisation/construction)
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4.11 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
Eksperimen
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.11
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS
Experiment
GUIDED
Inquiry-discovery
Menunjukkan karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis? Karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. Jenis tumbuhan/Keamatan cahaya/Isi padu udara Kehadiran gas karbon dioksida (b) yang dimanipulasikan: (c) yang bergerak balas: Pembentukan kanji dalam daun
BAB
To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis Is carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis. (a) that is kept constant: Type of plant/Light intensity/Volume of air (b) that is manipulated: Presence of carbon dioxide (c) that responds: Formation of starch in the leaves
VARIABLE
Pasu berisi tanah, tumbuhan hijau, larutan natrium hidroksida Set radas untuk menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun, serkup kaca, kepingan kaca, bikar 1 Letakkan dua pasu tumbuhan hijau dalam keadaan gelap (almari) selama dua hari. 2 Sediakan radas seperti pada rajah di sebelah dan letakkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. 3 Jalankan ujian kanji ke Set A atas sehelai daun daripada tumbuhan A dan B. 4 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual di bawah. 1 2 3 4
serkup kaca
Apparatus for testing of starch in leaves, bell jar, glass piece, beaker 1 Place two flowerpots containing green plants in a dark cupboard for two days. 2 Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Expose the plants to sunlight for two hours. 3 Test a leaf each from plants A and B for starch. 4 Record your observations in the table below. 1 2 3 4
bell jar
green plant
STEPS
Two flowerpots of green plants were left in a dark cupboard for two days. The apparatus as shown in the diagram was set up and exposed to sunlight for two hours. A test for starch was conducted on a leaf each from plant A and plant B. Observation was recorded in the table.
CARA KERJA
Dua pasu tumbuhan hijau diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap (almari) selama dua hari. Radas seperti pada rajah di atas disediakan dan diletakkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas sehelai daun daripada tumbuhan A dan B. Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual. RESULTS
Ujian kanji Set radas Pemerhatian A B Warna biru tua terhasil Tiada perubahan Inferens Kanji hadir Kanji tidak hadir
Fotosintesis Proses membuat makanan daripada karbon dioksida dan air dengan kehadiran cahaya dan klorofil dalam tumbuhan hijau.
KEPUTUSAN
Experiment set-up
Test for starch Observation Dark blue colour formed No change Inference Starch is present Starch is absent
A B
Photosynthesis The process of making food from carbon dioxide and water with the presence of light and chlorophyll in green plants.
4.11 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Menyatakan hasil fotosintesis
81
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.2, hlm. 89; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.2, hlm. 241
4.11 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis State the products of photosynthesis
81
Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.2, p. 89; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.2, p. 241
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ANALISIS
1 Dapatkah tumbuhan hijau dalam set radas A membuat makanan melalui proses Ya fotosintesis? 2 (a) Dapatkah tumbuhan dalam set radas B membuat makanan sendiri? (b) Berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda di (a). Karbon dioksida tidak hadir dalam set radas B. 3 Antara set radas A dan B, yang manakah merupakan kawalan? Tidak
KBSB
Membuat kesimpulan
ANALYSIS
1 Can green plant A make its own food through photosynthesis? 2 (a) Can green plant B make its own food? No
Yes
TSTS
Making conclusion
Set radas A
(b) Give an inference for your answer in (a). Carbon dioxide is not present in apparatus Set B. Set A 3 Between apparatus sets A and B, which is the control set? 4 What is the reason for setting up a control? carbon dioxide To show that green plants need normal condition. 5 State the function of the sodium hydroxide solution. carbon dioxide in bell jar B. To absorb
4 Apakah tujuan menyediakan set radas yang bertindak sebagai kawalan? karbon dioksida diperlukan oleh tumbuhan Untuk menunjukkan bahawa hijau untuk membuat makanan dalam keadaan normal. 5 Nyatakan fungsi larutan natrium hidroksida. karbon dioksida di dalam serkup kaca B. Menyerap 6 Mengapakah set radas A dan B perlu diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari sebelum memulakan eksperimen? kanji daripada daun tumbuhan. Untuk menyingkirkan KESIMPULAN 1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya
6 Why should the apparatus sets A and B be placed in darkness for two days before the experiment? starch from the leaves. To remove CONCLUSION 1 Is the hypothesis formed earlier acceptable? Yes
CHAPTER
BAB
2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? Karbon dioksida diperlukan oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan fotosintesis . sendiri melalui proses Pada waktu siang, tumbuhan hijau menyerap untuk membuat makanan . karbon dioksida daripada udara
2 What conclusion can be drawn from this experiment? Carbon dioxide is required by green plants to make their own food photosynthesis . through In the daytime, green plants absorb food . their own carbon dioxide from the air to make
4
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
Kini, semakin banyak pokok ditebang melalui aktiviti pembalakan menyebabkan kandungan karbon dioksida meningkat di udara semakin .
Today, many trees are cut down through logging activities causing the content of carbon dioxide increase in the air to .
Eksperimen PEKA
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.12
Experiment PEKA
UNGUIDED
Inquiry-discovery
Fotosintesis ialah satu proses membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau. Tumbuhan hijau memerlukan air, karbon dioksida, klorofil, dan cahaya matahari untuk menjalankan proses fotosintesis. Air + karbon dioksida A glukosa + oksigen cahaya matahari Menunjukkan cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis? Cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis. (a) yang dimalarkan: Jenis daun
E1C11 klorofil
Photosynthesis is a process of making food which occurs in green plants. Green plants require water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis. Water + carbon dioxide A glucose + oxygen sunlight AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis Is light necessary for photosynthesis? Light is necessary for photosynthesis. (a) that is kept constant: Type of leaf (b) that is manipulated: Presence of sunlight (c) that responds: Presence of starch in the leaf
E1C11 E1C10 chlorophyll
E1C10
(b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran cahaya matahari (c) yang bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji dalam daun
4.12 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis
82
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.4, hlm. 91; Essential Science PMR, -Experiment 11.4, hlm. 243
4.12 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis
82
Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.4, p. 91; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.4, p. 243
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MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan-bahan dan radas seperti berikut: BAHAN RADAS Kertas hitam, klip kertas, tumbuhan hijau Set radas untuk menguji kehadiran kanji pada daun
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT You are provided with the following materials and apparatus: MATERIALS APPARATUS Black paper, paperclips, green plant Apparatus to test the presence of starch in leaf
Rancangkan dan jalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji keperluan cahaya matahari untuk proses fotosintesis seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di bawah. Jalankan ujian kanji ke atas daun itu pada akhir eksperimen. Dapat persetujuan daripada guru anda tentang langkah-langkah eksperimen sebelum memulakan eksperimen ini.
tumbuhan daun hijau klip kertas kertas hitam
Plan and conduct an experiment to investigate the need of sunlight in photosynthesis as shown in the diagram below. Carry out the starch test on the leaves at the end of the experiment. Get approval from your teacher regarding the procedure of the experiment before you start the experiment.
plant green leaf paperclip black paper
Senarai Semak
1 Adakah semua bahan dan radas telah disediakan dengan betul? 2 Adakah guru anda bersetuju dengan susunan radas dan cara kerja anda?
Checklist
1 Has all the materials and apparatus been correctly set up? 2 Has your teacher agreed with the set-up and your procedure?
CHAPTER
BAB
A B
A B
CARA KERJA
1 Sepasu tumbuhan diletakkan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari. 2 Sehelai daun dipilih daripada tumbuhan hijau itu. 3 Sebahagian daripada daun ditutup dengan kertas hitam menggunakan klip kertas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. 4 Daun dibiarkan bawah sinaran cahaya matahari selama tiga jam. 5 Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas daun itu pada akhir eksperimen. 6 Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual.
E2C12
STEPS
1 A potted plant was left in darkness for two days. 2 A leaf was chosen from the green plant. 3 A part of the leaf was covered with a piece of black paper using paperclips as shown in the diagram. 4 The leaf was left in the Sun for three hours. 5 A test for starch was conducted on the leaf at the end of the experiment. 6 Observation was recorded in the table.
E2C12
KEPUTUSAN
Bahagian daun
E1 C 1 6 8 10 11 S
Ujian kanji Pemerhatian Warna biru tua terhasil Kehadiran kanji dalam daun Ada
1 6 8 10 11 S
E1C6 E2C14
RESULTS
Part of the leaf
E1 C
Starch test Observation Dark blue colour formed Presence of starch Yes
Tiada perubahan
Tiada
No change
No
Ada
E1C1
Yes
E1C1 E1C6 E2C14
ANALISIS
E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S
1 Bahagian daun yang manakah tidak dapat menjalankan proses E1C8 E2C15 fotosintesis? Berikan inferens anda. Bahagian B. Bahagian B tidak terdedah kepada cahaya matahari. 2 Tulis perubahan tenaga yang berlaku semasa proses fotosintesis. cahaya kimia kepada tenaga . Tenaga
KBSB
Membuat inferens
ANALYSIS
E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S
1 Which section of the leaf cant the photosynthesis be carried out? Give your inference. Section B. Section B is not exposed to sunlight.
E1C8 E2C15
TSTS
Making inferences
KBSB
Mensintesiskan
2 State the change in energy that occurs during photosynthesis. Light chemical energy to energy.
TSTS
Synthesising
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KESIMPULAN
1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat? Cahaya diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis.
Ya
E2C16
CONCLUSION
1 Is the hypothesis formed acceptable? 2 What conclusion can be made? Light is needed for photosynthesis.
Yes
E2C16
E2C16
E2C16
APLIKASI IDEA
Tumbuhan tidak dapat menjalankan proses fotosintesis pada waktu malam kerana tiada cahaya matahari . di udara mengurangkan keamatan cahaya matahari yang diserap fotosintesis . oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk proses Kejadian jerebu
Plants cannot carry out photosynthesis at night because there is no The occurrence of by green plants for haze
sunlight
REFLEKSI
4.13 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
Eksperimen
CHAPTER
Inkuiri-penemuan
BAB
Menunjukkan klorofil diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis Adakah kanji hadir pada bahagian daun yang bukan hijau? Kanji tidak hadir pada bahagian daun yang bukan hijau. Jenis daun (a) yang dimalarkan: (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran klorofil (c) yang bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji dalam daun Daun beraneka warna (variegat), pensel warna Set radas untuk menguji kanji 1 Petik sehelai daun variegat yang telah didedahkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam. 2 Jalankan ujian kanji ke atas bahagian daun yang bukan hijau dan bahagian yang hijau. 3 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual di bawah. 4 Lukis dan warnakan daun berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen.
bahagian variegat
4.13
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE
Experiment
GUIDED
Inquiry-discovery
To show that chlorophyll is necessary for the process of photosynthesis Is starch present in the non-green parts of a leaf? Starch is not present in the non-green parts of a leaf. (a) that is kept constant: Type of leaf (b) that is manipulated: Presence of chlorophyll (c) that responds: Presence of starch in the leaf Variegated leaf, colour pencil Apparatus to test the presence of starch in leaf 1 Pluck a variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours. 2 Carry out the test for starch on the variegated part and green part of the leaf. 3 Record your observations in the table below. 4 Draw and colour the leaf based on the results of the experiment.
variegated part
green part
CARA KERJA
1 Sehelai daun variegat yang telah didedahkan di bawah cahaya matahari selama dua jam dipetik. 2 Ujian kanji dijalankan ke atas bahagian daun yang bukan hijau dan bahagian yang hijau. 3 Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual. 4 Daun dilukis dan diwarnakan berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen. STEPS 1 A variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours was plucked. 2 A test for starch was conducted on the part of the leaf that is not green as well on the part that is green. 3 Observation was recorded in the table. 4 A drawing of the leaf was made and coloured based on the results of the experiment.
4.13 LO State the factors required for photosynthesis Control the variables that are required for photosynthesis
4.13 HP Menyatakan faktor yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis Mengawal pemboleh ubah yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis
84
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 4.5, hlm. 92; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.5, hlm. 243
84
Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 4.5, p. 92; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 11.5, p. 243
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KEPUTUSAN
1
Bahagian daun
2
Ujian kanji Pemerhatian Inferens Tiada kanji Ada kanji
RESULTS
1
Part of leaf
Variegat Tiada perubahan (bukan hijau) Hijau Warna biru tua terhasil
brownish yellow
ANALISIS
Pigmen hijau
pada daun.
ANALYSIS
1 What is chlorophyll?
Green pigment
on leaves.
2 Adakah bahagian hijau dan bahagian bukan hijau pada daun mengandungi klorofil? Ya Tidak (b) Bahagian bukan hijau: (a) Bahagian hijau: 3 Apakah peranan klorofil? Menyerap tenaga KESIMPULAN cahaya untuk proses fotosintesis
BAB
2 Do the green part of the leaf and the non-green part contain chlorophyll? Yes No (b) Non-green part: (a) Green part: 3 What is the role of chlorophyll? light To absorb CONCLUSION
CHAPTER
energy for
photosynthesis
1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini? Klorofil diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis.
1 Is the hypothesis formed acceptable? Yes 2 What is the conclusion that can be made for this experiment? Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.
APLIKASI IDEA
Tumbuhan bukan hijau seperti cendawan dan kulat roti tidak dapat membuat makanan sendiri. Tumbuhan jenis ini memperoleh makanan daripada benda hidup atau mati. Kloroplas pada sel daun mengandungi klorofil yang menyerap cahaya matahari untuk proses fotosintesis.
APPLICATION OF IDEA
do not Non-green plants such as mushroom and bread fungus make their own food from living or dead things. food. Such plants obtain their Chloroplast in leaf cells contains chlorophyll which absorbs photosynthesis. sunlight for
REFLEKSI
REFLECTION
4.14 PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
Masteri
4.14
DISCUSSION
Activity
Mastery
Lengkapkan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen di bawah dengan menyatakan proses-proses yang berlaku.
Karbon dioksida
Complete the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle below by stating the processes that take place.
Carbon dioxide
V
Hidupan Pernafasan/Respirasi Bahan api Pembakaran
Fuel Burning
V
Oksigen
V
V
V
Oxygen
V
V
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Objektif Pembelajaran
4.15 PERBINCANGAN
1
Aktiviti
Learning Objective
Kontekstual
4.15
1
DISCUSSION
Activity
Contextual
Kaji gambar foto di bawah dan nyatakan jenis aktiviti manusia, kesan buruk yang terhasil, dan langkah untuk mengatasinya. (a) (b)
Study the photographs below and state the types of human activities, the adverse effects produced and the solutions. (a) (b)
CHAPTER
BAB
4
2
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang isu alam sekitar.
Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) Nitrogen dioksida Kanser kulit Karbon dioksida Pemanasan global Sinaran ultraungu Habitat Sulfur dioksida
Fill in the blanks with suitable words regarding the environmental issues.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Nitrogen dioxide Skin cancer Carbon dioxide Global warming Ultraviolet ray Habitat Sulphur dioxide
Jenis isu persekitaran (a) Kesan rumah hijau (b) Penipisan lapisan ozon
lapisan ozon
Types of environmental issues (c) Hujan asid Bahan pencemar: Sulfur dioksida
dan Nitrogen dioksida
Kilang Kesan Ea th Earth
Bumi Bumi
Ea th Earth
Karbon dioksida (bahan pencemar) menghalang sebahagian haba daripada terlepas ke angkasa lepas lalu menyebabkan pemanasan global . Pencairan
yang digunakan dalam penyembur aerosol, peti sejuk, dan penyaman udara boleh memusnahkan lapisan ozon. Sinaran ultraungu boleh menyebabkan kanser kulit .
Carbon dioxide (pollutant) traps part of the heat from escaping to outer space, causing global warming . The Memusnahkan hidupan. habitat
Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
that are used in aerosol sprays, refrigerators and air conditioners can destroy the ozone layer. Ultraviolet rays skin cancer . can cause
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PMR
(a)
Kunci Kejayaan
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.
PMR
(a)
Key To Success
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.
1 Label rajah berikut dengan perkataan yang diberikan. Komuniti Populasi Spesies Ekosistem
1 Label the following diagrams with the words given. Community (b) Population Species (c) Ecosystem (d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Spesies
Populasi
Komuniti
Ekosistem
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
katak
pemangsa
frog
predator
3 State the types of symbiosis relationships for these organisms. 3 Nyatakan jenis hubungan simbiosis bagi organisma-organisma berikut. Commensalism Komensalisme (a)
paku pakis langsuir pokok umang-umang
Parasitism
Mutualism (c)
Parasitisme
buran
(b)
(c)
tree
hermit crab
Komensalisme
Mutualisme
Parasitisme
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
4 Nyatakan jenis interaksi dalam situasi-situasi berikut: Persaingan (a) Seekor musang memakan ayam (b) Tumbuhan berbunga dan rumpai
tumbuhan berbunga
4 State the types of interactions in the following situations: Mangsapemangsa Competition Prey-predator (a) A fox eats chicken (b) Flowering plant and weeds
flowering plant
Prey-predator
Persaingan
ulat
Competition Mangsa-pemangsa
Prey-predator
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5 (a)
Kawalan biologi
ialah satu kaedah di mana musuh semula jadi digunakan untuk mengawal perosak. Tidak menyebabkan pencemaran
5 (a)
Biological control
is a method in which a natural enemy is used to control the pest. Does not cause pollution
(b) Kelebihan-kelebihan kawalan biologi: Selamat digunakan (i) 6 (a) Tulis peranan organisma dalam rantai makanan berikut: Rumput Pengeluar Belalang Pengguna primer
(ii)
(ii)
6 (a) Write the roles of organisms in the following food chain: Katak Pengguna sekunder Ular Pengguna tertier Grass Producer Grasshopper Primary consumer Frog Secondary consumer Snake Tertiary consumer
(b) Apakah yang berlaku kepada bilangan organisma jika bilangan belalang dalam (a) berkurangan? Berkurang Bertambah (ii) Rumput (iii) Ular (i) Katak 7 Lengkapkan piramid nombor dengan maklumat berikut: Serangga Burung Ular Tumbuhan Ular Burung Serangga Tumbuhan
Berkurang
(b) What happens to the number of other organisms if the number of grasshoppers in (a) decreases? Decreases Increases Decreases (ii) Grass (iii) Snake (i) Frog 7 Complete the pyramid of numbers with this information. Insect Bird Snake Plant Snake Bird Insect Plant
Dari tapak piramid ke puncak, (a) bilangan organisma (bertambah, berkurang) (b) saiz organisma (bertambah, berkurang) (c) (lebih, kurang) tenaga hilang 8 Lengkapkan persamaan bagi fotosintesis. Klorofil (a) Karbon dioksida + Air Cahaya matahari (b) Apakah fungsi klorofil? 9
From the base of the pyramid to the top, (a) the number of organisms (increases, decreases) (b) the size of organisms (increases, decreases) (c) (more, less) energy is lost 8 Complete this equation of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
Glukosa
Oksigen
(a)
Carbon dioxide
Water Sunlight
Glucose
Oxygen
Untuk menyerap cahaya matahari (b) What is the function of cholorophyll? To absorb sunlight 9 Write the purpose of each step in the experiment to test the presence of starch. (1)
jubin putih green leaf leaf pieces heat heat
Tulis tujuan untuk setiap langkah eksperimen bagi menguji kehadiran kanji. (1) (2) (3)
air
(4)
kukus air alkohol
(5)
(6)
larutan iodin air panas
(2)
(3)
water
(4)
water bath alcohol
(5)
(6)
iodine solution hot water white tile
daun hijau
Pemerhatian: Daun menjadi biru kehitaman Purpose: To kill the cells and break the cell walls Purpose: To remove cholorophyll Purpose: To soften the leaves Observation: The leaf becomes dark blue
10 Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menunjukkan bahawa karbon dioksida diperlukan untuk fotosintesis.
A B
10 An experiment is carried out to show that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
A
green plant
tumbuhan hijau
(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang (i) dimalarkan: Jenis tumbuhan (ii) dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran karbon dioksida/larutan natrium hidroksida (iii) bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji
(i) is kept constant: Type of plant (ii) is manipulated: The presence of carbon dioxide/sodium hydroxide solution (iii) responds: The presence of starch
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11 Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menunjukkan cahaya matahari diperlukan untuk fotosintesis.
(a) Pada bahagian daun yang manakah mengandungi kanji pada akhir eksperimen? (b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang (i) dimalarkan: Daun hijau (ii) dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran cahaya matahari (iii) bergerak balas: Kehadiran kanji 12 Namakan proses yang menggunakan (a) oksigen: Respirasi, pembakaran, pereputan (b) karbon dioksida: Fotosintesis 13 Lengkapkan rajah kitar oksigen dan karbon dioksida. Karbon dioksida
J dan L (a) Which parts of the leaf contain starch at the end of the experiment? (b) State the variable that (i) is kept constant: The green leaf (ii) is manipulated: The presence of sunlight (iii) responds: The presence of starch
J and L
12 Name the processes which use up (a) oxygen: Respiration, combustion, decomposition (b) carbon dioxide: Photosynthesis 13 Complete the diagram of oxygen and carbon cycles. Carbon dioxide
BAB
Fotosintesis (Tumbuhan)
Pereputan (Mikroorganisma)
Pembakaran (Bahan api) Photosynthesis (Plants) Respiration (Living things) Oxygen Decomposition (Microorganisms) Combustion (Fuels)
14 Nyatakan aktiviti manusia yang memusnahkan keseimbangan alam semula jadi: (a) Perhutanan (c) Pertanian (e) Perlombongan (b) Perindustrian (d) Perikanan (f) Pembinaan
(g) (h)
Perumahan Pemburuan
14 State the human activities that destroy the balance of nature: (c) Agriculture (e) (a) Forestry (b) Industry (d) Fishery (f) 15 Fill in the blanks about the greenhouse effect.
sun's ray
Mining Construction
(g) (h)
Housing Hunting
Bumi Earth
Satu lapisan
karbon dioksida
cuaca
dan
iklim
dunia. A layer of carbon dioxide which causes changes in weather and climate of the world.
16 Namakan gas yang menyebabkan: (a) hujan asid Sulfur dioksida/Nitrogen dioksida (b) penipisan lapisan ozon Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) (c) kesan rumah hijau Karbon dioksida
16 Name the gas that causes: (a) acid rain Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide (b) depletion of the ozone layer Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) (c) greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide
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PMR
KERTAS
Sudut Pengukuhan
4
7 Rajah 5 menunjukkan keadaan sepohon pokok keembung.
PMR
PAPER
Enhancement Corner
4
7 Diagram 5 shows the condition of a balsam plant.
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 Antara organisma berikut, yang manakah pengeluar dalam KLON 2001 suatu ekosistem? A Kulat C Belalang B B Alga D Helang 2 Graf dalam Rajah 1 menunjukkan bilangan organisma K, L, M, dan N.
Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan kesan kepada padang rumput itu jika semua katak telah ditangkap? Ular Belalang Daun A Berkurang Bertambah Berkurang B Bertambah Berkurang Bertambah C Berkurang Bertambah Bertambah D Berkurang Berkurang Berkurang
KLON 2007 KLON 2009
1 Which of the following organisms is the producer in an ecosystem? A Fungus C Grasshopper B Algae CLONE D Eagle B 2001 2 The graph in Diagram 1 shows the number of organisms K, L, M and N.
Which of the following shows the effect on the field if all the frogs are caught? A B C D Snake Decreases Increases Decreases Decreases Grasshopper Increases Decreases Increases Decreases Leaves Decreases Increases Increases Decreases A
CLONE 2007
CLONE 2009
bilangan organisma
jenis organisma
4 Ular di ladang kelapa sawit dapat A mengawal penyakit pokok kelapa sawit B mengelakkan kecurian buah sawit C mengawal perosak secara biologi D menambah baja organik C KLON
2003
number of organisms
4 Snakes in oil palm estates are able to A control diseases of oil palm trees B prevent the stealing of palm fruits C control pests biologically D increase organic fertiliser C CLONE
2003 type of organism
Rajah 1 Antara piramid nombor berikut, yang manakah mewakili hubungan antara organisma-organisma itu? A C L L M N K B L N M K D K M L K M N L
KLON 2005
5 Rajah 3 menunjukkan aliran tenaga. Cahaya matahari ??? K A L A Burung A N A Beluncas A M Antara organisma berikut, yang manakah diwakili oleh K, L, M, dan N? K L M N A Padi Belalang Katak Ular B Rumput Katak Tikus Helang C Ular Padi Belalang Tikus D Helang Ular Katak Belalang B
KLON 2003
Rajah 5 Pokok keembung itu layu selepas tiga hari kerana kekurangan A cahaya KLON 2008 B karbon dioksida C air B D klorofil 8 Senara i ber i kut menun j ukkan beberapa organisma. Tikus Burung Helang Padi Ular
Diagram 5 The balsam plant wilts after three days because of insufficient A light CLONE 2008 B carbon dioxide C water B D chlorophyll 8 The list below shows some organisms. Rat Bird Eagle Paddy Snake
Diagram 1 Which of the following pyramid of numbers represents the relationship among the organisms? A C L L M N K B D L N M K K M N L
CLONE 2005
A AN Caterpillar A M
Diagram 3
Pengguna Pengguna Pengeluar primer sekunder Rajah 4 Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili rantai makanan itu? KLON 2006 A Padi Katak Ular B Rumput Beluncas Belalang C Padi Tikus Ular C D Rumput Ular Katak
2 10 50 10 000
Producer
50 10 000
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
Which of the following represents the food chain? CLONE A Paddy Frog Snake 2006 B Grass Caterpillar Grasshoper C Paddy Rat Snake C D Grass Snake Frog
A Snake Rat A A Paddy A A A Eagle Bird A Snake Rat A A Paddy A A A Eagle Bird A A A
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Rajah 3
K M L
Pilih siratan makanan yang betul bagi organisma tersebut. A Burung A Ular A Padi A Helang A Tikus
Which of the following organisms are represented by K, L, M and N? K L M N A Paddy Grasshopper Frog Snake B Grass Frog Rat Eagle C Snake Paddy Grasshopper Rat D Eagle Snake Frog Grasshopper
CLONE 2003
Choose a correct food web for these organisms. A Bird A Snake A Paddy A Eagle A Rat
CLONE 2007
9 Antara pernyataan yang berikut, yang manakah menerangkan sebab aktiviti pembalakan harus dihentikan? A Menyebabkan hujan asid KLON 2008 B Mencemari tepi pantai C Meningkatkan kandungan debu dalam udara D Mengurangkan kandungan oksigen dalam udara D 10 Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu rantai makanan. Daun Beluncas Katak Ular Rajah 6 Pertambahan populasi ular dalam rantai makanan pada Rajah 6 akan menyebabkan I bilangan beluncas bertambah II bilangan katak bertambah III bilangan daun berkurang A I dan II sahaja KLON 2003 B I dan III sahaja C II dan III sahaja B D I, II, dan III 11 Rajah 7 menunjukkan hubungan antara proses fotosintesis dengan respirasi. Gas X dan Y terlibat dalam proses-proses ini. X Fotosintesis Respirasi Y Rajah 7
Apakah yang akan berlaku pada kuantiti gas X dan Y dalam atmosfera jika semua tumbuhan hijau termusnah? KLON 2009 X Y A Berkurang Meningkat B Meningkat Berkurang C Berkurang Berkurang D Meningkat Meningkat A 12 Ular digunakan untuk mengawal populasi tikus dalam sesetengah ladang kelapa sawit. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan kebaikan dan kelemahan kaedah kawalan biologi ini yang digunakan untuk mengawal perosak? Kebaikan A Tikus merupakan satu-satunya sumber makanan ular Tidak mencemari alam sekitar Murah dan menjimatkan Selamat digunakan Kelemahan Mencemari alam sekitar
13 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu proses K yang berlaku dalam daun hijau pada waktu siang.
gas L gas M
Rajah 8
KLON 2008
9 Which of the following statements explains why the activities of logging should be stopped? CLONE 2008 A Causes acid rain B Pollutes the coastal areas C Increases the haze content in air D Decreases the oxygen content in air D 10 Diagram 6 shows a food chain. Leaf Caterpillar Frog Snake Diagram 6 An increase in the snake population in the food chain in Diagram 6 will cause I an increase in the number of caterpillars II an increase in the number of frogs III a decrease in the number of leaves A I and II only CLONE 2003 B I and III only C II and III only B D I, II and III 11 Diagram 7 shows the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration. Gases X and Y are involved in the processes. X
Photosynthesis Respiration
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili K, L, dan M? K A B C D L M Oksigen Oksigen Karbon dioksida Fotosintesis Karbon dioksida Respirasi Karbon dioksida
What will happen to the quantity of gases X and Y in the atmosphere if all the green plants are destroyed? CLONE X Y 2009 A Decreases Increases B Increases Decreases C Decreases Decreases D Increases Increases A 12 Snakes are used to control the population of rats in certain oil palm estates. Which of the following is the advantage and disadvantage of this biological control method used to control the pest? Advantage A Rats are the only food resources of snakes Do not pollute the environment Cheap and economical Safe to use Disadvantage Pollute the environment
13 Diagram 8 shows a process K which occurs in a green leaf during the day.
gas L gas M
CLONE 2008
Diagram 8 Which of the following represented by K, L and M? K A B C D L Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Respiration Carbon dioxide are M Oxygen Oxygen Carbon dioxide
C D
Ular mungkin mematuk pekerja Membunuh organisma lain Penyakit mungkin disebarkan
KLON 2008
14 Antara aktiviti manusia yang berikut, yang manakah menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon? A Pembalakan B Pembakaran bahan api fosil C Penggunaan klorofluorokarbon D Penggunaan hidroklorofluorokarbon KLON C
2008
C D
Snakes might bite the workers Kill other organisms Disease might be spread
CLONE 2008
Y Diagram 7
14 Which of the following human activities causes the depletion of the ozone layer? A Forestry B Burning of fossil fuels C The use of chlorofluorocarbons D The use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons CLONE C
2008
KERTAS
2
KLON 2004
PAPER
2
CLONE 2004
Respirasi
Respiration
Pereputan Fotosintesis
Pembakaran Photosynthesis
Combustion Decomposition
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(a) Lengkapkan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen pada Rajah 1 dengan maklumat-maklumat yang berikut. Pereputan Karbon dioksida Oksigen Respirasi Pembakaran
(a) Complete the carbon and oxygen cycles in Diagram 1 with the following information. Decomposition Carbon dioxide Oxygen Respiration Combustion
(b) Nyatakan dua fungsi fotosintesis dalam kitar karbon. (i) Menyingkirkan karbon dioksida daripada udara (ii) Membekalkan makanan kepada haiwan (c) Nyatakan dua aktiviti manusia yang mengganggu keseimbangan kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen. (i) Pembasmian hutan/Penyahhutanan (ii) Perindustrian/Perlombongan
(b) State two functions of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle. (i) Removes carbon dioxide from the air (ii) Supplies food to animals (c) State two human activities that bring about an imbalance to the carbon and oxygen cycles. (i) Deforestation (ii) Industrialisation/Mining
M J K L M
Rajah 2 (a) Perhatikan haiwan dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu ciri bagi setiap haiwan J, K, L, dan M mengikut cara pemakanannya. L: Pemangsa J: Pemangsa K: Mangsa M: Mangsa
Diagram 2 (a) Observe the animals in Diagram 2. Based on your observation, state one characteristic each of animals J, K, L and M according to their method of feeding. J: Predator L: Predator K: Prey M: Prey (b) Classify animals J, K, L and M into two groups based on their common characteristics. Name the animals belonging to each group.
(b) Kelaskan haiwan J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya. Namakan haiwan bagi setiap kumpulan itu. J, K, L, M
J, K, L, M
Ciri-ciri sepunya
Kumpulan 1 Pemangsa
Nama haiwan
Helang Harimau
Arnab Tikus
Names of animals
Eagle Tiger
Rabbit Rat
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