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4. Lekcja czwarta
cztery four czwarty -a -e fourth

NAMES FOR PEOPLE. ACCUSATIVE CASE OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (SINGULAR). ACCUSATIVE OF VARIOUS PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. MINI-LESSON: PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

strzelec shooter. Sagitarius. listopad November. w listopadzie. grudzie December. w grudniu Konwersacje: 4.A. Co takiego Bringing someone up to date on a mutual acquaintance.

4.B. Chc kupi jak sukienk. Clothes shopping. 4.C. Nie mam pojcia Looking for a lost item. 4.D. Chtnie go poznam I'd like you to meet a friend of mine. 4.E. Nowe mieszkanie Describing one's new apartment. 162

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fryzjer(ka) Barber, hairdresser. damsko-mski mens or womens. Unisex hair salon. Polish shops and establishments tend not to go in for clever punning names, as in America. This place looks more like a jail than a barber shop, but you will probably get a good haircut here. 4.A. Co takiego One friend brings another up to date on a mutual acquaintance. Beata: Co tu robisz? What are you doing here? Bogusaw: <Jak widzisz>, czytam gazet i <As you see>, I'm reading the paper and waiting czekam na kogo. for someone. Beata: Na kogo czekasz? For whom are you waiting? Bogusaw: Na Mari Czyewsk (Jana For Maria Czyewska. (Jan Czyewski). Do you Czyewskiego). Znasz j (go)? know her (him)? Beata: Oczywicie. To moja stara znajoma (mj Of course. That's my old friend. What's up with stary znajomy). Co u niej (u niego) sycha? her (him) Bogusaw: Jest w Toruniu. Pracuje tam jako She (he) is in Toru. She (he) works there as a fryzjer(ka) <kelner(ka)>. hairdresser <waiter/waitress> Beata: Co takiego. You don't say. 163

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Streszczenie Beata widzi Bogusawa, ktry siedzi na awce w parku i czyta co. Ona pyta go, co on tam robi, i on odpowiada, e czyta gazet i czeka na kogo. Beata jest ciekawa, na kogo on czeka. On mwi, e czeka na pewn Mari Czyewsk, Okazuje si, e Beata dobrze pamita Mari Czyewsk. Mwi, e to jej stara znajoma. Nie wie jednak, co Maria robi teraz. Okazuje si, e Maria jest teraz w Toruniu, gdzie pracuje jako fryzjerka. Beata jest zaskoczona, bo nie wiedziaa, e Maria ma kwalifikacje, eby pracowa jako fryzjerka. Czy Maria naprawd to jej stara dobra znajoma? okazywa si -zuje turn out. zaskoczony aj surprised. eby sub conj in order to Do zapamitania: Co u niej (u niego) sycha? Na kogo czekasz? Co robisz? Ona mieszka w Toruniu. Co takiego. Ona pracuje tam jako fryzjerka Czekam na Jana Czyewskiego. To mj stary znajomy. Czekam na Mari Czyewsk. To moja stara znajoma. Czytam gazet i czekam na kogo. Znasz go? Znasz j?

1. Co robi Bogusaw? Co on czyta? Na kogo on czeka? 2. Czy Beata zna koleank, na ktr on czeka? Czy ona dobrze j zna? 3. Gdzie ta koleanka teraz mieszka i pracuje? Co ona tam robi? 4. Jeli Maria Czyewska to naprawd taka dobra znajoma, to dlaczego Beata nie wie, e ona teraz mieszka w Toruniu i pracuje tam jako fryzjerka? 5. Jak reaguje Beata, kiedy syszy, e Maria Czyewska pracuje jako fryzjerka. Dlaczego ona tak reaguje? 5. Czy Maria Czyewska jest spniona na spotkanie?

Pytania

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6. Czy fryzura na zdjciu podoba ci si? Czy chcesz mie tak fryzur? Dlaczego? 7. Czy zwykle czytasz, kiedy czekasz na kogo czy na co? Jeli tak, to co czytasz? Jeli nie, to co robisz? 8. Czy masz staego fryzjera (sta fryzjerk)? (Nie, nie mam staego fryzjera/staej fryzjerki). Jeli tak, to jak on (ona) ma na imi? Uwagi co u niej sycha? what's to hear (i.e., lubi -bi -bisz impf +infin like what's up) with her? u plus Genitive of oczywisty aj obvious, evident. oczywicie ona. See also co u niego sycha? obviously, of course What's to hear with him? okazywa si zuje si us.3.p. turn out co takiego you don't say; literally podoba si, pl. podobaj si +D appeal to 'something of the sort'. reagowa guje gujesz react czeka -am -asz na+A wait for spotkanie n meeting czyta -am -asz read stay aj steady, constant fryzjer, f. fryzjerka hairdresser widzie dz dzisz see fryzura f hair-style, hairdo zaskoczony a surprised kto pron GA kogo someone zdjcie n snapshot. na zdjciu in the photo ktry who, which. na ktrego for whom (m.); f. na ktr 165

fryzura miesica hairstyle of the month. From a Polish hairstyling website, 2008.

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GRAMATYKA 4.A. PRONUNCIATION OF WORD-INITIAL prze-, trze-, krze-, etc. The sound rz, normally identical in pronunciation to , is pronounced "sz" after ch, p, t, and k: chrzan "chszan" horseradish, przy "pszy" near, trzy "tszy" three, krzyczy "KSZY-czy" (s)he shouts, przez "pszes" through, across, trzeba "TSZE-ba" one must, krzeso "KSZE-so" chair. THE LETTER w PRONOUNCED AS f (continued from Lesson 2). The letter w, usually designating the sound of English v as in vase, is pronounced "f" before or after any voiceless consonant: kwiat "kf'at" flower, twarz "tfasz" face, wiat "f'at" world, wszystko "FSZY-stko" everything, wtedy "FTE-dy" then. This rule embraces the preposition w, which is pronounced as if part of the following word: w Krakowie "fkra-KO-w'e" in Krakow; compare to w biurze "VBIU-rze" in the office. Because of devoicing at word-end, the sound w is pronounced "f" in word-final position: paw "paf" peacock, Krakw "KRA-kuf", ciekaw "E-kaf" curious-masc. The combination w+f is pronounced as a double "ff": w fabryce "FFA-bry-ce". WORDS FOR PERSONS, RELATIONS, AND FRIENDS (SUMMARY). Here are the most important words for referring to people, friends, relations, and co-workers: czowiek man, person, human. This word can mean 'human being', but in reference to individuals, it usually means 'man'. osoba person. A feminine-gender noun referring to persons of either sex. rodzina family. The term is broader in Polish than in English, where the word family usually refers to one's nuclear family. In Poland, rodzina often refers to one's relations near and far. dziecko child. A neuter noun referring to a child of either sex. rodzice parents. moi rodzice my parents dziadkowie grandparents. moi dziadkowie my grandparents males: females: mczyzna man kobieta woman chop(ie)c, Acc. chopca boy dziewczyna girl ten pan that gentleman ta pani that lady m Acc. ma husband ona wife brat brother siostra sister oj(cie)c, Acc. ojca father matka mother tata dad mama mom syn son crka daughter 174

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dziad(e)k, Acc. dziadka grandfather babcia grandmother wnuk grandson wnuczka granddaughter wuj(e)k, Acc. wujka uncle ciocia aunt krewny relative (m. adj.) krewna relative (adj.) kuzyn cousin kuzynka cousin (f.) znajomy acquaintance (adj.) znajoma acquaintace (adj.) kolega colleague (m.) koleanka colleague (f.) przyjaciel friend (m.) przyjacika friend (f.) narzeczony fianc (adj.) narzeczona fiance (adj.) By the notation chop(ie)c is meant that the material between parentheses is dropped when endings are added to the stem. See the Accusative-case forms chop(ie)c-a: chopca; dziad(e)k- a: dziadka; wuj(e)k-a: wujka. On the Accusative case, see further below. NOTES (Some of the following information is repeated from Lesson 3): 1. The word czowiek man can be used to refer to a member of the human race, but when it is used in reference to a specific person, the person will usually be male. The word mczyzna is used for 'man' when a gender or sex role is under discussion. For example, one says przystojny mczyzna a handsome man, because such an expression refers to gender- specific sex appeal. 2. The grammatically feminine word osoba person is a sex-neutral word. Regardless of sexual reference, it always takes feminine grammatical agreement: ta osoba that person (man or woman). The word dziecko child, despite its reference to persons of either sex, is always grammatically neuter: to dziecko. To dziecko pi. That child is sleeping. Ono pi. It is sleeping. 3. The titles pan Mr. and pani Ms. (Miss or Mrs.), although strictly speaking meaning 'gentleman' and 'lady', are often used in the sense 'man/gentleman' and 'woman/lady'. In this use, they are preceded by a modifying pronominal adjective: ten pan that man, jaka pani some woman. 4. Masculine-gender words in -a like mczyzna man, kolega colleague (m.), tata dad, dentysta dentist, and so on take grammatically feminine endings, but masculine gender agreement: ten mczyzna that man, mj kolega my colleague. One uses kolega (m.) koleanka (f.) colleague in the sense of 'mate', i.e. school-mate, work-mate, etc. 175

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5. The word znajomy, znajoma acquaintance functions as a noun but takes adjectival endings. The same is true of narzeczony, narzeczona fianc(e), krewny, krewna relative, and various other ADJECTIVAL NOUNS. 6. The words przyjaciel, przyjacika friend are reserved for close adult friends. Pre- adults tend to use kolega and koleanka in the sense of 'friend': To Pawe, mj najlepszy kolega. This is Pawe, my best friend. When describing relationships among adults of different sexes, especially married adults, przyjaciel, przyjacika can be used euphemistically in the sense 'lover'. 7. English 'boyfriend' and 'girlfriend' are typically rendered in Polish by chopak and dziewczyna, respectively. The words narzeczony and narzeczona, literally 'fianc(e)' are sometimes used in the sense 'steady', especially narzeczony by women. The word chopak is also used in he sense 'guy', chopiec being used to refer to boys of younger age. 8. Polish women often use the term dziewczyna girl as a term of self-reference, especially in the plural (dziewczyny girls), more broadly than the term implies sensu stricto, and more often than women use the word girl in English. No belittling sense attaches to such use, including when used by men in reference to women. 9. The word facet guy is often heard, but it is slang and should be used infrequently, if at all. A slang word for kolega is kump(e)l buddy, chum. 10. Although the word wujek strictly speaking means 'maternal uncle', it is often used as a generalized term for uncle. The specific word for 'paternal uncle' (one's father's brother), not always used, is stryjek. The words wujek and ciocia aunt are commonly used with children to refer to adult friends of the family. 11. The adjectives for 'married' are different for men and for women: On jest onaty. He is married. Ona jest zamna. She is married.

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THE ACCUSATIVE CASE SINGULAR OF NOUNS (INTRODUCTION). The Accusative case of nouns and adjectives, used after verbs called transitive (for example, after czyta am asz read, mie mam masz have, pamita am asz remember, and zna am asz know) is described in sections 4.B. and 4.C. below. For the time being, simply learn that feminine nouns in a take the ending ; masculine animate nouns (including male people) take the ending a; and other (i.e., inanimate) masculine nouns, and neuter nouns, have no special Accusative forms. Mam brata i siostr. I have a brother and a sister. Czytam gazet. Im reading the paper. Mam nowy samochd i nowe mieszkanie. I have a new car and a new apartment. Rodzina Family

Name the people in the pictures by relation.

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WICZENIA 4.A. 4.1. Accusative case pronouns after prepositions. kolega: a. To jest mj kolega. That's my colleague. b. Czekam na niego. I'm waiting for my him. koleanka, przyjaciel, siostra, dentysta, brat, znajomy, znajoma, matka, ojciec, narzeczony/naczeczona, kolega. 4.2. Accusative case of pronouns after verbs and after prepositions (review) ja, ty: a. Widz ci. I see you. b. Czekam na ciebie. I'm waiting for you. on, ona; ona, pan; ja, pani; ona, ja; ty, on. 4.3. Locative case review. siostra, szkoa: Siostra jest jeszcze w szkole. My sister is still at school. brat, uniwersytet; ojciec, praca; matka, biblioteka; syn, bank; crka, koci. 4.3. 4.4. jeden, jedna, jedno 'one', drugi, druga, drugie 'the other'. brat, by, szkoa, uniwersytet: Jeden brat jest w szkole, a drugi brat jest na uniwersytecie. One brother is in school and the other is at the university. siostra, mieszka, Gdask, Pozna; syn, pracowa, kelner, fryzjer; babcia, y, nie y; crka, by, zadowolona; profesor, by, stary, mody. 4.4. 4.1.

4.2.

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4.5. Accusative of names for people. czyta +A read and czeka na+A wait for. gazeta, Jan: Czytam gazet i czekam na Jana. I'm reading the newspaper and waiting for Jan. list, Ewa; czasopismo, Marcin; ksika, Julia; powie (f.) novel, przyjaciel; artyku, koleanka; opowiadanie short story, kolega. 4.5. 4.6. Accusative case of first names; Accusative of pronouns after verbs and after prepositions. Jan: a. Czy pamitasz Jana? Do you remember Jan? b. Tak, dobrze go pamitam. Yes, I remember him well. c. Czekam na niego. I'm waiting for him. Janina, Zofia, Krzysztof, Janusz, Maria. 4.6. 4.7. Opposite-sex correspondents. Give the person of the oppositive sex. kobieta: mczyzna man. chopiec, ona, brat, matka, syn, babcia, ciocia, krewny, znajoma, przyjacika, narzeczony, ta pani, tata. 4.7.

4.8. Accusative case forms of names for relations and friends. ona: Czy masz on? Do you have a wife? m (Acc. ma), syn, crka, babcia, dziadek (Acc. dziadka), wnuczek Acc. wnuczka), wnuczka, chopak, dziewczyna. 179 4.8.

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4.9. Accusative case forms of various non-personal, but possibly animate, nouns. gazeta: Czy masz gazet? Do you have a newspaper? owek, samochd, piro, mieszkanie, ksika, krzeso, st, kot cat, krowa cow, dziecko. 4.9.

fryzjer barber Explain the humor of this cartoon.

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Jestemy w Warszawie We're in Warsaw. A billboard announces the opening in Warsaw of a women's fashion store. Since the billboard is placed on the road from the airport, the just- arrived viewer first applies the message to himself.

4.B. W sklepie odzieowym. Chc kupi jak sukienk. Two people clothes shopping in a clothing store.

Ewa: -Chc kupi jak sukienk <jaki szalik, jakie ubranie, jakie spodnie>. Adam: -Wspaniay pomys. Jak sukienk <Jaki krawat, Jakie ubranie, Jakie spodnie> chcesz kupi? Ewa: -Oczywicie now i adn <nowy i adny, nowe i adne, nowe i adne>. Na przykad t <ten, to, te>. Adam: -O nie, kup tamt <tamten, tamto, tamte>. Jest <s> do tania <tani, tanie, tanie> i bardzo modna <modny, modne, modne>. Ewa: -Nie, nie podoba <podobaj> mi si. Wol t pierwsz <ten pierwszy, to pierwsze, te pierwsze>. Adam: -To kup i jedn i drug <i jeden i drugi, i jedno i drugie, i jedne i drugie>. Ewa: -Niezy pomys. Pomyl o tym.

I want to buy some kind of dress <scarf, outfit, pants>. Great idea! What kind of dress <scarf, outfit, pants> do you want to buy? Obviously, a new and pretty one. For example, this one <those>. Oh no, buy that one <those ones>. It's <they're> fairly cheap and very fashionable. No, it doesn't (they don't) appeal to me. I prefer the other one <the first ones>. Itll be better for various occasions. So buy both one and the other. Not a bad idea. Ill think about it.

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Streszczenie Jestemy w sklepie odzieowym. Ewa informuje Adama, e chce kupi jak now sukienk. Adam (jej m? przyjaciel? chopak?) zgadza si, e to jest wspaniay pomys. Widocznie nie podoba mu si jej obecna garderoba. Ewa widzi jak sukienk, ktra jej si podoba, ale Adam nie jest pewien, czy ona powinna j kupi. On myli, ze ona jest za cieka, szczupa I ciasna On woli inn sukienk, ktra jest nie tylko tania ale, wedug niego, bardziej modna. Ewa jednak woli t pierwsz sukienk. Ona bdzie lepsza na rne okazje, ona myli. Co Ewa zrobi? Czy kupi t pierwsz sukienk, czy nie? Moe ona kupi i jedn i drug, jak sugeruje Adam. informowa muj -mujesz inform. obecny aj present. garderoba f wardrobe. cieki aj thin. szczupy aj slender. ciasny aj thin. wedug niego according to him. i jedn i drug both one and the other. sugerowa ruj rujesz impf suggest. Do zapamitania: Chc kupi jak koszul. Ta sukienka nie podoba mi si. Jaki szalik chcesz kupi? Te spodnie nie podobaj mi si. Jak koszul chcesz kupi? Ten krawat jest tani i bardzo modny. Jakie ubranie chcesz kupi? Ta koszula jest do tania. Kup i jedn sukienk i drug. To ubranie jest i adne, i tanie. Kup tamt sukienk. Wol tamt inn sukienk. Ona bdzie lepsza na rne okazje. Wol tamten inny krawat. Pomyl o tym. Wspaniay pomys.

Pytania 1. Co Ewa chce kupi? Jak sukienk ona chce kupic? 2. Co Adam myli? Jak mylisz, dlaczego on mwi, e to jest wspaniay pomys, e Ewa chce kupi now sukienk? 3. Dlaczego on woli tamt inn sukienk? Czy dlatego, e jest tania, czy dlatego, e jest modna? Jak mylisz, dlaczego nie podoba mu si ta sukienka, ktra podoba si Ani*? 4. Dlaczego Ani podoba si raczej ta pierwsza sukienka? 5. Jak mylisz, czy Ania kupi t pierwsz sukienk czy t drug? Czy mylisz, e ona kupi i jedn i drug? Dlaczego tak mylisz? 182

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6. Czy lubisz robi zakupy? [Nie, nie lubi robi zakupw.] Co najbardziej lubisz kupowa? 7. Chcesz (czy musisz) kupi jakie nowe ubranie? [Nie, nie musz kupi nowego ubrania.] Jakie ubranie musisz (chcesz) kupi? 8. Czy cena zawsze jest wana? A jako? Moda? Co jest najwaniejsze: jako, moda, czy cena? Ani. Dative case form of Ania, used here in the sense to Ania. Uwagi cena f price one pron they (non-masc. pers.) ciasny aj tight podoba mi si it appeals to me. dlatego, e conj because, for the reason podobaj mi si they appeal to me. that poleca am asz recommend informowa muj mujesz inform pomyle l lisz pf o+L give a thought to inny aj other, a different spodnie pl form trousers. jako f quality sugerowa ruj rujesz impf suggest jednak av however szczupy aj slender kupi kupi kupisz pf, kupowa tani tania tanie aj inexpensive -puj -pujesz impf buy. kup 'buy!': the ubranie n clothing, outfit. The word for suit imperative or command form of kupi in the formal sense of matched top and mi Dative case of ja; see grammar to this skirt or slacks is kostium. section. zrobi. Perfective of robi bi moda f fashion. aj modny fashionable -bisz do. Its present forms have future najbardziej superl av most of all meaning. najwaniejszy superl aj most important.

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The bar where everybody knows your case. celownik Dative (celowa aim), dopeniacz Genitive (dopenia fill up), narzdnik Instrumental (narzdzie tool), mianownik Nominative (mianowa nominate), miejscownik Locative (miejscowy local), biernik accusative (bierny passive), woacz Vocative (woa call). GRAMATYKA 4.B. PRONUNCIATION OF t. The Accusative case form of the feminine demonstrative pronoun ta is t, often pronounced with nasality. It is the only word showing in word-final position where nasality often actually does occur. Ordinarily, final is pronounced e: Chc kupi t sukienk chce kupi t sukienke. Many Poles say t instead of t, but this is considered substandard by many. No matter how it is pronounced, the form is spelled t. By contrast, the Accusative singular feminine form of tamta is regular (and is pronounced), tamt; Chc kupi tamt sukienk I want to buy that dress over there.

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THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMATICAL CASE. Noun phrases (nouns and their modifiers) may play various roles in a sentence: subject, object, indirect object, possessor, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase, predicate noun, instrumental phrase, to name the most important kinds. These roles are dictated by the verb one chooses. For example, the verb 'read' requires a subject (the reader) and an object (the subject matter being read): Janek czyta ksik. Janek is-reading a-book subject verb object Nominative case Accusative case English indicates the role of a noun phrase in a sentence mainly by means of word order and prepositions, and by relying on natural logic. Polish, in addition to word order, prepositions, and natural logic, also uses CASE ENDINGS to signal grammatical function. Case endings appear both on nouns and on the adjectives that modify them. There are six main Polish cases, traditionally cited in the order Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, and Locative. In addition, a seventh, Vocative case is used with personal nouns in direct address. The main functions of the Polish cases (their so-called "bare-case" uses) are as follows: case: main uses: Nominative Subject of sentence. Also, the case of citation in dictionaries. mianownik Answers kto? co? Genitive Possession and all senses of "of", as in "end of story". dopeniacz Answers kogo? czego? Dative Indirect object, the receiver of something; "to" or "for" someone. celownik Answers komu? czemu? Accusative Direct object, usually the person or thing affected by the verb's action. biernik Answers kogo? co? Instrumental Phrases of means and conveyance ("by car"); also, predicate nouns (nouns narzdnik after 'be'). Answers kim? czym? Locative After certain prepositions, especially w 'in,' na 'on,' przy 'at,' o 'about,' po miejscownik after. E.g., answers o kim? o czym? Vocative Direct address, calling someone by first name. woacz

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THE ONE-CLAUSE, ONE-CASE PRINCIPLE. A 'clause' is a kernel sentence, a group of words consisting of a subject, a verb, and possible complement noun phrases. For example, in the clause Adam kocha Ew Adam loves Eve, the subject is Adam, the verb is kocha, and the complement noun (here, the direct object) is Ewa, in the Accusative form Ew. In Polish, pronominal subjects often lie 'hidden' in the verbs ending, as in Lubi kaw I-subject like coffee-object. With very few exceptions, Polish follows the one-clause, one-case principle, which means that in any given clause (kernel sentence), one will find at most one instance of a given use of a case. For example, *Adam kocha Ewa is ungrammatical, since both Adam and Ewa are in the Nominative case. One needs to decide who loves whom, and to put the subject of the verb in the Nominative (whether Ewa or Adam, and the object of the verb in the Accusative (whether Ew or Adama). Occasionally a sentence will be grammatically ambiguous, for example, in Dziecko lubi mleko The child likes milk, the neuter nouns dziecko and mleko do not have distinctive Accusative forms. Here one decides the issue by using logic: presumably it is the child who likes milk, not the other way around. ACCUSATIVE CASE FUNCTIONS (INTRODUCTION). The Accusative case is the usual case of logical verbal complement (direct object), for verbs other than be, seem, become. For example, the verb read in the sentence frame Czytam ___ I am reading ___ logically requires complements referring to kinds of reading matter (like ksika book, gazeta newspaper, czasopismo magazine, artyku article, and so on). Nouns filling this slot will appear in the Accusative case, for example Czytam gazet I am reading a newspaper. The word gazet is said to fill the function of direct object after the verb czyta. Among verbs followed by nouns in the Accusative case, are, for example, czyta am asz read pamita am asz remember je jem jesz eat pi pij, pijesz drink kocha am asz love pisa pisz piszesz write kupowa puj pujesz impf, robi bi -bisz do, make pf kupi pi pisz pf buy* widzie -dz dzisz see lubi bi bisz like wole -l lisz prefer mie mam masz have zna am asz know (s.o.). oglda am asz watch, view and many others. * The verb kupi pi pisz is Perfective, meaning that its present forms have future meaning: Kupi t koszul. Ill buy that shirt. See Lesson 7. 186

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Accusative case of complement of verb:

Certain verb-plus-preposition combinations are followed by the Accusative case, for example czeka am asz na+A wait for czeka na autobus wait for a bus dba am asz o+A take care about dba o figure care about ones figure dzikowa kuj kujesz za+A thank for dzikowa za rad thank for the advice paci c cisz za+A pay for paci za obiad pay for lunch patrze rz rzysz na+A look at patrzy na obraz look at a picture prosi sz sisz o+A ask for, request prosi o rachunek ask for the check pyta am asz o+A ask about pyta o rozkad ask about the schedule wtpi -pi pisz w+A doubt wtpi w szczero doubt ones sincerity wierzy rz rzysz w+A believe in wierzy w los believe in fate. Also: by zy (za) na+A be angry at by zy na siotr be angry at ones sister ACCUSATIVE CASE ENDINGS (SINGULAR). Here are the singular Accusative adjective and noun endings, for each of the three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Among grammatically masculine nouns one distinguishes between masculine animate nouns (e.g. chop(ie)c boy, brat brother, ko horse, kot cat, p(ie)s dog), and so on, which refer to animate beings of masculine gender, and masculine inanimate nouns, which do not (obraz picture, st table, owek pencil, zeszyt notebook, etc.). Here are the Accusative sg. adjective and noun endings: 187

Co on pisze? What is he writing? On pisze prac. He is writing an assignment-Acc.

Co ona czyta? What is she reading? Ona czyta ksik. She is reading a book-Acc.

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Accusative adjective ending Accusative noun ending masculine like Nominative like Nominative inanimate masculine animate -ego -a neuter like Nominative like Nominative feminine in a - - feminine in -0 - like Nominative Examples, contrasting Nominative and Accusative cases: Nominative: To jest ___. Accusative: Widz ___. masculine nowy dom nowy dom inanimate masculine animate, mody kot modego kota incuding persons nowy student nowego studenta neuter nowe krzeso nowe krzeso feminine in a nowa lampa now lamp feminine in -0 nowa twarz now twarz From the above it follows that one needs to learn mainly two sets of adjective and noun endings for the singular Accusative: for masculine animate nouns: -ego a (mody kot young cat, A modego kota); and for feminine nouns in a: - (mia osoba nice person, A mi osob). For other adjective-nouns, the Accusative is like the Nominative. THE ACCUSATIVE FORM OF PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. Possessive and other pronominal adjectives take regular adjective endings in the masculine animate and feminine Accusative: -ego and -, respectively: Czy masz mj parasol? Do you have my umbrella? Czy pamitasz mojego brata? Do you remember my brother? Czy masz moj teczk? Do you have my briefcase? Czy masz moje piro? Do you have my pen? Mam jeden paszcz. I have one overcoat. Mam jednego syna. I have one son. Mam jedn marynark. I have one sportscoat. Mam jedno mieszkanie. I have one apartment. 188

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The animate Accusative of ten is tego: Znam tego pana I know that man; of to, to: Widzisz to dziecko? Do you see that child? Exceptionally, the Accusative ending for feminine ta is t, not *t, even if it is often pronounced "t". See discussion above. Chc kupi t koszul. I want to buy that shirt. The Accusative feminine of tamta is regular (-): Wol tamt bluzk. I prefer that blouse over there. TO LIKE, TO LOVE, TO ADORE. In Polish, in order to like something or someone, one first has to get to know it or them fairly well. Otherwise, especially when having just encountered something or someone, one says that the thing or person appeals to one. 1. Always use podoba si appeal to rather than lubi like about a just-seen object (like a film), a just-met person, or, say, a recently-read book, no matter how positively they might strike you. The noun referring to the thing that appeals to one is the subject of the verb; hence the verb agrees with it, whether singular or plural: Podoba mi si twoja koleanka. I-Dative like your friend-Nom.; she appeals to me. Podobaj mi si twoje nowe spodnie. I-Dative like your new pants-Nominative; i.e., they appeal to me. The verb podoba si occurs with the Dative case of personal pronouns (expressing to me, to you, to him, etc.), whose usual singular forms are these: Nominative ja ty on, ono ona pan pani Dative mi ci mu jej panu pani For a fuller treatment of Dative-case pronouns, see Lesson 10. 2. One uses lubi lubi lubisz like about a well-known object or person, or about an activity one likes to do. When joined to a following verb, lubi takes that verb in the infinitive: Lubi tego autora. I like that author. Czy lubisz takie filmy? Do you like movies like this? Ona lubi siedzie i myle. She likes to sit and think. 189

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3. The verb to love is kocha am asz. Kocham ca twoj rodzin. I love your entire family. Generally speaking, the verb kocha can be used only with people and pets, who can reciprocate love, not with inanimate objects like dresses, although one may say such things as Kocham ycie. I love life. 4. One may use uwielbia adorewith both animate and inanimate objects: Uwielbiam ci. I adore you. Uwielbiam polskie filmy. I adore Polish movies. TO WEAR. The verb nosi nosz nosisz carry is also used in the sense wear: Dlaczego nosi t star sukienk. Why are you wearing that old dress? Czy nosisz okulary? Do you wear glasses? In practice, instead of the verb nosi wear, one often says that a person is in the garment: Ona bya w niebieskiej czapce. She was in (=was wearing) a blue cap-Locative. NAMES FOR COLORS: biay white fioletowy purple rowy pink brzowy brown granatowy dark navy blue szary gray czarny black niebieski light blue zielony green czerwony red pomaraczowy orange ty yellow All of the names for colors have adverbial forms in o: biao, brzowo, czarno, and so on, often used after the preposition na, as in malowa na zielono to paint green. READING MATTER artyku mi article. pl artykuy nowela f novella. pl nowele czasopismo n magazine. pl czasopisma ogoszenie n announcement. pl ogoszenia encyklopedia f encyclopedia, pl opowiadanie n short story. pl opowiadania encyklopedie podrcznik mi textbook. pl podrczniki esej mi essay. pl eseje powie f novel. pl powieci gazeta f newspaper. pl gazety reklama f advertisement. pl reklamy ksika f book. pl ksiki scenariusz mi filmscript, pl scenariusze list mi letter. pl listy sownik mi dictionary, pl sowniki 190

ARTICLES OF APPAREL adidasy pl form running shoes bluzka f blouse. pl bluzki but mi shoe. pl buty chustka f (head)scarf. pl chustki czapka f cap. pl czapki dinsy pl form jeans kamizelka f vest. pl kamizelki kapelusz mi hat. pl kapelusze koszula f shirt. pl koszule krawat mi necktie. pl krawaty marynarka f sportscoat. pl marynarki parasol mi umbrella. pl parasole pas(e)k mi belt. pl paski plecak mi backpack. pl plecaki paszcz mi coat. pl paszcze podkoszulek lka mi undershirt

poczochy pl form stockings portfel mi billfold, wallet. pl portfele rajstopy pl form hose, tights rkawiczka f glove. pl rkawiczki skarpetka f sock. pl skarpetki spodnie pl form pants spdniczka f skirt. pl spdniczki sukienka f dress. pl sukienki swet(e)r mi sweater. pl swetry szalik (neck)scarf. pl szaliki teczka f briefcase. pl teczki teniswki pl form tennis shoes torba f bag. pl torba torebka f purse. pl torebki ubranie n clothing

DEDUCING THE RULES FOR FORMING THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (THE BREAKFAST-LUNCH- DINNER RULE). The list of articles of clothing and of reading matter or clothing terms above can be used as problem sets for deducing the rules for forming the Nominative/Accusative plural of nouns. Except for words referring to male persons, the two forms, Nominative and Accusative, are identical. The solution is given in the commentary to the picture below (and in Mini-Lesson 4):

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Above is a Warsaw restaurant sign illustrating a rule of thumb for forming the plural of nouns, known as the Breakfast-Lunch-Dinner rule: neuters take a (niadanie breakfast, pl niadania); other nouns usually take y (obiad dinner, pl obiady), although soft stems take -e (kolacja dinner, pl kolacje). See Mini-Lesson 4 or Lesson 10 for further details. ceprownia is a made-up word based on the mountain dialect word ceper lowlander, as opposed to goral highlander, i.e. an ethnic group inhabiting the Tatry (Tatra mountains) in the south. The restaurant serves highlander food to lowlanders.

Fiddle-playing goral highlander in Zakopane.

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Ubranie = Odzie

Identify the article of clothing using the list two pages above. WICZENIA 4.B. 4.10. Guessing the plural. You may guess the plural by using the described rules of thumb or by copying forms from the list given above. Use the items in the picture as cues. koszula: a. Chc kupi now koszul. I want to buy a new shirt. b. To s adne koszule. Those are nice shirts. 193 4.10.

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4.11. Contrast of Nominative with podoba si appeal to and Accusative with wole prefer. teczka: a. Jak ci si podoba ta teczka? How does this briefcase strike you? b. Wol inn teczk. I prefer some other briefcase. ubranie, paszcz, czapka, kot, portfel, ko, marynarka, samochd, koszula, sweter, p(ie)s. 4.11. 4.12. czyta am sz read. In b, for the plural, use rules of thumb or simply copy forms from the list given above. list: a. Czytam interesujcy list. Im reading an interesting letter. b. Czytam interesujce listy. Im reading interesting letters. czasopismo, gazeta, artyku, opowiadanie, reklama, powie (f.), ksika. 4.12. 4.13. pisa sz szesz write Vary the adjectives. ja, list: Pisz dugi list. Im writing a long letter. on, artyku; ona, powie (f.); ty, esej; ja, opowiadanie. 4.13. 4.14. dzikowa kuj kujesz za+A thank for bluzka: Dzikuj za adn bluzk. Thanks for the pretty blouse. torebka, parasol, list, ksika, sweter. 194 4.14.

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4.15. Accusative of names for persons, contrasted with the Nominative. czowiek: a. Czy podoba ci si ten czowiek? Do you like that man? b. Czy lubisz tego czowieka? Do you know that man? czowiek, osoba, mczyzna, pan, dziecko, rodzina, pani, kobieta, chopiec, dziewczyna. 4.15. 4.16. Accusative case nouns and corresponding pronouns. siostra: a. Czy znasz moj siostr? Do you know my sister? b. Nie, ale chtnie j poznam. No, but Ill gladly meet her. syn, ona, m, kolega, naczeczony, naczeczona, crka, brat, ssiadka, profesor, przyjacika, przyjaciel, ssiadka. 4.16.

4.17. Compose a sentence, putting the logical subject and object in the appropriate cases, supplying other necessary words, and making other necessary changes. Not all sentences will require an Accusative. Tomek, kocha, Alina: Tomek kocha Alin. Tomek loves Alina. Zenon, czyta, gazeta; Marta, mie, wasny parasol; Pawe, chcie, kupi, nowy, samochd; Agata, chcie, kupi, nowy, sukienka; Janusz, mie, nowy, mieszkanie; mj, mieszkanie, mie, nowoczesny-modern, kuchnia; Karol, mie, modszy, brat, starszy, siostra; Agnieszka, mie, bardzo, miy, pies; brat, pracowa, inynier; siostra, by, jeszcze, szkoa; kady, mieszkanie, mie, oddzielny separate, sypialnia; mj, brat, mieszka, teraz, Pozna; ja, czeka na, ja, kolega. 4.17.

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okulary gotowe do czytania eyeglasses ready for reading. promocja (here:) a special, i.e. a sale. Why might this sign be potentially funny? 4.C. Nie mam pojcia Looking for a lost item. Zosia: Suchaj, czy masz moje nowe Listen, do you have my new magazine czasopismo <moj now gazet, mj nowy <newspaper, textbook>? podrcznik >? Zenek: Nie, mam wasne < wasn, wasny >. No, I have my own. Zosia: Ciekawa jestem, gdzie jest moje <moja, mj>. I wonder where mine is. Zenek: Nie mam pojcia. Duo rzeczy gubisz I don't have any idea. You lose a lot of things ostatnio. lately. Zosia: Nieprawda. Zdaje ci si tylko. A Thats not true. It just seems that way to suchaj, czy widziae gdzie moje okulary you. But listen, have you seen my <klucze>? eyeglasses <keys> anywhere? Zenek: Nie, nie widziaem. No, I havent. 196

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Streszczenie Zosia i Zenek s w domu. Jedz niadanie. Zosia pije kaw a Zenek czyta jakie czasopismo. Zosia pyta go, czy to czasopismo, ktre on czyta, jest jej. Zenek odpowiada, e nie, to jest jego wasne czasopismo. Zosia jest ciekawa, gdzie jest to czasopismo, ktre ona wczoraj kupia I teraz chce czyta. Zenek nie ma pojcia. Robi uwag, e ona duo rzeczy gubi ostatnio. Zosia nie zgadza si. Mwi, e tylko zdaje mu si. Ale gdzie w kocu jest jej czasopismo? Nie dowiadujemy si. Nie dowiadujemy si te, co to jest za czasopismo, ktre Zenek czyta. Zosia teraz ma inny problem. Nie wie teraz, gdzie s jej okulary. Przecie musi je mie, eby czyta. Moe Zenon jednak ma racj: Zosia rzeczywicie duo rzeczy gubi ostatnio.

niadanie n breakfast. wczoraj av yesterday. koniec ca mi end. w kocu in the end. nie dowiadujemy si we dont find out. inny aj different. je Apl of one them. mie racj phr be right.

Do zapamitania: Ciekaw(a) jestem, gdzie jest mj portfel. Mam w asn gazet. Czy masz moj gazet? Nie mam pojcia. Duo rzeczy gubisz ostatnio. Nieprawda. Gdzie jest moja gazeta? Suchaj. Gdzie s moje klucze? Widziae (-a) gdzie moje okulary? Mam inny problem. Zdaje ci si tylko.

Pytania 1. Gdzie s Zosia i Zenek I co robi? Co jeszcze Zenek robi? A Zosia? 2. O co pyta Zosia? Czy Zenek ma jej czasopismo? Czyje czasopismo on ma? 3. Jak mylisz, co to jest za czasopismo, ktre Zenek czyta? A jakie jest to czasopismo, ktre Zosia chce czyta? 4. Czy Zosia wie, gdzie jest jej czasopismo? Gdzie ona moe by? Kiedy ona je kupia? 5. Co jeszcze Zosia zgubia? Jak mylisz, czy to jest prawda, co Zenek mwi, e Zosia duo rzeczy gubi ostatnio? 4. Czy ty czsto gubisz rzeczy? Co najczciej gubisz? Co zgubie (zgubia) ostatnio? 5. Czy zgubie (zgubia) kiedy parasol? Okulary? Portfel? Komrk? Klucze? 197

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dowiadywa si duj dujesz find out gubi -bi -bisz impf, pf zgubi lose. gubi si +D get lost. koniec cu mi end, finish. w kocu in the end mj, moja, moje and twj, twoja, twoje can mean either 'my' or 'mine', 'your' or 'yours'. The forms moje, twoje are either neuter sg. or Nominative pl. (non- masc.pers.). nie mam pojcia I don't have a clue, an idea. pojcia is the Genitive of pojcie after the negated verb. okulary pl form eyeglasse ostatnio av lately, recently

Uwagi suchaj! informal imperative of sucha listen uwaga f note, observation, comment widziae (f. -a) past tense of widzie -dz -dzisz see (see Lesson 5). wasn: The Accusative sg. fem. form of wasny own, agreeing with unexpressed gazet. zdawa si zdaje si +D seem to s.o. zdaje mi si, e it seems to me that zgubie (f. a) past tense forms of zgubi lose Zenek dimunitive or familiar form of Zenon znale znajd, znajdziesz, znalaz, znaleli pf find Zosia diminutive or familiar form of Zofia

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GRAMATYKA 4.C. THE SPELLING OF KRESKA CONSONANTS BEFORE VOWEL ENDINGS. If the stem of a noun ends in , d, , , , the kreska (acute mark) will be replaced with a trailing i before an ending beginning with a vowel: ko-a: konia horse-Asg. o-a: osia elk-Asg; and so forth. SPECIAL ACCUSATIVE INSTANCES

1. FEMININE NOUNS IN -0. The Accusative of feminine-gender nouns like twarz face, noc night, rzecz thing is like the Nominative; i.e., there is no ending. However, a modifying adjective will change according to case: Dobrze pamitam t noc. I remember that night Jola ma interesujc twarz. Jola has an interesting face. 2. MALE NAMES IN -ek. Male names in ek drop the e before any ending, including the Asg. ending a: Marek, Jurek, Janek, Zbyszek, etc., Asg. Marka, Jurka, Janka, Zbyszka. Occasionally for clarity, such names will be cited here with the e in parentheses: Mar(e)k, Jur(e)k, Jan(e)k, Zbysz(e)k. 3. MASCULINE NOUNS IN -a. Such nouns take the endings of a feminine noun, but adjective agreement is that of a masculine animate noun: Znam tego mczyzn. I know that man. Chtnie poznam twojego koleg. I'd gladly meet your friend. 4. ADJECTIVAL NOUNS. Adjectival nouns have the function of nouns, but take the endings of adjectives: Znam twojego znajomego. I know your acquaintance (m.) Pamitam twoj narzeczon. I remember your fiancee (f.) 5. ADJECTIVAL LAST NAMES take adjective endings: Znam pana Jana Bylewskiego. I know Mr. Jan Bylewski. Znam pani R Bylewsk. I know Ms. Roza Bylewska. 6. NOMINAL LAST NAMES. When referring to a woman, last names ending in consonants do not take a special Accusative ending. When referring to a man, they take the regular masculine animate Accusative ending (-a). The Accusative of pan is regular: pana; the 199

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Accusative of pani is pani: Znam pana Stanisawa Musiaa. I know Mr. Stanisaw Musia. Znam pani Zofi Musia. I know Ms. Zofia Musial. SUMMARY. Here is a summary of various situations one encounters when expressing the Accusative case, as contrasted to the Nominative case. Key to gender abbreviations: f feminine, ma masculine animate, mi masculine inanimate, mp masculine personal, n neuter. THINGS AND MASCULINE-GENDER ANIMALS: Nominative case: Accusative case: To jest +N That's a ___. Wol +A I prefer a ___. mi inny sweter different sweater inny sweter different sweater ma inny kot different cat innego kota different cat f inna koszula different shirt inn koszul different shirt f inna powie different novel inn powie different novel n inne mieszkanie different apt. inne mieszkanie different apt. PERSONS: To jest +N That's ___. Znam +A I know ___. mp mj brat my brother twojego brata your brother mp mj kolega my colleague twojego koleg your colleague mp mj znajomy my acquaintance twojego znajomego your acquaintance mp miy pan nice gentleman tego pana that gentleman mp Jan Zieliski Jan Zielinski Jana Zieliskiego Jan Zielinski mp Jan Nowak Jan Nowak Jana Nowaka Jan Nowak f moja siostra your sister twoj siostr your sister f moja znajoma your acquaintance twoj znajom your acquaintance f mia pani nice lady t pani that lady f Ewa Zieliska Ewa Zielinska Ew Zielisk Ewa Zielisk. f Ewa Nowak Ewa Nowak Ew Nowak Ewa Nowak

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EXPRESSING 'ONE'S OWN'. When a noun in the complement part of a sentence is possessed by the subject of the same sentence, the possessive relation is expressed by swj, swoja, swoje one's own rather than by one of the other possessive pronouns (mj, twj, jego, jej, ich, pana, pani). In effect, swj, swoja, swoje in this position encompasses all of the senses of 'my, your, his, her, their' own: Czekam na swojego koleg. I'm waiting for my colleague. Masz swoj teczk? Do you have your briefcase? On kocha swoje dziecko. He loves his child. In the last sentence, saying On kocha jego dziecko would mean that he loves someone elses child. There is no such possibility for confusion in the 1st and 2nd persons, but still swj swoja swoje may be used: Tu jest mj zeszyt. Here is my notebook. Mam swj zeszyt. I have my notebook. Tu jest moja ksika. There is my book. Mam swoj ksik. I have my book. Tu jest moje piro. Here is my pen. Mam swoje piro. I have my pen. The notion of 'own' may be reinforced with the word wasny one's own, which can be used in combination with swj swoja swoje: Mam (swj) wasny zeszyt. I have my own notebook. Mam swoj (wasn) ksik. I have my own book. Especially when referring to friends, relations, body-parts, and pets, the possessive pronoun is usually omitted: Czekam na syna. I'm waiting for (my) son. Crka pracuje w miecie. (My) daughter works in town. Rka mnie boli. My hand hurts me. Pies mi uciek. My dogs run away. INVERTING SUBJECT-OBJECT WORD ORDER. Polish word order is often the same as in English, in that the subject usually precedes the verb and its complement, as in Adam kocha Ew. This sentence answers the question Whom does Adam love? However, in Polish, subject-object word order may be inverted to change the emphasis. Ew kocha Adam, with the same subject and object as the first sentence, answers the question Who loves Ewa? One sees that the most important information in a Polish sentence is typically placed at the end. Polish often employs subject-complement inversion in order to achieve the effect of passive voice. Thus, Ew kocha Adam can be translated as Ewa is loved by Adam. One sees the same effect in the following sentence, taken from an advertisement: 201

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Because of the possibility of inverse object-verb-subject word order, a sentence like this causes the reader to do a double take. Of course it is inflation that is devouring the pocketbook, as logic suggests, not the other way around, as usual word order suggests. In any case, the Nominative case ending on inflacja shows that inflacja, not portfel, is the subject, hence the one doing the devouring (portfel could be either Nominative or Accusative, so it is not helpful). The sense here is that of a passive: "Is your pocketbook being devoured by inflation?"

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WICZENIA 4.C. zwierzta, dzikie i domowe animals, wild and domestic

ko horse (rebak foal), kot cat (kociak kitten), krlik rabbit, krowa cow (cielak calf), l(e)w lion, lis fox, niedwied bear, owca sheep (baranek lamb), p(ie)s dog (szczeniak puppy), so elephant, winia pig (prosiak piglet) wilk wolf, zajc hare. 4.18. Use the animals in the picture as cues. Remember to respell kreska consonants as consonant plus i before endings: ko, Asg. konia. The drill may be done in both singular and plural (peek at the rules in Mini-Lesson 4, or use the niadania-obiady-kolacje rule). ko: a. Czy widzisz tego konia? Do you see that horse? b. (Optional): Czy widzisz te konie? Do you see those horses? 203

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owady insects, gady critters, pazy reptiles

ddownica earthworm, jaszczurka lizard, konik polny grasshopper, motyl butterfly, mrwka ant, mucha fly, pajk spider, pszczoa bee, rak crab, crawfish, limak snail, waka dragonfly, w wa snake, aba frog (ropucha toad), lw wia turtle, tortoise, uk beetle. 4.19. Contrast of Accusative singular to Nominative plural. Use the words in the picture as cues. limak: a. Czy jade (jada) kiedy limaka? Have you ever eaten a snail? b. Jakie due limaki! What big snails! 204

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4.20. wasny, wasna, wasne own parasol: a. Czy masz mj parasol? Do you have my umbrella? b. Nie, mam wasny parasol. No, I have my own umbrella. krawat, torebka, pasek, teczka, piro, kapelusz, sukienka, portfel. 4.21. swj swoja swoje one's own krawat: Czy on ma swj krawat? Does he have his (own) necktie? marynarka, parasol, paszcz, koszula, portfel, czapka, ubranie. 4.20.

4.21.

4.22. Accusative case of words naming friends and relations. ja, kolega: a. To jest mj kolega. That's my colleague. b. Czekam na mojego (swojego) koleg. I'm waiting for my colleague. on, koleanka; ona, przyjaciel; ja, siostra; ty, brat; pan, znajomy; pani, znajoma; on, matka; ona, ojciec; ja, narzeczony/naczeczona. 4.22. 4.23. Accusative of relation-names after pamita remember, contrasted with Nominative as used wityh podoba si be appealing. m: a. Podoba mi si twj m. I like your husband (I find your husband appealing) b. Dobrze pamitam twojego ma. I remember your husband well. siostra, matka, ojc(ie)c, brat, syn, crka, koleanka, ssiad, przyjaciel, narzeczona, ciocia, wuj(e)k, ona, kolega, znajomy. 205 4.23.a

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4.24. Accusative of personal names. Jolanta Cieszyska: Dobrze pamitam pani Jolant Cieszysk. I remember Ms. Jolanta Cieszyska well. Maria Jarocka, Janusz Krzywiski, Ewa Modrak, Jerzy (like adj.) Czy, Marek Sdlak, Barbara liwiska, Szymon Gociski, Maria Michalska, Ewa Andrzejewska, Piotr Stczek, Natalia Klin, Mirosaw Patyski, Barbara Hoffman, Tomasz Rutkowski, Monika Baliska. 4.24. 4.26. Sentence inversion. Place the subjects and complements (taken from Exercise 4.17) in inverted order, and ask the question the resulting sentence answers: Tomek, kocha, Alina: a. Alin kocha Tomek. Alina is loved by Tomek. b. Kto kocha Alin? Who loves Alina? Zenon, czyta, gazeta; Marta, mie, wasny parasol; Pawe, chcie, kupi, nowy, samochd; Agata, chcie, kupi, nowy, sukienka; Janusz, mie, nowy, mieszkanie; mj, mieszkanie, mie, nowoczesny-modern, kuchnia; Karol, mie, modszy, brat, starszy, siostra; Agnieszka, mie, bardzo, miy, pies; brat, pracowa, inynier; siostra, by, jeszcze, szkoa; kady, mieszkanie, mie, oddzielny separate, sypialnia; mj, brat, mieszka, teraz, Pozna; ja, czeka na, ja, kolega.

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poznajcie si! Meet each other! Picture from a blog on dobre maniery good manners. 4.D. Chtnie go poznam. I'd like you to meet a friend of mine. Jola: Chcesz pozna mojego koleg (moj Do you want to meet my colleague? koleank)? Who, namely? Janek: Kogo, mianowicie? My colleague Jarek (Jadzia). Jola Jarka. (Jadzi). Which one is that? Janek: Ktry (ktra) to jest? Jarek (Jadzia) is the one in the green <tight> Jola: Jarek to ten (Jadzia to ta) w zielonym sweater (in the tight jeans). <obcisym> swetrze (w obcisych dinsach). Yes, I'll very gladly meet him (her). I'll gladly Janek: Tak, chtnie poznam kadego twojego meet any friend of yours <even if he is wearing koleg (kad twoj koleank), <even if he is a green sweater>. wearing a green sweater>. 207

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Jestemy na przyjciu. Jola pyta Janka, czy on chce pozna swoj koleank, Jadzi. Jola chyba uwaa, e Jadzia bdzie mu si podoba, i odwrotnie. Jest nawet moliwe, e Jadzia prosia Jol eby przedstawia jej Janka, bo on jej si podoba. W kadym razie Janek, kiedy dowiaduje si, e Jadzia to ta dziewczyna w zielonym swetrze i obcisych dinsach, mwi, e bardzo chtnie pozna Jadzi. On w dodatku mwi, e chtnie pozna kad jej koleank, ale mamy prawo wtpi, czy to prawda. Jola to po prostu bardzo atrakcyjna dziewczyna i Janek chce j pozna. odwrotnie av the other way around, vice versa. prosia she requested. eby that. w kadym razie phr in any case. prawo n right. w dodatku in addition. mie prawo have the right. wtpi pi isz doubt. Do zapamitania: Chtnie poznam kadego twojego koleg. Ktry to jest? Chtnie poznam kad twoj koleank. Ktra to jest? Chcesz pozna moj koleank? Jadzia to ta w zielonym swetrze. Chcesz pozna mojego koleg? Jarek to ten w obcisych dinsach. Kogo chcesz pozna? Pytania

Streszczenie

1. Czy Janek chce pozna koleg (koleank) Joli? 2. Ktry kolega (ktra koleanka) to jest? 3. Jak mylisz: dlaczego Janek naprawd chce go/j pozna? Czy dlatego, e podoba mu si jego (jej) sweter? 4. Czy ty chcesz pozna mojego koleg albo moe moj koleank? Dlaczego? 5. Czy chcesz mi przedstawi swojego koleg (swoj koleank)? Dlaczego? 6. Czy podoba ci si mj sweter? Jaki on ma kolor? Czy on nie jest za duy? (za may? za krtki? za dugi? za obcisy? Za cieki?) 208

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Uwagi obcisy aj tight-fitting pozna -am -asz pf meet, get to know prawo n law, right. mie prawo have the right przedstawi wi wisz pf present, introduce w obcisych dinsach in tight jeans. Locative plural of obcise dinsy. w zielonym swetrze in the green sweater. Locative case of zielony sweter

dlatego, e conj because, for the reason that Jarek diminutive or affectionate form of Jarosaw. Jola diminutive or affectionate form of Jolanta. kadego twojego koleg (f. kad twoj koleank) each of your friends (Accusative case). mianowicie av namely naprawd av really

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GRAMATYKA 4.D. SUMMARY: ACCUSATIVE CASE FORMS OF PERSONS, FRIENDS, AND RELATIVES: czowiek man, human, A czowieka osoba person, A osob Remember that the always-feminine word osoba person refers to a person regardless of sex. mczyzna man, A mczyzn kobieta woman, A kobiet chop(ie)c bo , A chopca dziewczyna girl, A dziewczyn ten pan that gentleman, A tego pana ta pani that lady, A t pani m husband, A ma ona wife, A on brat brother, A brata siostra sister, A siostr oj(cie)c father, A ojca matka mother, A matk tata dad, A tat mama mom, A mam syn son, A syna crka daughter, A crk dziad(e)k grandfather, A dziadka babcia grandmother, A babci wnuk grandson, A wnuka wnuczka grandmother, A wnuczk wuj(e)k uncle, A wujka ciocia aunt, A cioci kuzyn cousin A kuzyna kuzynka cousin A kuzynk krewny relative (aj), A krewnego krewna relative (aj.), A krewn znajomy acquaintance (aj), A -mego znajoma acquaintace (aj), A -m kolega colleague (m.), A koleg koleanka colleague (f.), A -k przyjaciel friend (m.), A -la przyjacika friend (f.), A -k narzeczony fianc (aj), A -nego narzeczona fiance (aj), A -n NOTES ON VARIOUS PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 1. 'WHAT KIND OF': jaki, jaka, jakie. The pronominal questioning adjective jaki, jaka, jakie, is frequent in Nominative and Accusative constructions. Nominative: Jaki to jest zeszyt? What kind of notebook is that? Jaki to jest pies? What kind of dog is that? Jaka to jest teczka? What kind of briefcase is that? Jakie to jest krzeso? What kind of chair is that? 204

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Accusative: Jaki zeszyt chcesz kupi? What kind of notebook do you want to buy? Jakiego psa chcesz kupi? What kind of dog do you want to buy? Jak teczk chcesz kupi? What kind of briefcase do you want to buy? Jakie krzeso chcesz kupi? What kind of chair do you want to buy? 2. 'SOME SORT OF': The pronominal adjective jaki, jaka, jakie is formed by adding the particle - to the end of forms of jaki, jaka, jakie: Nominative: To jest jaki budynek. That's some sort of building. To jest jaki czowiek. That's some kind of man. To jest jaka kobieta. That's some kind of woman. To jest jakie muzeum. That's some kind of museum. Accusative: Widz jaki budynek. I see some kind of building. Widz jakiego czowieka. I see some kind of man. Widz jak kobiet. I see some kind of woman. Widz jakie muzeum. I see some kind of museum. 3. 'ANY AT ALL': jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek. The idea of 'any at all, it doesn't matter', is expressed with forms of jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek: Kup mi jak gazet? Buy me some sort of newspaper. Jak? What kind? Jakkolwiek. Jakakolwiek bdzie dobra. Any kind at all. Any kind will be fine. See also: cokolwiek whatever, anything at all, ktokolwiek whoever, anyone at all, gdziekolwiek wherever, anywhere at all, kiedykolwiek whenever, anywhere at all.

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4. 'WHICH' AS A QUESTION WORD. The word ktry, ktra, ktre which, who is used to ask about the identity of a specific object or person: Nominative: Ktry samochd bdzie dobry? Which car will be good? Ktry ko bdzie dobry? Which horse will be good? Ktra ksika bdzie dobra? Which book will be good? Ktre piro bdzie dobre? Which pen will be good? Accusative: Ktry samochd wolisz? Which car do you prefer? Ktrego konia wolisz? Which horse do you prefer? Ktr ksik wolisz? Which book do you prefer? Ktre piro wolisz? Which pen do you prefer? 5. 'WHICH,' WHO,' 'WHOM' AS A RELATIVE PROUN. The word ktry, ktra, ktre which is used to make relative clauses. The gender, whether masculine, feminine, or neuter, is determined by the noun being referred to. The case is determined by the syntax of the clause in which the relative pronoun occurs. Nominative: Tu jest film, ktry mi si podoba. Here is a movie which I like. Czy znasz tego pana, ktry czeka na mnie? Do you know the gentleman who is waiting for me? Czy wiesz, ktra pralka bdzie lepsza? Do you know which washer would be better? Accusative: Tu jest samochd, ktry chc kupi. Here is the car which I want to buy. To jest jeden aktor, ktrego naprawd lubi. That's one actor whom I really like. Tu jest ksika, ktr musisz przeczyta. Here's a book which you have to read. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in Polish, as it often may be in English. One uses kto or co as relative pronouns only if the referrent is another pronoun: Kto to jest, kto tam stoi? Who is that standing there? To jest kto, kogo dobrze znam. That's someone I know well. Tu jest cos, co lubi. Here is something I like. 206

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6. 'THE SAME', 'A DIFFERENT'. 1. 'The same" is expressed with ten sam, ta sama, to samo: Nominative: Czy to jest ten sam budynek? Is that the same building? Czy to jest ten sam pies? Is that the same dog? Czy to jest ta sama kobieta? Is that the same woman? Czy to jest to samo zwierz? Is that the same animal? Accusative: Widz ten sam budynek. I see the same building. Widz tego samego psa. I see the same dog. Widz t sam kobiet. I see the same woman. Widz to samo zwierz. I see the same animal. 2. 'A different' is expressed with forms of inny: Nominative: Podoba ci si ten krawat? Does this tie appeal to you? Podoba ci si ten pies? Does this dog appeal to you? Podoba ci si ta bluzka? Does this blouse appeal to you? Podoba ci si to ubranie? Does this clothing appeal to you? Accusative: Nie, wol inny krawat. I prefer a different necktie. Nie, wol innego psa. I prefer a different dog. Nie, wol inn bluzk. I prefer a different blouse. Nie, wol inne ubranie. I prefer different clothing.

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WICZENIA 4.D. 4.27. ktry which; kady every; ad(e)n not any bluzka: a. Ktra bluzka bdzie dobra? Which blouse will be good? b. Kada bluzka bdzie dobra. Every blouse will be good. c. adna bluzka nie bdzie dobra. No blouse will be good. kapelusz, marynarka, paszcz, portfel, teczka, pasek. 4.28. Choose different colors:

4.27.

bluzka:

a. Ktr bluzk wolisz? Which blouse do you prefer? b. Ktra bluzka podoba ci si? Which blouse appealse to you? c. Podoba mi si tamta zielona bluzka. That green blouse there appeals to me. d. Wol tamt zielon bluzk. I prefer that green one there.

parasol, czapka, torebka, portfel, sweter, plecak, sukienka, ubranie.

4.28.

4.29. Contrast of Nominative with podoba si appeal to and Accusative with lubi like: profesor: a. Podoba mi si twj profesor. Your professor appeals to me. b. Chtnie poznam kadego twojego profesora. I'll gladly meet any professor of yours.

studentka, krewny, znajomy, kolega, przyjacika, ssiad.

4.29.

4.30. jaki, jaka, jakie some kind of Ona czeka na mczyzn: Ona czeka na jakiego mczyzn. She's waiting for some man. On czyta ksik. On buduje dom. On ma marynark. Ona czyta opowiadanie. Ona chce kupi powie (f.). Czytam czasopismo. Ona czeka na krewnego. Ona widzi znajomego. On ma kota. 208 4.30.

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4.31. jaki, jaka, jakie some kind of. paszcz: a. Chc kupi jaki paszcz. I want to buy some kind of coat. b. Jaki paszcz chcesz kupi? What kind of coat do you want to buy? c. Chc kupi modny, tani i adny paszcz. I want to buy a stylish, cheap, and pretty coat. ubranie, paszcz, czapka, kot, portfel, marynarka, samochd, koszula, sweter. 4.31. 4.32. ten sam, ta sama, to samo and inny, inna, inne. mczyzna: a. Czy to jest ten sam mczyzna? Is that the same man? b. Nie, jest inny. No, it's a different one. dziewczyna, pan, ona, osoba, dziecko, pani, student, chopiec, kobieta. 4.32. 4.33. jakikolwiek, jakakolwiek, jakiekolwiek any sort of gazeta: Kup mi jakkolwiek gazet. Buy me any sort of newspaper at all. krawat, koszula, czasopismo, ksika, paszcz, mydo soap. 4.33. 4.34. I'd gladly meet. brat: Chtnie poznam twojego brata. Id gladly meet your brother. siostra, znajomy, przyjacika, narzeczona, syn, krewny, crka. 209 4.34.

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4.35. 'one', 'the other: jeden drugi Make up some contrastive activity, using the suggested noun. brat: Jeden brat pracuje w Poznaniu, a drugi brat pracuje w Bydgoszczy. One brother works in Poznan, and the other works in Bydgoszcz. siostra, wujek, krawat, koszula, profesor, student, muzeum, ksika.

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Dom mieszkalny we Wrocawiu An new apartment house building in Wrocaw

4.E. Nowe mieszkanie My new apartment is fairly large and very comfortable. Patrycja: -Mam nowe mieszkanie. I have a new apartment. Piotr: -To wspaniale. Jak ono wyglda? Czy jest That's wonderful. What does it look like? Is it due? large? Patrycja: -Jest do due i bardzo wygodne. It's rather large, and very comfortable. There is Jest tam duy pokj, dwa mae pokoje i a large room, two small rooms, and a kuchnia. kitchen. Piotr: -To rzeczywicie jest due. Czy ma te Then it really is large. Does it also have a azienk? bathroom? Patrycja: -Oczywicie. Przecie kade Of course. After all, every apartment has a mieszkanie ma azienk. bathroom. Piotr: Hm. Na ktrym ono jest pitrze? Hm. What floor is it on? Patrycja: -Na czwartym. On the fourth. Piotr: -Czy jest winda? Is there an elevator? Patrycja: -Jest, oczywicie. There is, of course. 211

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Streszczenie Patrycja jest bardzo zadowolona, bo ma nowe mieszkanie. Piotr zgadza si, e to wspaniale. Pyta j, jak jej nowe mieszkanie wyglda. Patrycja mwi, e ono jest do due i bardzo wygodne. Jest tam duy pokj, dwa mae pokoje i kuchnia. Piotr pyta, czy mieszkanie ma te azienk. Gupie pytanie. Przecie kade mieszkanie ma azienk. Dowiadujemy si, e jej mieszkanie jest na czwartym pitrze i ma wind, Nie wiemy, jakie meble ma jej mieszkanie czy ma ono balkon, ale pewnie ma.

na ktrym pitrze on what floor. gupi pia pie aj stupid. meble pl form furniture. balkon mi balcony. Do zapamitania:

Czy jest balkon? Czy mieszkanie ma azienk? Czy ono jest due? Jak ono wyglda? Jest tam duy pokj, dwa mae pokoje i kuchnia. Kade mieszkanie ma kuchni.

Mam nowe mieszkanie. Mieszkanie jest bardzo wygodne. Mieszkanie jest do due. Na ktrym pitrze? Ono rzeczywicie jest due. To rzeczywicie jest due. To wspaniale. Pytania

1.Dlaczego Patrycja si cieszy ()s glad)? 2. Jak jej nowe mieszkanie wyglda? Czy jest due? Na jakim ono jest pitrze? 3. Jakie pokoje tam s? Czy mieszkanie ma balkon? Czy ma azienk? Na ktrym pitrze jest? Czy jest winda? 4. Czego jeszcze nie wiemy o jej mieszkaniu? 5. Czy ty masz nowe mieszkanie czy raczej stare? 6. Jakie jest twoje mieszkanie (Jaki jest twj dom)? Czy ono (on) ma balkon? sypialni? gara? saun? 7. Co ciekawego masz w mieszkaniu? Jakie meble tam s? 8. Czy kade nowe mieszkanie ma azienk? kuchni? balkon? wind? 212

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cieszy si sz szysz be glad co ciekawego what of interest gupi gupie gupia aj stupid meble pl form furniture pitro n floor, story. na pitrze pokj pokoju mi room. plural pokoje

Uwagi rzeczywisty aj actual, real. av rzeczywicie really to can mean then as in To rzeczywicie jest due. Then it really is large. wspaniay aj wonderful, marvelous. av wspaniale

M jak mieszkanie. M is for 'Mieszkanie". A magazine devoted to apartment living. The lead article, pocztwka z wakacji postcard from vacation, discusses interior decoration inspired by ones vacation.

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GRAMATYKA 4.E. USING QUESTIONS AS A GUIDE TO CASE. The question that every statement answers at least implicitly will almost always give a clue as to the case needed in the answer. For example, from the question Ktr koszul wolisz? Which shirt-Accusative do you prefer? one can see that the answer requires the use of the Accusative case: Wol tamt t koszul. I prefer that yellow shirt-Accusative over there. See also: Jakiego psa chcesz kupi? What sort of dog do you want to buy? Chc kupi labradora. I'd like to buy a labrador. One usually repeats a preposition that was given in a question: Na kogo czekasz? For whom are you waiting? Na Mari Zielisk. For Maria Zieliska. O kim rozmawiasz? About whom are you talking? O mojej znajomej. About my f. acquaintance. DESCRIBING OBJECTS IN A ROOM Verbs of physical status: lee - -ysz lie (said of objects in a lying position, e.g. a rug) sta stoj stoisz stand (said of objects that are in a sitting or standing position, e.g. tables, chairs, etc.) wisie -sz -sisz hang (said of objects that are suspended, e.g. pictures, curtains, etc.) The verb siedzie -dz -dzisz 'sit' is more often said of people than of objects. Locating adverbs: na prawo on the right na rodku in the middle na lewo on the left obok alongside, next to it na wprost straight ahead w kcie, w rogu in the corner, (but:) na rogu ulicy on the street corner 214

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Examples: W rogu stoi lampa. A lamp is standing in the corner. Na ku ley duy pies. A large dog is lying on the bed. Na cianie wisi portret. A portrait is hanging on the wall. Note that a difference in subject position translates into English as a difference in definite or indefinite reference, a consequence of the fact that subject position before the verb in such cases is related to old, hence definite, information, while position after the verb is related to new, or indefinite, information: Na grze stoi stary dom. An old house is standing on the hill. Stary dom stoi na grze. The old house is standing on the hill. HOME AND APARTMENT balkon mi balcony. na balkonie radio n radio jadalnia f dining room. w jadalni rega mi bookcase. w regale komputer mi computer sauna f sauna. w saunie kuchnia f kitchen. w kuchni segment mi wall unit lampa f lamp stereo mi stereo lodwka f refrigerator. w lodwce st mi table. na stole azienka f bathroom. w azience stolik mi end-table. na stoliku ko n bed. w ku sypialnia f bedroom. w sypialni piec mi stove. w piecu szafa f wardrobe, closet. w szafie pitro n floor. na pitrze tapczan mi day-bed, futon. na tapczanie pokj mi room. w pokoju telefon mi telephone pka f shelf. na pce telewizor mi television set pralka f washing machine. w pralce video n video

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mieszkanie apartment. w mieszkaniu

biurko desk, na biurku; drzwi door (plural form), dywan rug, firanki curtains, fotel armchair, kaamarz ink-stand, kanapa sofa, klamka door handle, kredens credensa (china cabinet), kwiat flower, lampa lamp, lufcik vent window, lustro mirror, obrus tablecloth, piec stove, podoga floor, na pododze; poduszka pillow, rega bookshelf, st table, na stole; sufit ceiling, szafa wardrobe, ciana wall, na cianie; wazon vase, zasona zasony shade(s), zegar clock. WICZENIA 4.E. 4.35. Describe the room in the above apartment, making use of the given words and locative verbs and other phrases (na stole on the table, na prawo on the right, etc.). 4.36. ktry which and kady every. Use different adjectives. Here are some suggestions: modny stylish, nowoczesny modern, oddzielny separate, wasny one's own; think of others on your own.

dom, kuchnia: a. Ktry dom ma du kuchni? Which house has a large kitchen? b. Kady dom ma du kuchni. Every house has a large kitchen.

mieszkanie, azienka; pokj, lampa; kobieta, parasolka; dom, sypialnia; mczyzna, krawat; dziecko, plecak; uniwersytet, biblioteka; rodzina, p(ie)s; osoba, gazeta; sypialnia, ko; mieszkanie, balkon; kuchnia, piec; student, komputer; dziewczyna, ko. 216 4.36

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4.37. Give the question that the statement answers: Chc kupi now koszul. Jak koszul chcesz kupi? 1. Czytam gazet i czekam. 2. Czekam na Mari Czyewsk. 3. Jan Czyewski yje i pracuje w Poznaniu. 4. Chc kupi jakie ubranie. 5. Mam wasn gazet. 6. Nie wiem, gdzie jest twoja gazeta. 7. Nie, mam nowe mieszkanie. 8. Mieszkanie jest do due, i bardzo wygodne. 9. W mieszkaniu jest duy i may pokj, sypialnia i kuchnia. 10. Kade mieszkanie ma nowoczesn azienk. 4.38. Sentence pairs based on the conversations. Translate into Polish. 1. Do you have my backpack? No, I have my own. 8. I wonder where my dog is? I don't have any idea. 2. Do you have my book? No, I have my own. 9. I want to buy a new shirt. What kind of shirt do you want to buy? 3. Do you have my cat? No, I have my own. 10. I want to buy a new suit. What kind of suit do you want to buy? 4. I'm waiting for someone. Who are you waiting for? 11. I want to buy a new dog. What kind of dog do you want to buy? 5. Whom are you waiting for? I'm waiting for Maria Czyewska. 12. What kind of necktie do you want to buy? 6. Do you remember Jan Czyewski? A new and fashionable one. Yes, I remember him well. 13. Buy that blouse. It's very stylish. 7. Do you have my newspaper? No, it doesn't appeal to me. No, I have my own. 217

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14. I have a new apartment. That's wonderful. 24. What is you brother's name? 15. Is your new apartment large? His name is Franek. It's rather large. 25. What does your sister do? 16. Does your new apartment have a She's still in school. bathroom? Every apartment has a bathroom. 26. What does your brother do? He works as an engineer. 17. Is your new apartment comfortable? It's very comfortable. 27. Do you want to meet my colleague (m/f)? 18. My new apartment has a kitchen. I'll g ladly m eet him/her. Does it also have a bedroom? 28. Do you want to meet Tomek? 19. What are you doing? Which one is that? I'm reading the newspaper. 29. Do you want to meet Teresa? 20. Do you know Marek Kruk? Which one is that? Of course I know him. 30. Teresa is the one in the green sweater. 21. Do you remember Jadzia Czorsztyska? Then Ill gladly meet her. Of course. What's up with her? 31. Do you want to meet my 22. What is you brother doing now? friend? He lives and works in Lublin. Yes, I'll gladly meet any friend of yours. 23. Do you have a brother? Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 4.39. Here are some mistakes made by students on some of this lesson's exercises. Identify and correct them: 1. *Ciekaw jestem, gdzie jest mojego psa. 6. *Chc kupi nowa i adna czapka. 2. *Czytam artyku i czekam na koleank. 7. *Lubi kadego twoje dziecko. 3. *Czy znasz mojego kolega? 8. *Czy znasz tego mczyzn? 4. *Czy masz moja torebka? 9. *Czy pamitasz pan Zieliski? 5. *Nie, mam wasny piro. 10. *Chc przeczyta kada twoja ksika. 218

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11. *Czy pamitasz Janusz? 12. *Czekam na j. 13. *Chc przeczyta kady twj opowiadanie. 14. *Chce kupi nowa marynark. 15. *Czytam jaki czasopismo. 16. *Kad kobiet ma parasol. 17. *Kadego mczyzn ma krawat. 18. *On ma jaka marynark. 19. *Czekam na jego. 20. *Chcesz pozna Tomek? 21. *Co jest twj brat robi? 4.40. Fill in the blanks. 1. Brat ju pracuje --- inynier. as 2. Chcesz pozna ---? my colleague? 3. Chc kupi ---. some kind of shirt 4. Chtnie go (j) ---. I'll meet 5. ---, gdzie jest mj parasol. I wonder 6. Czekam na ---. Jan Czyewski (Janina Czyewska) 7. Czy mieszkanie ma ---? a bathroom 8. Czy widzisz ---? my dog 9. Czy znasz ---? him (her) 10. Czytam gazet i czekam na ---. someone 11. Dobry ---. idea 12. --- sukienk chcesz kupi?

22. *Czy znasz mj koleg. 23. *Jaka marynarka chcesz kupi? 24. *Jak ci si podoba t koszul. 25. *Czy on ma swj czapka? 26. *Chcesz pozna Teresa? 27. *Czy pamitasz Jadzi Czorsztyska? 28. *Czy pamitasz Jana Zieliska. 29. *Co robi twojego brata? 30. *Co robi twoj siostra? 31. *Jaki pies chcesz kupi? 32. *Ojca jest jeszcze w pracy.

219

What kind of 13. Jaki pasek ---? do you want to buy 14. --- mieszkanie ma azienk. Every 15. Kup --- bluzk. that (over there) 16. Kup mi --- bluzk. some sort of 17. Lubi --- twojego koleg. every 18. Mieszkanie ma sypialni i ---. a kitchen 19. Mam --- siostr i --- brata. older, younger 20. Mam --- ksik. my own 21. Na --- czekasz? whom 22. Nie mam ---. any idea 23. Oczywicie, ---. I remember him

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24. On pracuje tam ---. in a bank 25. Ona obecnie mieszka ---. in Poznan 26. Siostra jest jeszcze ---. in school 27. W rogu --- lampa. is standing 28. Chc kupi ---. that blouse 29. Czekam na ---. my colleague 30. Czy pamitasz ---? my brother 31. Czy to jest ---? the same cat 32. Czytam ---. your every letter 33. Dobrze pamitam ---. that night 34. --- chcesz kupi? What kind of cat 35. --- chcesz kupi? What kind of chair 36. Jola ma --- twarz. an interesting 37. --- muzeum jest interesujce. Every 38. --- koszul wolisz? Which 39. --- konia wolisz? Which 40. Mam --- marynark.

one 41. Mam --- syna. one 42. Mam --- mieszkanie. one 43. On ma --- dom. (own) his 44. Pamitam ---. your acquaintance 45. Podoba ci si ---? that blouse 46. To jest --- budynek. some sort of 47. To jest --- muzeum. some sort of 48. Widz --- kobiet. some sort of 49. Widz --- czowieka. some sort of 50. Widz --- kobiet. the same 51. Widz --- zwierz. the same 52. Wol --- powie. another 53. Wol --- psa. another 54. Znam --- mczyzn. every 55. Znam ---. your sister 56. Podoba mi si ---. your sister

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MINI-LEKCJA 4: LICZBA MNOGA The Nominative-Accusative Plural of Nouns and Adjectives (Preview) For all nouns except for those referring to male persons, the Nominative and Accusative plural forms are the same (for male persons, the Accusative plural is like the Genitive plural). Here is what one needs to know in order to form the Nominative/Accusative plural of non-masculine personal nouns. The plural of all nouns, including masculine persons, is presented in Lesson 10. 1. Neuter nouns form the NApl in -a: drzewo drzewa tree(s), mieszkanie mieszkania apartment(s), muzeum muzea museum(s). Special types: imi imiona name(s), zwierz zwierzta animal(s). Exceptional: dziecko dzieci child(ren), oko oczy eye(s), ucho uszy ear(s). 2. Masculine NON-PERSONAL and feminine nouns, personal or otherwise, form the NApl by adding -y/i to hard consonants (choose i after k and g) and -e to soft consonants (b, c, cz, , dz, d, j, l, m, , p, rz, , sz, w, , ): zeszyt zeszyty notebook(s), owek owki pencil(s), dziewczyna dziewczyny girl(s), ksika ksiki book(s), hotel hotele hotel(s), ko konie horse(s), ulica ulice street(s). 3. Feminine nouns not ending in -a take either -y/i or e; one simply has to learn the plural: noc noce night(s), rzecz rzeczy thing(s), powie powieci novel(s), twarz twarze face(s). Feminine nouns ending in o always take i: ko koci koci bone(s). 4. The NApl ending of the adjective is -e (-ie after k and g). This ending is the same as the neuter singular adjective ending: dobre, drogie, moje. THE PLURAL OF to jest. The plural of to jest ___ that is a --- is to s ___ those are, as in To s adne buty (skarpetki, rkawiczki, okulary, etc.). Those are nice shoes (socks, gloves, glasses, etc.). The plural of the question Co to jest? is Co to s?: Co to s? What are those (things)? To s moje rkawiczki. Those are my gloves. 221

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THE PLURAL AFTER 2, 3, 4. The plural is used after the numbers 2 dwa (f. dwie), 3 trzy, 4 cztery (higher numbers take the Genitive plural): dwa pokoje two rooms, dwa krzesa two chairs, dwie ulice two streets, trzy drzewa three trees, cztery rzeczy four things. Exercise. If you have not done so already, practice forming the plural of the names for animals given in section 4.C. Use them with numbers 2, 3, 4. Examples: ko: dwa konie two horses. limak: trzy limaki three snails. w: cztery we four snakes Konwersacje uzupeniajce

A. Mam problem - Mam problem. - Jaki? - Przeprowadzam si. - Gdzie jest problem? - Moje nowe mieszkanie jest bardzo mae. Nie wiem, gdzie postawi wszystkie moje ksiki. - Jaki jest problem? Wyrzu je. - Co, wyrzuci ksiki? Nigdy.

I have a problem. What sort? Im moving? Wheres the problem? My new apartment is very small. I dont know where Ill put all my books. Whats the problem? Throw them away. What? Throw out books? Never.

przeprowadza si -am asz impf move (change abodes). no i co? so what? postawi -wi wisz pf put, place, stand. wyrzuci -c cisz pf toss out, throw away.

B. Prawie wszystko

- Kto gotuje w twoim domu? Who cooks in your house? - Zazwyczaj mama gotuje, ale ja czasem jej My mom usually cooks, but I sometimes pomagam. help her. - Czy ona dobrze gotuje? Does she cook well? - Chyba tak. W kadym razie nikt nie I suppose so. In any case no one complains. narzeka. What does she cook best? - Co ona najlepiej gotuje? Just about everything, but especially - Prawie wszystko, ale zwaszcza pierogi. pierogi. gotowa gotuj -jesz cook. zazwyczaj usually (as a habit). wszystko everything. zwaszcza av especially. jej (here:) Dative case of ona after pomaga -am asz help. Narzeka am asz complain 222