GIAO AN MON HOC: LO HI

Tai lieu tham khao: 1. Thiet b lo hi Trng Duy Ngha 2. Thiet ke lo hi Tran Thanh Ky 3. So tay ky thuat lo hi Phan Sam M AU 1. Khai niem Lo hi la thiet b sinh ra hi nc co ap suat va nhiet o cao bang cach cap nhiet vao. Nhien lieu s dung thng la nhien lieu hoa thach nh: dau mo, than a, kh ot. Ngoai ra lo hi con c cap nhiet bang ien tr 2. Cong dung cua lo hi S dung trong cac quy trnh cong nghe nh trong cac nha may det, nha may ng, thc pham, giao thong van tai, ru bia, nha may giay, trong nha may nhiet ien Cung cap hi cho cac tuabin hi cua nha may nhiet ien Dung e lam sc keo dung trong ong c hi nc 3. Cac thong so ky thuat c ban cua lo hi a. San lng hi (cong suat, nang suat) D: la lng hi sinh ra trong mot n v thi gian (kg/h, tan/h, kg/s) - SLH nh mc Dm: SLH ln nhat ma lo hi co the lam viec lau dai thong so hi qui nh. - SLH qui c (Equivalent evaporation): SLH sinh ra tai 100oC (Steam rating from water at 100 oC to steam at 100 oC) - SLH cc ai: SLH ln nhat cho phep NH lam viec tam thi trong mot thi gian ngan. Thng Dmax = (1,1 1,2)Dm. - SLH kinh te: ng vi khi NH at hieu suat cao nhat. Thng Dkt = (0,8 0,9)Dm b. Ap suat lam viec, nhiet o lam viec: hi bao hoa hoac hi qua nhiet. Thong so cang cao th hieu suat cang cao
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Ap suat: 20kgf/cm2;50 kgf/cm2;100 kgf/cm2;180 kgf/cm2;240 kgf/cm2;300 kgf/cm2 Nhiet o:400;450;540;565;600oC c. Nhiet the the tch cua buong la
qV = Q , kJ/m3 V

Trong o: Q: nhiet lng sinh ra V: the tch buong la d. Nang suat boc hi: kha nang sinh hi tren mot n v dien tch be mat ot tren mot n v thi gian (kg/m2h) e. Phu tai nhiet cua lo hi:Nhiet lng ma hi sinh ra cung cap cho ni s dung trong mot n v thi gian (kJ/h, kcal/h, kW) f. Hieu suat nhiet cua lo hi: ty le nhiet lng nhan c t hi nc va nhiet lng cap vao cho lo hi. Thong thng hieu suat nhiet cua lo hi ln hn 80% CHNG 1 LO HI VA CAC KHAI NIEM Noi hi la thiet b san xuat ra hi nc nh s dung nhiet nang toa ra khi ot nhien lieu. - Xay ra 02 qua trnh chuyen bien nang lng: chay va trao oi nhiet. - He thong noi hi bao gom cac thiet b chnh va thiet b phu: + TB chnh la cac bo phan thuoc ban the lo (phuc vu trc tiep cho viec sinh hi) gom: buong la, thiet b ot, dan ong sinh hi, bao hi, bo qua nhiet, bo ham nc, say khong kh. + TB phu giup noi hi hoat ong an toan, kinh te, gom: quat gio, quat khoi, bm cap nc, cac van, thiet b o kiem soat an toan, Phan loai lo hi Lo hi c phan loai theo cac tieu chuan nh sau: Theo thong so hi: ap suat p, nhiet o t, san lng hi D Theo phng phap ot nhien lieu:

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Lo ghi: ot nhien lieu ran Lo phun: ot bot, long, kh Theo che o tuan hoan cua nc: tuan hoan t nhien, cng bc, trc lu. Theo lch s phat trien cua lo hi: lo hi ong lo ong la, lo hi ong nc, lo hi thang ng, lo hi nam ngang. Theo cong dung: Theo quy trnh cong nghe S dung lam ong lc Mot so phng hng phat trien cua lo hi: Nang cao cong suat va hieu suat cua lo hi (thu hoi nhiet thai lo hi) Nang cao tnh an toan trong luc van hanh va s dung Lap rap sa cha de dang Lo hi ong lo

Nc Khoi

Lo hi ong lo ong la

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Nc Khoi

a. Lo hi ong nc thang ng

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CHNG 2 NHIEN LIEU VA QUA TRNH CHAY CUA NHIEN LIEU I. Khai niem: Nhien lieu la nhng vat chat co kha nang oxy hoa tao thanh san pham chay co nhiet o cao nh nang lng hoa hoc ket hp ben trong. II. Phan loai: Theo nguon goc: thien nhien, nhan tao Trang thai vat ly: ran, long, kh Bang phan loai: Trang thai vat ly Ran Long Kh Thien nhien Go, cac loai than t nhien Dau mo Kh ot thien nhien Nhan tao Than go, than banh, than coc Cac san pham dau mo: mazut, dau hoa Kh ot nhan tao III. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nhien lieu a. Nhien lieu ran va long Cac nhien lieu hu c ran va long bao gom mot so lng ln hp chat phc tap. Do o viec xac nh chnh xac cau tao phan t cua nhien lieu nay rat kho khan. Cho nen ngi ta ch phan tch cac thanh phan nguyen to c ban trong nhien lieu bao gom: C, H, O, N va S c the hien di dang phan tram. ong thi trong nhien lieu nay con co cha ham lng am W va o tro A. Trong o lu huynh bao gom 2 thanh phan: Sc , Ssf :vi Sc lu huynh chay c va Ssf _lu huynh khong chay c goi la thanh phan sunfat. Cacbon C la thanh phan chay chu yeu cua nhien lieu co nhiet tr kha cao (34150kJ/kg) Hydro H la thanh phan chay quan trong co nhiet tr cao nhat (144500kJ/kg). Tuy nhien trong nhien lieu ham lng Hydro chiem ty le kha t (trong nhien lieu long ham lng H nhieu hn trong nhien lieu ran)

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Lu huynh S la thanh phan chay cua nhien lieu co nhiet tr thap: 9000kJ/kg. Trong nhien lieu S ton tai 3 dang: hu c, khoang chat, sunfat (CaSO4; MgSO4; FeSO4 khong tham gia phan ng chay va tao x)
S = S hc + S kc + Ssf = Sc + Ssf
Sc = S hc + S kc chay

Lu huynh trong nhien lieu la co hai

SO 2 + O 2 SO 3 SO 3 + H 2 O H 2SO 4

oi vi dau mazut ngi ta can c vao lng lu huynh e phan biet dau tot hay xau
S 0,5% tot 0,5% < S 2% trung bnh S > 2% xau, anh hng en tnh ong ac

cua dau. Oxy O va Nit N la thanh phan vo ch khong tham gia vao phan ng chay va lam giam qua trnh chay, nhan nhiet tr, nhien lieu cang non th ham lng oxy cang nhieu o am la thanh phan co hai lam giam nhiet tr cua nhien lieu, kho bat la do o can phai tieu hao nang lng e lam kho. o am ch ton tai trong nhien lieu ran. o am cua nhien lieu bao gom lng am nhien lieu hut t moi trng va trong ket cau cua nhien lieu o tro: bao gom tro phat sinh trong qua trnh khai thac, ton tr, van chuyen va co san trong nhien lieu. o tro rat co hai cho nhien lieu lam giam nhiet tr cua nhien lieu, ong tro trong cac be mat trao oi nhiet lam giam he so truyen nhiet keo theo dien tch trao oi nhiet tang them Ngoai ra tro bay ra trong khoi con lam mai mon thiet b lam giam tuoi tho thiet b, o nhiem moi trng. Neu tro de nong chay se bam vao cac be mat trao oi nhiet mot lp ran chac gay h hong thiet b. Do o khi thiet ke lo hi ta phai chon nhiet o khoi ra khoi buong la nho hn nhiet o bat au bien dang cua tro.

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b. oi vi nhien lieu kh: chu yeu la metan_CH4 , ngoai ra con co cac kh chay c nh hydro_H2 , cacbuahydro_CmHn (C2H4; C3H8; C4H10 ,..), oxytcacbon_CO va mot so t kh khong chay c nh nit_N2 ,Oxy_O2, acbonic=dioxytcacbon_CO2 va hi nc_ H2O c. Cac thanh phan cua nhien lieu ran va long: Khi tnh thanh phan hoa hoc cua nhien lieu ran va long ngi ta tnh theo thanh phan khoi lng cac nguyen to c ban, n v la phan tram,%. Co 5 thanh phan khoi lng c ban la: thanh phan khoi lng lam viec_lv; phan tch _pt; kho_k; chay_c; hu c_hc. Tong cac thanh phan khoi lng cac nguyen to trong cung 1 thanh phan eu bang 100%. Thanh phan khoi lng lam viec: ay la thanh phan dung e tnh tieu hao nhien lieu trong lo hi va la thanh phan thc te khi nhien lieu s dung e cung cap nhiet
lv lv lv lv C lv + H lv + Slv c + N + O + A + W = 100%

(1-1)

Thanh phan khoi lng phan tch: la thanh phan khi nhien lieu c nghien thanh bot (ran) va a ve trang thai khong kh kho.
pt C pt + H pt + Sc + N pt + O pt + A pt + W pt = 100%

(1-2)

Thanh phan khoi lng kho: la mau nhien lieu c say kho 105oC cho en khi khoi lng cua nhien lieu hoan toan khong thay oi.
k C k + H k + Sc + N k + O k + A k = 100%

(1-3)

Thanh phan khoi lng chay: bao gom nhng thanh phan co the chay c.
c c C c + H c + Sc c + N + O = 100%

(1-4) (1-5)

Thanh phan khoi lng hu c: gom nhng nguyen to dang hu c:

hc C hc + H hc + Sc + N hc + O hc = 100%

Trong thc te ta gap nhieu nhat la thanh phan lam viec. 9 Quan he gia thanh phan lam viec va thanh phan chay:
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e chuyen oi t thanh phan khoi lng nay sang thanh phan khoi lng khac ta dung cong thc chuyen oi nh sau:
a c a c a+c = = = b d b d b+d

V du: Chuyen oi t thanh phan lam viec sang thanh phan chay:
lv lv lv lv C lv + H lv + Slv c + N + O = 100 - (A + W ) c c C c + H c + Sc c + N + O = 100

Ta co:
C lv Cc = H lv Hc = Slv c Sc c = ... = 100 (A lv + W lv ) 100

Vay:
C c = C lv 100 100 (A lv + W lv ) 100 100 (A lv + W lv )

(1-6) (1-7)

H c = H lv

9 Tng t oi vi nhien lieu kh chay c va khong chay c. 9 Khi cung mot thanh phan khoi lng ma co o am khac nhau hay thay oi o am, ta co tnh theo cong thc tng t:
lv lv lv lv lv lv C1 + H1 + Slv c1 + N1 + O1 = 100 - (A1 + W1 )

lv lv lv lv lv lv C lv 2 + H 2 + Sc2 + N 2 + O 2 = 100 - (A 2 + W2 )

Ta co:
lv C1

C lv 2

lv H1

H lv 2

Slv c1 Slv c2

= ... =

100 W1lv 100 - W1lv

Vay:
lv C lv 2 = C1

100 W1lv 100 - W1lv

(1-8)

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H lv 2

lv H1

100 W1lv 100 - W1lv

(1-9)

9 oi vi nhien lieu kh ngi ta thng chon thanh phan the tch cua cac kh trong nhien lieu e tnh toan, n v la phan tram_%.

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Chng 3- CAC AC TNH CONG NGHE CUA NHIEN LIEU o tro A La cac thanh phan tap chat khong chay c nh la Al2O3 ; cac muoi sunfat, sunfat sat, va goi chung la thanh phan khoang cua nhien lieu. Neu nhien lieu co ham lng tro ln th khi chay se lam giam nhiet tr cua nhien lieu va bam ban vao be mat trao oi nhiet va lam giam he so truyen nhiet K. Phan loai: Tro de nong chay, t<1200oC Tro co nhiet o nong chay trung bnh, 1200oC<t<1400oC Tro kho nong chay, t>1400oC o am: W La ham lng nc cha trong nhien lieu o am cua nhien lieu phu thuoc vao tuoi cua nhien lieu. Nhien lieu cang gia th o am cua nhien lieu cang thap (nhien lieu ran). Con nhien lieu long va kh th ham lng am hau nh khong thay oi Chat boc: La san pham cua qua trnh phan huy nhiet nhien lieu trong moi trng khong co oxy. o la cac chat: H2;CO; CO2; hydrocacbon. Trong qua trnh chay th chat boc chay trc tien va sinh ra nhiet e duy tr s chay. Sau o mi en cac nguyen to khac trong nhien lieu tham gia phan ng chay, nhien lieu nao co nhieu chat boc th cang de chay va chay hoan toan. Nhiet tr cua nhien lieu. La nhiet lng sinh ra khi ot chay hoan toan 1kg nhien lieu ran hay long hoac 1m3tc nhien lieu kh. oi vi nhien lieu ran va long co hai loai nhiet tr: nhiet tr cao Qc (kJ/kg) va nhiet tr thap Qt (kJ/kg). Nhiet tr thap lam viec Qtlv la nhiet lng sinh ra khi ot chay nhien lieu trong ieu kien lam viec thc te cua cac thiet b. ay la thong so e tnh toan lng tieu hao nang lng hay hieu suat cua lo hi.
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Nhiet tr cao Qclv la nhiet lng sinh ra khi ot chay hoan toan nhien lieu trong ieu kien hi nc cua san pham chay c ngng tu lai.
lv Q lv c = Q t + Q H 2O

1 H 2 + O 2 = H 2O 2

2 1

16 8

18 9

An nhiet hoa hi cua nc r=2500kJ/kg 1Hlv 9H2O 1kg Hlv tham gia phan ng chay tao ra 9kg nc. V trong nhien lieu co cha nc (ham lng am) cho nen no cung tham gia phan ng chay va bay hi. Nhiet lng nc nha ra khi ngng tu lai (tnh theo % Hlv tham gia phan ng chay)
lv H lv 9 + W 2500 = Q H O 2 100 100

Q H 2O = 225H lv + 25W lv
lv lv lv Q lv c Q t = Q H 2O = 225H + 25W lv lv lv Q lv c = Q t + 225H + 25W

(1-10)

Cong thc nay ch ung cho 2 thanh phan lam viec va thanh phan phan tch con 2 thanh phan con lai khong co cha am nen
c c Qc c = Q t + 225H k k Qc = Qk t + 225H

(1-11) (1-12)

Ta co the tnh oi nhiet tr t mau nhien lieu nay sang mau khac (thay oi thanh phan khoi lng) giong nh cach chuyen oi cua thanh phan nhien lieu V du: Chuyen oi nhiet tr t thanh phan lam viec sang thanh phan chay va ngc lai:
lv lv lv Q lv c = (Q t + 25W ) + 225H
c c Qc c = Q t + 225H

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Ta co:
Q lv t Qc c =
lv Q lv t + 25W

Qc t

225H lv 225H c

H lv Hc

Ta lai co: Vay: Hay

H lv Q lv t Qc c

100 (A lv + W lv ) = 100 Hc =
lv Q lv t + 25W

(cong thc 1-6)

Qc t

100 (A lv + W lv ) 100

c Q lv t = Qt

100 (A lv + W lv ) 25W lv 100

100 100 (A lv + W lv )

(1-13) (1-14)

lv lv Qc t = (Q t + 25W )

Moi quan he gia thanh phan lam viec va thanh phan kho:
lv lv lv Q lv c Q t = 225H + 225W k k k Q c Q t = 225H

lv lv lv Q lv c = Q t + 225W + 225H k k k Q c = Q t + 225H

Q lv c
k Qc

(Q

lv t

+ 225W lv + 225H lv
k Qk t + 225H

(Q =

lv t

+ 225W lv Qk t

)= H

lv

Hk

H lv H
k

100 A lv + W lv 100 A
k

9 Cong thc Mendeleev Ta co the xac nh gan ung Q lv t cua nhien lieu ran hoac long nh cong thc cua Mendeleep nh sau:
C ,H ,O
lv lv lv lv , Slv c ,W lv lv lv lv lv Q lv t = 339C + 1030H 109 O S c 25W

Trong o: Q lv t _ nhiet tr thap khoi lng lam viec, kJ/kg

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Clv, Hlv,.. thanh phan khoi lng lam viec cua cac nguyen to trong nhien lieu, % 339; 1030;.nhiet lng toa ra khi ot chay hoan toan 1kg C, H, sau khi a chia cho 100. 9 oi vi nhien lieu kh ta co cong thc nh sau: (kJ/m3)
Qk t = 126CO + 108H 2 + 234H 2 S + 358CH 4 + 591C 2 H 4 + 638C 2 H 6 + 860C 3 H 6 + 913C 3 H 8 + 1135C 4 H 8 + 1187C 4 H10 + 1461C 5 H12 + 1403C 6 H 6

9 Khi o am cua nhien lieu thay oi th nhiet tr thap lam viec cung thay oi theo quan he:
lv lv lv Q lv c1 = (Q t1 + 25W1 ) + 225H1 lv lv lv Q lv c2 = (Q t2 + 25W2 ) + 225H 2
lv Q lv t2 + 25W2 lv Q lv t1 + 25W1

H lv 2
lv H1

lv 100 W2

Vay: Q lv t2 =

(Q

100 W1lv

(cong thc 1-9)

lv t1

lv + 25W1lv 100 W2

100 W1lv

)(

) 25W

lv 2

(1-17)

9 Khi hon hp hai loai nhien lieu, nhiet tr thap lam viec cua hon hp oi vi 1kg nhien lieu ran va long c xac nh nh sau:
lv lv Q lv thh = b1Q t1 + (1 b1 )Q t2

(1-18)

Trong o: b1: la thanh phan khoi lng cua nhien lieu th nhat co trong hon hp va c xac nh:
b1 = B1 B1 + B 2

(1-19)

B1; B2: khoi lng nhien lieu th nhat va th hai

lv Q lv t1 ; Q t2 _ nhiet tr thap lam viec cua nhien lieu th nhat va th hai.

Nhien lieu quy c va ac tnh quy dan cua nhien lieu. e so sanh cac loai nhien lieu khac nhau ve nhiet lng ngi ta dung khai niem nhien lieu quy c, o la loai nhien lieu co nhiet tr thap la 7000kcal hay bang 29300kJ/kg. o tieu hao nhien lieu quy c (Bq)
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Bq=E.B Trong o: B: lng tieu hao nhien lieu tnh toan E: tr so gia
Q lv t (tng ng nhiet cua nhien lieu) 29300

ac tnh quy dan cua nhien lieu. Nhiet tr cua mot so nhien lieu pho bien, kcal/kg Than 3000-7000 Cui 2500-3000 Dau mazut (FO) 9100-9400 Dau DO 10000 Kh 11000-12000kcal/m3 ac tnh quy dan cua nhien lieu: Khi ot hai loai nhien lieu co thanh phan nguyen to hoa hoc nh nhau, v du nh o tro A th cha han so lng tro sinh ra trong buong la se bang nhau ma con phu thuoc vao nhiet tr cua nhien lieu. e anh gia o am W, o tro A va o lu huynh S cua cac loai nhien lieu khac nhau ngi ta s dung ac tnh quy dan cua nhien lieu c tnh tren nhiet lng tieu chuan la 4190kJ hay 1000kcal ac tnh quy dan cua nhien lieu 1000kcal =41900kJ a. o tro quy dan:
A qd = 4190 A lv Q lv t

(1-22)

b. o am quy dan:
Wqd = 4190 W lv Q lv t

(1-23)

c. Ham lng lu huynh qui dan:

Sqd = 4190 Slv c Q lv t

(1-24)

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Chng 4- CAC SAN PHAM CHAY CUA NHIEN LIEU. I. The tch khong kh ly thuyet Khi ot chay nhien lieu th cac thanh phan chay cua nhien lieu nh C, H, S b oxy hoa va tao thanh san pham chay nh: CO2, SO2 va hi nc. Chat oxy hoa chu yeu la oxy trong khong kh chiem 21% ve the tch. Ngoai ra trong san pham chay con co kh N2 do khong kh mang vao. Ta goi V0kk la the tch khong kh ly thuyet can thiet (m3/kg, m3/m3tc) e ot chay hoan toan 1kg nhien lieu ran (long) hoac 1m3tc nhien lieu kh. Ngha la luc nay lng oxy trong khong kh a chay het, khong co oxy tha (phan ng chay hoan toan) C 12 1 H2 2 1 S 32
G O2

O2 CO2 32 2,67 44 3,67 18 9

SO2

1/2O2 H2O 16 8

O2 32

64

C lv H lv 1Slv O lv c = 2,6 +8 + 100 100 100 100

VO2

1m3kk 0,21m3O2
o = Vkk

0,21 VO2 0,21 = G O2 O2 .0,21 , O2 = 1,428kg / m 3

o = Vkk

o lv lv Vkk = 0,089 C lv + 0,375Slv c + 0,265H 0,033O

(1-25)

Kh
1 CO + O 2 CO 2 2

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0,5

1 H 2 + O2 H 2O 2

0,5

3 H 2S + O 2 SO 2 + H 2 O 2

1 1

1,5 2

1 1

1 2

CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O

n n C m H n + m + O 2 mCO 2 + H 2 O 4 2

m+

n 4

n 2

n VO 2 = 0,010,5CO + 0,5H 2 + 1,5H 2 S + 2CH 4 + m + C m H n O 2 4 n 0,010,5CO + 0,5H 2 + 1,5H 2 S + 2CH 4 + m + C m H n O 2 VO 2 4 o Vkk = = 0,21 0,21

n 3 3 o Vkk = 0,0476 0,5CO + 0,5H 2 + 1,5H 2 S + 2CH 4 + m + C m H n O 2 , m /m 4

(1-26)

Trong o:
lv lv Clv; Slv c ; H ; O - tnh theo % khoi lng.

CO; H2; CH4 - tnh theo % the tch. 9 oi vi hon hp 2 nhien lieu, the tch khong kh cua hon hp:
o o o Vkkhh = b1Vkk1 + (1 b)Vkk2

(1-27)

Trong o: b1 la ham lng khoi lng cua nhien lieu th nhat co trong hon hp. II. The tch san pham chay ly thuyet

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9 Khi ot chay hoan toan nhien lieu va khong co khong kh tha ngha la =1 th thanh phan cua san pham chay ly thuyet bao gom cac kh: CO2; SO2; N2 va hi nc H2O, ta co ty le phan tram cac kh nh sau: CO2 +SO2 +N2 + H2O=100%
o o la the tch khoi ly thuyet. Ta goi Vkkho la the tch khoi kho ly Luc nay ngi ta goi Vk

o thuyet va VH

2O

la the tch hi nc ly thuyet. Ta co:

2O

o o o Vk = Vkkho + VH

(1-29)

Trong o:
o - the tch khoi kho, bao gom: Vkkho
o o Vkkho = VRO 2 + V o = VCO 2 + VSO 2 + VN
N2

(1-30)

VRO 2 - the tch kh 3 nguyen t (CO2 va SO2 ):

VRO 2 = VSO 2 + VCO 2 = CO 2 = 1,964kg / m 3 SO 2 = 2,857 kg / m 3 G CO 2 = 3,67

G CO 2 CO 2

G SO 2 SO 2

VRO 2 = 0,0187 C lv + 0,375Slv c

VRO 2
lv

( = 0,0187 (C

Slv C lv ; G SO 2 = 2 c 100 100

+ 0,375S lv c

) )

(1-31)

o - the tch kh nit ly thuyet: VN 2 o o VN = 0,79Vkk + 0,008N lv

2

(1-32)

The tch hi nc ly thuyet do cac nguon sau ay a vao khoi: Do phan ng oxy hoa H2 trong nhien lieu:

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H = VH O
2

G H 2O

H 2O
2

, H 2O = 0,804kg / m 3 9 lv H 100

H G H 2O = V H . H 2O = O H VH = 0,112H lv O
2

Do o am trong nhien lieu.

VW =
H 2O

W lv W lv = = 0,0124 W lv H 2O .100 0,804.100

Do o am trong khong kh:

d=
d VH

G H 2O G kk

o .d G H 2O = G kk .d = kk .Vkk

2O

G H 2O

H 2O

d = 10ghn / kgkkk
d VH
2O

o = 0,0161.Vkk

o o VH = 0,112H lv + 0,0124 W lv + 0,0161.Vkk 2O

(1-33)

oi vi nhien lieu kh: The tch kh 3 nguyen t (m3/m3)

VRO 2 = 0,01(CO + CO 2 + CH 4 + H 2S + mC m H n )

(1-34)

The tch nit ly thuyet (m3/m3):

o o VN = 0,79Vkk + 0,01N o 2
2

(1-35)

The tch hi nc ly thuyet:

n o o VH = 0,01 H 2S + H 2 + 2CH 4 + C m H n + 0,124d k + 0,0161Vkk 2O 2

(1-36)

Trong o dk la ham lng am cua nhien lieu kh (neu co) tnh bang gam/m3 III. The tch san pham chay thc te Trong thc te s tiep xuc gia nhien lieu va khong kh khong c hoan hao, v vay lng khong kh can thiet e ot chay nhien lieu (lng khong kh thc te) phai ln
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hn lng khong kh ly thuyet va ty le the tch khong kh thc te va the tch khong kh ly thuyet goi la he so khong kh tha.
= Vkk
o Vkk

>1

o Vkk =. Vkk

(1-28)

Khi ot chay hoan toan nhien lieu va co oxy tha (d) th san pham chay bao gom cac chat kh: CO2; SO2; N2; O2 va hi nc H2O
t + H2O=100% CO2 +SO2 +N2 + O 2

Goi Vk la the tch khoi thc te

Vk = Vkkho + VH
2O

Trong o:
Vkkho - the tch khoi kho thc te:
o o Vkkho = VRO + VN + ( 1)Vkk 2
2

(1-38)

V o - the tch kh nit thc te:

N2

o o VN = VN + 0,79( - 1)Vkk 2
2

(1-39)

The tch hi nc thc te:

VH
2O

o o = VH +0,0161(-1) Vkk O
2

(1-40)

o V o = 0,112H lv + 0,0124W lv + 0,0161Vkk H 2O o Ran long: VH 2 O = 0,0161( 1)Vkk lv lv o VH 2O = 0,112H + 0,0124 W + 0,0161..Vkk

IV. o lot khong kh. V buong la va buong khoi khong the lam kn tuyet oi ong thi no lam viec ap suat chan khong cho nen co mot lng khong kh lanh lot vao trong ta goi la o lot khong kh. Ky hieu la
= kk
o Vkk

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o lot khong kh nay la ieu bat li cho qua trnh lam viec cua lo hi v: 4. Lam tang the tch san pham chay 5. Lam giam nhiet o buong la va lam giam cong suat cua lo hi. Goi i la o lot khong kh be mat ot th i
i = bl + i

bl

Buong la

1+bl

Bo qua nhiet

1+bl + 2

Bo ham nc

1+bl + 2+ 3

1
6. Buong la bl = 0,03 0,3 7. Bo qua nhiet qn = 0,03 8. Bo ham nc hn = 0,08

Ngi ta chon o lot khong kh theo cac kinh nghiem:

9. Bo say khong kh bang thep ong skk = 0,03 0,06 10. Bo say khong kh hoi nhiet hoinhiet = 0,2 0,25
lv lv lv Q lv c1 = Q t1 + 25W1 + 225H1

Q lv c2 Q lv c2 Q lv c1

( = (Q
=

lv t2 lv Q t2 Q lv t1

lv + 25W2 + 225H lv 2 lv + 25W1lv + 225H1

) )

lv + 25W2 + 225H lv 2

lv Q lv t 2 + 25W2 lv Q lv t1 + 25W1

225H lv 2
lv 225H1

H lv 2
lv H1

lv 100 W2

100 W1lv

lv lv lv 100 W2 lv Q lv = + + 25W2 Q 25 W . t2 t1 1 lv 100 W1

lv lv 100 W2 = Q lv Q . c2 c1 lv 100 W1

V.

S chay hoan toan va khong hoan toan

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Qua viec phan tch thanh phan cua san pham chay (khoi) ta se biet c qua trnh chay dien ra trong buong la co hoan toan hay khong. Mot phan ng chay c goi la khong hoan toan khi trong khoi co cha ham lng kh oxyt cacbon. Khi nhien lieu chay khong hoan toan th trong san pham chay (khoi) ngoai cac kh CO2; SO2; N2; O2 hi nc H2O con co kh CO
t RO2 +N2 + O 2 + CO=100%

The tch khoi kho thc te

o t Vkkho = VRO 2 + VN + VO + VCO
2 2

(1-41)

t Trong o: VO - la the tch kh oxy tha.

2

Thanh phan phan tram % cac kh co trong khoi kho:

t + CO=100% RO2 +N2 + O 2

(1-42)
VN 2 Vkkho 100% ;

Trong o: %RO 2 =

VRO2 Vkkho

100% ; %N 2 =

Goi RO 2 + CO = 100%
C + O 2 CO 2

VRO2 + VCO Vkkho

= 100%

VCO2 + VSO2 + VCO Vkkho

1 2,67 3,67
S + O 2 SO 2

1 C + O 2 CO 2

1 1,33 2,33
C
lv lv C1 CO 2 lv C1 CO

VCO2 = VCO =

G CO2

lv 3,67C1 lv = 0,0187C1 100.1,964

G CO 2,33C lv 2 = = 0,0187C lv 2 100.1,249

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VSO 2 =

G SO 2

2S lv c = = 0,007S lv c 100.2,857

lv lv lv lv + 0,0187C lv VCO2 + VCO + VSO 2 = 0,0187C1 2 + 0,007S c = 0,0187C + 0,007S c

1,87 lv C + 0,375S lv c 100 100

RO 2 Vkkho =

) 1,87 (C + CO =
(

lv

+ 0,375S lv c Vkkho

).100 = 1,87 (C

lv

+ 0,375S lv c Vkkho

)
(1-43)

1,87 C lv + 0,375S lv c , m3/kg RO 2 + CO

Cong thc (1-43) xac nh cho nhien lieu ran hay long 11. He so ac tnh cua nhien lieu ran hay long:
O lv 2,37 H lv 8 = lv lv C + 0,375Sc

(1-44)

12. He so ac tnh cua nhien lieu kh:

o 0,21 0,01N 2 + 0,79Vkk = 0,79 VRO 2

(1-45)

13. Ham lng kh CO (%)

CO =
t (21 RO 2 ) RO 2 + O 2 0,605 +

(1-46)

Phng trnh ac trng cho s chay khong hoan toan:

t RO 2 (1 + ) + CO( + 0,605) + O 2 = 21%

(1-47)

Trong o: - he so ac tnh cua nhien lieu.

t t _ ham lng cac kh RO2; CO; O 2 trong khoi kho RO2; CO; O 2

Chay hoan toan CO=0%

t RO 2 (1 + ) + O 2 = 21%

Khi chay hoan toan (CO=0) va co oxy tha:

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Trang 23

RO 2

(21 - O ) =
t 2

1+

t =0): Khi chay hoan toan (CO=0) va khong co oxy tha ( O 2

RO max = 2

21 1+

He so khong kh tha trong buong la: Khi ot chay hoan toan nhien lieu th he so khong kh tha trong buong ot c xac nh theo cong thc:
= 21
t O2 21 79 N2

(1-50)

Trong o:
t ) chay hoan toan N2 =100-(RO2+ O 2 t +CO) chay khong hoan toan N2 =100-(RO2+ O 2

VI. Entanpi cua san pham chay Entanpi cua san pham chay (khoi) thc te cua 1kg nhien lieu ran, long hoac 1m3 nhien lieu kh c xac nh nh sau:
3 o IK = Io K + ( 1)I kk + I H 2 O + I tro , kJ/kg hoac kJ/m TC (1-51)

Trong o:
Io K - entanpi cua khoi ly thuyet, c xac nh nh sau:
o o Io K = I RO2 + I N 2 + I H 2O o o Io K = VRO2 .(Ct) RO 2 + VN (Ct) N 2 + VH
2 2O

(Ct) H 2O

(1-52)

o o ay VRO2 , VN , VH 2

2O

la the tch ly thuyet cua san pham chay

(Ct) RO 2 , (Ct) N 2 , (Ct) H 2O - tch so gia nhiet dung rieng va nhiet o, tra theo

nhiet o t.

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Trang 24

Io kk - entanpi cua khong kh ly thuyet

o Io kk = Vkk (Ct) kk

(1-53)

I H

2O

- entanpi cua hi nc do khong kh tha em vao.

I H
2O

o = 0,0161( 1).Vkk (Ct) H2O

(1-54)

I tro -entanpi cua tro bay theo khoi I tro = a b A lv .(Ct) tro 100

(1-55)

a b - o tro cua nhien lieu bay theo khoi.

Gia tr cua I tro ch tnh khi A bq = 4190

A lv Q lv t

1,5

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PHAN 2: CAN BANG NHIET LO HI I. Phng trnh can bang nhiet cua lo hi Nhiet lng sinh ra trong buong la mot phan chu yeu se cung cap cho nc tao thanh hi nc vi ap suat va nhiet o cho trc, ta goi la nhiet lng hu ch phan con lai la do b ton that. Ta xet mot kg nhien lieu ran, long hoac 1m3TC nhien lieu kh th ta co phng trnh can bang nhiet trong lo hi nh sau.
Q dv = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 + Q 5 + Q 6 Q BL = Q i + Q tt

Trong o: Q dv : la nhiet lnga vao trong buong la cua lo hi Q1: nhiet lng hu ch dung e sinh hi Q2: ton that nhiet do khoi thai mang ra ngoai Q3: ton that nhiet do chay khong hoan toan ve hoa hoc Q4: ton that nhiet do chay khong hoan toan ve c hoc Q5: ton that nhiet do toa nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh Q6: ton that nhiet do tro mang ra ngoai
Q1 .100% la % nhiet lng hu ch Q dv Q at q 2 = 2 .100% la % ton that nhiet do khoi mang ra ngoai Q dv

at q1 =

.. .. .. Phng trnh can bang nhiet cua lo hi

q1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4 + q 5 + q 6 = 100%

Hieu suat nhiet cua lo hi:

= Q1 = q1 = 100% (q 2 + q 3 + q 4 + q 5 + q 6 ) Q dv .100%

Ta goi hieu suat nhiet nay la hieu suat nhiet tho. Hieu suat nhiet tinh:
tinh = q td

Trong o: q td =

Q td .100% la %nang lng t dung cua lo hi. Q dv

14. Xac nh nhiet lng a vao cua lo hi:

Q dv = Q lv t + Q nl + Q kkn + Q p

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Trong o: Q lv t : nhiet tr thap lam viec cua nhien lieu

Q nl : nhiet vat ly cua nhien lieu Q nl = C nl .t nl

Cnl :nhiet dung rieng cua nhien lieu tl : nhiet o cua nhien lieu Thong thng nhiet o cua nhien lieu ran la 20oC Q kkn : nhiet lng do khong kh nong mang vao trong lo Trong o: skk la he so khong kh tha bo say khong kh
o [(c.t )kkn (c.t )kkl ] Q kkn = skk .Vkk

(c.t )kkn ; (c.t )kkl tch so cua nhiet dung rieng va nhiet o cua khong kh nong va khong
kh lanh. nhng nhiet o khong kh <300oC ta co the xem gan ung Ckk=1,3kJ/m3o
o Q kkn = skk .Vkk .C kk [t kkn t kkl ]

o Vkk la the tch khong kh ly thuyet

Q p la nhiet lng do hi phun vao trong lo hi

Q p = G p i p 2500 kJ/kg

Gp la lng hi phun vao trong lo ng vi 1 kg nhien lieu. ip la entanpi cua hi phun vao, kJ/kghi 15. Nhiet lng hu ch Q1
Q1 = D tg D D D i 2 tg i1tg + x (i'i nc ) i qn + i nc + bh (i"+i nc ) + B B B B

Trong o: D: san lng hi kg/s B: lng tieu hao nhien lieu kg/s iqn;inc entanpi cua hi qua nhiet va cua nc cap kJ/kg Dbh san lng hi bao hoa Dtg san lng hi i qua bo qua nhiet trung gian Dx lng hi nc xa vao lo, kg/s i entanpi hi bao hoa kho i1tg ;i2tg entanpi cua hi vao va ra bo qua nhiet trung gian i entanpi cua long bao hoa He so xa lo p
p= Dx .100% D
Trang 27

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Neu p 2% va khong co bo qua nhiet trung gian th co the bo qua Dx

Q1 =

Lu y: trong mot so lo hi cong nghiep ngi ta thay the iqn=i

D i qn i nc B .100% = Q dv D= .Q dv .B 100 i qn i nc

D i qn i nc B

Hoac B =

) D.100.(i qn i nc )
.Q dv

Khi thiet ke ta biet trc D,p,t nhng cha biet B va bang bao nhieu. Thiet ke chon =85 en 90% t o tnh ra B. II. Cac loai ton that nhiet cua lo hi 1. Ton that nhiet do khoi thai mang i V nhiet o khong kh a vao lo hi thap t 20 en 40oC nhng nhiet o khoi thai sau khi ra khoi lo hi lai cao. Do o ta can phai mat mot nang lng e nang nhiet o khong kh lanh en nhiet o khoi thai lo hi.
q Q 2 = (I th I kkl )1 4 100

Ith entanpi cua khoi thai Ikkl entanpi cua khong kh lanh a vao lo hi q4 ton that nhiet do chay khong hoan toan ve c hoc thng s dung khi ot nhien lieu ran, nhien lieu kh q4=0
o I kkl = th .Vkk .(C.t )kkl

I th = Vth .C th .t th C th = ri .c i Vth = Vkkho + VH 2O

Trong o ri la thanh phan the tch Khoi thai: RO2 ,N2 ,khong kh d va CO Bai toan khong cho trc Cth
o I th = I khoi = I o K + ( th 1)I kk + I H
2 2O 2O

+ Itro

o o Io K = I RO 2 + I N + I H

I RO 2 = VRO 2 .(ct )RO2

o Io = VN .(ct )N 2 N
2 2

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Trang 28

Io H

2O

o = VH .(ct )H 2O O
2

Ct tra bang nhiet thai

q2 = Q2 .100% Q dv

Ton that nhiet do khoi thai mang ra ngoai la ton that nhiet ln nhat trong cac loai ton that. 2. Ton that nhiet do chay hoan toan ve hoa hoc Ran Q 3 =
236 C lv + 0,375S lv q c .CO 1 4 RO 2 + CO 100 q4 100

Kh Q 3 = Vkkho (126CO + 108H 2 + 358CH 4 + Q Cm H n .C m H n )1

3. Ton that nhiet do chay khong hoan toan ve c hoc Ran Q4 cho trc, kh long Q4 rat nho co the xem nh gan bang khong 4. Ton that nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh Chu yeu qua vach than lo hi
Q 5 = K.F.t Q 5 = .F.t = 4 6 khong kh yen tnh = 20 30 khong kh chuyen ong

5. Ton that nhiet do x mang ra ngoai

PHAN:3 TNH NHIET LO HI I. Cac be mat truyen nhiet cua lo hi 1. Be mat sinh hi Nhiem vu: ay la be mat au tien tiep nhan nhiet lng e bien nc tr thanh hi bao hoa hoac la hi qua nhiet nh nhiet lng nhan c t s chay cua nhien lieu. Phng thc truyen nhiet: chu yeu la bc xa va mot phan oi lu.
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Phan loai: Bc xa va oi lu. a. Be mat sinh hi nhan nhiet bang bc xa Nhiet o buong la cao tbl>1000oC
T q bx 100
4

Dang ong trn d=25-60mm c bo tr theo bc ong S Co 2 dang la ong lo ong la va ong nc b. Be mat sinh hi nhan nhiet bang oi lu: s dung nhiet lng nh thai bo. Thng s dung ong trn va khoi chuyen ong ngoai ong, nc chuyen ong trong ong. 2. Bo qua nhiet Nhiem vu: bien hi bao hoa kho sinh ra trong lo hi tr thanh hi qua nhiet nham giam lng hi nc trong tuabin hi (tang o kho x) sau khi gian n trong chu trnh nha may nhiet ien va lam tang hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh. Phan loai: Bo qua nhiet bc xa: nhan nhiet lng chu yeu la do bc xa nhiet nen kim loai che tao phai chu c nhiet o cao. Bo qua nhiet nay nam ngoai hoan toan lo hi. Bo qua nhiet na bc xa: nhan nhiet bang bc xa va nhan nhiet bang oi lu. Loai nay co 1 phan nam trong va mot phan nam ngoai lo hi. B qua nhiet oi lu: dung phng thc trao oi nhiet la oi lu, dang be mat trao oi nhiet nay la dang chum ong. 3. Cac be mat trao oi nhiet phu Bo ham nc Nhiem vu: nang cao nhiet nc cap trc khi vao lo hi nham e giam lng tieu hao nhien lieu tang hieu suat nhiet cua lo hi. Bo ham nc nay thng at trc bo say khong kh Hai loai: kieu soi & kieu khong soi. Bo say khong kh Nhiem vu: dung e say nong khong kh trc kh trc khi a vao buong la e ot chay nhien lieu. Hai loai: thu nhiet & hoi nhiet Thu nhiet: chum ong Hoi nhiet: trong quay ieu kien lam viec cua cac be mat truyen nhiet phu S bam ban be mat S mai mon S an mon

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II. Tnh nhiet lo hi 1. Tnh nhiet buong la Trong buong la xay ra ong thi 2 qua trnh trao oi nhiet: qua trnh chay cua nhien lieu sinh ra nang lng va qu trnh nhan nhiet cua cac be mat trao oi nhiet trong buong la. Do nhiet o trong buong la kha cao (tren 1200oC) ong thi toc o khoi trong buong la khong ln lam cho nen qua trnh trao oi nhiet trong buong la chu yeu la bc xa. Ngoai ra trong buong la nhiet o se khong ong eu (v say ra ong thi qua trnh chay va qua trnh nhan nhiet) do o viec tnh toan nhiet buong la mot cach chnh xac se rat kho khan. V vay ngi ta ket hp gia ly thuyet va thc nghiem. Viec tnh toan nhiet buong la la xac nh nhiet lng hap thu c cua cac be mat trao oi nhiet hoac la xac nh nhiet o khoi sau khi ra khoi buong la v vay ta co 2 cach tnh toan sau ay: Tnh thiet ke: Xac nh hnh dang, kch thc cua cac be mat trao oi nhiet trong buong la e t o nhiet o khoi ra buong la la thch hp nhat. Tnh kiem tra: t ket cau buong la cho san ta xac nh dien tch truyen nhiet bc xa cua buong la e t o xac nh lai che o lam viec cua buong la (xac nh nhiet o khoi ra khoi buong la, xac nh kha nang sinh hi cua be mat buong la). a. Xac nh nhiet lng hap thu cua buong la Goi Qbx la nhiet lng hap thu c bang bc xa (6.1) Q bx = .B t Q s I " bl kW hoac q bx = . Q s I" bl kJ/kg Trong o: Qbx; qbx la nhiet lng hap thu bang bc xa ng vi toan bo lng tieu hao nhien lieu va 1kg nhien lieu. Bt lng tieu hao nhien lieu tnh toan kg/s
q B t = B1 4 100

B lng tieu hao nhien lieu ly thuyet Qs nhiet lng co ch sinh ra trong buong la, kJ/kg I" bl entanpi cua khoi sau khi ra khoi buong la, kJ/kg xac nh t nhiet o khoi ra khoi buong la t " bl
o o I" bl = I K = I K + ( 1)I kk + I H
2O

+ I tro

(6.2)

he so gi nhiet = 1

q5 ton that nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh. 16. Xac nh QS

q5 100

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Q S = Q dv

100 q 3 q 4 q 6 + Q 'kk + Q kth Q kkn 100 q 4

(6.3)

trong o: Qdv la nhiet lng a vao Q 'kk nhiet lng em vao buong la theo khong kh nong hay la khong kh lanh.
Q 'kk = ( bl bl bt )I kkn + ( bl + bt )I kkl

(6.4)

trong o: bl , bt la o lot khong kh trong buong la va trong thiet b san xuat bot than Ikkn; Ikkl Entanpi cua khong kh nong va khong kh lanh a vao buong la Cong thc 6.4 s dung khi co bo say khong kh ben ngoai.
o o (C.t )kkn ; I kkl = Vkk (C.t )kkl I kkn = Vkk

Co the lay gan ung Cpkk=1,3kJ/kgK Trong trng hp khong co bo say khong kh:
Q 'kk = ( bl + bl + bt )I kkl

(6.5)

Qkth Nhiet lng do khoi tuan hoan em vao trong buong la

Q kth = Vkth .C kth .t kth
Q 'kkn nhiet lng do khong kh nong a vao buong la.

o o Q 'kkn = bl .Vkk .(C.t )kkn = bl .Vkk .C 'p .t

17. Xac nh I" bl

" o o I" bl = VK .C pk .t bl = I K + ( 1)I kk + I H
o Io K = I RO 2 + I H
2O 2 2O

+ I tro
2

+ Io = VRO2 .C.t bl + VH 2O. (C.t )H 2O + I o N N

b. Phng trnh can bang nhiet trong buong la Q bx = .B t . Q s I" bl Goi tbl la nhiet o chay ly thuyet trong buong la Goi t " bl la nhiet o khoi ra khoi buong la. Goi VK va C 'tbK lan lt la the tch cua khoi va nhiet dung rieng trung bnh cua khoi trong buong la. ' " q bx = I bl I" bl = VK .C tbK t bl t bl

" (6.6) Tbl Q bx = q bx .B t = .B t .VK .Tbl 1 T bl T (6.1) va (6.6) ta co phng trnh can bang nhiet trong buong la nh sau: " Tbl 4 4 = a bl . 0 ..Fbx Tbl (6.7) .B t .VK .Tbl 1 Tw T bl Trong o:

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abl la o en cua buong la 0 la hang so Stefan Boltzman

0 = 5,67.10 8 W /(m 2 .K 4 ) = 5,67.10 11 kW /(m 2 .K 4 )
la he so bam ban be mat Fbx la dien tch truyen nhiet bang bc xa m2 Tbl la nhiet o trung bnh cua khoi trong buong la Tw la nhiet o be mat vach trung bnh trong buong la Bang thc nghiem ngi ta giai c phng trnh 6.7 e xac nh nhiet o khoi hoac dien tch truyen nhiet bang bc xa theo cong thc sau ay: Tbl " = (6.8) Tbl 0, 6 11 3 5,7.10 ..Fbx .a bl .Tbl +1 M ' . B . V . C t k tbK

T 1 bl 1 3 (6.9) Fbx = . . " 3 " 5,7.10 11.M..a bl .Tbl Tbl M 2 Tbl He so M c xac nh tuy theo v tr tng oi cua iem co nhiet o cc ai X oi vi nhien lieu kh hoac dau Mazut th M=0,52-0,3X oi vi nhien lieu ran th M=0,59-0,5X hvp Vi X = H hvp la chieu cao cua v tr at voi phun nhien lieu H la chieu cao toan bo cua buong la. H Nhien lieu ran hvp X= 0 oi vi lp mong X=0,15 oi vi lp day. Neu co nhieu voi phun at nhieu v tr khac hpv i nhau th hvp = n Cach xac nh nhiet o chay ly thuyet cua nhien lieu trong buong la, nhiet o chay ly thuyet cua khoi trong buong la c xac nh t phng trnh sau ay: QS Q S = I bl = VK .C 'tbK .t bl t bl = VK .C 'tbK Q bx
0 0 0 Q S = I bl = I K = VRO 2 .(C.t )RO 2 + VH .(C.t )H 2O + VN .(C.t )N 2 + Vkk .(C.t )kk + 2O 2

+ ( bl 1)I 0 kk + I H 2O + I tro

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I H 2O + I tro tng oi nho

t bl =

VRO 2 .C RO 2

QS + VH 2O .C H 2O +...

2. Tnh nhiet cac be mat khac (truyen nhiet do oi lu) Cac be mat truyen nhiet oi lu thng la cac cum ong bo tr song song hoac so le trong moi chat th nhat (hi hoac nc) thng i trong ong con khoi se chuyen ong ben ngoai ong. Thng dung cho bo ham nc va bo qua nhiet, rieng vi bo say khong kh th khoi i trong ong con khong kh i ngoai ong. e tnh nhiet cac be mat nay ta da vao 2 phng trnh truyen nhiet va can bang nhiet. 18. Phng trnh truyen nhiet Q = K.F.t
Q= K.F.t , kJ/kg 10 3.B t

(6.10)

Trong o: Q la nhiet lng ma be mat truyen nhiet hap thu c bang oi lu hoac bang bc xa, kJ/kg K la he so truyen nhiet, W/m2K F la dien tch truyen nhiet, m2 t la o chenh nhiet o trung bnh logarit, K Bt la lng tieu hao nhien lieu tnh toan, kg/s q B t = 1 4 B 100 B la lng tieu hao nhien lieu ly thuyet, kg/s a. Tnh nhiet lng ma be mat hap thu 19. Bo qua nhiet Nhiet lng nha ra cua khoi: (6.11) Q qn = I 'qn I" qn + qn .I kkl ,kJ/kg Trong o: la he so gi nhiet q = 1 5 ton that nhiet ra ngoai moi trng xung quanh 100
I 'qn ; I" qn la entanpi cua khoi au vao va au ra bo qua nhiet, kJ/kg qn o lot khong kh trong bo qua nhiet
0 (C.t )kkl I kkl = Vkk

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Nhiet lng ma hi nc nhan c: q = i 2qn i1qn kJ/kghi

D.q = D i 2qn i1qn kW

D la san lng hi Q qn .B t = D. i 2qn i1qn

Q qn = D. i 2qn i1qn Bt

) , kJ / kgnl

(6.12)

20. Bo ham nc Nhiet lng khoi nha ra Q hn = I 'hn I" hn + hn .I kkl Nhiet lng ma nc nhan c: q = i 2 hn i1hn kJ/kghi D.(i 2 hn i1hn ) Q hn = , kJ / kgnl Bt 21. Bo say khong kh Nhiet lng khoi nha ra ' Q skk = I skk I" skk + skk .I kkl Nhiet lng ma khong kh nhan c: skk " ' Q skk = " I skk I skk , kJ / kgnl skk + kth + 2

(6.13)

(6.14)

(6.15)

(6.16)

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