Soil mechanics

   


 P has e r e lations hip

Shallow foundation

E ffe c tiv e s tr e s s

Str e s s in s oil m as s

She ar s tr e ng th

C ons olidation
2.

  
(T e n s i l e s t r e s s )

   ! 
" 

 

# "  1 : B/ 6 (B = #  ! 
)

# "  2: B/ 3

# "  3 : D / 6 (D = # % 
  
& ! 
)

# "  4 : D / 3

 8.4 

  

 
      
 


  (Eccentrically loaded foundations)


 

 
 8.4(a) 
   

    !  "!  

(8.6)

(8.7 )
 

Q =
# 

 "
$  %  & 

M = #   
 "

M e y e r h o f  '  "& (

 ) "& $ 
" 
"$ 
*
! ! *+ 


 



  
  & '

1 .  8.4(b ) !  
 "% $ ',  
 8.4(a)   e )  


+  

(8.8)

) ! 
 8.8 % ! 
 8.6   8.7

(8.9 )

 

(8.1 0 )

 1: B/6 (B =
 
 )
3 . Be a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a c t o r , Nc , Nq  N
%
γ  
&

# "  1 : 

 (C o h e s i o n )

# "  2: '(  )   ( A n g l e o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n )

# "  3 :  #  ! 
 , B

# "  4 : & 
& ! 
% 

& 

&  )  b e ar i n g cap aci t y f act o r s
  *


 2:


 


(A n g l e o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n )
 7.
 

 
  ( S t r i p F o o t i n g )     -1

3
   
   

 1 8 k N / m , c = 5 k P a , i n t e r n a l

f r i c t i o n a n g l e = 0  ! "  G r o s s U l t i m a t e B e a r i n g

C a p a c i t y

$ N = 5 . 1 4 , N = 1 , N = 0

#
c q γ

# "  1 : 25 .7 k P a

# "  2: 3 5 .7 k P a

# "  3 : 4 3 .7 k P a

# "  4 : 5 3 .7 k P a
Ultimate bearing capacity

 8.1  
- 
& + 



T e r z ag h i  "! 
) "& 
" 
"$ 
*
+ 



(8.1 )

# 
c = .
 + (co h e s i o n o f s o i l )

 = $ & 
"$ 
+ (u n i t w e i g h t o f s o i l )

q = Df
= b e ar i n g cap aci t y f act o r s

)  b e ar i n g cap aci t y f act o r s % ! 
 8.1 $  ' 
 8.1

   : ( 5 x 5 . 1 4 ) + (1 x 1 8 x 1 ) = 4 3 . 7 kPa


  : 
 

 3: 43.7 kPa

8. #
 &

'!
 ( + 

, (- % ) & & 3

- ) . -
  #/ :
#"  1 : 5 8 " 
&

#"  2 : 6 8 " 
&

#"  3 : 7 8 " 
&

#"  4 : 88 " &

#"  1 : 5 8 " 
&

#"  2 : 6 8 " 
&

 3: 7 8 " 
&

#"  4 : 88 " 
&
 " & 0%   -
1 2 "  
 
 2 0 0

 5 0 % , #'1 ( &" &" 

 - 

#. & % (L i q u i d l i m i t )L L =4 8%

#. &. % (" (P l as t i c l i m i t )P L =2 6 %

-
1  (C l ay co n t e n t )=2 5 %

-
1
- 3(S i l t co n t e n t )=3 6 %

-
1
(S an d co n t e n t )=3 9 %

#-
1  (M
 o i s t u r e co n t e n t )=3 5 %
#(&4 % &5 1  0  " 
&-
  ) 


6 (U n i f i e d S o i l C l as s i f at i o n S y s t e m , U S C S )
 1 : C H

2 : C L

3 : S P

4 : M H
 3.1 P l a s t i c i t y c h a r t

 1.4 
         %F i n e r  
  





P a r t i c l e -s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e
     3.1 G r o u p s y m b o l s f o r g r a v e l l y s o i l ( R > 5 0 ; R / R > 0 .5 )
200 4 200
     3.2 G r o u p s y m b o l s f o r s a n d y s o i l ( R > 5 0 ; R / R < 0 .5 o r =
200 4 200

0 .5 )
     3.3 G r o u p s y m b o l s f o r s i l t y a n d c l a y e y s o i l s ( R < 5 0 o r = 5 0 )
200
 7   : #1 #&, . % (" 
 P I = L L 5 P L = 2 2 %

%  # L L = 4 8% "
(  A-l i n e : P I = 0 .7 3 (L L

5 2 0 ) .  
  ( A-l i n e (&4 4 % &5 1 
#

C %  L L = 4 8% < 5 0 % &&

 (&4 4 % &5 1 " & (

# L


 CL

( #. 
 & %  ( L i q u i d l i m i t , L L ) 

 , 
 - 9  &" 
. -
1 #, 
 

# & 3 8 % #&"
(,  ( v o i d r at i o , e )

 . 
 & %  / 
 ##/ 
  .  ( S p e ci f i c g r av i t y ,

Gs ) # & 2 .7  D e g r e e o f S at u r at i o n = 1 0 0 %

#"  1 : 0 .3 8

#"  2 : 1 .0 3

#"  3 : 0 .1 4

#"  4 : 0 .2 7

 :   Se = w G
s
     
   

  
 
       S =1 0 0 %     e =

2 . 7 x 0 . 3 8 = 1 . 0 3

#"  1 : 0 .3 8

 2 : 1 .0 3

#"  3 : 0 .1 4

#"  4 : 0 .2 7
 . 
 
1 #" 
 - 

a)" &  0 
   - 

< " &


  .
 
  - <
  0
(
/ 



  
" 

b)


(
, &(B o r i n g l o g )#
 2 %


( - 9  &" 
(L abo r at o r y t e s t s )  .
 


#= & = 
- , 

c)
&
 & " 

 "  
& & 1  
 

(

#"  1 : /
 > .  # a)

#"  2 : /
 > .  # b)

#"  3 : /
 > .  # c)

 4 : #/ 

#"  5 :


 



SP-SM  

  1 : % F i n e s ( F r a c t i o n s m a l l e r t h a n 0 . 0 7 5 m m ) = 4 % , C u = 2 . 5

  2 : % F i n e s = 6 % , C u = 4 . 5

  3 : % F i n e s = 8 % , C u = 6 . 5

  4 : % F i n e s = 1 0 % , C u = 8 . 5
7   : -
  ) S P "  C u < 6 %  C c , 
 

  1 / 
 3 
1   % F i n e s
  5 % / 
 1 2 %

, (
 &4 % &5 1 #
 &&
  1 , 3 , 4   1 ? 

( 2 &#" 

 "
( " 
 -

 1: % F i n e s ( F r a c t i o n s m a l l e r t h a n 0 . 0 7 5 m m ) = 4 % , C u = 2 . 5

 2: % F i n e s = 6 % , C u = 4 . 5

 3 : % F i n e s = 8 % , C u = 6 . 5

 4 : % F i n e s = 10 % , C u = 8 . 5
" 
& -
"
( V) = 1 , 0 0 0 c.c. & ( W ) = 1 , 7 5 0 g m . 

-
"

 ( V ) 2 5 0 c.c. #/ 
  .  ( G ) = 2 .6 0 #
w s

&"
(, 
  ( e )

#"  1 : 0 .1 6 7

#"  2 : 0 .2 5 0

#"  3 : 0 .5 9 1

#"  4 : 0 .7 3 0
  2.1  &    %  (  /    a  +   
 0 3 ! &    '

   b
Soil solid phase

G
s


 
 



  
 Soil solid     

  
    ! ! (G )
s

W at er phase

γ w


 
 



  
 w a t er     "

 
 ( γ )
s
 2.2 ) &   !  2  ( +   t h r ee s ep a r a t e p h a s es

  
" $   % $ ' V s = 1
 250 CC

AIR

1000 CC
WATER

1750 GM
SOIL SOLID
Gs = 2.60

 250 cc   250 g m 

! 1750 % 2 50 = 1500 g m

 "   " 

 = 1500/ 2 .6 0 = 576 .9 2 c m 3

 "   "    #    
 = 1000 - 576 .9 2 = 4 2 3 .08 c m 3

e = 423.08/576.92 = 0.73
#" 1: 0 .16 7

#" 2: 0 .25 0

#" 3: 0 .5 9 1

 4: 0 .7 30
15 .   ,   " -  ( 
/  & ( &4 % &5 1% '   - < C L

#" 1: S a n d y l e a n c l a y

#" 2: H i g h p l a s t i c i t y c l a y

#" 3: O r g a n i c c l a y w i t h s a n d

#" 4 : S a n d y f a t c l a y
 # $   :
 L e a n c l a y     !" 
 " % &  C L

H i g h p l a s t i c i t y c l a y =C H

O r g a n i c  '    ( )  *  !" 
    +  ,  * O L !" - O H

   

F a t c l a y !  . /   
    +  ,  * C H

     1   0 %  '      . 1     


 1 : S a n d y l e a n c l a y

#" 2: H i g h p l a s t i c i t y c l a y

#" 3: O r g a n i c c l a y w i t h s a n d

#" 4 : S a n d y f a t c l a y
 16 . "&               
&  & 16 8 g m s

3
-
"
 & 10 2 c m S p e c i f i c g r a vi t y 2.6 5 "&  
     % &

         
&  & 112 g m s    # V o i d r a t i o  % 

D e g r e e o f s a t u r a t i o n

#" 1: 1.5 5 , 9 8 .7 4 %

#" 2: 1.5 1, 9 8 .7 4 %

#" 3: 1.4 1, 9 5 .7 4 %

#" 4 : 1.4 1, 9 3.7 4 %

 AIR

WATER 102cm3
168 GM
SOIL SOLID
112 gm Gs = 2.65



! 1 1 2 g m  "   " 

 = 112 / 2 .6 5 = 4 2 .2 6 4 c m 3

 "   "    #   = 102 % 4 2 .2 6 4 = 59 .73 6 c m 3

e = 59.736/42.264 = 1.41

S = (168-112)*1/(59.736) = 0.9375
#" 1: 1.5 5 , 9 8 .7 4 %

#" 2: 1.5 1, 9 8 .7 4 %

#" 3: 1.4 1, 9 5 .7 4 %

 4: 1.4 1, 9 3.7 4 %

17. +   :, &        "&     
    2  "
 .  
1 

"     %   , &         #

     


2
-
 (  7 2 % - @  ' &  & 5 0 k N / m  %  &"
(   

& "& #  (o ve r c o n s o l i d a t i o n r a t i o , O C R )# &1.5  

 #
 ' "&        
& "& #  

   

2
        
 )    
  5 0 k N / m      

        &,  
& "& (c o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x , C c ) %   &,  


& "& =  ( r e c o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x , C r ) & 0 .5  %  0 .1

"%  & ( " 

        "
&
(   ,    (vo i d

r a t i o , e ) & 1.2
#" 1: 16 0 m m

#" 2: 8 0 m m

#" 3: 7 3 m m

#" 4 : 36 m m
 6 .2 / 
    $   & 
"  $   
  '   '       '    

    $  &  
 "  2  %      2     $  t o t a l s t r es s , p o r e

w a t er p r es s u r e   ef f ec t i v e s t r es s   '   ( b )
 6 .8
 3 e-l o g p !   / &  &   
" $  

  
" $  
  &   
" $ 
 4
"
 6 .9 & ( 
 3 3
5  2  2     $  p r ec o n s o l i d a t i o n

p r es s u r e, p
c
! " $  n o r m a l l y c o n s o l i d a t ed c l a y s 4 . e-l o g p  0  ! '      6 .1 0

(6 . 1 2 )

 #$ C =    % 
& e-log p  '"
 c om p r ession in dex

c

 )  ! 
  6 .1 2 %  ! 
  6 .1 1

(6 . 1 3 )

 /  
    $   &  ) &   $    
!    6    0 /  
   7  '&

) "  &  
   /  
) 
  *  & &    ) "  &    ' 

  #$ H i =    !  '" " "  

P = ! % ( ) *  + '" $ ( '$
! (   $(in it ia l a v er a g e ef f ec t iv e ov er b u r den

0 ( i )

p r essu r e)%    " " ( '$  , 


 = ! ! 

$ (  '$  $-  ! " " ( '$  , 


overconsolidated clay s



 
  e-l o g p          h j  
   6 . 1 1         
     

r eb o u n d c u r v e  

       !  s w el l i n d ex ( C s ) "   !

(6 . 1 4 )

         
  6 . 1 1 (6 . 1 5 )

(6 . 1 6 )


 ∆ σ = 50 kN/m2
σ´= 50 kN/m2
CC = 0.5
2m
OCR = 1.5 e = 1.2 Cr = 0.1

#" 3 7 3 .

 18 . , &        "&        5  "


   
  , &


.
'    

  0 "&           -  (  
& "& #  

   " +    , "

 &      1   ( 2.5 c m )  %  

   


&  
    %   
  % 
  
  #
  2 % 
% +    ,  7 

   % 
 ( T a y l o r Bs m e t h o d ) =   #  % 
& "& #   

5 0 %  & 12.5    / " 
(
 #
   

 , &  

         # #     % 

' "&  9 0 %

#" 1: 1 - A

#" 2: 2 - A

#" 3: 3 - A

#" 4 : 4 - A
     6 .1 )  ) &   !  2  ( 

 $ &   T i m e f a c t o r ( T )

V

D eg r ee o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n ( U )
     6 .1 () )  ) &   !  2  ( 

 $ &   T i m e f a c t o r ( T )
 D eg r ee
V

o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n ( U )
#" 1: 1 - A

#" 2: 2 - A

#" 3: 3 - A

 4: 4 - A
19.

#" 1: 17 8 m m

#" 2: 8 9 m m

#" 3: 16 c m

#" 4 : 32 c m
.( '$ 6 . 1 5
&  %  ) / e-log t %    
( 0
( ! %   

-$1  sec on da r y c on solida t ion 

!  
% 
&
Secondary consolidation

$    
p r i m a r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n ! 
 ! *  '&
  !  
 + .
    
  

    &   2   !  
+     <  
  *  & %  ! &    


&  s ec o n d a r y

c o n s o l i d a t i o n
 3 ) &   !  2  (  e-l o g t %  / &   0 s ec o n d a r y

c o n s o l i d a t i o n    0  ! '   4  .   
-     ! &     +    ! '
 3 %  

6 .1 5

)  s ec o n d a r y c o m p r es s i o n i n d ex ( C


$     
 6 .1 5

(6 . 2 0 )

C = s ec o n d a r y c o m p r es s i o n i n d ex


 e =    ! &  # 2       

T , t =  &  
1 2
  
  *  & s ec o n d a r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n ) "  &    ' 

(6 . 2 1 )

#  

(6 . 2 2 )

e =    ! &  # 2     ! 
 ! * p r i m a r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n
p

H = ) &   $   +   / 
    $   &
 ∆ σ = 50 kN/m2
σ´= 50 kN/m2
CC = 0.5
2m
OCR = 1.5 e = 0.8 C
= 0.01

 1 : 17 8 m m

#" 2: 8 9 m m

#" 3: 16 c m

#" 4 : 32 c m
 20 .    /
"    & -
9 
1 
 2 % &    

   
 ' & "&    ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n ) ?

     1:   #  "    
 #   
 ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n )

0 %    !# 
   #    

  .

     2 :   #  "    
 #   
 ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n )

0 %    !   "  5 "  6 -   

  .

     3 :   #  "    
 #   
 ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n )

0 %    !# 
  " %   $ 7 " " %      
  .

     4 :   #  "    
 #   
 ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n )

   " . 0     5   0    ,  % P i s t o n -s p r i n g a n a l o g y .
 24 .  
-
"& , &   / 
 
  & 5 0 k P a 
  2     - <
  1

      &   

' "&      P r i m a r y

C o n s o l i d a t i o n  - <   

- ) . -
  #/  :
 #" 1: 24 c m

#" 2: 34 c m

#" 3: 4 4 c m

#" 4 : 6 5 c m

:σ v´ a t 1 m = (17 -10 )* 1 = 7 k N / m
2

σ´ ∆ σ σ´
 7  

S = C c * H / (1+ e )* l o g (( + )/ )
0

S = (0 .5 * 2)/ (1+ 1.6 5 ) * l o g ((7 + 5 0 )/ 7 )

S = 0 .34 m
 25 .  c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t +    , "&          
 "&     

   20  . .  
     
  & #   "  ,   %  10 .4

       d e g r e e o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n = 9 0 % / 
        ,  

    &     4  "
( ) . 

      &   l a b  % 

    
  &  &    ,   %    
        d e g r e e o f

c o n s o l i d a t i o n = 9 0 %
 #" 1: 1.4 4  &

#" 2: 7 2.2  &

#" 3: 28 8 .9  &

#" 4 : 35 4 .3  &

 7   : T v = (c v * t / H
2
)_ l a b = (c v * t / H
2
)_ f i e l d

2
t _ f i e l d = t _ l a b (H _ f i e l d / H _ l a b )

2
t _ f i e l d = 10 .4 * (4 0 0 0 / 20 ) = 4 16 0 0 0 m i n

t _ f i e l d = 4 16 0 0 0 / (6 0 * 24 ) = 28 8 .9 d a y s
 26 .  "&     % 


& =  # / . . G
s
= 2.7 30  - 

 %  M o d i f i e d P r o c t o r C o m p a c t i o n T e s t   ## 

        (
 ( ' = 1.8 6 8 g / c m
3
+    , -
1  

   (  ( ' O M C = 14 .9 5 % / 

 ( 
/  &   
 &  

,   
 
   
   0    6    
 %  +    , -

 1  

O M C     ##      (
 ( '   
#" 1: 1.8 6 8 g / c u .m .

#" 2: 2.7 30 g / c u .m .

#" 3: 1.9 39 g / c u .m .

#" 4 : 0 .7 32 g / c u .m .
 27 .   
 &    M o d i f i e d P r o c t o r  ,  M o l d  

 (  2  
 %  6   (
 4 .5 8 4   "'   &  10

l b
    (
 18   
  %     
  
  5 , & , & % 

5 6 #
& . % &    ,   
 &    
-

 . % &    , 

  
 &   "-


 "
     & # &

 

#" 1: 124 0 0 f t -l b / f t ^ 3

#" 2: 24 8 0 0 f t -l b / f t ^ 3

#" 3: 5 6 0 0 0 f t -l b / f t ^ 3

#" 4 : 6 24 0 0 f t -l b / f t ^ 3
28 . / 
 
 . 
 . % &     
 & ##        

(
 ( ' ( M a x i m u m D r y D e n s i t y )  %  ## ,   &

   (  ( O p t i m u m M o i s t u r e C o n t e n t )    - %    - % 

  

 #" 1: ##         (
 ( '  . 

 %  ## ,   &    (  . 

 

#" 2: ##         (

 ( '  . 

 %  ## ,   &    ( %  % 

#" 3: ##         (

 ( ' %  % 

 %  ## ,   &    ( %  % 

#" 4 : ##         (

 ( ' %  % 

 %  ## ,   &    (  . 

 
 30 . 
 (   #( &-
 (  7 F
=  ( c o e f f i c i e n t o f

p e r m e a b i l i t y , k )   
   %        
  - 9  &"
+  

 7  G  #  ( C o n s t a n t h e a d ) =  
%  &   "&      

2
# (
 6 c m .    "& 5 0 c m  & -

 1    % = 

3
"&  
    10      -
"
 
 4 3 0 c m 
  % 
( )  

# (
 ( H e a d ) #  & 4 0 c m   #  1 #( &-
 (  7 F


=        c m / s e c

- ) . -
  #/  :
V = ki

Q = VA

Q = kiA
q = Q/t

q = kiAt
 #" 1: 1.15 x 10 -2

#" 2: 2.15 x 10 -2

#" 3: 1.15 x 10 -3

 4: 2.15 x 10 -3

 7  :: Q = 4 30 c m
3
, t = 10 x 6 0 = 6 0 0 s e c , A = 5 0 c m
2
, L =

6 c m  %  h = 4 0 c m   k = Q L / (h A t ) = (4 30 x 6 )/ (6 0 0 x 4 0

-3
x 5 0 ) = 2.15 x 10 c m / s e c
 32.  %       
  , &        %     "    

%  2    5  "
       

&
    # & 18

3 3
k N / m  %         &  # & 10 k N / m
  &

  "  
" 2    1.5 m   #  1#    

 

    
 ( h o r i z o n t a l t o t a l s t r e s s )   %      / 

( &-
 (  7 F
  &      ( c o e f f i c i e n t o f l a t e r a l e a r t h

p r e s s u r e ) # 
 & 0 .6
 4.2 ( a )   %  6     
  $  +   
" ( b )    
 +   $  &  


 $   ( t o t a l s t r es s )
 ) &    .
( c )   
 +   p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e


) &    .
  ( d )   
 +   $  &    ! ( ,  ( ef f ec t i v e s t r es s )


) &    .

#" 1: 35 k N / m 2

#" 2: 6 8 k N / m 2

#" 3: 8 9 k N / m 2

#" 4 : 9 0 k N / m 2
 33.  %       
  , &        %     "    % 

3
 2    5  "
       
&    # & 18 k N / m

3
 %         
&   # 
 & 9 .8 k N / m
  &   "

   "

  
 2    1.5 m   #  1#    
 -
 (  7 2 %

     (
 ( '    "
 ( m a x i m u m p a s t s t r e s s )   %   

  / &"
(   
& "& #  

 ( o ve r c o n s o l i d a t i o n r a t i o ,

O C R ) # & 1.5

#" 1: 124 .3 k N / m 2

#" 2: 9 0 .0 k N / m 2

#" 3: 8 3.6 k N / m 2

#" 4 : 5 5 .7 k N / m 2
 34 .   #  1#    
  .     %    > .   

     1 "    

% %   -  2    4  "
 

   
&   ' ( p o i n t l o a d ) 
 # & 20 0 "& 
 

    ' A     
 3  "
+   

#" 1: 25 .15 "& / ."


#" 2: 5 .9 7 "& / .
"


#" 3: 1.9 6 "& / .

"


#" 4 : 
%   .   . 
 37 .  2 % 
 (    
 &
  ( u n c o n f i n e d

c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t )       %            # q u = 10

2
t / m /  "&        %    -  (   
 & (  

,    
   
 ( c o n s o l i d a t e d u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n

t e s t , C U -T e s t )     2 %  #% &
& 
  >    
 

  ( u n d r a i n e d s h e a r s t r e n g t h )  
  
 2
#" 1:  
 10 t / m

2
#" 2: 10 t / m

2 2

 3 : 5 t / m 
  5 t / m

2
#" 4 :    
 5 t / m

 7   #% &
& 
  >    
   

  
 ( 

  
 &
  # 

 & q u / 2 = 5 t / m 2  "    

2 %  
 &
  (  2 %   #

 % &
& 
  >   

 (  C U -T e s t   # & 5 t / m 2 

 #(
    


 & # (

   5 t / m 2  " 
    10 t / m 2
 38 .  ( 

      ( 
& 
 #    

   &

# % 
 z )   " '
  %   
 
   .    %  
 

&  R  &  (    
-
    #    
 
  & # % 
 2.5  .
)   "  
    
-


- ) . -
  #/  :

 1 : 1.5 2 t / s q .m .

#" 2: 4 .5 5 t / s q .m .

#" 3: 6 .8 3 t / s q .m .

#" 4 : 9 .11 t / s q .m .

#" 5 :

 7   :   
1  %  "0
-
     q = 10 * (1-1/ (1+ (5 / 2.5 )
2
)
1 . 5
) =

9 .11 t / s q .m .


1
 
    =  "

   6 0    -
  '" ,  % 
& 

S u p e r p o s i t i o n     
 
  
 & 6 0 / 36 0 * 9 .11 = 1.5 2 t / s q .m
 4 0 .  %       
  , &        %   %  2    5

3
 "
       
&    # 
 & 18 k N / m  %     

3
   
&   # & 9 .8 k N / m
  &   "  
" 


2    1.5 m / 
 . 
 "
( 
& % & 
  >   
-
 #

% - L ( M o h r -C o u l o m b s h e a r s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s ) ## c =

2
5 k N / m  %  p h i = 28     -
 1#% &
& 
  > 


   
 ( d r a i n e d s h e a r s t r e n g t h )   %     
#" 1: 5 1 k N / m 2

#" 2: 4 8 k N / m 2

 3 : 35 k N / m 2

#" 4 : 32 k N / m 2
 4 1. %&
&
& &" M5N Terzaghi  


&

 1: #  %
 &  ! 


# " 2: & 
 & ! 


# " 3: # ' (   
  
 ! 
 %  "! 



# " 4: /
 '
 42. 
1  
  " 
 & ! 

 &  "
   2 %

 

 1: %&
& &  %%

# " 2: %&
& &   . 

 

# " 3: %&
& &    - %  - %

# " 4:  ( 
/ (
'-  

 43. ! 

  ( C o m b in ed f o o t in g)  / 


 1: ! 
 
 &  ( 
 (  
' 


 


# " 2: ! 
     
& 
   

  %

+  "
 &

# " 3: ! 
# 

 % O

-   # 

%&   &

# " 4: ! 
# 

  &! 
 2  % ! 


 (  0
 &
 44.
 &  "
 
 &  2 %  B earin g C ap ac it y # 

 ( '

 1:
 & 2  

# " 2:
 & 1/ 2 #  %! 


# " 3:
 & 1/ 4 #  %! 


# " 4:
 &  "! 


 46 .  
  #
  B earin g C ap ac it y " M5N Terzaghi

 
  &"  

 1: G en eral S hear F ail u re

# " 2: L o c al S hear F ail u re

# " 3: P u n c hin g S hear F ail u re

# " 4: R o t at io n al F ail u re
47 .   
 ! 
  (   "
&
(  - %) &  &

   (  &! 
 - < 

  )


- ) . -
  # /  :
 # " 1: 3.2

# " 2: 3.5

 3 : 3.8

# " 4: 4.1
 49 .  
(
!  2     ( S t rip F o o t in g ) 

   
 &  "%= # "O&  # 

 #  

 "" U l t im at e S o il B earin g C ap ac it y  !  2 

 
 2 

  %  
 !  2 
 
 #  % 1  .  2  

- ) . -
  # /  :
# " 1: 0 .9 5 T/ m ^ 2

# " 2: 1.45 T/ m ^ 2

 3 : 1.9 5 T/ m ^ 2

# " 4: 2.45 T/ m ^ 2
 5 0 .  (  0"&(  %  &"'
&(  40 0 %% "
 


 , 
&    &

- %&
& &-
 %&  (  0"

 - <   +   # & (  0

 

  
 (   2   (  0 > % -
 %& = 23 k P a (k N / m

2
)

  
" - %  (  0-
 %& = 45 0 k P a (k N / m

2
)

- ) . -
  # /  :
  7   : Q s = f s *p *L = (23) (4*0 .4) (15 ) = 5 5 2 k N

Q b = q *A = (45 0 ) (0 .4*0 .4) = 7 2 k N

b b

Q _ u l t = Q s + Q b = 5 5 2+ 7 2 = 6 24 k N

# " 1: 10 9 k N

# " 2: 417 k N

# " 3: 6 20 k N

 4 : 6 24 k N
 5 1. / 
 ! 
 2    ( #     
 #   
  )
  2   U l t i m a t e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y   #  - <   / 

 &  " 

 
 & %
 # " 1: 125 .6 k P a (k N / m 2)

 2 : 135 .9 k P a (k N / m 2)

# " 3: 140 .5 k P a (k N / m 2)

# " 4: 15 4.2 k P a (k N / m 2)

 7   : Q _ u l t = c N c + qN q + 0 .5 B *gam m a*N _ gam m a

Q _ u l t = (0 ) (30 .1) + (0 ) (18 .4) + 0 .5 (1) (18 ) (15 .1)

Q _ u l t = 135 .9 k P a
 5 2. / 
 ! 
 2    ( #     
 #   
  )
  2     ( ) .  
  
    U l t i m a t e

B earin g c ap ac it y  - 
<   

- ) . -
  # /  :

 1: 15 4.2 k P a

# " 2: 135 .9 k P a

# " 3: 125 .8 k P a

# " 4: 110 .6 k P a

 7   : Q _ u l t = c N c + qN q + 0 .5 B *gam m a*N _ gam m a

Q _ u l t = (30 ) (5 .14) + (0 ) (1.0 ) + 0 .5 (1) (18 ) (0 )

Q _ u l t = 15 4.2 k P a
5 3. 
  &"
 ! 
" 

-  &  - 
< 
  &"  

- ) . -
  # / :

 # " 1: S l id in g

# " 2: O v ert u rn in g

 3 : G en eral s hear

# " 4: P u n c hin g s hear

5 4.  (  0 
  0  
 
 ( ) .    &

-   



 ,   
 &  (  0 - <%&

- ) . -
  # / :
 # " 1: C o m p res s iv e f o rc e

# " 2: Ten s io n

# " 3: H o rizo n t al f o rc e

# " 4: To rs io n
 5 5 . "&   0%   , 
 # '1 (  &"
& " -  # 

. & % ( L iqu id l im it ) L L = 48 % # 

 . 
 &. %( " ( P l as t ic

l im it ) P L = 26 % -
1    ( C l ay c o n t en t ) = 25 %

-
1
  - 3 ( S il t c o n t en t ) = 36 % -
1
 ( S an d

c o n t en t ) = 39 % # 
 -
1  (M o is t u re c o n t en t ) w = 29 %

 # 
 &, #   % ( L iqu id it y in d ex , L I )

 1: 0 .14

# " 2: 0 .27

# " 3: 22%

# " 4: 19 %

 7   : #  1 # 
 &, . %( "P I = L L 5 P L = 22%

  L I = (w - P L ) / P I = (29 5 26 ) / 22 = 0 .14
 5 6 . "&   0%   , 
 # '1 (  "
& " -  # 

. & % ( L iqu id l im it ) L L = 48 % # 

 . 
 &. %( " ( P l as t ic

l im it ) P L = 26 % -
1    ( C l ay c o n t en t ) = 25 % -
1

  - 
3 ( S il t c o n t en t ) = 36 % -
1
 ( S an d c o n t en t ) =

39 % # -
1  (M o is t u re c o n t en t ) w = 29 %  # 

  

# " " ( Ac t iv it y )
 # " 1: 19 %

# " 2: 22%

# " 3: 0 .14

 4 : 0 .8 8

 7   : #  1 # 
 &, . %( "P I = L L 5 P L = 22%  

Ac t iv it y = P I / % c l ay c o n t en t = 22/ 25 = 0 .8 8
 5 7 . 
(  # 
 . 
 & % ( L iqu id l im it , L L )   

, 
  - 9  &"
+  '- 
1 /   # =  

(C as agran d e c u p ) &) .  2 %&

 -
 1 # 
 . 
 & %

- ) . -
  # /  :
# " 1: 5 5

# " 2: 42

# " 3: 38

# " 4: 32
 5 9 .  
"7

, "  

# " 1: ( 

 

# " 2: 
( % "& 

# " 3: 
"" 

# " 4: /
 '
 6 0 . (  -
  
 "& (S at u rat ed s o il ) # 


# " 1: (    - < 0 ( S o l id )

# " 2: (    - < 0 ( S o l id )  %  ( W at er)

# " 3: (    - < 0 ( S o l id )  %  ( Air)

# " 4: (    - < 0 ( S o l id ) 

 ( W at er)  %

 ( Air)
 6 1. 
-
  ,   
  #    "& (


# " 1: K ao l in it e

# " 2: I l l it e

# " 3: M o n t m o ril l o n it e

# " 4: Q u art z
 6 2. 
 # 
"&    
& 

 
  

(D is t u rb ed S am p l e)  
(  -
  )  

# " 1: 
(  . 

 &&" 
 


# " 2: 
(  
&

# " 3: 
(  #  /    . 

# " 4: 
(  
&"& #  

 6 3.  7 
(   (  " - ( 
/  , 

 & 
  0 "&   2 

 =  ( S p l it S p o o n

S am p l er)  

 1: S t an d ard p en et rat io n t es t

# " 2: C o n e p en et rat io n t es t

# " 3: V an e s hear t es t

# " 4: D o w n ho l e t es t
 6 5 . "&  #  L iqu id l im it 7 4% P l as t ic l im it 27 % W at er

c o n t en t 6 5 %  # 
 L iqu id it y in d ex  % P l as t ic in d ex

# " 1: 0 .8 8 , 45 %

# " 2: 0 .8 5 , 45 %

# " 3: 0 .8 3, 47 %

 4 : 0 .8 1, 47 %

 7   : L iqu id it y in d ex = (W -P L ) / P I = 6 5 -27 ) / (7 4-27 ) = 0 .8 1

P l as t ic in d ex = 7 4-27 = 47 %
6 9 .  /   , 
    

# " 1: AAS H TO

# " 2: F AA

# " 3: U n if ied

# " 4: AS TM

# " 5 : D I N
 7 2. / 
 &
  2   %   #   # 
  . 
 

 & & &, 

&    , 
& 
 -
  &  %

%  
  

  1   
 &"
(  
&"& #  

" ( '

 1:     
  !   # 
   
  " 

 2 :  " %  % 1/ 4   #  !      
  !   # . 
 0 

 
      
  !   #

 3 :  " %  % 1/ 3   #  !      
  !   # . 
 0 

 
      
  !   #

 4 :   /      
  !   #
 7 3.   ,    % " 
& 
&  

 &  

- @  ' &  % 2 %"

'"& #   # "#    

# " 1: N o rm al l y c o n s o l id at ed C l ay

# " 2: O v erc o n s o l id at ed s an d

# " 3: O v erc o n s o l id at ed C l ay

# " 4: N o rm al l y c o n s o l id at ed S an d
 7 5 .  7 
  ,  



'"&   

# " 1: S t at ic c o m p ac t io n

# " 2: D eep M ix in g P il e

# " 3: V ib ro f l o t

# " 4: P rel o ad in g
 77. &"

0 

'"&  C o n s o l id at io n s et t l em en t


&

# " 1: C o m p res s io n in d ex

# " 2: O v er c o n s o l id at io n rat io

# " 3: P re-c o n s o l id at io n p res s u re

# " 4: C o ef f ic ien t o f p erm eab il it y

82.  
%      

- -
    
   " , 

  %   

  
&(    (   



  10 t / s q.m . 2  )

  ( 

- ) . -
  # /  :

 1: 1.5 - A

# " 2: 3 - A

# " 3: 4.5 - A

# " 4: 6 - A
 83. , & #  O C R = 2.5  % #  P rec o n s o l id at io n p res s u re

= 4 t / s q.m .   #   
 &  - @  ' & &   

# " 1: 1.6 t / s q.m .

# " 2: 2.5 t / s q.m .

# " 3: 4 t / s q.m .

# " 4: 10 t / s q.m .
 8 7 .  2 %
(   %'  % "
!  ( S t an d ard

P en et rat io n Tes t , S P T)   
"  #
&% 6   2 %


& #
& 
"&"
%  #  1 #  N

- ) . -
  # /  :
 # " 1: 15

# " 2: 22

# " 3: 25

# " 4: 27
8 9 . '- 
1 
(  
 7 
(      

( 
/  , 
 # 
 %&
& 
 >   
  

(u n d rain ed s hear s t ren gt h)  

 # " 1: 
(    > +  "
 ( d irec t s hear t es t )

# " 2: 
(  
 ' "&  " ( o

 ed o m et er 


c o n s o l id at io n t es t )

# " 3: 
(   
&(   ( t riax ial t es t )

# " 4: 
(  +   ,  "
!  ( v an e s hear t es t )

 9 3. 
& 
 "+ #
(
 . &  

 . & 
 # %  

 &  
  

# " 1: E art h p res s u re at res t

# " 2: Ac t iv e E art h p res s u re

# " 3: P as s iv e E art h p res s u re

# " 4: O v ert u rn in g M o m en t
 9 4. "  
 
  ,  
  
 (grav el )  %


(s an d )

# " 1: # 4

# " 2: # 10

# " 3: # 40

# " 4: # 10 0
 9 5 .  
(  F iel d d en s it y / 
  
 O t t a w a    , 

    

# " 1:
   0 

# " 2:
  0 

# " 3:
 /  0%   

# " 4:
 
  0(  ( 
 9 6 .  # % &  #  C o ef f ic ien t o f c u rv at u re

(C c )  
 ,   

# " 1: 1-3

# " 2: 1-4

# " 3: 2-3

# " 4: 2-4
98. +   :
  

- # #   # 
 -
 (  7 2 % ( E f f ec t iv e

S t res s )  ' A #  

- ) . -
  # /  :
 # " 1: -5 0 + % "&""
 "

# " 2: 0 + % "&""
 "

 3 : 10 + % "&""
 "

# " 4: 20 + % "&""
 "

 7   : E f f ec t iv e S t res s = To t al S t res s -P o re

P res s u re= (4*10 + 1*20 ) -(5 *10 ) = 10 k N / m 2