BUCK (Step Down)

Typical Applications Used when output is always lower than the input and small size is needed High efficiency especially if the Schottky diode is replaced by a synchronous switch. Advantages

The Transfer Function of a Buck Converter: (VOUT+VF)/(VIN-VRDSon) = D

Fill in shaded regions: VOUT = 26 V VIN = IOUT = POUT = IOUTMIN = f SW = Vpp_ripple= VF = RDSon = VRDSon = PCOND = 32 V 2 A 52 W 0.2 A, assumed to be 10% of IOUT 40 kHz 0.26 V, assumed to be 1% of VOUT 0.4 V 0.4 W 0.8 V 1.358 W

Requirements: Low switch stress equal to the input voltage plus the The output voltage of the converter: forward voltage of the diode. The input voltage of the converter: Low output ripple means a relatively small output filter. The nominal output current: Only one output. Non-isolated. Large EMI filter for high input ripple current due to input current always being discontinuous even though the inductor current can be either continuous or discontinuous. Requires a high-side switch drive. Output power of the converter: The minimum output current: The switching frequency of the converter: Maximum allowable peak-to-peak ripple: Forward voltage drop across diode: RDSon of switch at operating point: Voltage drop across RDSon: Conduction losses of switch: Duty Cycle:

0.65

Disadvantages

BUCK IQ1 S Q1
G D

D = 0.846 T= 25 ms tON = 21.154 ms

+ VIN -

IL1 ID1 D1 L1 COUT

IOUT

+ VOUT -

Switching Period: On-time of the switch:

The minimum inductor value is calculated assuming the minimum output current is equal to 10% of the nominal current. The inductor is sized such that the converter will remain in the continuous current mode through this range. Minimum inductor value: Inductor stored energy: L= E= 275 mH 665.5 mJ

VG ton T VIN+VF VDS t t

The drain current waveform is a ramp on a step. The value of the current at the center of the ramp is equal to the output DC current. The peak inductor current is equal to the output current added to half the peak to peak ripple. Peak-to-peak ripple current: Peak switch current: RMS current: IppRIPPLE = IPEAK = IRMS = 0.4 A 2.2 A 1.843 A

A Schottky rectifier is chosen because of its low forward voltage, VF, and its excellent reverse recovery characteristics. Replacing this diode with a FET and using synchronous rectification will give even more efficiency benefits. This rectifier must meet the following criteria: DC blocking voltage: Average rectified output current: VR = IAVE = 32 V 0.308 A

The switch must be selected to meet the above current requirements. The major Drain to Source voltage stress occurs at switch turn-off when the Source could possibly ring up to 5V below ground. VDS = Minimum rated Drain to Source voltage: 37.4 V The output capacitor is chosen such that it provides significant filtering of the switching ripple. The selected capacitor must be large enough so that its impedance is much smaller than the load at the switching frequency, allowing most of the ripple current to flow through the capacitor, not the load. The ripple current flowing through the output capacitor is equal to the inductor current waveform with the dc component removed. The output capacitor's ESR must also be taken into account because this parasitic resistance, which is out of phase with its capacitance, will cause additional voltage ripple. Be sure to select capacitors based upon their maximum ripple current and ESR ratings at the temperature and frequency of the application. IRMScap = 0.115 A COUT = Minimum output capacitance: 4.81 mF Chances are, a bank of capacitors will be required to handle the output ripple current. This capacitance will have an ESR associated with it: COUTbank = Total capacitance of output bank used: 82 mF ESRMAX = 0.6489 W Maximum ESR required: Actual ESR of output capacitor bank used: ESR = 0.015 W Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to output VPPcap = 0.015 V capacitance: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to output VPPESR = 0.006 V ESR: Resultant total peak-to-peak output voltage VPPtotal = 0.016 V ripple: The same logic is applied when selecting the input capacitor. This capacitor, or bank of capacitors, will experience very high ripple current; the same current that is at the switch drain. An acceptable level of input voltage ripple which would still maintain regulation is assumed to be 5%. IRMS = Input capacitor RMS ripple current: 1.843 A VrippleIN = Acceptable input voltage ripple: 1.600 V, assumed to be 5% of VIN CIN = 4.2969 mF Minimum input capacitance: Output capacitor RMS ripple current: Total capacitance of input bank used: Maximum ESR required: Actual ESR of input capacitor bank used: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to input capacitance: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to input ESR: Resultant total peak-to-peak input voltage ripple: CINbank = 47 mF ESRMAX = 0.7242 W ESR = 0.1 W VPPcap = VPPESR = VPPtotal = 0.146 V 0.220 V 0.264 V

IQ1

dI

IPEAK ISTEP t

ID1

dI

IPEAK ISTEP t

IPEAK IOUT IL1 t

dI

ICOUT

dI

Used when output is always lower than the input and small size is needed High efficiency especially if the Schottky diode is replaced by a synchronous switch. Low switch stress equal to the input voltage plus the forward voltage of the diode. Only one output. Non-isolated. Large EMI filter for high input ripple current due to input current always being discontinuous even though the inductor current can be either continuous or discontinuous. Requires a high-side switch drive.

The Transfer Function of a Boost Co (VOUT-VIN+VF)/(VOUT+VF-VRDSon)

Requirements: The output voltage of the converter: The input voltage of the converter: Output power of the converter: The minimum output current: The switching frequency of the converter: Maximum allowable peak-to-peak ripple: Forward voltage drop across diode: RDSon of switch at operating point: Voltage drop across RDSon: Conduction losses of switch: Duty Cycle: Fill in shaded regions: VOUT= VIN = IOUT = POUT = IOUTMIN = fSW = Vpp_ripple= VF = RDSon = VRDSon = PCOND = D= T= tON =

Low output ripple means a relatively small output filter. The nominal output current:

BUCK IQ1 S Q1
G D

+ VIN -

IL1 ID1 D1 L1 COUT

IOUT

+ VOUT -

Switching Period: On-time of the switch:

The minimum inductor value is calculated assuming the minimum outpu nominal current. The inductor is sized such that the converter will rema through this range. Minimum inductor value: Inductor stored energy: L= E=

VG ton T VIN+VF VDS t t

The drain current waveform is a ramp on a step. The value of the curre to the output DC current. The peak inductor current is equal to the outp peak ripple. Peak-to-peak ripple current: Peak switch current: RMS current: IppRIPPLE = IPEAK = IRMS =

A Schottky rectifier is chosen because of its low forward voltage, VF, an characteristics. Replacing this diode with a FET and using synchronous efficiency benefits. This rectifier must meet the following criteria: DC blocking voltage: Average rectified output current: VR = IAVE =

The switch must be selected to meet the above current requirements. T stress occurs at switch turn-off when the Source could possibly ring up VDS = Minimum rated Drain to Source voltage:

IQ1

dI

IPEAK ISTEP

VDS t

IQ1

dI

IPEAK ISTEP t

The output capacitor is chosen such that it provides significant filtering o capacitor must be large enough so that its impedance is much smaller t frequency, allowing most of the ripple current to flow through the capaci flowing through the output capacitor is equal to the inductor current wav removed. The output capacitor's ESR must also be taken into account which is out of phase with its capacitance, will cause additional voltage based upon their maximum ripple current and ESR ratings at the tempe application. Output capacitor RMS ripple current: IRMScap =

ID1

dI

IPEAK ISTEP t

COUT = Minimum output capacitance: Chances are, a bank of capacitors will be required to handle the output have an ESR associated with it: COUTbank = Total capacitance of output bank used:

IPEAK IOUT IL1 t

dI

ESRMAX = Maximum ESR required: Actual ESR of output capacitor bank used: ESR = Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to output VPPcap = capacitance: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to output VPPESR = ESR: Resultant total peak-to-peak output VPPtotal = voltage ripple: The same logic is applied when selecting the input capacitor. This capa experience very high ripple current; the same current that is at the switc voltage ripple which would still maintain regulation is assumed to be 5% IRMS = Input capacitor RMS ripple current: Acceptable input voltage ripple: Minimum input capacitance: Total capacitance of input bank used: Maximum ESR required: Actual ESR of input capacitor bank used: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to input capacitance: Peak-to-peak voltage ripple due to input ESR: Resultant total peak-to-peak input voltage ripple: VrippleIN = CIN = CINbank = ESRMAX = ESR = VPPcap = VPPESR = VPPtotal =

ICOUT

dI

N+VF)/(VOUT+VF-VRDSon) =

Function of a Boost Converter: D

Fill in shaded regions: 32 V 16 V 2A 64 W 0.2 A, assumed to be 10% of IOUT 40 kHz 0.32 V, assumed to be 1% of VOUT 0.4 V 0.03 W 0.06 V 0.245 W 0.512 25 ms 12.801 ms

ssuming the minimum output current is equal to 10% of the that the converter will remain in the continuous current mode 500 mH 1210 mJ

step. The value of the current at the center of the ramp is equal r current is equal to the output current added to half the peak to 0.4 A 2.2 A 2.856 A

low forward voltage, VF, and its excellent reverse recovery FET and using synchronous rectification will give even more the following criteria: 16 V 0.976 A

ove current requirements. The major Drain to Source voltage urce could possibly ring up to 5V below ground. 21.4 V

provides significant filtering of the switching ripple. The selected mpedance is much smaller than the load at the switching nt to flow through the capacitor, not the load. The ripple current l to the inductor current waveform with the dc component also be taken into account because this parasitic resistance, will cause additional voltage ripple. Be sure to select capacitors nd ESR ratings at the temperature and frequency of the 0.115 A 3.91 mF

quired to handle the output ripple current. This capacitance will 82 mF 0.799092 W 0.015 W 0.015 V 0.006 V 0.016 V

e input capacitor. This capacitor, or bank of capacitors, will e current that is at the switch drain. An acceptable level of input ulation is assumed to be 5%. 2.856 A 1.600 V, assumed to be 5% of VIN 4.296875 mF 47 mF 0.724227 W 0.1 W 0.146 V 0.220 V 0.264 V