Report on Smart Grid's Vision Report on Smart Grid Vision Report on Report Smart on Grids Smart Grid's Vision

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON SMART GRID

Author: Kamaldeep Singh Aravind Avvar

Supervisor: Prof. Matti Latva-aho Prof. Premanandana Rajatheva

ABSTRACT In this report we analyze the background work required to cognize on Smart Grid technology and how it can be eectively implemented. The main objective of this report is to consider about the channel models, dierent ways of measurement, standards and tools used to optimize and allocate the resources Smart Grid. Firstly we report briey the denition of Smart Grid and how data is communicated in Smart Grids.Secondly we study on the dierent ways of measuring and optimizing the allocation of resources. Finally we study about the present standards and how well are they implemented in the real system. At last we conclude with the present scenario in Smart Grids and how we can improve on the present implications. Key words: Power Line Communications, Smart Grid Technology, Standards, Research Areas in Smart Grids.

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Data Communication on Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHANNEL MODELS IN SMART GRID 2.1 Channels used in Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 FSK System for Smart Utility Network . . . . . . 2.2.1 Communication Network Architecture . . 2.2.2 Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution 6 6 8 11 11 12 13 14

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3 POWER FLOW MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID 16 3.1 CDMA Channel Model in Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 Smart wires (SW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4 TOOLS USED IN SMART GRID 20 4.1 Simulations Tools used in Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5 OPTIMIZATION IN SMART GRID 24 5.1 Optimization Models for Energy Reallocation in a Smart Grid 24 6 RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SMART GRID 26 6.1 Cost Aware Grid Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.2 Game Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7 STANDARDS USED IN SMART GRID 7.1 IEEE P2030 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 IEEE P1901- Broadband over the power line Networks 7.1.2 Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903 8 SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT VISION 9 CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES 29 29 31 32 34 36 37

FOREWORD This Internship report is based on the practical training which we performed in the department of CWC at the University of Oulu. The purpose of this Internship is to do the literature review on Smart Grids and to understand its functionality. Oulu, 15th June 2011 Kamaldeep Singh Aravind Avvar

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FSK CDMA IEEE AMI OFDMA PLC MIMO MISO 3GPP OFDM IDMA Wimax SUN CPE EPS QOS OSI BPL CTP IP BER QPSK BPSK DPSK SCADA

Frequency Shift Keying Code Division Multiple Access Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Advance Metering System Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Power Line Communications Multiple Input Multiple Output Multiple Input Single Output 3rd Generation Partnership Project Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Interleave Division Multiple Access Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Smart Utility Networks Customer-premises equipment Electrical Power System Quality of Service Open System Interconnection Broadband over Power Lines Capacitated Transshipment Problem Internet Protocol Bit Error Rate Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Binary Phase Shift Keying Dierential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives a brief outlook of the Smart Grid and its functionality. Data communication on the Smart Grid is explained in detail.

1.1

What is Smart Grid

Smart Grid is a vision that how to generate, distribute and consume energy. In addition to this, it is how to overcome the shortcomings of todays electricity grids. The main goal is to mitigate the impact of disruptions of the energy supply as well as to enhance security and reliability of energy infrastructure. The operation and meaning of the smart grid can be best understood with the gure given below.

Figure 1.1: Smart Grid[26]

The topology of Smart Grid is shown in the g. 1.1. It mainly consists of domains, interfaces and its distribution. There have been radical changes in a way to generate, distribute and consume energy. The electric grids were originally designed to distribute the electricity from small number of generators to millions of the consumers based on the concept that supply must follow the demand [28]. This phenomenon required additional generators to be instantly being available to balance the increase in demand and also the installed generation capacity is sucient to satisfy the demand at the peak time. In addition, consumers are charged for electricity on a per unit basis however the real cost of generating the electricity varies throughout the day [27]. Clearly, because of the ineciencies in the previous electricity grid system, a more dynamic and smarter grid system was paramount. This vision has led to the innovation of smart grids, which are improved electricity grids where household and businesses act as both generators as well as consumer of electricity, and were the information and electricity ow together in network.Smart Grid is an electricity delivery system with communication facilities and information facilities for the ecient and reliable grid operation with improved customer satisfaction and cleaner environment. Smart Grids are also called Green Communication because it is nature friendly technology. By using the Two-way communication capabilities of the smart meter one can enhance the current power system. Smart Grid will allow the ow of energy from consumers to outside network depending on demand and supply conditions. Features of smart grid Includes real time monitoring and exchange of the Information [28]. Consumers can adjust electric supply according to their needs, cost, power, level of reliability and environmental Impact. Smart Grids will remove any hindrance in economic growth and facilitates the delivery of the energy from the renewable sources of energy like wind, sun and water. There would be faster detection of outages and blackouts and rapid system restoration will improve the security and reliability of the grid [30]. Moreover, Grid will be less vulnerable to potential attacks and threats. The current electric power grid is outdated and cannot support the increase in the energy consumption. Hence, it is expected that smart grids which are more reliable, secure, economic, ecient and environmental friendly grids will replace the old power grids. The backbone of the Smart Grids is the Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI) consisting of the Smart Meters and the communication network which has capability to monitor and repair the faulty network in the real time [1].The utilization structure of smart grid needs to be analyzed before implementation of the AMI. The utilization or the component structure of the smart gird is shown in the below gure. The g. 1.2 describes the utilization structure of grid from the generation to the consumption. The gure mainly explains the component utilization. The vision of the Smart Grid is to research, develop and demonstrate a 7

Figure 1.2: Smart Grid Structure[29] two-way electricity network that will meet the increasing energy demands. Electricity power Grids must be: Flexible: Grid should easily adapt to the changing and challenging environment. Accessible: Grid must be accessible to all users and should have high eciency local generation with zero or low carbon emission. Reliable: Grid must assure improved quality of supply and security and must adapt itself with increase in demand without any hazards and uncertainties. Economic: Grid is best valued through innovations and ecient energy management.

1.2

Data Communication on Smart Grid

The smart grid system requires high speed sensing of the date from all the sensor nodes within few power cycles [1]. The AMI is employ the meters on the grid and which are used to provide all the vital information to the master head end within very short duration of time. The two head end and the meter are located on the dierent parts of the network. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based communication is used over low voltage power line in CENELEC band A and B [3]. In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access channel model time varying and frequency selectivity power grid channels and noise is undertaken. AMI provides an ability to use electricity more eciently and monitor and repair the networks in the real time.

The multiuser communication over the low voltage undergoes various challenges such as large number of sensors, time varying circuits, high background noise, and varying Grid topologies [18]. The channel model views current grid conguration as a Multiple Input Multiple Output/Multiple Input Single Output (MIMO/MISO) channel and use the channel information to develop on OFDMA based transrecievers. The time variation of the loads represent the complex frequency dependent, switching behavior in the CENELEC band of the residential and commercial powered equipments. The communication is established between the head end and the meter [3]. Not only the channel frequency selectivity causes the fading but switching on/o of loads also causes fading. This is due to the time varying behavior of the circuit elements. Time varying loads causes non-linear behavior [18]. However, non-linearity changes slowly. We can use quasi static approximation and Fourier analysis for time varying and stochastic impedance. Monte Carlo simulations can be used to estimate various parameters like mean, correlation etc. OFDMA system have been in use for various wireless system includes Wimax and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for optimizing the simultaneous use of available bandwidth for the data transmission from the mobile station to the base station [2]. A unique subset of subcarrier is assigned to each user in an OFDMA system to simultaneously transmit the data.

Figure 1.3: Smart Grid Architecture[25] In OFDM based systems the available bandwidth is divided into number of sub bands and each sub band is assigned to dierent users [3]. The Low voltage power lines are used in the real time communication, and hence can 9

be used in the smart grid monitoring systems [5]. Any system functionality can be best understood with the layered architecture. The architecture of the present smart grid is shown in the g 1.3. It analyzes each function of the grid to match with the denite layer so that the total automation doesnt need any human intervention. The g.1.3 describes layer architecture from the bulk generation to transmission, distribution and nally end customer who is going to get the service. The physical layer basically constitutes the generation, distribution. The next layer is communication network layer and it takes cares of the networking functionality in smart grid. The next layer which is most important layer i.e. communication network security layer which take security in to consideration for the network functionality. Each layer is interdependent on each another for the ecient smart grid implementation. In this chapter, we reviewed the various denitions on Smart Grids and how the data is communicated in Smart Grids.

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Chapter 2

CHANNEL MODELS IN SMART GRID

We will analyze the use of Channel Models in Smart Grids. There are many Channels Models used in Smart Grid. But we will mainly concentrate and narrow down to the main Communication Channel Models employed in present Smart Grids.

2.1

Channels used in Smart Grids

Power Line Communications (PLC) plays an important role in Smart Grids for its cost eciency [13]. Number of methods has been used to deal with the challenges in PLC like selectivity fading and impulsive noise. One of the methods namely Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Interleave Division Multiple Access (OFDM-IDMA), which can be used to solve the problems caused by the frequency selective channel and impulse noise. There are two major problems in the PLC that are frequency selectivity which is caused by the Reections generated by the impedance discontinuities [11]. The second problem is noise which consists of background noise and impedance noise. The impedance noise is caused due to the switching behavior of transient elements. OFDM systems are used to convert the frequency selective channel into the frequency at channels so that use of the complicated equalizers is avoided. However, OFDM is not able to handle the busty errors caused by the impulsive noise in PLC. Interleavers can be used to separate the subsequent aected symbols. Hence, to get the better performance than OFDM systems, a new system have been proposed which is known as OFDM-IDMA which is enhanced version of OFDM systems. OFDM-IDMA is interleave division multiple access uses dierent chip level interleaving sequences in contract to the dierential spreading sequences in OFDM systems to distinguish dierent users [11] .If the interleaving se11

quences are treated as spreading codes then IDMA can regarded as a special case of the CDMA. The performance of OFDM-IDMA is better than the OFDMA because of the following reasons: Use of the spreader of long length in OFDM-IDMA enables the collection of multipath diversity provided by the PLC channels while OFDMA fails to collect multipath diversity. Spreader couples with interleaver in OFDM-IDMA to alleviate the eect of impulsive noise by averaging the impulse aected subcarriers with number of unaected subcarriers. OFDM is a feasible solution for converting the frequency fading channels into the at fading channels over and IDMA alleviates the eect of impulsive noise by averaging a number of sub-carriers.

2.2

FSK System for Smart Utility Network

In parallel to the Smart Grids, Smart Utility Networks generally known as SUN are also gaining popularity these days. SUN is the networking system that is used in the utility services such as electricity, water, gas, so as to cover the information from millions of supported nodes across the diverse geographical environment. SUN design is called IEEE 802.15.4g [4]. SUN system supports a large number of nodes within the network therefore it takes into account the homogenous co-existence among its devices. Homogenous co-existence is handled by the physical layer and medium access control sub layer. Advantage of low duty cycle is that it provides technical strength, low power consumption and good co-existence capabilities but it reduces the data rate. There is a long silent period in between the two consecutive signal transmissions. The silent period enables features such as power saving and eective multiple access [4]. Application of Low duty systems is in the impulse radios and the spread spectrum radio, both related to the ultrawideband technology. Low duty systems are also used extensively in several specications of the wireless personal area networks. The Utility meters are connected through a wireless channel to the data collectors and further data collectors are further connected to the utility provider control center servers through the main station. In SUN systems the data ows from the end nodes to the utility providers facilitating billing data collection, load assessment and other relaxed measurement [4]. On the other hand, the SUN also facilitates control and management of utilities services such as service connection/disconnection, service monitoring and load balancing.

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There are two types of devices in the network, the coordinator capable devices and the normal devices. In a network cluster, coordinator capable device are used to manage the network timing and resources, while the other devices become network nodes. In a cluster, devices may be formed in a star or tree cluster formulation. Multiple clusters can be joined through the network coordinator capable devices from the respective clusters. This enables a topology that extends to complex multicluster architecture, supporting mesh and peer to peer networks [4]. The data collection from the customer side and to implement back to their components needs intelligence and that is done with the smart meter system. The following gure shows the implementation of data collection and distribution in smart meter system.

Figure 2.1: Analysis of Data Collection and Distribution[29] The g. 2.1 analyzes the data collection and distribution form the smart metering system. The data from the CPE smart meter collects the data and sends it to the EPN agent which transfers it to the EPN edge collection point. The data is transferred to many EPN edge points before it reaches the smart grid. The grid analyzes the data and production and distribution is done depending on the utilization.

2.2.1

Communication Network Architecture

An IP-centric heterogeneous and integrated communication network may be used to meet the communication demands of Smart Grid applications that can included in dierent power grid segments and in multiple network technologies [25]. The integrated IP network supports data communication required for controlling and managing applications such as smart metering, automated demand response, rapid inter-substation response, and distribution automation, synch phasors, SCADA systems, EVs and micro grid connectivity. The communication network is also expected to support other utility enterprise trac. To provide more reliable services to the consumers there is a need of robust and real time communication between the remote points of the net13

work and the control room [17]. One way to achieve this is to use the existing power line infrastructure as the communications medium, a process generally known as PLC. Though PLC is not a new concept, advancements in modulation performance and the ever decreasing cost of implementing modems in hardware now means that a network wide multi-point to point network without the need for expensive line traps is possible.

2.2.2

Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution

The Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution(PRIME) architecture for the implementation of metering system in smart grid is shown in the following gure [17]. It basically constitute exchange agent which gets the information from the dierent consumption points. The exchange will implement the smart metering system. The exchange agent will route the data accordingly based on the consumption.

Figure 2.2: Intelligent Metering System[30] The g. 2.2 shows the implemented power line metering system which intelligently can take decision depending on the utilization Power line Intelligent Metering Evolution is one of the power line communication technologies, which is used in smart metering applications. PRIME calls for a new public, open and non-proprietary telecommunications architecture that will support the new AMM functionality and enable the building of the electricity networks of the future, or Smart Grids. The PRIME PHY / MAC specications are open, publicly available. PRIME employs OFDM modulation in the CENELEC A band (9 - 95 kHz), and achieves data rates from 21 kbps to 128 kbps at the PHY layer.

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There are two basic communication scenarios, one is where we cannot aord to have delays such as control signals in the power system operations currently carried out by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA) system, the other is some delay can be allowed. Application of wireless and wire line access in these areas should be carefully considered. The other critical aspect is the communication security. With the advent of smart meters, always on security is essential as opposed to on o security provided for E-commerce applications. Universal, intelligent and multifunctional devices controlling power distribution and measurement will become the enabling technology of the ICT-driven Smart Grid. Agents can be used for acquiring and monitoring data, support decision making, represent devices and controls etc. They act autonomously and communicate with each other across open and distributed environments. In this chapter, we made a study on the present channel models available and deployed in smart grids for ecient functionality.

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Chapter 3

POWER FLOW MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID

In recent years, there has been an increased demand for more ecient ways of managing the power distribution in electricity networks; in particular it is desired to reduce the wasteful electricity consumption in order to reduce costs and the adverse eect of electricity generation on the environment.

3.1

CDMA Channel Model in Smart Grid

In order to meet the changing requirements, more sophisticated methods of measuring and controlling the power consumption are desirable. More, sophisticated networks, sometimes known as Smart Grids, have been proposed, which may include features such as a capability to turn o certain household appliances or factory processes at times of peak demand [25]. These Smart Grids may use sophisticated meters, sometimes known as Smart Meters, capable of intermittently measuring power consumption in near real time, and of indicating energy prices to consumers. However, such meters are typically located at the premises of a customer or provider, and measure the amount of electrical power ow as a total of all devices located in the premises [25]. This means that power ows relating to individual devices at a given premises, or a group of devices distributed across multiple premises, cannot easily be measured, particularly in view of the relatively high cost of smart meters making it prohibitive to install a separate meter at each power consuming and/or providing unit to be measured. There is provided a method of controlling electricity power within an electricity distribution network, the electricity distribution network comprising a measured node, the measured node being arranged to access data store storing data indicative of one or more predened power ow patterns, in which a power unit is 16

electrically connected to the electricity distribution network and is arranged to consume electric power from/or provide electric power to the electricity distribution network such that a change in consumption and/or provision of electricity distribution network such that a change in consumption and/or provision of electric power by the power unit results in a change in power ow in the network. The method comprises of controlling the power ow to and from the power unit in accordance with a control sequence, such that the consumption and /or provision of power by the power unit results in a power ow having a said predened power ow pattern, and a characteristic of the power ow resulting from the unit is measured by the measurement node. By controlling the power ow at the power unit according to a predened power ow pattern, a measurement node in a network to which the unit is connected having the access to the pattern can detect and measure the power ow resulting from the power unit, allowing the power ow to be remotely detected and measured. Further, since the method requires only that the power ow to and/or from a power unit to be controlled, it does not require complicated and expensive measuring equipment, such as smart meters [25]. Each of a distributed group said power units is connected to the electricity distribution network, each of which having an associated said power ow control device, and the method comprises using the power ow control devices to control the power ow to and/or from the plurality of units in accordance with the control sequence, such that the consumption and/or provision of power by the plurality of power units is coordinated to collectively provide a power ow having the predened power ow pattern and a characteristic measurable by the measured node. By providing a group of, perhaps distribute, power units with the same control sequence, so that they collectively provide a combined power ow according to the predened pattern, the combined power ow resulting from group can be measured [25]. In some embodiments, a plurality of the groups is connected to the network, and the method comprises controlling the power ow to and/or from each of the groups according to dierent control sequences, such that the power ow patterns resulting from the said groups mutually orthogonal, or quasi orthogonal, such that a power ow characteristic associated with each of the power ow patterns can be measured at the measurement node independently of each of the other patterns. By using orthogonal power ow patterns, power ow from multiple groups of devices can be measured simultaneously[25]. There is provided a method of controlling the electricity ow in an electricity distribution network, the electricity distribution network comprising a plurality of distributed groups of power units, each of said power units being arranged to consume and /or provide electricity associated with the electricity distribution network, wherein each power unit in a given group is arranged to be controlled by a control sequence assigned to the group, the control sequence controlling 17

power consumption and/or provision by each unit of the group according to a predened pattern, resulting in a power ow pattern and each of the measurement nodes being arranged to measure a characteristic of power owing in the network according to power consumption of one or more group. The distribution network is 105 which are distributing the energy to 108 networks which has dierent types of consumption units with the CDMA spreading code separation. The CDMA code is used to separate the groups and users in the smart grid.

3.2

Smart wires (SW)

SW is a technology which enables to realize low cost transmission line monitoring and power ow control in meshed networks. SW allows to utilities increased power transfer in meshed networks by increasing average line utilization. Georgia Tech has developed the SW technology which converted existing transmission line to a smart asset, able to monitor and regulate its power ow, thereby shifting excess power to underutilized lines in the network [7]. The smart wire circuit schematic constitutes the power line where it is received by the step down transformer. The smart wire has a control circuit which controls the ow of electricity in the network. The circuit schematic of the smart wire is shown in the below gure.

Figure 3.1: Smart Wire Circuit Schematic[7] The g. 3.2 describes the circuit schematic of SW when it connected. The simplest version of the technology, SW, monitors line current and takes autonomous action. As current builds up on SW, the modules autonomously take action, gradually increasing the impedance of the line by sensing line current and comparing it against a reference current based on the line capacity. The heart of each module is a single-turn transformer(STT) coupling the line current with control circuitry, along with a fast acting switch that 18

inserts the leakage impedance of the STT in series with the transmission line when the switch is closed. When the switch is open, the leakage and magnetizing impedances of the STT are inserted in series. The SW modules are self-powered using the line current and do not require communications among the devices or to a central control center. The module operates at line potential and does not connect to the ground, eliminating isolation issues. We have analyzed dierent ways of measuring power which would be essential for the implementation of smart grids.

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Chapter 4

TOOLS USED IN SMART GRID

In this chapter, we will analyze Tools that are utilized in Smart Grids. The Tools used in Smart Grids are done by Simulation as it requires lot of cost for its implementation. We will also study, the methods used for evaluation of performance of particular Modulation Technique.

4.1

Simulations Tools used in Smart Grid

There are many parameters which should be taken in to consideration while modeling and simulating power line communication models. To simulate most likely integrated /hybrid communication architecture consisting both PLC and wireless connections is needed. This leads to rather challenging mathematical and simulation models. Furthermore, user mobility models giving dierent scenarios of plug-in electric vehicle charging is also important given the predictions of high level of penetration over the coming years. Weather forecasting models to optimize the network in a predictive manner for wind, solar or hydro energy production will be needed for fostering the implementation of smart grids with renewable energy resources [6]. The other aspects such as distribution analysis tools, market models, building models, renewable resource models and also simulation models for more theoretical research also play a crucial role. Communication network model are used by information technology companies and national defense researchers and application developers for communication network design, engineering, and planning. Some of the communication models for designing communications models are Qualnet, Opnet, Washington State University [6]. One of the most important enabling components of Smart Grid is reliable communications infrastructure that links together many elements of the grid. The design of communication model is quite very prominent in the implementation of the smart grid. 20

The next step is how to distribute and analyze the smart grid resources. This can be done with the help of Distribution Engineering Analysis Tool. Dynamic analysis tools are used primarily by utilities, ISOs and RTOs for transmission system engineering and planning, including oine studies of dynamic stability issues and the production of nomograms describing stability limits. The dynamic analysis tool helps us to determine the distribution point of view and analyze it much more eectively. Some of the tools which are presently used are PSCad (Manitoba HVDC Research), SIM power systems (The Math works). Renewable resource models are used by utility planners and operators, researchers, and investors to analyze resource availability and energy output for wind and solar generation thereby the system become much more ecient. Some of the models used for analysis are LEAP, BCHP Screening Tool, energy PRO, Solar Advisor Model (SAM), TRNSYS16 [19].Market Models study market design and consumer impact issues, Transmission companies, market operators: to analyze system and market performance. Some generation companies study market models to analyze corporate strategies. Research-Oriented Simulation Environments is used for analysis of distribution and smart grid assets, controls, and operational strategies, to investigate the technical and economic potential of smart grids, developing and analyzing operational strategies, control algorithms, market/incentive structures, and communication requirements. The research oriented simulation environments allow us for determining the requirements of the smart grids which would be useful for design of smart grids [19]. co-simulation environment would allow engineers to assess the reliability of using a given network technology to support communication-based Smart Grid control schemes on an existing segment of the electrical grid; and conversely, to determine the range of control schemes that diering communications technologies can support. It helps us to analyze and compare dierent strategies of technologies before the implementation of the actual desired grid. In this report we described simulation of dierent modulation techniques so as to determine the performance. To assess the performances of modulation schemes for PLC is to develop a channel model that attempts to accurately describe the power line communication channel. One of the rst channel models to gain widespread acceptance was made by Zimmerman and Dostert. In this model, the multipath eects are resolved by attributing a weighting factor, attenuation portion and delay to each path. The model is veried for simple networks but loses accuracy as the number of paths increases [19]. To resolve this problem, the modulation scheme is directly implemented within the ATP-EMTP software environment using the native FORTRAN based models language. The modulated signal can be injected into the network at any point using any coupling scheme. The extracted signal is exported to MATLAB and demodulated. 21

Synchronization algorithms allow the simulation to be free running in the sense that a frame sent from any node can be demodulated by any other node without additional user intervention. The main idea of the simulation is to evaluate the performance of modulation schemes employed in power line communication channels. The simulation setup is split into three domains: 1) ATP-EMTP domain, where the network model and the inductive coupler is constructed and simulated. 2) ATP Models domain, where the modulator is simulated in FORTRAN. 3) MATLAB domain, where demodulation and post processing takes place. The overall simulation scheme facilitates the simulation of OFDM modulation on any ATP- EMTP network model [19]. Within ATP-EMTP, one may replicate network events such as fault transients or switching surges to study the eect on the communication link. Furthermore, the scheme allows the noise inherent to the power line to be incorporated in the model. A number of modulator can be considered simultaneously, giving the user an indication on how time domain multiplexing schemes operate on the power line channel. The main disadvantage of the presented simulation scheme is the uncertainty in the accuracy of the line model at high frequencies.

Figure 4.1: BER vs Cyclic Prex Length of OFDM system [6] The outcome of the OFDM simulation is found that for an 11 KV rural overhead networks, channel is extremely frequency selective. For frequency domain dierential PSK, the BER varies depending on the phase rotation between the adjacent subcarriers. The multipath channel component degrades BER is also frequency dependent. Positioning on the network was observed to aect the BER less than the frequency provided the cyclic prex exceeded the RMS delay spread of the channel [19]. The BER curves for the three dierent modulation techniques DQPSK, D8PSK, DBPSK of OFDM can be seen in the shown graphs. 22

Figure 4.2: Comparison of Modulation Schemes with OFDM in Smart Grid [6] The graph 5.2 shows the plot of BER vs. the cyclic prex of OFDM system when implemented in Smart Grids. From the above gure we can see that higher the cyclic prex lower is the bit error rate. Even frequency has also some eect on the performance on the system as it is evident from the graph. We studied on the tool deployed in smart grids for their implementation. These tools are very useful while analyzing for particular topology, technique or environment.

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Chapter 5

OPTIMIZATION IN SMART GRID

In this chapter we study on the performance of smart grid and to optimize the parameters which would contribute to increase it.

5.1

Optimization Models for Energy Reallocation in a Smart Grid

A Smart Grid is a fully automated electrical distribution and generation system that is networked, instrumented and controlled. A Smart Grid is a important system, in which the devices are addressable with digital methods such as (IP) addresses (Internet Protocol). Many components are also equipped with processors and sensors that are capable of carrying out intelligent actions. The energy produced in the grid can be conventional or non-conventional like distributed Energy renewable resources [8]. Self-Healing is very much important and needed in todays new technologies. Smart Grid should have the ability to take corrective decision to carry on autonomously without human intervention. When there is a fault state in the smart grid, the grid should dynamically adapt to the change and maintain the same power by dynamic algorithms or either quality issues. Some of the common examples of failure are power outage, poor quality of power supply and service disruptions. The topology of the Smart Grid as a network of nodes representing demand sites, supply sources and junctions, all connected that represent transmission lines. Failures aect the capability of certain supply sources to meet the demands for energy at certain sites [9]. The main criteria of optimization is to ideally design the grid in such a way that it does not cause any outage at supply site by maximizing the cost eectiveness, overall eciency and reliability of the system. The models which we design should possess reliability, cost-eectiveness, availability, and uncertainty and consumer preference. The basic modeling template 24

used while formulating a problem is the Capacitated Transshipment Problem (CTP). The uncertainty of is modeled with the integer linear programming framework using chance-constrained programming methods. The optimization models have objective functions that optimize a utility function, and constraints that ensure feasibility of the resource allocations. The agentbased simulation provides a realistic means of evaluating the performance of the integer linear programming solutions that would function in a smart grid when it is on state. The agent-oriented simulation of Smart grid operation is used to test and evaluate optimization parameters. In constructing a Smart Grid self-healing model, there are multiple issues. Some pertain to the physical infrastructure, such as the generators, buses, relays, and transmission lines. Others constitute the cyber information infrastructure they are related to communication, IP protocols etc. We concentrate here on the physical issues which are needed to be taken in to consideration while maximizing the output with minimum resources. Distributed Device Control Functions: All the devices which are connected should be able to be accessed remotely and can be monitored remotely. The best example of such remote monitoring is the ability of circuit tripping if the input voltage is beyond the threshold. Selective Load Control: The ability to switch selectively for customers under undesirable condition and switch on under desirable conditions is very much important. It also helps to increase the eciency of the system. This allows customer also to manage their energy consumption according to their usage. Micro-grid Islanding: The customer cluster constitutes small scale power generators such as solar arrays, fuel cell and wind farms. The cluster is termed as a micro-grid. This micro-grid disconnects itself when there is some issue with the main grid and it connects back when it is in normal condition [10]. The above mentioned conditions seem quite small but it aects a lot in the eciency, cost eectiveness and reliability of the smart grid. In this chapter we analyzed dierent ways to optimize the parameters for better performance.

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Chapter 6

RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SMART GRID

Resource allocation is very essential part of the grid which has direct inuence on the performance of the grid. The resources should be properly utilized as has lot of eect on the cost function.

6.1

Cost Aware Grid Implementation

Resource Allocation is important issue which maximizes the utility function and helps us use our resources eectively. It brings high performance and swift ow in the smart grid. The resource allocation problem is modeled as Knapsack problem and design of the resource allocation is mainly to reduce the turnaround time of the grid workow [14]. The linear programming models which are described in the optimization of smart grid form the edice for making intelligent decision making in the grid. The parameter Grid workow turnaround is the execution time of the service oered. The service oered by the grid has also some cost factor which needs to be taken in to consideration. More services means shorter turnaround time for allocated grid service. The nal outcome expected from the return of investment need proper resource management. There are currently three alternative methods [12]: 1. Hierarchical 2. Abstract Owner 3. Market Model We can analyze grid workow as M/M/C queuing network. The ow of service from the starting till the end of grid is critical path and has the average longest execution time. The service average execution time is very much critical service. This average execution time can be reduced by increasing the number of abstract owners which is a constraint for cost [15].

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6.2

Game Theory

Game theory can be used as a potential solution to the above mentioned optimization and resource allocation problems. It helps us to analyze the equilibriums of the energy infrastructure. Learning and control theory in game theory allow us to optimize the usage and storage prole of the total grid. It also focuses on the system dynamics where all the agents in the system are given an opportunity to get electricity whenever and wherever they want. Game theory takes to consideration of the market model while designing eciently utilizing the resources. The operators take peak demands as their prior importance so that the design, development and implementation become ecient with reduced cost [21]. Game theory model decision based on distributed decision making process. Thereby the roles of the customers are end players in the game. These customers play the game in such a way to maximize their energy consumption with reduced costs. They make the strategies for distribution of energy consumption depending on their usage. Each customer has their own utility function where they try to maximize their utility function and naturally resulting in better smart grid systems. Each customer while playing their game tries to account for preferences subscriber preferences. An optimization problem can be formulated to maximize the utility of all subscribers by reducing the energy cost. From the operator point of view he can determine the pattern of preferences of the customer depending on his usage and design it appropriately. The energy consumption can also change among dierent users. Each user has dierent utility function which is determined by adopting from the concept of microeconomics. The game theory also provides exibility to determine when the devices have to interact with the main grid or to make decision when to get connected. We can determine when the agent is connected to the main grid and when it gets disconnected we can create a storage prole depending on the connection thereby minimizing the cost of unnecessary production. This storage prole know the total consumption of the customer and intelligently maintain a particular strategy to maximize the parameters which we would like and minimize the cost factor and other factors [18]. Game theory provide strategies to reduce peak demand sites to satiate with the energy generation and consumption, load management, load shifting technologies by storage proles. In game theory we use distributed load management prole to control the power demand. This can be done with dynamic pricing algorithms with a focus on real time interaction among subscribers. Optimal values of energy consumption optimal price can be advertised by the operator. We can nd distributed energy consumption solutions based on congestion games which nally lead us to Nash equilibrium solution. The optimality criteria designed when implemented in reality need to be adjusted depending on the implementation. The application of 27

coalition formation in smart grid systems allows us to minimize the cost of the whole systems [21]. In this chapter we analyzed the dierent way to allocate resources as per the requirement based on dierent models.

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Chapter 7

STANDARDS USED IN SMART GRID

In this chapter, we will concentrate on the dierent standards that are designed for smart grids. Some of the standards we studied are IEEE P2030, P1901, and P1903. These standards play a very important role in the design of grid. IEEE Standard 2030 Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology operation with the Electric Power System (EPS) and End-Use Applications and Loads. The rst and foremost thing to analyze where we need a standard and why we need it. The reason why we need a standard is to maintain good Quality of Service (QOS) and make each manufacturer understand the minimum requirements for the implementation. The reason where we need standard is analyzed in the following g..

7.1

IEEE P2030 Standard

Figure 7.1: IEEE P2030 Standard Implementation[27] 29

The g. 4.1 shows the requirement of standards required for implementation of IEEE P2030 Standard as it species interoperability. In recent years, there has been an increased demand for more ecient ways of managing the power distribution in electricity networks; in particular it is desired to reduce the wasteful electricity consumption in order to reduce costs and the adverse eect of electricity generation on the environment. In order to meet the changing requirements, more sophisticated methods of measuring and controlling the power consumption are desirable. More, sophisticated networks, sometimes known as Smart Grids, have been proposed, which may include features such as a capability to turn o certain household appliances or factory processes at times of peak demand. These Smart Grids may use sophisticated meters, sometimes known as Smart Meters, capable of intermittently measuring power consumption in near real time, and of indicating energy prices to consumers [16]. The three main components energy, information, communication are very vital in the design of smart grid. They form basis for increasing the eciency of the system.

Figure 7.2: Interoperability of components in Grid[28] The g. 4.2 shows the need for interoperability in the components in Smart Grid. Energy Information and Communication are major components in the implementation of the Smart Grid. Why we need interoperability? Interoperability is very much important while dealing on broad range of networks. Interoperability the ability of multiple networks, devices and components to communicate and operate together eectively, securely, without user intervention [29]. The new systems and infrastructure that have been evolved from the last decade of years are interoperable for better services. Smart Grid deployment needs lot of planning and analysis to sustain to the changes after implementation of the system. For this sustainability it needs to be interoperable and understand the other technologies so as to adapt and become smart. The nal aspect of interoperability is backward compatibility and smart grid should be able to cope with the previous and present standards to become more reliable and ecient. Standards create platform for the devices and grid for communication irrespective of the lo30

cation of the device and the service provider [26]. The introduction of new technologies and standards has to be properly secured with proper cyber security technologies in order to prevent any breach in the smart grids. The secured means of utilization allows providing more ecient smart grids and better consumption with smarter networks. We describe here some of the present standards that are available in the present day market. So any research or development should take in to consideration the present standards for interoperability for ecient smart grid networks. P2030 Standard Scope and Purpose This standard provides understanding and denes smart grid interoperability of the electric power system with end-use applications and loads [26]. Smart grid is a combination of energy technology, Information technology, communication technology which together work for the energy generation, transmission, delivery and communication ow among the components. This standard mainly addresses Interconnection and intrafacing frameworks and strategies with design denitions, providing guidance in expanding the current knowledge base. This knowledge base is very much required for the architectural design and production of the ecient electric system. It provides basic knowledge on the interoperability issues of electric power system with end user taken in to consideration. It tries to integrate three main domain groups of technology which are required for implementation of smart grid technology. They are information, communication and energy technology. It aims to achieve seamless operation of smart grid technology with the help of the above described motives. The interoperability of IEEE P2030 can be best understood by the corresponding g.4.3 The g. 4.3 shows the interoperability standard of IEEE which basically constitutes the operation of Smart grid with the interoperability of dierent standards.

7.1.1

IEEE P1901- Broadband over the power line Networks

The P1901 is IEEE working group of the Broadband over power line networks. The draft published by this group on 1st Feb 2011, mainly address the Medium access control and physical layer specications of the Broadband over power line networks. This standard aims to develop communication devices which work at speeds greater than 100 MBPS over the electric power system. The devices are termed as Broadband over power line devices BPL. The transmission frequencies are below 100 MHZ and they are for both used for rst/last mile wireless solution for wireless local area network and for distribution points. This standard denes how these devices are interoperable for all classes of BPLS devices. The standard will take in to consideration of the necessary security questions to ensure the privacy between communicating users and 31

Figure 7.3: IEEE P2030 Interoperability Standard[28] allow the use of BPL for security sensitive services. This standard is limited to the physical layer and the medium access sub-layer of the data link layer, as dened by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). Purpose of this Standard: High speed communication links use new modulation techniques and new media which are open, and locally shared by several BPL devices. Without an independent, openly dened standard, BPL devices serving dierent applications will not co-operate with one another and provide unacceptable service to all parties. The main idea of this standard is fair existence of the BPL devices without getting separated from the main domain. The implementation of this standard will provide with the interoperability with neighboring protocols, such as bridging for seamless interconnection via 802.1. The standard also complies with EMC limits set by national regulators, so as to ensure successful co-existence with wireless systems [30].

7.1.2

Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903

Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903 describes a framework of Internet Protocol (IP)-based service overlay networks and species context-aware, dynamically adaptive services. Some of the services are using locally derived information to discover, organize, and maintain trac ow in the network within a specied local area network. One way is to develop network structures, routing and forwarding schemes based on the needs and capabilities of network structures depending on the customers [30]. The g. 4.4 shows the overlay network of IEEE P1903 standard which uses dierent 32

Figure 7.4: Overlay Network IEEE P1903[26] forwarding schemes depending on the load of customers. It describes the components of overlay network IEEE P1903. It shows the options available for the networks to switch their load accordingly depending on the customers and network availability. We have studied dierent standards which are from IEEE for the better implementation of the Smart Grid.

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Chapter 8

SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT VISION

In this chapter we study on the future expectations of the smart grid development in dierent countries. We study the outcome of grid development in the future. The vision shows the new technologies while retaining the exibility to adapt to the future developments .Network technologies will increase the power transfer and will reduce the energy loss and this will improve the quality of services .Advances in the simulation tools will greatly assist to convert the innovation into the practical application which is benecial for both consumers and utilities. Development in the communication, metering and business system will open up the opportunity at every level on the system to increase the market size for technical and commercial eld [22]. The development vision of the smart grid can be assessed based on the utilization and its functionality. The below gure shows the smart grid vision in future. The gure 8.1 shows the futuristic vision of Smart Grid which basically constitutes the infrastructure automation utility and data. It needs to support applications from operator to customer which require ecient structure. Smart grids are systems which are complicated and composed of intricate design that incorporate consumer interactions and decision points. That is the reason why it makes it dicult for design and development of smart gird. Smart grids are implemented in many countries so development and demonstration needs to be discussed in global context. But the deployment is treated to be regional as we need to take in to consideration lot of local factors which decide ecient deployment. The reason why it needs to be discussed regional because of the infrastructure, demand growth, generation and market structures [23]. Many countries are motivated by economic, security and environmental

34

Figure 8.1: Smart Grid Vision[26] factors to choose their own priorities while implementing smart grid technologies. These countries analyze dierent approaches to assess the impact of potential smart grid deployment [24]. Some of the regional characteristics which countries will be taking in to consideration are Industry, residential load prevalence or the deployment of electric vehicles. Status of existing and planned new transmission and distribution networks. Current and planned mix of supply, including fossil, nuclear and renewable generation. Current and future demand and sectoral make-up of demand, such as manufacturing. Ability to interconnect with neighboring regions. Regulatory and market structure. Climatic conditions and resource availability. We analyzed on the dierent ways to implement the smart grid in the near future with the operator and customer taking in to consideration.

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Chapter 9

CONCLUSION
In this report we have studied about the Smart Grid technology. It includes the communication on the grid, channel model, resource allocation, optimization, standards and distribution. We have analyzed that current grids are outdated, inecient and overburdened. Smart grids are actually designed to optimize the eciency and stability. We have studied about the data communication in Smart Grids and have seen that the communication in the grid is mainly done using OFDMA technology. We have analyzed how these channel models are used in practical systems in dierent applications. We even analyzed how to perform power ow measurement in Smart Grid using CDMA technology. We then analyzed how we can do simulations to improve the eciency of Smart Grid performance. We then analyzed parameters which can optimize and allocate resources in Smart Grids. Finally, we understood the concept behind the present implemented standards in Smart Grids.

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Chapter 10

REFERENCES
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