What is Spectrum The word spectrum refers to a collection of various types of electromagnetic radiations of different wavelengths.

Spectrum or airwaves are the radio frequencies on which all communication singnals travel. In India the radio frequencies are being used for different types of services like space communication, mobile communication, broadcasting, radio navigation, mobile satellite service, aeronautical satellite services, defence communication etc. Radio frequency is a natural resource but unlike other resources it will deplete when used. But it will be wasted if not used efficiently. The spectrum allocated to Indian telecom operator is most crowded and inadequate to accommodate the usage by 650 million mobile subscribers as on date. This has affected the quality of customer service and resulted in poor voice quality, call drop and undelivered messages of mobile services in India. 1. Agencies allocating spectrum Spectrum allocation is important and necessary to ensure interference free operation for each radio service. All nations share the electromagnetic spectrum and reserve their right to its unlimited use. However, to facilitate international telecommunications cooperation to support trade, transportation, communications, and mutual protection against interference, all countries have agreed to an International Telecommunications Convention. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) at the World Radio Communication Conferences allocates spectrum frequencies for the use of various countries. Since the mobile communication technologies provide international roaming facilities, it is essential to allocate spectrum in the common bands which are being used the world over. Secondly the mobile handsets which are manufactured are aligned to the GSM 900/1800 bands. If radio frequencies are allotted in any other bands then the handsets will not be compatible to those bands. The Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of Communications, created in 1952, is the National Radio Regulatory Authority responsible for Frequency Spectrum Management, including licensing and caters for the needs of all wireless users in the country. It issues licenses to operate wireless stations. WPC is divided into major sections like Licensing and Regulation (LR), New Technology Group (NTG) and Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA).

SACFA makes the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation of the frequency allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to International Telecom Union (ITU), to sort out problems referred to the committee by various wireless users. 2. Indias National Frequency Allocation plan The National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) forms the basis for development and manufacturing of wireless equipment and spectrum utilization in the country. Frequency bands allocated to various types of radio services in India are as follows. i) 0-87.5 MHz is used for marine and aeronautical navigation, short and medium wave radio, amateur (ham) radio and cordless phones. ii) 87.5-108 MHz is used for FM radio broadcasts iii) 109- 173 Used for Satellite communication, aeronautical navigation and outdoor broadcast vans iv) 174-230 MHz not allocated. v) 230450 Used for Satellite communication, aeronautical navigation and outdoor broadcast vans vi) 450- 585. Not allocated. vii) 585-698 Used for TV broadcast viii) 698-806 not allocated. ix) 806-960 Used by GSM and CDMA mobile services x) 960-1710 Aeronautical and space communication xi) 1710- 1930 Used for GSM mobile services xii) 1930-2010 Used by defence forces xiii) 2010-2025 Not allocated xiv) 2025-2110 Satellite and space communications

xv) 2110-2170 Not allocated xvi) 2170-2300 Satellite and space communications xvii) 2300-2400 not allocated. xviii) 2400- 2483.5 Used for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth short range services xix) 2483.5-3300 Space communications xx) 3300-3600 not allocated. xxi) 3600-10000 Space research, radio navigation xxii) 10000 used for satellite downlink for broadcast and DTH services 3. Telecom spectrum policy in India In India GSM technology works in the frequency bands of 900 and 1800 MHz and CDMA technology works in the 800 MHz band. Presently, 100 MHz spectrum is ear marked for GSM services and 20 MHz is earmarked for CDMA. Out of this 65 MHz of GSM band is still with Defence forces. The minimum amount of spectrum required for launching GSM services is 4.4 MHz. In 2002, the government introduced a subscriber linked spectrum allocation process, which provided for a maximum allotment of 12.5 MHz of spectrum per operator in each service area. The initial allotment of spectrum along with the licence was 4.4 MHz for GSM and 2.5 MHz for CDMA. This could be further scaled up to 6.2 MHz for GSM and 5 MHz for CDMA operators depending on availability and the operators ability to justify the need for it. For additional spectrum they had to meet the subscriber linked criterion laid down by DoT. However due to the deluge of over 570 UAS licence applications, in Dec 2007, DoT delinked spectrum from the telecom licence and implemented a policy of first come first served basis for spectrum allocation. It depended entirely on submission of licence fees to DoTs WPC wing for a spectrum licence. In 2008 DoT revised the criteria for additional spectrum allocation. According to this, the

subscriber base required for additional spectrum allocation was hiked two to six times for different circles. 4. Defence Band In India significant quantum of radio frequencies required for telecommunication is used by the defence forces. The telecom and defence ministries are in discussion for transferring the radio frequencies for telecommunication. Last year the telecom ministry signed a MOU with defence ministry as per which Defence ministry will surrender 45 MHZ of spectrum to telecom ministry. Out of this, 25 MHZ is identified for 3G services. In order to compensate the loss of spectrum, the telecom ministry agreed to provide fibre cable network for armed forces across the country at a cost of Rs 10000 cr (US $ 2.2 billion). The telecom ministry also agreed for a waiver of Rs 938 cr (US $ 208 million) to the defence ministry and agreed to allocate 30% of the all frequencies in the non communication bands. 5. 3G and BWA spectrum allocation Over the years the government has been taking steps to frame policies to ensure efficient utilization of spectrum, which is a scarce resource. However efforts of DOT and TRAI have resulted in controversies. Therefore the Government decided to go ahead with the auctioning of 3G and BWA spectrum with a open and transparent format which resulted in the Government earning Rs 67719 cr (US $ 15.05 billion) for 3G spectrum and Rs 38543 cr (US $ 8.6 billion) for BWA spectrum. Spectrum required for the launch of 3G and BWA services is yet to be vacated by the defence department and is expected to be available by September 2010, TRAI has now recommended that the excess 2G spectrum with the operators also need to be valued at the 3G prices and recovered from the existing operators, which is strongly opposed by the GSM operators. 6. Conclusion The operators need additional spectrum to improve the quality of services. The Government should formulate a spectrum policy which will promote efficient use of spectrum by developing market incentives and differential pricing of spectrum in congested areas. An open and transparent auction format will ensure that the government realizes the best price for spectrum as per the market

forces and at the same time the telecom operators minimize and efficiently use the spectrum.

Second Generation (2G) technology was launched in the year 1991 in Finland. It is based on the technology known as global system for mobile communication or in short we can say GSM. This technology enabled various networks to provide services like text messages, picture messages and MMS. In this technology all text messages are digitally encrypted due to which only the intended receiver receives message. These digital signals consume less battery power, so it helps in saving the battery of mobiles. The technologies used in 2G are either TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) which divides signal into different time slots or CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) which allocates a special code to each user so as to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. 3G technology generally refers to the standard of accessibility and speed of mobile devices. It was first used in Japan in the year 2001. The standards of the technology were set by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This technology enables use of various services like GPS (Global Positioning System), mobile television and video conferencing. It not only enables them to be used worldwide, but also provides with better bandwidth and increased speed. This technology is much more flexible as it can support 5 major radio technologies that operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. CDMA accounts for IMT-DS (direct speed), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA holds for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). This technology is also comfortable to work with 2G technologies. The main aim of this technology is to allow much better coverage and growth with minimum investment.

Figure: Evolution of Mobile system from 2G to 3G

Difference between 2G and 3G Technology Cost: The license fee to be paid for 3G network is much higher as compared to 2G networks. The network construction and maintenance of 3G is much costlier than 2G networks. Also from the customers point of view the expenditure for 3G network will be excessively high if they make use of the various applications of 3G. Data Transmission: The main difference between 2G and 3G networks is seen by the mobile users who download data and browse the Internet on the mobile phones. They find much faster download speeds, faster access to the data and applications in 3G networks as compared to 2G networks. 2G networks are less compatible with the functions of smart phone. The speed of data transmission in 2G network is less than 50,000 bits per sec while in 3G it can be more than 4 million bits per sec. Function: The main function of 2G technology is the transmission of information via voice signals while that of 3G technologies is data transfer via video conferencing, MMS etc. Features: The features like mobile TV, video transfers and GPS systems are the additional features of 3G technology that are not available with 2G technologies. Frequencies: 2G technology uses a broad range of frequencies in both upper and lower bands, under which the transmission depends

on conditions such as weather. A drawback of 3G is that it is simply not available in certain regions. Implication: 3G technology offers a high level of security as compared to 2G technology because 3G networks permit validation measures when communicating with other devices. Making Calls: Calls can be made easily on both 2G and 3G networks with no real noticeable differences except that in 3G network video calls can also be made. The transmission of text messages and photos is available in both the networks but 2G networks have data limit and the speed of the data transmission is also very slow as compared to 3G. Speed: The downloading and uploading speeds available in 2G technologies are up to 236 Kbps. While in 3G technology the downloading and uploading speeds are up to 21 Mbps and 5.7 Mbps respectively.

2G and 3G technologies denote the second and third generation technologies used in wireless communication. In modern world increasing demand for communication has resulted in several standards for mobile communication. Among them 2G and 3G are dominant standards which revolutionize the mobile communication industry in past few years. Both standards emphasize on various targets and as a result various technologies have been introduced. 2G (GSM) Technology Global System for Mobile communication is also known as 2G which is the first step towards the digital wireless communication over existing analog mobile communication prevailing. Technology standard was first introduced in 1991 and from that onwards number of subscribers has

grown over 200 million during 1998. In this technology for the first time SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) is introduced and a more secured and clear communication was established. This has been widely adopted all over the world and currently the most area of the globe is covered with GSM. In GSM the multiple techniques used are TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) so that many subscribers are allowed to make calls at a given time. The cell concept is also introduced here and each cell is responsible for covering a small area. Spectrum utilization for GSM falls in to several bands like GSM 900 and GSM 1800 (DCS) used in areas like Asia, Europe etc and GSM 850 and GSM 1900 used mainly in USA and Canada. The bandwidth of the channel allocated per user is 200kHz and the GSM air interface data rate is 270kbps. 3G Technology 3G is the mobile standard specification released which are compatible with the IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) specifications for multimedia supporting. Since the GSM air interface data rates are not enough to provide high quality multimedia applications through mobile phones 3G specifications are released and paved way for the next generation standard. Applications like video calls, high speed internet, multimedia applications, video streaming, video conferencing, and location based services can be given to the mobile phones. The first commercial 3G network was launched in 2001 in Japan. Here the air interface technology which is also known as the multiple access technique is a variation of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) called as WCDMA which utilizes a bandwidth of 5MHz offering high data rates. Also the other CDMA technologies like CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1x EV-DO are used in various places over the world. The data rates for the 3G are a minimum of 2Mbps for stationary mobile users and 384Kbps for moving subscribers in downlink. Speed

The main difference between the 2G and 3G spectrum is the 3G network is significantly faster. The 2G spectrum uses airwaves to transmit information, much like the first-generation networks, at about nine kilobytes per second. 3G networks are capable of two megabytes per second, more than 200 times faster than 2G networks. Even when they are operating slowly, 3G networks are at least ten times faster than 2G. This increase in speed is achieved by sending information as packets and utilizing much higher bandwidth than 2G can handle. Connectivity

When 2G networks were set up, mobile phones were still used almost exclusively for phone conversations, with a few other options thrown in. 3G networks allow this notion to be abandoned by allowing constant connectivity. Instead of connecting to the network for a phone call and then disconnecting again, 3G phones are always connected. This has allowed for many value-added services, such as email clients and GPS, to be incorporated into mobile phones.

Sponsored Links
Download GoodSync Today Get the award winning file synch solution today! Free trial download www.GoodSync.com Regional Compatibility One of the biggest complaints about the 2G network was phones could work in Europe or North America, but not both. Different implementations of 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM and so forth) were never integrated, and phone manufacturers had to choose which implementation their phones would work on. 3G was supposed to change all that, but there are still two different standards bodies: 3GPP for Europe and Asia and 3GPP2 for North America. Some mobile phones are able to operate in both regions. Technical Compatibility 3G mobile phones are backwards-compatible, running without a problem on 2G networks. Of course, being restricted to the low speeds available on a 2G network means many of the applications 3G users are used to will crawl along. 2G networks that have implemented packet switching are called 2.5G networks. Both 2G and 3G phones can use these networks, but the speed is closer to 2G than 3G.

Mobile phone companies of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Mobile phone industry in India is covered in this article. Mobile phones are usually called "mobile phones" or "cell phones" in India. Contents [hide]

1 History 2 Mobile phone service operators o 2.1 Handset Maker Companies of India 3 See also 4 Reference 5 External links [edit]History The first mobile phone was launched in India during 1990s.[citation needed] [citation needed] The first mobile phone company was Nokia. First Mobile service provider was Modi Groups in 1995 and started in Kolkata, somewhere it was signed that mobile service provider was launched in 1994.[citation needed] [edit]Mobile phone service operators

Aircel Aircel, headquartered in gurgaon, India has absorbed Cingular Wireless, and offers 2G service using GSM technology and 3G service using UMTS technology.

Airtel Airtel, with its head offices in both Mumbai and Berhampur, India provides 2G service using GSM and 3G service using UMTS/HSPA technology BSNL BSNL, headquartered in New Delhi, is a public listed company and is state-owned. It offers 2G service using GSM and 3G service using UMTS. It was the first service provider to introduce 3G services in India.

MTNL

MTNL, headquartered in Mumbai is a public listed company and is state-owned and offers 2G service using CDMA and 3G service using GSM. Idea Cellular Idea Cellular, headquartered in Mumbai, has absorbed Cingular Wireless, and offers 2G service using GSM technology and 3G service using UMTS technology.

Ping Mobile Tata DoCoMo Tata DoCoMo is joint venture company of Tata Teleservices and NTT DoCoMo

Reliance Communications Reliance Communications, with its head offices in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra provides CMDA 2G service using cdmaOne and CDMA 3G service using CDMA2000 EVDO technology. It also provides GSM 2G services & 3G GSM HSDPA Services.

Loop Mobile India (Formerly BPL Mobile) Loop Mobile India, is a mobile phone service provider in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (formerly SWAN Telecom) In 2009 Etisalat has announced that its Indian unit, erstwhile Swan Telecom (owned by Dynamix Balwas Realty and Reliance Communications),[34] headquartered in Mumbai, is renamed to Etisalat DB Telecom India Pvt. Ltd Telecom Renamed Etisalat Telecom India Pvt. Ltd. The business unit has been awarded Unified Services Access License in 15 circles - Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West), Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In April 2010 Etisalat began signal testing in Chennai [IND 922], Delhi & NCR [IND 913], Maharashtra & Goa [IND 919], Mumbai [IND 916] and Gujarat[IND 914]. In May 2010, Etisalat was in talks to buy

25% stake in Reliance Communications, but the deal was not finalised. In 2010, following the $39 billion 2G spectrum scam, Etisalat DB, the Indian subsidiary of the company, was stopped from buying a stake in a Chennai-based company due to objections raised by the India's home ministry(MHA). Etisalat DB was not allowed to buy back the 5.27 per cent stake held by Chennai-based Genex Exim Ventures since the home ministry raised objections based largely on security concerns. The MHA had pointed out four issues that needed to be resolved before allowing the company to come into Etisalat DB, a company that got scarce 2G spectrum at allegedly throwaway prices, First, vicechairman Shahid Balwa should not be involved in the operations of the company in any capacity, because of his connections with underworld don Dawood Ibrahim,[36] second, the MHA raised objections about the commercial relationship between the Dubai-based Etisalat Group and Chinas Huawei. The MHA suspects, Huawei has links with Chinas Peoples Liberation Army the countrys military organisation of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces and has the capacity to manipulate equipment supply, third, it raised objections about Etisalats presence in Pakistan and its connection with Pakistan's intelligence agency ISI. Etisalat owns a 26% stake in Pakistan Telecommunications and has a subscriber base of 3 million in Afghanistan and fourth, the MHA has also expressed concerns about the telecom surveillance software Etisalat had used in a Blackberry

service it had introduced in the UAE and recommended that the company should not be allowed to offer Blackberry services in India Virgin Mobile CDMA Vodafone Essar (Formerly Hutchison Essar/Hutch Orange/Hutch Pink) Videocon Mobile Service (Formerly Datacom Solutions) Uninor MTS India S Tel Virgin Mobile GSM Spice Telecom [edit]Handset Maker Companies of India

1. NXG Electronics [1] 2. X Electron 3. CAPLIGHT 4. AASTHA mobile 5. Airnet 6. AZ LINK + 7. Ajanta Mobile 8. Anconn Mobile 9. Airphone 10. AROMA Mobiles 11. Asiatelco 12. BlackBerry 13. BLEU 14. Beetel 15. BPL Group 16. Byond tech 17. Colors mobile 18. celkon 19. c-Tel 20. Daya

21. Dell 22. Digibee Mobiles 23. eTouch 24. Fujezone 25. Fly 26. Fortune 27. GEEPEE Mobiles 28. gfone 29. G-Five 30. Haier 31. Hansum Mobiles 32. Hawkman Mobile 33. Hitech Mobiles 34. Hp 35. HTC 36. I-Tel 37. ICube 38. Intex 39. Ion 40. iNQ 41. Karbonn Mobiles 42. Lava Mobiles 43. Lemon 44. LONGTEL 45. Lexus 46. LG 47. Logitec 48. Magicon 49. Maxwood Mobiles 50. Maxx 51. Melbon 52. Micromax Mobile 53. Motorola 54. Movil 55. Munoth Mobiles 56. Nokia

57. Nelson 58. Olive 59. Onida 60. Orion Mobiles 61. Orpat 62. pagaria 63. Philips 64. Pride Mobiles 65. Philiray 66. Kuantum 67. KOPPERR 68. Quba Mobile 69. Rage 70. Ray 71. Swissvoice India 72. SAGEM 73. Samsung 74. San Mobile 75. Sansui 76. Siemens 77. Simcom Mobiles 78. Simoco 79. Sony Ericsson 80. Speed Mobile www.speedmobilephones.in 81. Spice Telecom 82. Technotouch 83. T-Series 84. Ultra Mobile 85. UNITEL 86. UNIX Mobiles 87. Usha-Lexus 88. Vodafone Essar 89. Videocon 90. Voice 91. VOX

92. Winncom 93. Xcite 94. Zen Mobiles 95. RK Mobile 96. ViP Mobile 97. CAPLIGHT 98. Alcatel 99. Spice 100. MVL 101. Nova mobiles[2] 102. Mobell 103. Akai mobiles 104. AZ Link Anycool mobiles 105. QUBA mobile 106. ACER MOBILE What is 3G 3G is the next generation of mobile communications systems, that has been launched in India. The 3rd Generation telecom network or 3F gives you the power of higher speeds to enjoy multimedia services , high speed mobile broadband and internet access with the ability to view videos on your mobile handsets and devices. With a 3G phone and access to the 3G network consumers can make video calls, watch live TV, access high speed internet and enjoy live streaming at never before speeds of upto 21 Mbps. 3G provides accelerated data speeds and simultaneous voice and data capabilities for an amazing wireless voice and data experience. A major advantage being that 3G can make voice and data access possible at the same time unlike the 2G networks, so u dont get disconnected from the internet whenever your phone rings!!! Powered by technology called High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSPA), 3G networks can send data many times faster than the rates of earlier 2G networks, which means that in addition to audio, graphics and text, 3G customers can also send and receive video content in 3G coverage areas. With the help of 3G, we can access many new services too. Another

thing to be noted in case of 3G is that Wide Band Voice Channel that is by this the world has been contracted to a little village because a person can contact with other person located in any part of the world and can even send messages too. Then the point to be noted is that 3G gives clarity of voice as well can talk with out any disturbance. Not only these but also have entertainments such as Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc are also available with 3G phones . What kind of speeds can you expect with 3G Services ? 3G technology supports really fast data download speeds. However, download speeds are dependent on the type of service and the application you access, mobile device, network capacity and location. Speeds of upto 21 Mbps are being offered though major handsets can provide capabilities of upto 10 Mbps. A few important things : For mobile to mobile video calling, both you and the person you are video calling must have a 3G compatible phone and be in the coverage area of the respective 3G network. The speeds mentioned above average speeds. Upload speeds will be slower as in case of Assymetric Broadband Connections. Actual user speeds will vary depending on a variety of factors, including user location, network capacity, mobile device, transmission direction and external constraints (including, without limitation, the application in use).

3G Services : Universal Services : Video Calling High Speed Broadband Internet Access

Mobile TV Video mail and SMS Games Single User and Multiplayer Provider Specific : Airtel 3G Services Video Talkies Movie Review Comic Portal Tata Docomo 3G Services Fortune Market