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  • PAHs, Coal Tar Pavement Sealants and Stream Health Presentation

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    Tom Ennis
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    This is a joint presentation by a City of Springfield engineer and Missouri State University to a working group of the Springfield, MO City Council. Major findings are: Sealed parking lots contain PAH concentrations that are 148 times  higher than concrete parking lots and 41  times higher than unsealed asphalt parking lots.   2) For stream and pond samples, 12% are  non‐toxic, 42% are borderline, and 46% are toxic to sediment dwelling  organisms. 3) Sites with more sealed parking lot areas  draining to them also had higher sediment  PAH levels.  This strong relationship  indicates that parking lot sealant is a significant source of PAHs in Springfield watersheds. 4) If sealants were not used on parking lots  in  Springfield, PAH concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic levels.

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    This is a joint presentation by a City of Springfield engineer and Missouri State University to a working group of the Springfield, MO City Council. Major findings are: Sealed parking lots contain PAH concentrations that are 148 times  higher than concrete parking lots and 41  times higher than unsealed asphalt parking lots.   2) For stream and pond samples, 12% are  non‐toxic, 42% are borderline, and 46% are toxic to sediment dwelling  organisms. 3) Sites with more sealed parking lot areas  draining to them also had higher sediment  PAH levels.  This strong relationship  indicates that parking lot sealant is a significant source of PAHs in Springfield watersheds. 4) If sealants were not used on parking lots  in  Springfield, PAH concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic levels.

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    47 views29 pages

    PAHs, Coal Tar Pavement Sealants and Stream Health Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Tom Ennis
    This is a joint presentation by a City of Springfield engineer and Missouri State University to a working group of the Springfield, MO City Council. Major findings are: Sealed parking lots contain PAH concentrations that are 148 times  higher than concrete parking lots and 41  times higher than unsealed asphalt parking lots.   2) For stream and pond samples, 12% are  non‐toxic, 42% are borderline, and 46% are toxic to sediment dwelling  organisms. 3) Sites with more sealed parking lot areas  draining to them also had higher sediment  PAH levels.  This strong relationship  indicates that parking lot sealant is a significant source of PAHs in Springfield watersheds. 4) If sealants were not used on parking lots  in  Springfield, PAH concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic concentrations in urban streams and ponds would be below toxic levels.

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    of 29

    PresentedtoCityCouncilNovember13,2012

    Wh arePAHs? PAH ? What


    Group pofchemicalsthatoccurnaturally yincrudeoil, ,coal, ,

    andtar,andareproducedbytheburningoffossilfuels andbiomass(wood,etc.)

    Widelydistributedintheenvironment Several laretoxictoaquaticlife lf Sevenareprobablehumancarcinogens

    Naphthalene Anthracene

    Pyrene

    Chrysene

    Benzo[a]pyrene

    Whatarepavementsealants?
    Blackliquidsprayedorpaintedonasphaltparkinglots

    anddriveways Marketed k dasprotecting i and d b beautifying if i the h pavement Twoprimarytypes coaltarbasedandasphaltbased C ltarbased Coal b dis i predominantly d i l used deastof fthe h ContinentalDivideandasphaltbasedusedinthewest (USGS,2011). PAHconcentrationsincoaltarsealantsare1000times higherthaninasphaltsealant(Scoggins,etal.,2009)

    O h S di Other Studies
    Seehandouts a doutsfor o full u summary su a yof o the t estateo oft the esc science e ce

    Environmentalimpacts: p PAHsincreasingoverthepast40yearsinurbanlake sedimentcores,andanalysisofsourcesindicatescoaltar sealantistheprimarycause.(VanMeteretal.,2010)


    PAHcontamination t i ti of fstream t b bed dsediment di th hasb been

    showntodegrademacroinvertebrate communities.(Beasley
    andKneale,2004;Neffetal.,2005;Scogginsetal.,2007).

    O h S di Other Studies
    Humanhealthimpacts ApartmentswithcoaltarsealedlotshadPAH concentrations i i inh housed dustthat h were25times i higher,onaverage,thanapartmentswithparkinglots thatwereconcrete, concrete unsealed unsealed,orasphaltbasedsealant (Mahler,etal.,2010) Ourlocalstudyfocusedontheimpactstoaquaticlife, nothumanhealth

    Howdidwegethere?
    Nov2009letterfromEABtoCityCouncilbasedon

    scientificresearchandbansinotherareas P Presentations i toCouncil C ilby b City Ci staff, ff Ci Cityof fA Austin, i PCTC,andUSGS Discontinueduseofcoaltarsealantoncitylots CityCouncildirectedstafftoconductlocalstudyand presentresults ContractedwithOzarksEnvironmental&Water ResourcesInstitute(OEWRI)atMSU

    BaselineStudyofPAHSourcesand ConcentrationsinPondandStream Sediments,Springfield,Missouri


    RobertT.Pavlowsky,Ph.D.
    Professor,DepartmentofGeography,Geology,andPlanning Director,OzarksEnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitute MissouriStateUniversity

    QuestionstoAddress
    ArePAHsfoundinurbanstreamandpond sediments di atconcentrations i hi high henough hto raiseenvironmentalconcernsinSpringfield? Ifso, ,towhatdegree g iscoaltarsealcoatfrom parkinglotapplicationsthesourceofPAH contamination?

    SedimentSampling p g
    Totalof58sitessampled
    50inurbanandsuburbanareas 8inChristianandStoneCounties( (ruralcontrol) )

    Analyzedfor16PAHs Sediment isimportant:


    HighestconcentrationsofPAHs Standardcollectionandanalyticalmethods Habitatforaquaticlife

    StreamBiomonitoring
    Basedonwhatorganismsarepresent,youcangetanidea ofwhatthestreamwaterqualityislike. Howdomacroinvertebrates indicatestreamquality?
    Theyareaffectedbytheconditionsofthestream,including pollution. Theyarefairlysedentary,andthereforecannotescape pollutionevents. p Specificspeciesaremoreorlesstolerantofpollution. Presenceorabsenceof certainspeciesindicatesgoodor poorwaterquality. quality

    ParkingLotSampling
    Sealedlots Mixedsealed/unsealedlots AsphaltLotsunsealed Concretelotsunsealed

    SealedLots=CoaltarLots
    Reasonsforthisassumption:
    Survey yby ytheCity yindicatedthatalmostallapplicators pp forlargeparkinglotsusecoaltarbasedsealants:
    Assumption:80to>95%ofsealedlotsarecoaltarcoated.

    PAHconcentrationsinsedimentsfrombelowand edgesofsealedlotsarehigh. Theresultsofthisstudyareintherangeofcoaltarlot sedimentresultspublishedinotherstudies.

    PAHsinCoaltarSealantsvs.AsphaltSealants
    Coaltarbasedsealcoatp productscontainabout1,000 , timesmorePAHsthansealcoatproductswithan asphaltbase.(USGSFactSheet20113010reportingresultsfroma2005
    studyinAustin,TX)

    Stormrunoff fromcoaltarsealedparkinglotsreleased 100timesmorePAH16 thanasphaltsealedlots.


    (USEPA,2011)

    Suspendedparticulatesinrunoff fromcoaltarsealed parkinglotsinAustin,Texascontainedonaverage6 times i morePAH16 than h asphalt h l sealed l dl lots.


    (Mahleretal.,2005&USGSFactSheet20053147)

    BasinSediment

    ParkingLotSediment

    StreamBedDeposits

    StreamBarDeposits

    ControlsforOtherSourcesofPAHs
    Sealertype:CompareWesternUSsedimentswith widespread p asphalt p sealantusewithEasternUS sedimentswithheavycoaltarsealantuse.
    LowerPAHsinwesternstreamsandlakes.(VanMeteret al 2000 al., 2000,2005 2005,&2010)

    LandUse:Compare ruralstreamsedimentsto urbanstreams. streams


    VerylowPAHSfoundinChristian/StoneCountiesstreams andpondscomparedtoSpringfield/GreeneCounty

    TrafficandRoofRunoff:Comparesealedlot sedimentstounsealedlots.
    Sealed l dlots l have h much hhigher hi h PAHs

    PAHtrendsindicatea JonesSpringsource. 1) Low,belowdetection levelsinsuburban areasaboveJones SpringBranch. 2) Highestlevelsnear JonesSpring. Spring 3) Downstream decreaseinPAH concentrationdueto dilution,mixing,and sedimentation. 4) JonesSpringisakarst systemwhichcollects runofffromurban areas.

    PAH16 ConcentrationsinSediments
    SealedLotSedimentPAHs:148timesconcretelots&>5,500timesruralsamples Nontoxic=<1,610 <1 610ppbandToxic=>22,800 >22 800ppbtotalPAHs

    SamplingLocation

    No.of Samples p 4 4 6 4 5 2 8 8 6 8

    PAH16
    geomeanug/kg g g/ g

    RelativeConcentration Concrete Lot Rural 148 76 4 1 5,657 2,878 , 137 38 411 393 15 30 11 1

    Sealedlots Mixedlots Asphaltlots Concretelots ysmallstreams Very Smallstreams Smallponds Mediumstreams Largestreams Ruralstreams&ponds

    1,538,736 , 782,840 37,182 10,368 111,849 , 107,021 3,965 8,189 3,089 272

    PAHToxicitytoSedimentdwellingOrganisms
    SedimentQualityGuidelinesbyMacDonaldetal.(2000)

    24StreamandPondsSedimentSamples Nontoxic 3samples 12% Borderline 10samples 42% Toxic 11samples 46%

    GallowayCreek
    18.2km2

    Totallotarea
    382lots 1.2km2 7%ofdrainagearea

    Sealedlotarea
    245lots 0.9km2 71%oftotallotarea

    Sealed parkinglotareaisrelatedtohigherPAHLevels

    ScenarioTesting:PAHlevelswithoutsealant
    10000000 1000000
    With Before Sealant Without After te Sealant

    PAH H16ug/kg

    Parking P ki lots l t reducedby >96%

    100000

    Toxic
    10000 1000 100 1 10 100
    Streamand pond reducedby 8090%

    Nontoxic

    TotalLotAreaPercent

    EffectofcoaltarsealantinGallowaywatershed
    Nontoxic Borderline Toxic

    WithSealant
    ParkingLots Streams&Ponds 3samples 9 samples 7samples 3samples

    WithoutSealant
    ParkingLots Streams&Ponds 12samples 7samples 3samples

    Note:UseofasphaltbasedsealantsisexpectedtoproducesimilarresultstotheWithout Sealantscenario,butincreaseinPAHconcentrationsby<or=15%.

    Conclusions
    1) SealedparkinglotscontainPAH concentrationsthatare148times higherthanconcreteparkinglotsand41timeshigherthan unsealedasphaltparkinglots. lots 2) Forstreamandpondsamples,12%arenontoxic,42%are borderline,and 46%aretoxictosedimentdwellingorganisms. 3) Siteswithmoresealedparkinglotareasdrainingtothemalsohad highersedimentPAHlevels.Thisstrongrelationshipindicatesthat parkinglotsealantisasignificantsourceofPAHsinSpringfield watersheds. 4) IfsealantswerenotusedonparkinglotsinSpringfield,PAH concentrationsinurbanstreamsandpondswouldbebelowtoxic levels.

    PAHsandStreamImpairments
    Jordan, Jordan Wilson, Wilson andPearsonCreeksareconsidered

    impairedbyDNRbasedonlowmacroinvertebrate p p populations ThisstudyfoundthatPAHconcentrationsin8of11 sedimentsamplesfromJordan,Wilson,andJones BranchofPearsonCreekareattoxiclevelsto macroinvertebrates IndicatesthatPAHcontaminationcouldbea contributingcauseofthemacroinvertebrate impairment, p ,among gothercauses.Notconclusive.

    CitysMS4Permit
    ActionstoaddresscoaltarsealantarelistedbyEPAas

    partofamenuofoptionsthatmunicipalitiescandoto helpcomplywiththeirMS4permit. permit http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/i http://cfpub epa gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/i ndex.cfm?action=min_measure&min_measure_id=6

    Whathaveothersdone?
    Bansin29cities/countiesinTexas,Wisconsin,

    Minnesota,NewYork,Illinois,Maryland.Mostrecent banwasMontgomeryCounty,MDinSept2012. Washington,D.C. StateofWashington g Lowes&HomeDepotstoppedcarryingit Commonlineofreasoning:Itsnottheonlysourceof PAHs,butitissignificantandonethatcanbe controlled.

    FederalAction
    Coaltarisnotclassifiedashazardouswasteunderthe

    ResourceConservationandRecoveryActifitisrecycled. Thisexemptionallowscoaltarpitchtobeusedinthe productionofpavementsealantandotherproducts. EPAstudy(Rowe&Connor,2011) Runofffromcoaltar sealedlotshadPAHconcentrations100to1000times greaterthanfromasphaltsealedandunsealedlots. EPAMS4Factsheet ReleasedNov2012 H.R.4166:CoalTarSealantsReductionActof2012. CurrentstatusisReferredtoCommittee (www.govtrack.us) g

    Localindustrysurvey
    Aug2012 Repeatofindustrysurveyconductedin2010
    Received2responsesfromlocalapplicatorsthat99

    100%ofsalesarecoaltarsealants. Response R from f 1manufacturer f of fasphalt h l based: b d The Th qualityofasphaltbasedisdependenton manufacturingitwiththerightingredients.When doneright,isasuperiorproduct.

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