International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June 2013

Improvement in the reduction of PAPR for various M-Ary Phase modulations in MIMO-OFDM systems using Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF)
Mehboob ul Amin#1, Randhir Singh*2
#1, *2

Sri Sai College of Engg Badhani Pathankot Punjab, India

*2 HOD Department Of Electronics and communication Sri Sai College of engg Babhani Pathankot,Pb,Indiaa

Abstract Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is regarded as one of the most eminent multicarrier modulation technique in fourth generation (4g) wireless networks, thus making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multipath radio propagation (echoes). The use of smart antenna arrays both at transmitter and receiver further increases the bit rate and enhance the system diversity on time variant and frequency selective channels resulting in a multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. However one of the main disadvantage associated with MIMO-OFDM is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitters output signal on different antennas. High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) for MIMO-OFDM system is still a demanding area and difficult issue. So far numerous techniques based on PAPR reduction have been proposed. In this paper a new method based on the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) have been implemented and simulated. The results obtained are compared with earlier results of embedded transform techniques .Simulations show that better results are obtained in proposed technique Keywords- Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Orthogonal Space Time Block (OSTBC) Encoder, Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF).

1INTRODUCTION The International Telecommunication Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirement for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirement for 4G service at 100 megabits per second for high mobility communication and 1gigabitbper second for low mobility communication [1]. The spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDM multi-carrier transmission .The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) communications. Multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) wireless technology [2] seems to meet these specifications set by IMT-Advanced by offering increased spectral efficiency through spatial multiplexing gain, and improved link reliability due to antenna diversity gain. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDM. The IEEE 802.11n standard, released in October 2009, recommends MIMO-OFDM. In recent 3GPP and WiMAX standards, MIMO is being treated as one of the candidate

technologies adoptable in the specification by a number of companies, including Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm, Ericsson, Huawei, Philips, Alcatel-Lucent, and Freescale. Also in 3GPP, High-Speed Packet Acess plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular eniviroments, MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).The main advantage of using MIMO technology is that it significantly increase data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. The capability of handling very strong echoes, robustness to channel fading, immunity to impulse interference, and lesser nonlinear distortion makes MIMO OFDM one of the promising technique for the fourth generation mobile communications. This paper investigates one of the bottleneck problems that exist in OFDM wireless communication system i.e. High Peak-Average Power Ratio (PAPR of OFDM signal), and a new technique have been proposed to reduce it. The occurrences of high peaks in the transmitted OFDM signal cases the degradation of the system performance due to various non-linear effects like spectral spreading, Intermodulation, and signal constellation that exist inherently in power amplifiers [3].In this paper a new technique based on the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) have been implemented. The OFDM modulator has been implemented by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).The output of IFFT is given to the OSTBC encoder with variable number of transmit and receive antennas and a variable spreading factor is applied after that .The IFFT generated signal spreads depending upon spreading factor applied and thus modulates a different subcarrier within each chip in Frequency domain, hence reducing the peak. II.MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM MIMO-OFDM system makes the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. The use of multiple antennas at both sides of the link offers an additional fundamental gain spatial multiplexing gain, which results in increased spectral efficiency. Thus the basic principle involved in MIMOOFDM system is spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June 2013
each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).In MIMO-OFDM system a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of all paths between the transmit antennas at the transmitter and receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received vectors by multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into original information. A narrow band flat fading MIMO system is modelled as An important limitation of MIMO- OFDM is that it suffers from a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) resulting from the coherent sum of several carriers. This forces the power amplifier to have a large input back off and operate inefficiently in its linear region to avoid Intermodulation products. High PAPR also affects D/A converters negatively and may lower the range of transmission. PAPR is defined as:

PAPR

max s (t ) E s (t )

Where y and x are the channel matrix and the noise vector respectively. The channel capacity for MIMO systems is increased as the number of antennas is increased, proportional to the smaller number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas [4][5][6] There exists a fundamental trade off between transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing gains in a MIMO system[6].In particular, achieving high Spatial multiplexing gains is of profound importance in modern wireless systems. Figure 1shows a MIMO-OFDM system with N subcarriers (or tones). The individual data streams are first passed through OFDM modulators. Each modulator performs an IFFT on block of length N. Then, it is followed by a parallel to serial conversion. After that, a cyclic prefix of length cp L M is appended. The CP contains a copy of the last cp L samples of the output of the N-point IFFT, where M denotes the length of the discrete-time channel impulse response. The resulting OFDM symbols with length cp N + L are launched simultaneously from the individual transmit antennas. The CP is a guard interval that serves to eliminate interference between OFDM symbols. It also turns the linear convolution into circular convolution such that the channel is diagonalized by the FFT. At the receiver, individual signals are passed through OFDM demodulators. Each modulator removes the CP and then performs an N-point FFT. The outputs of the OFDM demodulators are finally separated and decoded

Theoretically, the PAPR can be as high as N, but the occurrence of such peaks is rare. The summation of a large number of carriers assumes a Gaussian distribution. The numerator, max|s(t)|2, is also known as the PEP (Peak Envelope Power). It is also equal to:

PEP ~ s (t )~ s * (t )
Several methods have been devised throughout the years to limit the PAPR of a multicarrier signal. These methods include clipping, filtering, and coding. Clipping methods are the most widely used but at the cost of degradation of performance [7]. Some filtering and coding methods modify an OFDM symbol to lower its PAPR [8][9]. The more sophisticated methods form error-correcting codes with inherently low PAPR. In this paper OVSF codes are discussed IV ORTHOGONAL VARIABLE SPREADING FACTOR The Orthogonal variable spreading factor is basically the process of spreading the signal over a wide spectrum range through the use of a users code. Users codes are carefully chosen to be mutually orthogonal to each other. These codes are derived from OVSF code tree, and each user is given different unique code [10].For OVSF the orthogonality requirement can be stated mathematically as t=0--------t/T In this paper the output of OSTBC Encoder after it is fed by IFFT generated signal is modulated by employing orthogonal variable spreading (OVSF) codes. A code generator generates at least one spreading code to be allocated to a channel and is selected such that two consecutive pairs of in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) data correspond to two points located on the same point in the phase domain or is symmetrical with respect to the zero point. Data for transmission is then spread using the generated code and phase rotated by a Walsh rotator such that phase difference between consecutive points is ninety degrees (90 D). The ninety degree phase reduction leads to the reduction in peak to average power ratio (PAPR) V.ALGORITHM FOR PROPOSED SCHEME FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM The algorithm for new method proposed in this work is as follows: i. Choose the no of sub-carriers N and oversampling factor of ii. Multiply both to obtain K (in this work k=512)

Figure 1: Block Diagram for Simplified MIMO-OFDM System.

III.PAPR PROBLEM

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June 2013
iii. Select the QPSK constellation symbols and define the rotation factor value range iv. Generate the OFDM symbols in the frequency domain as an array of 0s and 1s v. Take the IFFT of generated OFDM symbols. Vi.Pass the IFFT generated signal through the OSTBC Encoder having variable number of transmit antennas (in this work we take numTx=2, 3, 4) vii. Calculate the PAPR for each transmit antenna path (numTx=2, 3, 4) viii. Apply the Orthogonal variable spreading factor of 64 to each antenna path ix. Calculate the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of original signal. x. Define the different M-ary phase modulations (M=2,4,8,16) xi. Calculate the PAPR using Selective Level Mapping (SLM) with different M values. xii. Calculate the signals CCDF with M=2,4,8,16 and for each transmit antenna path. xiii. Plot the CCDF values with different M values and compare the results VI.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this work a new method based on the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) have been implemented. Sixty four carriers have been used and oversampling factor is eight. The specifications in this work has been made as per International Telecommunication Union (ITU).The following simulation results illustrate the effect of implementing basic SLM , combination of OSTBC Encoder and OVSF with number of transmit antennas=2,3,4 for various M-Ary phase modulations (M=2,4,8,16) and compares it with original signal. The graphs are plotted between CCDF and PAPR0 (db). The simulation result for conventional SLM has been shown in figure2. With CCDF (Pr [PAPR>PAPR0]) equal to max (i.e 1), it can be shown that PAPR decreases with increasing values of M .For M=16 PAPR reduces to 7db as compared to original signal of 10.7 db, thus there is a reduction of 3.7db.

Figure 2: Plot for conventional SLM

Figure 3 shows the simulation result for new proposed method based on the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Spreading code sequence with number of transmit antennas equal to 2.Simulation results show the huge variation in the reduction of PAPR as compared to the original signal with the increasing values of M. For M=16 PAPR reduces to 6.65db as compared to original signal of 10.5 db, thus there is a reduction of 3.85db, which is a significant development

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June 2013

Figure 3 : Plot for combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable Spreading factor (numTx=2)

Figure 4 Plot for the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable Spreading factor (numTx=3)

Figure 4 shows the simulation results when number of transmit antennas are changed to 3.Again it is shown that PAPR decreases with the increasing values of M. For M=16 PAPR reduces to 6.4 db as compared to original signal of 10.5 showing a reduction of 4.1 db, a significant development.

Figure 5 shows the simulation results when the number of transmit antennas are changed to 4.Simulations show a far greater reduction in PAPR with the increasing values of M .For M=16 PAPR reduces to 6.05db as compare to original signal of 10db showing a reduction of 3.95db which is again a significant development.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June 2013
VII. CONCLUSION The paper ivestigates one of the bottleneck problem that exist in MIMO-OFDM systems i.e high peak to average ratio and suggests a new technique to overcome it.The new technique is based on the combination of OSTBC encoder and Orthogonal variable Spreading factor .The proposed OSTBC Encoder uses variable number of transmit antennas that are adaptive and change either manually or according to an adaptation algorithm. Simulation results show a greater reduction in PAPR for the proposed scheme as compared to earlier conventional SLM technique. Also the PAPR decreases significantly for higher values of M as compared to original signal OFDM signal. The proposed scheme has a lot of scope in next generation network systems. Moreover with this improvement it can be considered as a potential candidate for high speed data transmission systems especially 4G systems VIII. REFERENCES
Figure 5 Plot for the combination of OSTBC Encoder and Orthogonal variable Spreading factor (numTx=4) [1] ITU global standard for international mobile telecommunication IMTAdvanced,Circular Letters,ITU-R March 2008 [2] A.J Paulraj, R.U Nabar, and D.A.Gore, Introduction to Space-Time wireless communications, Cambridge, UK Cambridge, univ press,2003 [3]H.Rohling,TMay et al Broadband OFDM radio transmission for multimedia application,Proc IEEE,Vol 87,pp 17788-17789 [4]Emretelatar, Capacity of Multi antenna Gaussian-channels, EuropeanTransactions on Telecommunications 10 (6) 585-595 [5]Gerard J. Foshini and Michael .J.Gons, On limits of wireless communication in a fading enviroment when using multiple antennas, wireless personal communications 311-335,Bell labs technical Journal 1(2) :41-59 [6] L.Zheng and D.N.C.Tsc, Diversity and Multipexing: A Fundamental Trade Off in Multiple Antenna channels, IEEE Trans.Info theory, vol 49,no.5, May 2003, pp 1073-96 [7] Davis and Jedwab Peak-to-Mean Power Control in OFDM, Golay Complementary Sequences, and Reed-Muller Codes IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol 45, No. 7, November 1999, pp. 2397-2417 [8] Wilkinson and Jones Combined Coding For Error Control and Increased Robustness to System Nonlinearities in OFDM Vehicular Technology Conference, 1996. 'Mobile Technology for the Human Race'. IEEE 46th , Volume: 2 , 28 April-1 May 1996, pp: 904 -908 [9] Vahid Tarokh and Hamid Jafarkhani On the Computation and Reduction of the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in Multicarrier Communications IEEE Transactions of Communications, Vol 48, No 1, January 200 pp. 37-44 [10] Gerend Maral and Michel Bousquet (2002) Sattelite communications systems, JohnWiley and Sons ISBN 0-471-49654-5 [11] K.yong, S.chang, Peak-to-Average power control in OFDM using standard Arrays of linear Block codes,IEEE communication letters, vol,7 no 4,April 2003 [12] C.Tellamura, Computation of Continous-Time PAR of an OFDM signal with BPSK subcarriers,IEEE communication letter,vol 5,no.5,may 2000. [13] S.M.Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communication, IEEE journal on selected Areas in communications, vol 16,no.8,pp-1451-1458,oct,1998 [14] V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkhami and A.R.Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orhogonal designs, Information Theory, vol.45,no.5, pp.14561467,jul,1999

The above results have been more precisely given in tabular form for different M values and is shown in table 1. The PAPR of the original OFDM signal is calculated using the proposed techniques.Subsequently,the PAPR for different values of M is calculated using the suggested technique.For the higher values of M there is significant reduction in PAPR .
Table 1. PAPR comparison for various M-ary Phase modulations and original OFDM signal for different proposed techniques

Origina l signal 2 4 8 16

PAPR of Conve ntioanl Schem e 10.7 8.9 7.9 7.5 7

Proposed Scheme for nTx=2

nTx =3

nTx =4

10.5 9.03 8 7.2 6.65

10.5 8.9 7.8 6.88 6.44

10 9 7.3 7.05 6.05

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