r r


r  
 

 
 .


 .
,



.


r .
 

r .


r r ,

.


 
.
 ,

 
,

 
.


 ,


r ,


 .


r 

 ,

r ,

r
 .

Image couretesy University of Wisconsin-Green Bay


r


,

r



,


 
.

 


 r .

r
 ,

1963 1998 35

3,58,214 
r .


  r
r
,
  .

 

 .

Image couretesy University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

Image couretesy University of Wisconsin-Green Bay


  
,
 ,


.




 .


,
 
, 

 .

r 
 .


 .



 ,

 r



r


.



r r

.


 



.

r

r,r
r,

.




.
r
, r
 ,



,  r

.
.

.


 
.

 .

17,662 .


r r
r 7024
 .

10122  .
r 8916 
.

20,066  .
17,622 
20,066  ?
.
.



 




.



 .


.
 
 
, 
.



 
r 


.


 

 .


 
  .
 

 
 .


r  .

 .

 

 ,
 .



  r
 ,
P
,


.


 .

 P

P

.

P 
r
 ,

 


.

P


P
r r
 .


  ,


 P
 .





.

Bottom topography of the Antarctic Ocean

t.

 
P
. 
r . 
 

r .
,r



.

r  .


P P  P
.
r
 r
 .
r 
.

r
.
r

 ,
r
 .

r 


.


r 

 .
r
r

r r
.
r
 .
r
 r
r

.
r

.

?
r
r r
r
 .

 r
r
r
,
r ,
r

.
r
.


r , r ,
r

.


r

r r 
(
)
 ,

P
, 
r
.
r 

, r


 r
r r
.

 P
r

P
P
r 


.


 .
P
P .


 ,

P ,
.


,

, 

 
.


  
 .


.

 , r



 
? 
P
r ? ,
  
/ 
? r.

P ,
 r
, 
  ,


.


r  
 


.
r
,
.
 
,
r

 .
r 
 

r. r
 
.

, r
 r
.
r r
r r
.

 r r ,

.

 r

.

,


P,, .
r
, 
.
r

,
, r
.

.
r r


  r .
r r
 r ,

P
,
r r.

 2004 

 .
r 
 .

  
r  ,

P

, r
r , r
 
r
.

 r
, r 
 r .
r
r r
r  .
r P
r
r  ,
r

.

2009
r 
,  
r

,
.

 


P



.
r
.
r
r  
.
11.03.2011 P
,  .
P 
 
,

.

( P 
)



.
r

  
r .

( P 
 1  12
  11 
)

P



, P 


  r
.
 P

.

 r P
 
.
12.01.2010 P 
, P 



.

( P 

( P r )
 P
 .

r.
r 
P  
.

( P r )

( P 
)
26.12.2004 , P

.

  P
P
 .

r.
P 20.02.2008
 , P
 

,

.
r
 .

.

r

 .
P ,
, P
P
.
 r  .

,,, P



 
 .
r
P  P .




r
.


r

r.

( r )

, r
.

 P
 ,
 P
  .

 
 

.
 
r, 

.
 
 .

P . 
r
 .

 
P.
 P r
 
. 
. 
.

.

 r
. ,
.

# ? ?
r .
 ! ?
.
 
r
 r.
r 
.
2011
, P 
 .
 .

 , 
r .

  
'' r
r
.
r ,
, r .
r
r .
.

 P  .
P
 .

  .


( P r )

P ,17 ,




r .

 
, P r 5
 .
, r
6.3  .
 r
.

r .
r
 .

,
-...
.
14.08.2023