AP US History Assignment Sheet: August 20 to September 4

Reading: European Colonization of the New World (handout and also on Edline) August 21: Englands Southern Plantings, 50-54

1. What challenges did Jamestown settlers face? How did they surmount them? 4/5 of the colonizers died of starvation and disease o Typhus from swamp 105 out of 144 settlers survived in 1606 when going across the Atlantic Few knew how to fish and farm o Some dug up the dead and ate them The native Powhatan, chief of many local tribes, grew a relationship with the Englishmen hoping for protection if he provided food Failed to find silver or gold Jamestown accepted the absolute rule of John smith to help them survive (1609) Later sent Sir James Gates but ships were blown off course and spent 3 week in Bermuda Dates: 1609- John Smith, 1612- new legal code under Thomas west (every inhabitant had to work on both common and private projects), 1614- tobacco, 1619- first re4presentative government (house of burgesses)

2. Role of John Smith Experienced military commander who imposed authority to set colonies to work he that will not work shall not eat Traded trinkets with the natives for food

3. Role of Powhatan Chief of many area tribes who gave colonist food in return for protection His warriors had killed people who wandered from Jamestown o Sent Pocahontas to help create peace but she converted to Christianity and married John Rolfe

4. Identify 3 steps the Company took to ensure profitability. 1. Introduced tobacco- 1614- when Rolfe was governor (if that is the position he was), King James did not like it 2. Allowed the settlers a house of burgesses-16193. Introduced the head right system- head of house got 50 acres and 50 more for every immediate family member or servant he brought to the colony

5. Opechancanough Powhatans brother who sent warriors to attack farms along James river o Killed at least 347 settlers 1644 led one last desperate attack killing over 500 colonists- he was killed

6. Why did Virginia become a royal colony? What did that entail? 1624 king James I revoked the companies charter and made it royal It became a royal colony because it seemed profitable and thriving (this is my guess im not sure if its correct) It entailed the profits went to the crown also the king appointed governors, approved the houses laws, he extended the right to vote on burgesses from certain landed men in the coloy to all free adult men

Watch Tutorial on Maryland and take the practice quiz

August 23: Life and Labor in the Chesapeake, 56-59 1. Indentured servitude Would receive freedom dues at the end of their term o Maryland freedom dues usually were a hoe or axe, a suit of clothes, and the right to claim 50 acres of land o Many brought useful skills such as agricultural skills o during 17th century were men most under 25 o Usually a dream if they got freedom dues Most would run away or die

2. Characteristics of families Lower average life span than in England Men at 20 could expect to live only to 45 (70% to 50) Women at 18 could expect to live to 45 o Many died at child birth to no resistance to diseases Men:women 5:1 70% of men never married Women married in 20s because they had to finish servitude Children o could expect to lose 1 parents at age 12 o 1/3 could expect to lose both by adulthood Weak family bonds Orphans were financial burden to the colony Since few grain mills women pounded corn for two or three hours a day to produce for daily amount

3. Womens roles Since fathers died young they usually named their wife as executrix of their will or inheritos of their land o Increase role for women Tended to garden vegetables, make cider or beer, preserving meats, baking, plucking chickens, turned sheep wool, etc.

4. How and why did the system of slavery begin as well as evolve? Role of the Caribbean? The crop tobacco is very labor intensive o John Rolfe had fist slave in1619 o Slavery was slow coming The social statue was unclear English was not committed yet to creating slavery Anthony Johnson did was a free black who came as an indentured servant o 3 things prompted the idea slavery was connected to race Europeans accepted different degrees of freedom Indentured servants became less reliable Caribbean slavery provided a model for creating a permanent supply of human labor o Law began to be passed Cannot own gun, join militia, make labor contracts with servants, travel, 1664- Maryland- negroes or other slaves hereafter imported into the province shall serve for life as their children Virginia did the same in 1670 English had 17 settlements in the Caribbean Planters were beginning to resent their contractual obligations to provide plots of land to indentured servants Tried Indians( Spanish) but most were killed off by disease Since sugar was very profitable in the Caribbean, they started to import slaves from Africa Soon it became regular trade (Dutch in Brazil) Caribbean laws: o 1636- every black person brought over to Barbados became a slave for life o 1660s- cannot testify o 1660s un-free blacks > whites

August 26: New England Colonies, 59-67 Watch Tutorial on Christian Faiths ESSAY

TOPIC

Pilgrims Separatist puritans fled England 1609 o Hoped to separate from the Catholicism in England o Stern poor laws and labor guilds that regulated social and economic behavior Embarked on the Mayflower in September 1620 known as pilgrims o 35- saints 70- strangers Wampanoag Indians helped for protection from the Narragansett Squanto was a valued agricultural adviser to pilgrims o Famous thanksgiving ensued Relations then soured o First governor William Bradford belived they were savage and brutish men Puritans Predestination, 2 sacraments, hard work Believed in covenant- a deal with the lord and looked for visible saints and elect Want to purify the church of England Mayflower Compact A parchment commitment until settlers could assure their survival Freeman Government activities became tightly related to religious goals A man with the right to hold land and serve in the representative assembly required membership in a separatist church John Winthrop/City Upon a Hill Winthrop elected governor Aboard the ship Arbella in 1630 he implored the first colonists to remember that we shall be as a city upon a hill Established salem Reasons for success of Massachusetts o First generation came as families with skilled artisans, farmers, and household producers o Most head houses owned land and paid taxes in England o Puritans held Calvinist beliefs (listed above) Political o Unicameral legislature of assistants chosen by freemen o Two freemen would sit in to represent the towns people o Set laws

Roger Williams Puritans are not religiously tolerant He was mad at blending of spiritual matters with the government and not buying Indian land Banished from colony in 1635 when he soon bought a plot of land from the Narragansett Anne Hutchinson/Antinomianism Women who held preached in her house even though she was not a preached and said she had a covenant with god Antinomianism- asserting that inner grace was sufficient to achieve salvation o Against the predestination Guilty and banished Thomas Hooker Migrated out in 1630 to settle Hartford because the colonys leaders were too restrictive about land grants Founded Connecticut in 1639 o Gave most male property owners the right to vote Halfway Covenant Baptized parents and non baptized parents could now baptize their children o Baptism not conversion became the route to a halfway membership in the church, a step that drew in thousands of new members for the time being How did the founding of New England both resemble and differ from that of Virginia? What characterized the religious beliefs, political life, economy, values, etc. of the Puritans? How tolerant were the Puritans? Not at all: Roger Williams and Anne are examples What problems developed over time?

August 27: Review and/or reread Massacre at Mystic in Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America Watch Tutorial on Bacons Rebellion and take quiz MOST OF THESE answer ARE FROM THE AMSCO BOOK Pequot War New England Confederation 1643- 4 New England colonies formed a military alliance called the New England Confederation Directed by a board comprised of two representatives from each colony Metacom Known as king Philip to the English

United many tribes in the southern New england against england settlers who encroached on the natives land War ensued and the English forces prevailed killing king Phillips and ending native resistance

King Philips War LOOK ABOVE Bacons Rebellion What facets of Indian culture did Europeans find so puzzling? Women and men are equal, their rituals, thought they communicated with the devil How & why did the fur trade weaken Indians? Bever warsCauses and consequences of King Philips War? Causes of Bacons Rebellion? How did Bacons Rebellion reflect class divisions in Virginia?

August 28: Restoration Colonies, 78-87 Georgia, 139 John Locke/Fundamental Constitution Created a plan for settlement in the Carolinas Fundamental Constitution of Carolina called for a conventional hierarchical society of nobles, yeomen, and serfs Impressive on paper but impossible to replicate Edmund Andros Dutch swore allegiance to England, after the war with the Netherlands, because he threatened to confiscate their property when he was governor When he returned to England in 1680,the leaders in the colony refused to pay import duties until they got a representative assembly (got in 1683) Duke of York Appointed his first governor Colonel Richard Nicolls who pledged religious toleration and property protection for all residents of New York Appointed government officials, made laws regulating public affairs and commerce and oversaw courts Government was unstable for a time He gave portions of his grant between the Hudson and Delaware rivers (later to be New Jersey) to sir George Carteret and lord John Berkley o Gave rights to elect an assembly Dutch refused to help defend the colony when Netherlands attacked William Penn He was one of three trustees who got part of lord Berkeleys grant

Charles II gave him land because he owed a debt to his father Penn o Became a Quaker o Made land refuge for Quaker in Pennsylvania o Quaker Salvation could be gained in all because of an inner light No fight in army, pay taxes, or support the church of England, or preform gestures to higher classes Anyone could speak out o Gave them an assembly Christians of all denominations could vote or hold office No taxes support the church No veto for governor And no established church

James Oglethorpe Held a parliamentary seat joined with others to acquire a charter A colony without acohol or slave but soon failed so they allowed it 1752 it became a royal colony

What does the Eliza Pinckney story reveal about the colonial world? Women have the possibility to gain power in the new world and she introduced the crop indigo to the Carolinas How & why did restoration colonies differ from earlier ones with respect to the following? A. Religion Tolerant- NY/NJ, not sure about the Carolinas, PENN, B. Economics Carolina- tobacco and corn, Indigo, rice, slave labor like in Caribbean NY/NJ-center of trade PENN/Delaware- low prices of land due to Quaker ideals C. Politics Carolinas- John Lockes plan, split into two different colonies NY/NJ- James as governor, had to beg for assembly PENN/ Delaware- Gave them an assembly

August 29: A. Shaping Imperial Commerce, 87-92 Acts of Trade & Navigation- Cromwell passed Designed to undermined Dutch commerce and kept British colony loyal to their own empire

Imports into England from Atlantic world had to be on English ships which the crew from British colony Anything to the colonies on English vessels English sailors not allowed to serve on Dutch ships In 1660 new T and N acts excluded foreign traders altogether from British ports everywhere

Enumerated items Items that are listed to be sent to England to pay duties before sent on to final consumers Tobacco, sugar, indigo, molasses, dyewoods, cotton, furs, pitch, tar, masts, and resin Add revenue to English coffers Staple Act 1663- required all foreign goods going to the colonies to be shipped via England first, where merchants would pay duties to the crowns officer Admiralty Courts maritime cases and mete out justices without juries Mercantilism Exports>imports Tax foreign trade Economically self sufficient Colonies> resources, and provide a market for England Acquire as much gold and silver as possible Not a free market Anglo-Dutch Wars Ended in 1674- broke the Dutch hold over new Netherlands, the Delaware river, and much of the African slave trade In what ways did England shape & manipulate the colonial economies to its advantage? Brought in much more money towards England by making the staple act and enumerated items How did colonists, contrary to their complaints, benefit from imperial regulations? Provided jobs How burdensome were the regulations? Limited the trading market for the English and foreigners B. Cities and Market Towns, 127-132 [stop at New England] What social classes existed in cities? Elete- big houses, slave owners, network, royal officials, merchants, property owners, slave traders Middle Class- Artisans Lower class- Largest group, poverty, slaves, widows, indentured servants, poor houses, work houses, bad care What % of the population was urban? 5%-8%

What problems plagued urban areas? Orphans, homeless poor What characterized urban slavery? Opportunity How did urban areas react to and deal with the issue of poverty? Workhouses, poor houses

August 30: Crises at Home and Abroad, 92-98 Dominion of New England James II combined many of the colonies under the dominion to rule them as one He abolished the assembly, declared the church of England to be the established Church, enforce the T and N acts, revoked many privileges which were accustom Andros of NY became the governor Glorious Revolution William and Mary overthrew James II and restored Protestantism Mary was Jamess Daughter Bill of Rights List of complaints to the king Locke/Two Treatises on Government Each individual has inalienable rights Government are an agreement between the people and the rulers Jacob Leisler Leader of the rebellion against Andros with the Dutch Had two goals o Defend the colony against the hostile French and English action o Keep order English were discriminated He was hanged for high treason Little Parliaments Little governing bodies consisting of a governor and an assembly Governor o Appointed by crown o Enforce royal authority o Veto o Appoints judges o Land grants o Call state militia Assembly o Pay governors salary

o Approves taxes o Upper house- aristocrats and lower house- voted into Annual election 60% of males could vote Why did England create the Dominion of New England (political, economic, social reasons)? Political- to rule over all the colonies as one instead of many separate ones Economical SocialHow did the Glorious Revolution shape the colonists perceptions of England? They felt they were truly English so when the English throne was overthrown they chose to overthrow those who James II put in office How did the conflict in New York reflect BOTH class/ethnic tensions as well as dissatisfaction with the Dominion? Dominion- by over throwing the governor Andros and placing Leisler on the position Class/ ethnic- He denied the English many rights and the Dutch supported him