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) A/, /( /( /3 %/K /C 1/( &A/' /!7 *J#: F.3,+ ,M *!' B #%
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.4LJ4( 1 m ( ,(,( (&" ,H )3 Q,7 )3 ( ' 3, 1+

s2
m m
1N = (1kg )(1 2
) = 1kg .
s s2
:J4K 4:2
#4 4:2 %C
1000 / 000 / 000 =109 UH G
106 U M
103 K
0/ 001= 10−3 M
10−6 , µ
10−9 n

3
1kg = 1000m 0 1mm = 0.001 m 1Mg = 1000 kg
1g = 0.001kg 0 1kg = 1000 N 3.82km = 3820m
47.2mm = 0.0472m 0 3.82 KN = 3.82 × 10 3 N 47.2mm = 47.2 × 10 −3 mm
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:XL+
*#:L )3 #% ML3 XL+ %-
p→N
σ=
A → mm 2
lb
, = lb → = psi AU &A' b1
in 2
A = in 2
(SI) C 1( &A' b2
A= m 2
,=N → N = pa ' )c '2 c ⇒ Mpa = N

m 2 mm 2
kg
, = kg → ⇒ msk &A'b3
cm 2
A = Cm 2
/ $4/ :/: XL/+ Q/ ( $4" %53 XL+ %" $4: d -D
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#% \ %"
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/' 13E+#
&? &A' x − y # ( %C =' *# #% XL+ R3,-+ #B (
.%% : + ,3 Q,( # *4-(
∆p x ∆p y ∆p z
σ x = lim τ xy = lim τ xz = lim
∆Ax ∆Ay ∆Az
∆Ax → o ∆A y → o ∆Az → o
XL+ *L( %C 42 # F *, C3E 4K + ' ( XL+ , ( 7+ (
:4L 5+ .D (D 4K
F
σ= ≤ σ all ⇒ F = A.σ all
A
F = σ x .A
*# :/3 h3/& $%&/' /( 0%#% 6/

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.43 '% ( )3#k+ (,5+ iA 1&"% #jL %#4&' $%' *J C
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cm 2
: iA K *!+#
(E Analyis) XL+ '#,( b1
4//L //5+ //5 XL//+ XL//+ //+ //L .//' # <//= =//' //5 XL//+ //( b2
(Design0K,B )
(control0 ,&L ) 4L .' # *#\H#( ,e 4K 0l?: <= =' 5 XL+ ( b3

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0 A1 = 10cm 2 ,//(,( T//+,+ //( //! <//= =//' // ,//3 *6// % *//2,M bR//
6/ ,/J #% W/'& /, XL+ .' $4" <D p = 10ton #( ,O +.' A2 = 5cm
m' #4c
L AB = 5m L AC = 6.64m
sin α 1 = 0.6, cos α 1 = 0.8, sin α 2 = 0.8, cos α 2 = 0.6
3
+
→ ∑ Fx = o ⇒ − F1 sin α 1 + F2 sin α 2 = 0 ⇒ −0.6F1 + 0 / 8F2 = o ⇒ F2 =
4
F1 (1)
↑ ∑ Fy = o ⇒ F1 cos α 1 + F2 cos α 2 − 10000 = o ⇒ 0.8 F1 + 0.6 F2 = 10.000 ( 2)
3
(1)at (2) ⇒ 0.8 F1 + 0.6( F1 ) = 1.25 F1 = 10000 ⇒ [F1 = 8000kg
4
3 3
F2 = F1 = × 8000 ⇒ [F2 = 6000kg
4 4
F1 8000  kg F2 6000  kg
σ1 = = ⇒ σ 1 = 800 σ2 = = ⇒ σ 2 = 1200
A1 10  cm 2 A2 5  cm 2

9
XL/+ ,/&H#E( 6/ ,/J #% XL/+ 4/J? n,/B 4/"( n,/B #&M #% <= =' S?& ,H b S
kg
m43C S?& #4c 43( # A2 , A1 ,3% .%" σ a ll = 1400 5
cm 2


F 8000
A1 = 1 =
σ 1 1400
⇒ A1 = 5.72cm 2 [
F F 
σ = ⇒ A= ⇒
.σ
A  A = F2 = 6000 ⇒ A = 4.3cm 2
 2 σ 2 1400 2 [
kg
04/"( A2 = 5cm 2 , A1 = 10cm 2 /CJ </= =/' 1400 /CJ :: 5 XL+ ,H – o
cm 2
.4L 5+ 5 XL+ 6 ZJ #% XL+ + 4"( 4+ #4c p 7#M *, #4 ,e 4K
( F1 ) max = σ a ll . A1 = 1400 × 10 = 14000kg

kg
( F2 ) max = σ a ll . A2 = 1400 × 5 = 7000
cm 2
F1 cos α + F2 cos α 2 = ( p) max (3) → P max = 14000 × 0.8 + 7000 × 0.6 ⇒ P max = 15400kg
P #% / &/K p/-.B.4&( d+ ,3 K ' 3 %#% # 5 1C ,e 4K p &D
/ </C7 P 7#M *,04L #

+ g 4" 1"# *,(.%( 4JM ,j %#0 4&( d+ ,&C
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$,/H $#/CJ L3 ( 7+ ( K ' )3 ,J #% 13,(L(.%( 4J? 5 ,&:( X3E04&(
# /K ,/J /( 4/'# *,/( Q a *,/ ∑F x =0 ∑F y = 0 L-3)4"( )&' %-+ #% 43( A
.%( 4JM A S7 #4 13,&C ! L .'

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F2 = 7, F1 = 14 (I
( p max )1 = 14 cos α 1 + 7 cos α 2 = 15. 4ton
3
:"% JM (3) %- #% 13EU37 ( F2 = F1 ⇐ (1) %- F1 = 14 (II
4
3
( P max) 2 = F1 cos α1 + F1 cos α 2 = 17.5ton
4
4
:"% JM (3) %- #% L3EU37 ( F1 = F2 ⇐ F2 = 7 (III
3
4
( P max) 3 = F 2 cos α 1 + F2 cos α 2 = 11.67ton
3
P max = min(( P max)1 ( P max) 2 , ( P max) 3 ) = 11.67ton
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%//-( //( //" /-(, /L&( &//' *# AS = 28cm 2 <//= KA// //( *%a// &//' bR//
,/O #% /L&( &/' *E/ &/' #% W/'& XL/+ ./' /&,H #,/D #/ )3 #% 40cm × 40cm
m' #4c p = 28ton #(

11
↑ ∑ Fy = 0 → Fs − P =→ Fs = P = 28ton
Fs 28000 kg
σS = = ⇒ σ s = 1000 2 ≤ σ a1ls
As 28 cm
.4L 5+ *%a &' *#: 5 XL+ F+4D 43. XL+ 13
Fc 28 × 10 3 kg
σc = = ⇒ σ c = 17.5 2 ≤ σ all c
Ac 1600 cm
.4L 5+ L&( &' *#: 5 XL+ 43. XL+ 13
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m"( &"% ML3 XL+ 43# '4( * U( ( &' <= #% # , ,O
∑ Ai xi
x=
∑ Ai
30 × 60 × 15 + 30 × 20 × 45
x= = 22.5cm
30 × 60 + 30 × 20

12
H4! XL+
/K 1/3 #% .%" K =' % 1( _C+ #% ' iD *!:L+ g H4! XL+
.L A3 ,+ R- A7 H4! 5 XL+ ( # H4! XL+
P
σ bea = ≤ ,&- $% H4! 5 XL+
A
:e
&/' 13 ( P #( ,e 4K 0' $4" l?: 5 *!:L+ <= =' ( ( T , &'
P
σ= ⇒ P = σ all . A m' #4c %, C +
A
4c %a 1( H4! ,q = 5 × 5 × 1000 = 25000kg
rL' "a 4c 1( H4! ,q = 70 × 70 × 15 = 73500kg
L" 1 rL' "a 1( H4! ,q = 90 × 90 × 5 = 40500kg
p = min(25000,73500,40500) = 25000

13
(2 e ) .D e #%
&/' *# 20 × 20cm %/-( 1.5cm ?6( ? F&.A *%a d# W'+ *E &' ,H bS
m' #4c 1&( =' &' R *%a d# _C+ #% XL+ #4 04"( &A: L&(
Fb 28 × 10 3 kg
H4! XL+ = σ b = = ⇒ σ b = 70 2
Ab 20 × 20 cm
4" $4! 5 XL+ 43. XL+ 13 F&D
.4L 5+ ,&-

( 6
kg kg
XL+ 100 2
# 1&( &' 5 XL+ 0 1200 *%a &' 5 XL+ L @, ,H bo
cm cm 2
kg
XL/+ Q4/sJ + 4"( 4+ P *#: *, ,e 4K 04"( 120 # 1&( #% H4! 5
cm 2
.4L 5+ 5

14
P1 = σ s . As = 1200 × 28 = 33600kg → P1 = 33.6ton

P2 = σ b . Ab = 120 × 20 × 20 = 48000kg → P2 = 48ton
P3 = σ c . Ac = 100 × 40 × 40 = 160000kg → P3 = 160ton
P max = min( P1 , P2 , P3 ) ⇒ Pmax = 33.6ton
",( XL+

/+ / /4( 1( H4! XL+ 43( 0Z2 <= #% ",( XL+ ,&L ,( $G s2 a
+ #%
.43 '% ,3 =(# XL+ 13 W'& #B ( .%%,H ,&L E
P P πd 2
σ bea = ⇒τ = A=
dt nA 4
P
τ=
A
",( )3 s2
+ n =1
P
σ bea =
dt
n = 2 ",( % s2
+
P
τ=
2A
πd 2
A=
4

15
be
.4L SAK # !s2 4( #% , XL+ bR
m ' #4c (20 × 30) + =' W' $H + #%(_C+ ) H4! XL+ bS
+
→ ∑ Fx = 0 → Rcx = 0
8
− ↵∑ Mc = o → RB × 3 − 1× 8 = o → RB = = 2.67ton ↓
3
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = o → Rc y − 2.67 − 1 = o → Rc y = 3.67 ↑
20mm ,=D ( !s2 . %" &L $H + ( Z2 % #% X: # ( RB C- f
.4L&AJ *A <= =' *#%
Fbolt RBl 2 4 × 2.67 × 1000 kg

σ bolt = = = ⇒ σ bolt = 425 2
πd 2 π ×2 2
2π × 4 cm
4 4
Rc y 3.67 × 1000 kg
σ bearing = = ⇒ σ bea = 6.12 2
20 × 30 20 × 30 cm

16
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.4L SAK 6 W' K #% # BC AB 6 , XL+
0.25 × 0.875 cm W/' %4/K #% BC </= 0.25 × 0.5 cm W' %4K #% AB 6 <=
.'
D=0.375mm
− ↵∑ M c = o → FAX (30 + 60) − 3 × 60 = o → FAX = 2kn

FAx 1
FAy = ⇒ FAy = 1kn (tan α = )
2 2
5
FA = 2( ) ⇒ FA = 2.23kn
2
− ↵∑ M A = o → 3 × 60 − Fcx × 90 = o → FCx = 2kn
Fcy = Fcx tan 45 ⇒ Fcy = 2kn
Fc = 2 (2) ⇒ Fc = 2.83kn
:W' #% AB 6 #% XL+
FA 2.23 kn
σ AB = = = 17.8 2 :::
AAB (0.25)(0.5) cm
:(,( <= #% XL+)Z2 t#' #% AB 6 A,' #% XL+
2.23 kn
σ ′AB = = 11.2 2
2 × 0.2 × (0.875 − 0.375) cm

17
:BC6 L+ #% XL+
FB 2.83 kn
σ BC = = = 12.9 2
ABC 0.875 × 0.25 cm
(BC 6 Z2 t#' #% XL+) %#4 %7 XL+ 0%#\U( t#' -= #% ' *#: BC = c
:BC 6 C = #% t#' 4( 1( H4! XL+
Fc 2.83 kn
σb = = = 18.8 2
Aber (0.375 × 0.2) × 2 cm
:C #% 1( H4! XL+
Fc 2.83 kn
σ b′ = = = 30.1 2
Aber 0.375 × 0.25 cm
Fc 2.83 kn
#% ",( XL+ τ c = = = 12.9
2A π × 0.375 2
cm 2
2×
4

18
Q#!c

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∆x ε=
∆x → 0 Lo
+ % %( 1-+ (D 3 %( Q- # #% 4#% %7 ε , L0 , ∆L C ' d , #%
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∆L = ε 0 × L0 L0 =
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20
=M K = OA
*,CM K =BC
:, H4" ?' XL+ =C
3! XL+ =D
U&?AH XL+ =E
#% /! /=(# / %:/ ε y /+ ,/ .A " ,[+ X3E u( σ y + , XL+ X3E
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#% 0 /' /& C&M/' R&?

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( A3 *4K E T3, %: $%% : ε ( .A B ,[+ σ ( XL+ #4 a( , #%
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σu
σy S .F =
S .F = σ all
σ all

22
:*# B ,[+ .'
∆L F
JM ε = .A " ,[+ , ε #4 σ = XL+ , *#4 *#\U37 (
L A
:"%
∆L = ε .L = o(1)
σ F F
ε= (2) ,σ = (3) ⇒ 2,3 ⇒ ε= (4)
E A AE
F FL
(4), (1) ⇒ ∆L = L ⇒ ∆L =
A.E AE
.4" 4JM .' ,3 ,U& =(# *# 6 )3 B ,[+ #4 ,+ K #%
L L F
∆L = ∫ εdx ∆L = ∫ dx
o o EA
( x -(+ ) 4"( ,[& 6 B #% ' 1C A,E,F ,3%
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∂u
∂y
∂v
∂x

23
∂u ∂w ∂v ∂ w ∂ ∂
,/3 γ xz = + , γ yz = + γ xy = u + v /[+ / 4L&A/J * / $4L3C0 γ *!A34
∂x ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂x
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∂u ∂v
3 ,[+ = α + β = tgα + tgβ = +
∂y ∂x
.4L". "%M y+ *A 4L&AJ )c #3 α , β
.3C R3,-+ ",( X, # γ ,H

τ = Gγ
γ /c %/" / $4/ ./ T3,/ /3 ",( 5+# T3, ' T'L+ (O G #%
.%" ( 4#% TAK ,( J 3%# TAK ,( J γ ' 4-( 4( ε 4LCJ
γ xy = τ xy / G
γ yz = τ yz / G
γ zx = τ zx / G
:'2 T3,
( . 4"( .7 @. ( $,CJ *# B 4"( X: + * -D
/5+# #/ /( + . 4(3 XJ @, B 4" ( ,U3% #.
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(4L&AJ ,U343 G R? B X, .7 X, ) 4"( Q'
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εx
o 〈ν 〈 0 . 5 .' 0.15 %4K # 1&( *,( 0.25%4K C&M' %a *,( ν #4

24
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( Lo = 25cm $4" l?: B #% &,H #,D 15ton :: *, ,O + " {(= *
,/=D 43%,H $4J: 4" *,H $ 4 ∆L = 0.25mm B ,[+ d=5cm ,=D ( * $,3% <=
G , γ , E .' A(= . ' &3 XJ 0.01mm $ 4 (
∆L 0.25
εx = = ⇒ ε x = 0.001
Lo 250
∆d 0.01
εy = = ⇒ ε y = −2 × 10 − 4
d 50
−ε 2 × 10 −4
ν= y = ⇒ υ = 0.2
εx 0.001
F 15000 kg σ 763.97
σx = = = 763.97 2 ⇒ E = x = ⇒
A 5 2
cm εx 0.001
π×
4
E = 7.64×105 kg
cm2
\/ .%#% %/7 ,/3 /=(# /! 1/( 4L&A/ &A/ ,U343 ν , G, E 5+# (O ' ,B
:"% JM
E
G=
2(1 + ν )
E 7.64 × 1.5
G= = ⇒ G = 318.33 × 103
2(1 + ν ) 2(1 + 0.2)

25
:*4-( ' |,+E3 QA7 *,( xJ D C-+
|,/+E3 /' A/3 !7 QC+ #% *,3\2 " ,[+ !7 ]M A7 (
,/[+ 6 B %4& #% XL+ =(# L-( *# *, ( *6 *,( # xJ D GF .D .4L3H
.34 &A&'a 4 # E 3%, ,- σ = E.ε #

( 6 B %4& #% .A "
,/3 / Q,/ ( 4,H #,D # ' 3 % 0)3 %4& #% XL+ ,O + A7 *,( K #%
.' P,- |,+E3 QA7 *,( xJ D ( L (
 σx ν
ε x = E − E (σ y + σ z )

 σy ν
ε y = − (σ x + σ z )
 E E
 σz ν
ε z = E − E (σ x + σ y )

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ε x = o, σ y = σ 0 +#/ #%.%#% #,/D σ y , σ x /ML3 *!:/L+ ,/O + ( =&A
σo
.4L 1-+ # .A 4"(
εy
σx ν σx ν
εx = − (σ y + σ z ) ⇒ 0 = − σ 0 ⇒ σ x = νσ 0
E E E E
σy ν σ0 ν 1 −ν 2 σ E
εy = − (σ x + σ z ) ⇒ ε y = − (νσ 0 ) = σ0 ⇒ 0 =
E E E E E ε y 1 −ν 2

26
:+#,K XL+
%/" %,' 7#% ∆T 3 Q,H 7#% ∆T $ 4 ( L-3 0 %,H #,D #,K 7#% ,[+ ,O + CA7 ,H
,[+ ,U3% #.-( %" }.L 3 WA.L 0(+#,K |+E3 QA7 *,( ) *A #=( !7 ,J
:%" .' ,3 =(# "% 4JM *A #=( 13E+# !7 ' ,J #% .A "
ε x = ε y = ε z = α .∆T
 ⇒ ∆L = εlo = α .∆T .lo
γ xy = γ xz = γ yz
.43 C %7( #,K 7#% ,[+ ,O #% ",( .A " ,[+:7+
.A/ /B ,/[+ .4/"( XL+ C ( ECJ #,K 7#% ∆T $ 4 ( #,K 7#% ,[+ ,H
:L-3 %" *,.7 <C7 !7 ,J #% .A B ,[+ 3 +#,K
 σx ν
ε x = E − E (σ y + σ z ) + α∆T

 σy ν
ε y = − (σ x + σ z ) + α∆T
 E E
 σz ν
ε z = E − E (σ x + σ y ) + α∆T

.' .e #,K 7#% X3E *,( ∆T = T2 − T1
.43 '4( X3 ( %#% A7 fL7 ( U&A( α +#,K WA. T3,
.%a α s = 11.7 × 10 −6 / c o QL α a = 22 × 10 −6 / c o f α c = 16.7 × 10 −6 / c o

27
:e
. %( 4JM #4c #% $4" %53 XL+ 0 %" Q,H 30 o ( " sLc
1 kg
α = 17 × 10 −6 o
, E = 110000 2
c cm
∆L = Lα∆T = 100 × 17 ×10 −6 × 30 = 0.051cm
δ = 0.041 kg
σx =σ y = o ⇒ εz = = 0.00041 ⇒ σ z = E .ε z = 45 .1
L = 100 cm 2
:!" ,[+ *#H '
E3 R' J #5 ' % F = 2ton ( " *#H ' g 4" 1"# !7
kg
' E = 2.1 × 10 6 &A&'a T3, 1cm ,=D ( *%a ' . 3,H ,j #% # '
cm 2
B ( % ,J E = 0.55 × 10 6 1cm,=D ( L
)&'a ,e 4K XL+ @, ( .4L"( 1m
kg
QL *,( Fy = 2400 %a *,( =M
cm 2
kg
*J W'+ $4" CK *, !' 4"( Fy = 1400
cm 2
.43# '4( # L *%a
: A3L( + iD %4& #% +&' %-+
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = o → Fa + Fs = F

28
/' % ,J
+ B = ' ' % ,' ( =3," ,J #% $#CJ SGD ,' A ,U3% P,B
*A 43( ' % ,J B 4-( .D *#\H#( B QC+ #% 13,(L( 04"( (O R' (
.' A3 ' % ,J B " ,[+ *#\H#( ,O #% ,U3% #.-( 4"(
Fs .Ls
∆Ls =
E s . As Fs .Ls F .L
⇒ ∆Ls = ∆La ⇒ = a a }, Ls = La , As = Aa
Fa .La E s . As E a . Aa
∆ La =
E a . Aa
Fs Fa E
= → Fs = s Fa ( 1)
Es Ea Ea
Fa + Fs = F (2)
 Ea
 Fa = E + E × F
E E 
(1)(2) ⇒ Fa + s Fa = F ⇒ Fa (1 + s ) = F →  a s
Ea Ea F = E s
×F
 s E s + E a
."% JM +&' %- ' #% " ,[+ *#\H#( f2
:*%a ' M% *,
Es 2.1×106
Fs = ×F = × 2 ×1000⇒ Fs = 1585kg
Es + Ea (2.1 + 0.55) ×106
:L ' M% *,
Ea 0.55 × 10 6
Fa = ×F = × 2000 ⇒ Fa = 415kg
Ea + Es (2.1 + 0.55) × 10 6
*/J, *A *#\H#( W3," + *A B #% *A ,=D ( ' % L $4J:
.4LL CK +&

29
1585 kg
σs = 2
= 2108〈σ ys = 2400
(1) cm 2
π×
4
415 kg
σa = 2
= 528〈σ ya = 1400
(1) cm 2
π×
4
./' #% /=M )&/'a W3," f2 .' A+ XL+ ,&C QL %a %7 XL+ c
4/" )&/'G2 /( /7+ /( A3( " ,[+ .' ,H %( '#% &# #( " ,[+
.%,H #

)+&',~J *#: – :: *J $ '
$%&/' /( 4L/"( *#/ */J, ,O + W # ()+&',~J ) 1- *J $ ' iA
/+ / 4/"( /=M )&/'a

/ #&# B,:( J, ,O <C7 !" ,[+ *#H '
,/[+ %,/H #,/D ,/ 4Lc ,O + CA7 ,H ' L- 134( J, ,O <C7 .%, .'
/J XL/+ /3 !/" ,[+ *,.7 <C7 ( ' ,(,( A7 = )3 #% $4" %53 XL+ 3 "
.%" #jL 3!L+ ( J, )3 ,J 0,O
:e
/( * /= #% E=2ton #( + ( " ( A = 2cm 2 <= =' L=3m B ( *
.L .' , *J C- f JM &,H #,D ia( *!& 2m
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = o → R A + R B = 2ton (1)
/!5 % ./' /c .%,/ ./' # /J /C- f/ /+ C )&'a %-+ a%-
.3#% %- )3 A3L( + # (1) %-+ %- )3 W R B , R A

30
,[+ *#H ' ,' ( ,U3% * %- %, 42 *,(
,[+ 3" 7& &D% x4 ( . 3# !"
, 43( B ,[+ L-3 A ( .A B
*,&#2 #=( 13,(L( . 4L&AJ $H + BA c %"
A ( .A # B = ,[+ R B , R A TAK ,(
,(,( L .' =M )&'a #&# ( 7+ (
BC AC -=D % AB B . J% #,D ,
.' $4" :+
2
Fi Li
∆L BA2 = ∑
1 E i Ai
− FAC . L AC FCB . LCB − 2 × 1 ( RA × 3) × 1 2 × 1 RA × 3

∆LBA = + = + =0⇒ = (2)
EA E. A EA EA AE AE
2 4
(1)(2) ⇒ R A = ton, RB = ton
3 3

31
:e
W/'+ Aa = 1.57cm 2 , AS = 0.785cm 2 T/+,+ /( </= KAC( L *%a ' %
,[+ . 43C CK # p=1ton ( * 200kg ( C,3\2 " ,[+ 4( T 6
m' #4c C =
kg kg
E A = 6 × 10 5 2
, E s = 2.1 × 10 6
cm cm 2
:)+&' %-+
+ ↵∑ M A = o → 25 P + 37.5W − 75 Fa = o
Fa = 433.3kg
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = o → Fs + Fa = P + W = 1000 + 200
Fs = 766.7 kg
.4 D( WM #

( ,[+ 4-( AB WM ' T AB A7 c
FS .LS 150 × 766.7

δ A = δS = = ⇒ δ A = δ S = 0.07cm
E S . AS 2.1 × 1.6 × 0.782
Fa .La 433.3 × 250
δB = δa = = ⇒ δ B = δ a = 0.115cm
E a . Aa 6 × 10 5 × 1.57
0.115 − 0.07
δ C = 0.07 + × 25 ⇒ δ c = 0.084cm
75
:e
J/M ' @, B %a 4#% )3 ( 3m B 40 × 40cm <= ( # 1&( &'
.L SAK , B XJ #4 (( 20ton *#: *, * ( # 1&( %a #% XL+ #4
kg kg
E s = 2.1 × 10 6 2
, E c = 2.1 × 10 5
cm cm 2
%a KA As = 0.01× 40 × 40 = 16cm 2
lM 1&( KA Ac = 40 × 40 = 16 = 1584cm 2

32
*%a *J%,U 4L D( =M )&'a 4K #% *#\H#( 13 + 1&( %a 0 %" @,
.4"( A3 43( % ,J B " ,[+ f2 .' $4.Ac 1&( ( GF
LC = LS = 3m
FS .LS FC .LC E S . AS 2.1 × 10 6 × 16

δ = δs = δc → = → FS = FC = FC
E S . AS EC . AC EC . AC 2.1 × 10 5 × 1534
FS = 0.101FC (1)
 FS = 1.84ton
∑F y = o → FS + FC = 20ton →
(1)

 FC = 18.16ton
 FS .LS 1.84 × 1000 × 300

kg δs = = ⇒ δ S = 0.0164 cm
σ s = 114.67 2 AS .E S 16 × 2.1 × 1.6
cm
 FC .LC 18 .16 × 1000 × 300
σ = 88.106 kg δc = = ⇒ δ C = 0.0164 cm
 c cm 2 AC .EC 1584 × 2.1 × 10 5
⇒ δs = δc

33
:"

:J,+ lM XCM
#,/D Pa ,/(,( &(O :CM ,UL + !L+ K 13 %#4 %7 ",( *, ,+ 13 *E , K #%
0%#% #,D J !5 R&? 0 *A :CM ,UL ,O+ + %M *!& % #% # *,+ %#%
.' lM XCM #% 4L3H
.4L *# XL+ %53 XCM ",( XL+ %53 Xs2 :7+
/( hL/' /+ )/3 #/ 13 *,( .%C $4J: # $%' ,+ )3 XCM + * $%' X3 (
,/( '% ( 4J% #,D $H + % *# ,( " {(= # 150mm × 100mm × 50mm GF e %-(
*a/( #% #: $4LJ% : &A( *a( #% hL' *!M#' %, 4JM $4J: 4L %# #:
+ % #5 #% !M#' .4L"( 0 hL' 132 #% X: $4LJ% : ( 1i2 #% 0hL'

34
/M ,/+ W/' /( A/3 #% ,/+ *!& % #% :CM ,UL ,3 4L D( ,[+ 4( F.3,+ $H
.4L&AJ )c
4/#% #,D lM XCM #% # ,+ )3 @, <= ,( %# *J, + $4" , Y e ( 7+ (
.%% : ,3 # (
::CM '' ,
)/3 /K /!L+ 4/L D( # ( XCM C 4-( 0# ,( %C b1
. 4LL #% #
.4L&AJ #% # ( .A =M ,[+ *#% !" ,[+ b2

35
.' A3 #: X: #%

#&#
1 dθ y
K= = ⇒ ε x = = ky
ρ dx ρ
*J#+ #% %7 X, ,[+ 0XCM + ,+ )3 #%
3 4"( =M # ( eLM * B
( T'L& d *J#+ X, #4 0,U3% #. (
.4"( eLM # !
∆u
εx =
∆x
ab ,/j =' *# #% ,+ 3J#+ B %" $43% )c IE7 13 $4" #E( ,3
+ #%
*#/ */J#+ ./' $4/" S/?& $?% # ( #(E IE7 c 04L C *,[+ 04#% #,D
#,/D * / *# #% J#+ 13 .4#% %7 ,+ *L!2 B QC+ #% &'2 #B ( X, XL+
,+ ,( iD @, <= )3 ( 13 x,&:

.%" $4 ,+ eLM =' 4#%
6/ )/3 #% , X, 3 XL+ %% : *,( nG= % ,J %" $4 eLM #
.%" $%&' XCM +

36
:4L #. ,+ <= =' *,LJ E , 43( eLM # L3 .O
Fx = o ⇒ ∫ σ x dA = o (1)
A
y
+
→ ∑ σ x = E.ε ( 2) εx =
ρ
= ky (3)
1
(2), (3) ⇒ σ x = E.ky ( 4) K=
ρ
Ey
(4)(1) ⇒ ∫ σ x dA = ∫ dA = o
ρ
*,/( / %/" / 5& %- 13 4L&AJ &(O ,3% E 5+# T3, ρ IL g-" c
:' #,D,( ,3 =(# lM XCM #% *,+
E
ρ ∫ ydA = o ⇒ ∫ ydA = yA ⇒
, A 35 yA = o 13,(L( . 4"( IL. # A =' '4LJ E , y #%
−
.4"( , 43( eLM # <= =' '4LJ E , 13,(L( . %" , *A 43( y 0A
:3#% \ 4"( Z # K eLM *J,UL %-+ 0%-+ ^," 1%
E EI
+ ↵∑ M z = o ⇒ M − ∫ (bxdA) y = o ⇒ M =
ρ ∫ 123
y dA =
2
A
I
ρ

37
,+ eLM . ( Q' EI C ( F'- M :CM ,UL ( pC&A ,+ B # IL
1 M
K= = ⇒ (1)
ρ EI
.4"( T'L
Ey
σ x = K .Ey = ( 2)
ρ
Ey M .y
(1)(2) ⇒ σ x = ⇒σx =
EI I
M
:CM ,UL =M
eLM#+ + 13,+#% =C
eLM # K ',L3 =I
M y.x
σy = y# K XCM
Iy
M x. y
σx = z # K XCM
Ix
.4L"( <= *J# xy *J# 4L&AJ d% +# #% d W(#
I M .y M
<= 4 S = σ= =
Y I S

38
:e
=/' (:/ X./L7 * $,/3% <= 5 C ,(,( 4Lc <(, <= ( ,+ 5 :CM C
m' A3 <=
a4
π π 2 I a3 π π 3
A1 = A2 ⇒ a 2 = D 2 ⇒ a = D , S1 = 1 = 12 = = D
4 4 C1 a 6 48
2
D4
π
64 = πD ⇒ S1 = 2 π = 1.18 ⇒
3
I2
S2 = =
C2 D 32 S2 3
2
M 1all S1 2
= = π = 1.18
M 2 all S2 3
:e
</= =/' P=600kg &D ,3 $%' ,+ #% # XCM " *%C XL+ ,e 4K 4L 1-+
.4"( ,3 " {(= @,
600 × 1.8
+ ↵∑ mA = o ⇒ − RB × 3 + 600 × 1.8 = o ⇒ R B = = 360kg ↑
3
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = o ⇒ R A + 360 − 600 = o ⇒ R A = 240kg ↑
2. 5 7.5
7.5 × 2.5 × + 7.5 × 2.5 × ( + 2.5)
y=
∑ yA = 2 2 ⇒ y = 3.75cm
∑A 7.5 × 2.5 × 2

39
C1 = 3.75cm, C 2 = 10 − 3.75 = 6.25cm
1 2. 5 2 1 7.5 2
I= × 7.5 × 2.53 + 7.5 × 2.5 × (3.75 − ) + × 2.5 × 7.53 + 2.5 × 7.5 × (6.25 − ) = 322.03cm 4
2 2 2 2
M ma x .c 2 43200 × 6.25 kg
σ max = = = 813.2 2
I 332.03 cm
:e
4/"2 *,/( $%/' ,/+ #/ /( d 2 3cm M% ,j d1 = 4cm 7#M ,=D ( *%a )3
/C+ 4/+ / > /J W/' #% / 1/3 * 5 #( ,e 4K .' &# #( *,& )3 J%
*,/( 4/%,H
& GF ,U343 ( * # ( J 13 %4 #!c c,H . 4"( 120kg
#4/c 4LL C+ " J% W' #% 4L+ #!c *#( ,e 4K 4# #( J% CJ X"2
m'
π 4 4 π
I Z1 = ( d1 − d 2 ) =
(4 4 − 3 4 ) = 8.59cm 4
64 64
I 8.59
S 1 = z1 = = 4.295cm 3
d1 2
2

40
A3L( + #(E #!c *,(
 π 
I Z 2 = 4 8.59 + (4 2 − 3 2 )2 2  = 122.32cm 4
 4 
30.58
S 2 = 122.32 4 = 30.58cm 3 ⇒ × 120 = 206.7 kg
4.295
:AL7 % <= XCM
4 $4" :+ & fL7 % # -B
,j #% AL7 )3 %- " )3 #

( +
# CAD % 3 @, # 134( .,H
. J% X3E &A&'a *!4 .A (
X3E/ &/'a *!4/ .A ( 43( # &3 34.+ .D CAD $4 '4( XL+ K 13 #%
.J%
:e
/H# .' $4" $%% : ,3 " #% $4" &M' 3a 4Lc &?+a J c ,+ , <=
/ $%/' $H + % *#% 1.2m B ( #(E ,+ .' ,+ B * #% )3 J 3a 3J
,/(,( /J /H# * / /!7 #% /5+# T3,/ .%/" / %# J% W' #% p E ,C& #( 4"(
/5 */J XL/+ .' E 2 = 2.5 × 10 5 kg cm 2 ,(,( J H# ,( %C !7 E1 = 10 6 kg cm 2
.4L 1-+ # p#( 5 #4 . ' σ 2 = 21 kg cm 2 , σ 1 = 84 kg cm 2 B(,

41
E2 1 3 1 
n= = 0.25 I= bh + Adt 2 − 3 bh 3  + 2 Ad
E1 12 12 
I = 4×
3. 5 3  0.53 
− 3 3 × [ ]2
 − 2 (3 × 0.5)(0.5 × 2) = 11.2cm
4
12  12 
4/+ / #/(E </= / *,/e ,K :/CM ,UL ' $4LL 1-+ XL+ kA 13 #% σ 1 XL+
I 11.2
M max = σ1 = × 84 = 537 kg .cm
C 1.75
:( A3A 4L C+
4 M max 4 × 537
p= = = 18kg
L 120
:e
<= %a ,H . %#% #,D 1+ 69.2 .e :CM ,UL ,O+ + ,3 " =' 1&( ,+ <=
A/(= n=15 4/"( 15 1&/( /( %a 5+# T3, .A ,& 28 ,=D ( %,U %
. %a 1&( #% ,e 4K XL+

42
28 2
%a <= =' = As = 2π × = 1231mm 2
4
%a &3 34.+ <= =' = nAS = 15 × 1231 = 18465mm 2
d
250( kd ) × (k ) = 18465 × (500 − kd ) ⇒ 125( kd ) 2 = 0232500 − 18465kd
2
( kd ) 2 + 147 . 72 kd − 73860 = o ⇒ kd = 208 mm ,500 − kd = 292 mm
$4 '4( %4 4"( d ,&:( ,H 4"( .D (D .e %4 43( '4( S7 #% ,H :7+
.A .D (D +
208 2
I = 250 × 2083 + 250 × 208 × ( ) + 0 + 18465( 292) 2 = 2.32 × 10 9 mm 4
2
Mc 69.2 × 10 6 × 208
(σ c ) max = = 9
= 6.2 N mm 2
I 2.32 × 10
Mc 15 × 69.2 × 10 6 × 292
σt = n = 9 2
= 131 N / mm 4
I 2.32 × 10 = 131 N mm

43
:&J

:J,+ #% ",( *!:L+
* $%/' @,/ Z/J /+ C ' 13 L $%&' .D *!"# + C L3
.L #,D,( 0",( *, " X, <3 + *,(
dm
d m = νdx or =ν
dx
:>,( 3,7
M 2Q M 1Q ( M 2 − M 1 )Q
d F = F2 − F1 = − =
I I I
dF dM Q VQ
q= = ⇒q=
dx dx I I
q VQ
τ= =
t It
%" @, A3 0 <= @, #% ",( XL+
.4L3H >,( 3,7 ( 4"( B #% ",( *, 4" q

44
:e
/C <= 13 ( 6ton",( *, sLc .' $4" :+ $% % " {(= *,+ <=
E1
= 2 m' #4 c ( ,(,( $% %
+ #% ",( XL+ %"
E2
/",( XL+ .' *,( L S?& $4: 34.+ <= # ',L3 C =' E ,:&
.%" A+ $% CJ -D @, #% ",( 3,7 13 43( <=,J ,J #%
10 × 5 × 2.5 + 10 × 10 × 10
y= = 7.5
10 × 10 + 2.5 × 10
1 1
I = × 5 3 × 10 + 5 × 10 × 5 2 + × 10 3 × 10 + 10 × 10 × 2.5
12 12
1
= 2812.5 = × 15 3 × 10
12
νQ 6 × 10 3 × 5 × 10 × 5 kg
q= = = 533.3
I 10 × 15 3
cm
12
q 533.3
τ= = = 106.66 kg cm 3
t 5

45
:e
+#/#% .%#% #,D 250kg ",( *, ,O + ' $4" :+ -=D '
+ ,3 <=
.4L 1-+ # !s2 *,( Q a 4"( 150kg

+ *!s2 )3 ,J 5 ",( *,
15 × 2 3 12 3
I = 2× ( + 15 × 2 × 7 2 ) + 2 × = 3248cm 4
12 12
VQ 250 × 2 × 15 × 7
q= = = 16.16 kg cm , ⇒ q..s = Fall ⇒ 16.16 × s = 150 ⇒ s = 9.28cm
I 3248

46
:",( XL+ <3 +
Q
-(+ g+# #% ",( XL+ <3 + .%" @, ML3 0 <= @, #% ",( XL+ <3 +
t
Q
.4"( &"% # 13,&:( ' i7 #% C3E 4"(
t
ν 3ν
τ max = τ max =
Aw 2 A
3ν 8ν
τ max = τ max =
2 A 9 A
4ν
τ max =
3 A
:e
.%" C ,Jq eLM # *# #% ",( XL+ ,e 4K ,3 <B )3 Q4 #%
" T(S " % (R
" * (% " * (o

47
# ?/// 13,///&C .%#% %///7 Q#4 13,&:( eLM #+ #% c o S R *!" #%
Q
#% %( ,[& ( * #% .%( 4JM eLM #+ #% C3E ",( XL+ 13,(L(0 3#%
t
/eLM #/+ #% /",( XL/+ C3E / .%/" / $4/3% ",( XL+ <3 + " #% UCJ g+#
.A
:>,( E ,
#% . 43 C %7( <= #% Xs2 04L #. = ",( *, ,H %" &H * = (
.%#% #,D # 13 *# ,( >,( E , 4#% #+ # 3!"
:e
e1
.A A(= 4"( >,( E , A = +# #% ,3 " #%
e2

48
b1t1 b1
V ×( × )
2 2 2 4 ×b t
V1 = (τ max )1 × A1 = × 1 1
3 3 It 2
3
t1b1 V V
= × = I1
12 I I
b2 t 2 b2
V ×( × )
2 2 2 4 ×b t
V2 = (τ max ) 2 × A2 = × 2 2
3 3 It 2
3
t 2 b2 V V
= × = I2
12 I I
I1 I2
V1 =
I
V, V2 =
I
ν, ∑M A = o ⇒ V1e1 = V2 e2 ⇒
3
e1 V2 I 2 t 2 .b2
= = =
e2 V1 I 1 t1 .b13
:R&? QA7 >,( E ,

Jozeveh Darsi Moghavemat 1

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Jozeveh Darsi Moghavemat 1

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1 

. / 0  1-+  '#,( (  + *!"#  $%&' ( )     

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.4LJ4( 1 m ( ,(,( (&" ,H  )3 Q,7 )3 ( ' 3, 1+

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1000 / 000 / 000 =109 UH G

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1kg = 1000m 0 1mm = 0.001 m 1Mg = 1000 kg

1g = 0.001kg 0 1kg = 1000 N 3.82km = 3820m

47.2mm = 0.0472m 0 3.82 KN = 3.82 × 10 3 N 47.2mm = 47.2 × 10 −3 mm

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sin α 1 = 0.6, cos α 1 = 0.8, sin α 2 = 0.8, cos α 2 = 0.6

↑ ∑ Fy = o ⇒ F1 cos α 1 + F2 cos α 2 − 10000 = o ⇒ 0.8 F1 + 0.6 F2 = 10.000 ( 2)

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( F1 ) max = σ a ll . A1 = 1400 × 10 = 14000kg

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( p max )1 = 14 cos α 1 + 7 cos α 2 = 15. 4ton

P max = min(( P max)1 ( P max) 2 , ( P max) 3 ) = 11.67ton

m' #4c p = 28ton #(

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L" 1  rL' "a 1( H4!  ,q = 90 × 90 × 5 = 40500kg

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P1 = σ s . As = 1200 × 28 = 33600kg → P1 = 33.6ton

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