The Intellectual History of International Law A Synopsis of fourteen lectures Martti Koskenniemi NYU Fall term 2010

1. HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: Questions of Method and approach A word about historiography in international law: between great epochs and biography. Genealogy. History and Critical Theory; Jus gentium, Droit public de lEurope, law of nations, Vlkerrecht the role of concepts in history ; The argument of these lectures: international law rises and falls every now and then. It is a language of power and of critique of power. Materials: MK: Why History of International Law Today?, 4 Rechtsgeschichte 2004, 6166.

2. LAW AS EXIT AND RE-ENTRY: MEDIEVAL VIEWS (around 1300) Lordship over the World? The Pope, the Emperor and the King (Philip IV of France and his lawyers) Aquinas: A theory of government and a theory of law. The role of the ius gentium . Natural law, ius gentium and civil law in the Summa theologiae Materials: Papal Bull Unam Sanctam (1302); Aquinas, De regimine principum & Summa theologiae, in Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 2002) extracts;

3-4 . INTO LAW OF NATIONS: Sovereign statehood and empire: The Second Scholastic (1526-1617) International law as penitential literature (law and theology) Ius gentium as an instrument of adaptation to a new world. The challenges posed to law by expansion in the Indies, trade and continuous warfare the need to move away from Christian natural law to a non-confessional world law. The role of the prince as a representative of the community. Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto on natural law, ius gentium and the crucial importance of the theory of dominium

Materials: Vitoria, On the American Indians, in Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 1991) 233-292, extracts; MK, The Colonization of the Indies: the origin of International law? (unpublished text)

5. PROTECTING STATES The Renaissance heritage: Niccol Machiavelli and Alberico Gentili (late 16th century) The problem of just war in a raison dtat framework (honestum et utile). The heritage of Florence: the role of history in (Lorenzo de Medici and Machiavelli) Ius gentium and the work of embassies (De legationibus) International law, war and the balance of power (De iure belli) Materials: Alberico Gentili, On the Laws of War (extracts); Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and peace. Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 16-50.

6. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MODERNITY: Surez and Grotius The theory of law and legislation in Francisco Surez. Law as the command of the prince but not as an absolute ruler. Ius gentium as customary deviations from and modifications to natural law. War as punishment the problem of probabilism. War as punishment . Grotius and a universal system of private rights, trade and warfare. Materials: Surez, On Law and God the Lawgiver (Oxford University Press 1941) extracts; Brian Tierney, Vitoria and Suarez on Ius Gentium, Natural Law, and Custom, in Amanda Perreau-Saussine & James Murphy (eds.), The Nature of Customary law. Legal, Historical and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 101-124. Grotius, On the law of Prize and Booty (extracts); MK, The Political Theology of Trade Law: The Scholastic Contribution (unpublished text)

7. INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ANCIEN REGIME: GERMANY (17th and 18th century themes) The debates on the legal nature of the Holy Roman Empire;

International law as the natural law of salus populi: Samuel Pufendorf ; The development of ius naturae et gentium at German law schools (especially Gttingen) in the 18th century: Natural law as Policy-science and Statistik Achenwall and Ptter . The lure of political economy. The turn to positivism and counter-revolution: Georg Friedrich von Martens

Materials: Samuel Pufendorf, On the Duty of Man and Citizen (Cambridge University Press, 1991) extracts ; MK, The Advantage of Treaties. International law in the Enlightenment, 13 The Edinburgh Law Review (2009), 27-67 (pages 47-63.) MK, Into Positivism: Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756-1821) and Modern International Law in 15 Constellations. An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory (2008), 189-207;

8. INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM THE OLD REGIME TO REVOLUTION: (France 1713 to 1789) Droit public de lEurope 1713-1789; Emer Vattel, The Law of Nations (1758) as the epitome of ancien regime law. Abb de Saint-Pierre on perpetual peace and Rousseaus reaction thereto. Law and the comparative analysis of power, Montesquieu and Rousseau; International and revolution 1789-1815;

Materials: Abb de Mably, Introduction to the Droit public de lEurope (extracts); Vattel, Law of Nations (extracts) Abb de Saint-Pierre, Project to make Peace perpetual in Europe (extracts); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Abstract of Monsieur l'Abb de Saint-Pierre's Plan for Perpetual Peace', (extracts) MK, The Advantage of Treaties. International law in the Enlightenment, 13 The Edinburgh Law Review (2009), 27-67 (pages 31-47)

9. IMMANUEL KANT The critique of natural law. Kant on lawfulness and the international world. Teleology and the civilizing mission Europe will probably lead the way into a cosmopolitan federation. Reading the essay on Perpetual Peace (1795).

Materials: Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, in Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 1977) 93-130, extracts;

MK, On the Idea and Practice for Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose, Bindu Puri & Heiko Sievers (eds.). Terror, Peace and Universalism. Essays on the Philosophy of Immanuel Kant (Oxford University Press, 2007), 122-148;

10. THE JURIDICAL CONSCIENCE OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD (19th century: European modernity and the civilizing mission) The establishment of a profession : the men of 1873: international law as an amateur science (Rolin-Jaequemyns, Asser, Westlake, and others). Codification as a legal instrument of civilization. International law and empire cosmopolitanism the Hague Conferences 1899/1907, the shock of the First World War (1914-1918). Materials: MK, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. the Rise and Fall of International law 1870-1960 (Cambridge University Press 2002), Chapters 1-2.

11. INTERNATIONAL LAW IN FRANCE AND GERMANY 1871-1939 French solidarism and the emergence of international law in Paris after 1873. The reaction to the Great war and the establishment of the league of nations. Critique of pre-war positivism and The sociological approach. Georges Scelle. German public law positivism and international law at the end of the 19th century. Georg Jellinek. Pacifism and post-war formalism. German attitudes towards the Peace of Versailles. Hans Kelsen, and Erich Kaufmann. Materials: MK, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. the Rise and Fall of International law 1870-1960 (Cambridge University Press 2002), Chapters 3--4.

12. THE FUNCTION OF LAW IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: Hersch Lauterapacht Lauterpacht as the epitome of mid-century international law: liberal, naturalist and formalist simultaneously and oriented towards human rights. The role of law and politics in the international world Nuremberg and human rights The central role of courts. Materials: MK, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. the Rise and Fall of International law 1870-1960 (Cambridge University Press 2002), Chapter 5.

13. OUT OF EUROPE: CARL SCHMITT, HANS MORGENTHAU AND THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

A new view on the role of law and politics. Political theology and the emergence of a political science realism. An instrumental concept of law. From European to an American formalism. Post-realism: from government to governance: Fragmentation, deformalisation, and empire. International law between politics and technique. Materials: MK, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. the Rise and Fall of International law 1870-1960 (Cambridge University Press 2002), Chapter 5. MK, The Fate of International Law: Between Technique and Politics , 70 The Modern Law Review (2007), 1-32.

14. CONCLUSION: INTERNATIONAL LAW BETWEEN CRAFT AND PHILOSOPHY, GOVERNMENT AND REVOLUTION, POWER AND CRITIQUE