EXTRACTION Jericho Luis E. Rivera, Christine Mae E. Reyno, Theresa Marice P. Rivera, Marjorie Anne A.

Roo, Chelsea Ann G. Rubio, Khristine Grace A. Salamat Group 9 2C Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT
Extraction is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix. It may refer to a liquid-liquid extraction, and a solid phase extraction. The principle and the objective involved in the extraction experiment is that you search a solvent where the desired compound is soluble but not the undesirable one. The group was assigned to extract the caffeine from the green tea bag through a single extraction process. 4.4g of anhydrous sodium carbonate was placed in a small erlenmayer flask together with 100-ml distilled water. The solution was heated in a water bath until the solid dissolved. 10g of tea leaves was added (for us, one tea bag is equal to 2g) to the mixture. The aqueous solution was extracted with 60-ml dichloromethane in a separatory funnel; note that the two layers are completely visible after a few minutes. The organic layer was drained into a clean erlenmayer flask. The solution was decanted and tared in an evaporating dish. It was also evaporated to dryness under the hood. Finally, the caffeine was weighed and certain calculations were done.

INTRODUCTION
Extraction is a very common laboratory procedure used when isolating or purifying a product. Organic chemistry employs solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and acid-base extractions. [1] It is a process wherein it consists of the separation of a substance from a matrix. It works because of the difference of the solubility. It is very common for an organic products synthesized in a reaction to be purified by liquid-liquid extraction. A separatory funnel is used for this process. In this procedure, the organic product will be soluble in an organic solvent while the inorganic substances will be soluble in water. There are two types of extraction: single and multiple extractions. The difference between single and multiple extractions is that in a single extraction, when you combine an organic solvent and water to from a bilayer in a vessel and the swirled to thoroughly mix the two solvents. The separatory funnel is then allowed to stand which causes the mixture to separate into two layers which can be removed. In a multiple extraction, after the two layers are separated, more water is added to the organic layer or more organic solvent is added to the

aqueous layer and the process is repeated. Once the two layers are separated, the similar layers are combined. [2] The objective of this experiment were: (1) to extract caffeine from the mixture of the green tea bag, (2) to calculate the percentage yield and (3) to determine which type of extraction is more efficient.

EXPERIMENTAL
A. Compounds Tested (or samples used) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sodium carbonate Dichloromethane Sodium sulfate Distilled water Caffeine

B. Procedures A quick fit single-extraction set-up was assembled as shown in Figure 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Single Extraction set-up

[3]

Iron stand with secured iron clamps held the body of the set-up. The body consist of the separatory flask containing half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate with a closed stopcock. Rather than using empty flask, we used an evaporating dish instead so that we can evaporate easily the extracted solution to the fume hood. First, the anhydrous sodium sulfate was dissolved into the distilled water and heated until all the solids dissolved. After this, 10g of tea leaves are contained in a flask and was boiled for 10 minutes on a low flame. By doing the single extraction procedure, the aqueous solution was extracted with 60-ml of dichloromethane in a separatory funnel and was left for at least 2 minutes draining only the organic layer into the evaporating dish which contains the caffeine. The extracted organic layer was contained with half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was decantated onto a tared evaporating dish. After evaporating to dryness, the residue was weighed and the percentage yielded was calculated. The percentage yield was based on the data gathered on the extraction performed. The following formula was used to determine the percentage yield: % yield = Weight of caffeine Weight of tea leaves used

Figure 2. Separation of the organic compound from the inorganic compound Table 1. Simple Extraction Results Weight (in grams) 1. Weight of tea leaves used 2. Weight of evaporating dish + caffeine 3. Weight of empty evaporating dish 4. Weight of caffeine 10 133.95 133.50 0.45

Table 1 shows the result of the simple extraction process with the weight in grams. The results show that in a 10 gram tea leaves used for the process, weve only came up with 0.45 grams of caffeine in it. We were able to measure the weight of the caffeine by comparing the difference between an empty evaporating dish to the one which has the caffeine on it. It is shown in Figure 2 that density is an important factor in the process of the experiment. The extracted part of the experiment is the one at the bottom which have a greater density than the one on top. Calculation of percentage yield in the extraction of the caffeine from the green tea leaves: (single extraction method)

X 100

Results are then compared to the other group who did the multiple extractions.

% yield =Weight of caffeine Weight of tea leaves used % yield = 0.45 g 10 g % yield = 4.5 %

X 100 X 100

The percentage yield from the tea leaves is 4.5% Calculation of the percentage yield of the caffeine from the green tea leaves using a multiple extraction method: (Obtained from Group 8, 2CMT) % yield = Weight of caffeine Weight of tea leaves used % yield = 10 g % yield =

must remove the water. Water is also a good solvent so it soaks up some of the extractable. So in order to get 100% of the extractable you add large enough amounts of sodium sulfate to soak up all the water. It is also useful in removing sample emulsion, which are really just water causing problems again by refusing to separate from the solvents fully. [4]

REFERENCES
1. Extraction http://academics.wellesley.edu/Ch emistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Ma nual/Appendix/Techniques/Extracti on/extraction_n.html 7/22/13 2. Difference between single extraction from multiple extraction

X 100 X 100

http://www.chem.missouri.edu/chem2 050/expt_2.pdf 7/22/13

3. Simple Extraction Set-up

CONCLUSION
Extraction is an effective means of separating a component from the mixtures. However, based on the results gathered from our experiment from the other group we have compared it to, it is believed that multiple extraction process is more efficient. When a solute is being extracted from an aqueous phase using an organic solvent, a better recovery was obtained with the use of two equal volumes of solvent than recovery of using all solvents in one large volume thus making multiple extraction more efficient. It is also believed that the anhydrous sodium sulfate serves an important role in the extraction. It serves to dry up the contained water before evaporating begins in order to get all the desired analytes out of the sample; used to absorb excess water. During solvent extractions sometimes the sample provided has water present in it. In order to get all of the desired analytes out of the sample and into the solvent you

http://firstyear.chem.usyd.edu.au/prela b/images/E28extractionimage1.gif 7/22/13

4. Purpose of extraction. Sodium sulfate in

http://www.funqa.com/chemistry/2141 -Chemistry-4.html 7/23/13

5. Bayquen, A.V., Cruz, C.T., De Guia, R.M.,(et al). Manual in Organic Chemistry. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc. 6. Extraction, why multiple extraction is more efficient?

http://www.chem.missouri.edu/chem2 050/expt_2.pdf 7/22/13