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Author: Arshi Hasan Khanis currently pursuing master of technology program in environmental engineering in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur, India E-mail: arshihasankhn@gmail.com *Co-Author: S.M. Ali Jawaid is currently Associate Professor in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur, India
The nature of the ash in terms of heavy metal content is complex, and has been the subject of many studies (Derie 1992; Forestier and Libourel 1998; Eighmy et al., 1998; Eudsen et al., 1999; Piantone et al., 2003). In response to a growing need for more stringent regulations regarding land filled hazardous waste, the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of November 1984, required the U.S. EPA to promulgate regulations prohibiting the land disposal of untreated hazardous wastes. The U.S. EPA responded in November 1986, by proposing procedures for setting treatment standards, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) as a test procedure to verify the acceptability of treated waste for land disposal and treatment standards based on the best available demonstrated technology (BDAT). Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is a widely used treatment for the management/disposal of a broad range of contaminated media and wastes; particularly those contaminated with substances classified as hazardous. The treatment involves mixing a binding reagent into the contaminated media or waste. Solidification and stabilization refer to a group of cleanup methods that prevent or slow the release of harmful chemicals from wastes, such as contaminated soil, sediment, and sludge. These methods usually do not destroy the contaminants. Instead, they keep them from leaching above safe levels into the surrounding environment. Leaching occurs when water from rain or other sources dissolves contaminants and carries them downward into groundwater or over land into lakes and streams. This review is a discussion of the published data relating to the ways in which the inclusion of hazardous wastes bearing heavy metals such as sludge, filter cakes, fly ash and slags affects the properties of cement and other binders.
E-mail: smaj@rediffmail.com
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Comparing the present results with previous studies (Sukandar et al, 2006; Genazzini et al,2003; Aubert et al, 2006), regarding the content of fly ash produced the content of CaO is very high because of the pre-treatment with lime. Beside the CaO content, the results regarding the percentages of the other main oxides present in fly ash are in close agreement with the previous studies. The percentage of SiO2 and Al2O3 was substantially less. Table 3: Chemical composition of fly and bottom ash and OPC
Comparing the present results with previous studies, regarding the content of bottom ash produced at another HMWI in Greece (Gidarakos et al, 2009) and several other countries, such as Italy (Filipponi et al, 2003), Malaysia (Idris et al, 2002) and China (Zhao et al, 2003), a complete agreement was observed concerning the type of oxides that were present in the bottom ash of HMWI. Moreover, the results regarding the
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 percentages of various oxides present in bottom ash are in close agreement with the previous studies. The percentage of Na2O was higher in the bottom ash of this research, while the percentage of SiO2 and Al2O3 was again substantially less.
ISSN 2320 6020 environmental world, this has become an extremely important issues and the problem of how to prevent leaching of contaminated soil occupies the mind of many governments. RBI GRADE 81 would be extremely effective in the binding of this contaminated soil, which can result in saving which cannot be estimated. Solidification of soil using with RBI GRADE-1 Different percentage at which RHA was mixed with soil and 12% IHW and its OMC is given in table 4 and fig 2. From the table and graph it is clear that strength of the mixture is maximum when 12% IHW is added to the soil. Table 4: Variation of OMC, MDD, CBR with 9% IHW.
Compressive strength
From previous studied cement-based solidification exhibited a compressive strength of 0-14.7 MPa (Figure 1). The strength decreased as the percentage of cement loading was reduced, the compressive strength being 0.22-9.96 MPa for 60%cement mixed with 40% bottom ash. The compressive strength reduced to 0-1.3 MPa when 30% cement was mixed with 70%bottom ash.
Fig.1: Variation of density and moisture content with 12% IHW and 6%, 9%, 15%cement. In Fig.1present the variation of moisture content and dry density with varying percentage of cement mixed with soil + 9% IHW mixture. The optimum moisture content decrease as the percentage of additive (cement) in soil + 9% IHW increase. Upto afterward the optimum moisture content was increased. After the optimum percentage of cement is 9% cement, the dry density decreases RBI Grade-81 RBI Grade-81 is a unique, cost-effective, environment friendly technological breakthrough in soil stabilization, waste binding and pavement layer design for the road and highway building world. RBI Grade-81 is a unique and highly effective natural inorganic soil stabilizer for infrastructure development and repair. RBI Grade-81 was originally developed by RBI for South African Army Road Building International for the in the beginning of 1990's for pavement engineering applications RBI Grade-81 is a natural inorganic soil-stabilizer which reengineers & modifies the properties of soil to strengthen it for roads, paving and roads and pavement. Today growing
Fig.2: Variation of density and moisture content with 12% IHW and 4%, 8% RBI GRADE-1 The optimum moisture content decreases as the percentage of additive (RBI GRADE-81) in soil +12%IHW increase. Upto 12% afterward the optimum moisture content increases. After the optimum percentage of cement is 12% content, the dry density decrease. Concluding Remark The comparison between two binders the optimum moisture content decreases as the percentage of additive (cement) in the
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 soil + 9% IHW increases. Up to 9% afterward the optimum moisture content increases. After the optimum percentage of cement is 9% content, the dry density decreases where RBI GRADE -81 is natural stabilizer the optimum moisture increases as the percentage of additive (RBI GRADE-81) in the soil +12% IHW.
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