Suspension Structures

Suspension structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Suspension Structures Effect of: Support Form Stability 1. Circular support to balance lateral thrust 2. Bleachers to resist lateral thrust 3. Self weight: catenary funicular 4. Uniform load: parabolic funicular 5. Point loads: polygonal funicular 6. Point load distortion 7. Asymmetrical load distortion 8. Wind uplift distortion 9. Convex stabilizing cable 10. Dead load to provide stability
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Sag/span vs. force Considering force vectors at support; H = horizontal reaction V = vertical reaction T = tension of cable at support

Reveal, for a given vertical reaction: small sag = large force Large sag = small force Large sag requires costly tall support Optimal span/sag is usually ~10

Suspension structures

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Cable details
1 2 3 4 5 6 A B C Strand (good stiffness, low flexibility) E=22,000 to 24,000 ksi, 70% metallic Wire rope (good flexibility, low stiffness) E = 14,000 to 20,000 ksi, 60% matallic Bridge Socket (adjustable) Open Socket (non-adjustable) Wedged Socket (adjustable) Anchor Stud (adjustable) Support elements Socket / stud Strand or wire rope

Suspension structures

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Mast / cable details

The mast detail demonstrates typical use of cable or strand sockets. Steel gusset plates usually provide the anchor for sockets. Equal angles A and B result in equal forces in strand and guy, respectively. A Mast / strand angle B Mast / guy angle C Strand D Guy E Sockets F Gusset plates G Bridge socket (to adjust prestress) H Foundation gusset (at strand and mast) I Mast

Suspension structures

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Loyola University Pavilion Architect: Kahn, Kappe, Lottery, Boccato Engineer: Reiss and Brown Consultant: Dr. Schierle Roof spans the long way to provide open view for outdoor seating for occasional large events Lateral wind and seismic loads are resisted by: Roof diaphragm In width direction by concrete shear walls In length direction by guy cables and Handball court walls Guy cables resist lateral trust Suspension cables resist gravity Stabilizing cables: resist wind uplift resist non-uniform load provide prestress

Suspension structures

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Assume: Suspension cables spaced 20 ft Allowable cable stress Fa = Fy/3 Fa = 70 ks LL = 12 psf (60% of 20 psf for trib. area>600 ft2 DL = 18 psf = 30 psf Uniform load w= 30 psf x 20 / 1000 Global moment M= wL2/8= 0.60x2402/8 Horizontal reaction H= M/f= 4320/16 Vertical reaction R= wL/2= 0.60x240/2 Cable tension (max.) T=(H2+R2)1/2 =(270 2+72 2)1/2 Graphic method Draw vector of vertical reaction Draw equilibrium vectors at support Length of vectors give cable force and horizontal reaction
Suspension structures

w= 0.60 klf M= 4320 k H= 270 k R= 72 k T=279 k Am=3.99 in2

Metallic cross section required Am=T/Fa=279/70 ksi

Gross cross section (70% metallic) Ag=5.70 in2 Ag=Am/0.70=3.99/0.7 0 Cable size =2(Ag/)1/2=2(5.70/)1/2=2.69 in use 2
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Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Force scale Sf = Am Em / (Ao Eo) To keep Ss = 1 adjust Am by Em / Eo ration Try model cross section Am = Sg2 Ao Em/Eo Am = 4.16 x 1.32/10,000

Am = 0.000549

Static model Assume: Piano wire as model cables Geometric scale Sg = 1:100 Strain scale Ss = 1 (due to large deflections) Original strand Eo = 22,000ksi Piano wire Em = 29,000ksi Em/Eo = 29/22 Em/Eo = 1.32 Original cross section area Strand 23/4 (70% metallic) Ao = 0.7 r2 = 0.7 (2.75/2)2 Ao = 4.16in2
Suspension structures

Model wire size = 2(Am/)1/2 = 2(0.000549/)1/2 = 0.026 Consider available size use 0.025 Am = r2 = (0.025/2)2 Am = 0.00049in2 Force scale Sf = AmEm/(AoEo)= 0.00049x29000/(4.16x22000) Sf= 1 : 6441 Sf = 0.0001553 Model load Original load Po = w L = 0.6klf x240 Sf = Pm/Po Pm = Pc Sf Pm = Po Sf = 144k x 1000# / 6441 Po = 144k Pm = 22#

Load per cup Assume 12 load cups (one cup per stay cable) Pcup = 1.83# Pcup = Pm/12 = 22#/12
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Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Exhibit Hall Hanover Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann Suspended steel bands of 3x40 cm (1.2x16 inch) support prefab wood panels, filled with gravel to resist wind uplift. In width direction the roof is slightly convex for drainage; which also provides an elegant interior spatial form. Curtain wall mullions are pre-stressed between roof and footing to prevent buckling under roof deflection. Unequal support height is a structural disadvantage since horizontal reactions of adjacent bays dont balance; but it provides natural lighting and ventilation for sustainability

Suspension structures

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Exhibit Hall Hanover Given (10 psf) LL = 0.5 kN/m2 (25 psf) DL = 1.2 kN/m2 = 1.7 kN/m2 (35 psf) Suspenders 3x40 cm (~1x16), spaced at 5.5 m (18) w = 9.35 kN/m M= 4787 kN-m H = 684 kN

Uniform suspender load w= 1.7 kN/m2 x 5.5m Global moment M=wL2/8= 9.35 x 642 / 8 Horizontal reaction H= M/f= 4787/7 Vertical reaction R (max.) Reactions are unequal; use R/H ratio (similar triangles) to compute max. R R / H= (2f+h/2) / (L/2), hence R= H (2f+h/2) / (L/2) R= 684 (2x7+13/2)/(64/2) Suspender tension (max.) T= (H2+R2)1/2= (6842+438 2)1/2
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

R= 438 kN T= 812 kN
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Suspender tension (from previous page) Suspender cross section area A= 0.03 x 0.4 m) Suspender stress f=T/A= 812/0.012= 67,667 kPa US units equivalent 68 MPa x 0.145 =

T = 812 kN A = 0.012 m2 f = 68 MPa f = 9.9 ksi 9.9 < 22 ksi, OK

Graphic method Draw vector of total vertical load W = w L Draw equilibrium vectors parallel to cable tangents Draw equilibrium vectors for right support Draw equilibrium vectors for left support
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 11

Dulles Airport Terminal (1963) Architect: Ero Saarinen Engineer: Ammann and Whitney 150x600, 40-65 high Concrete/suspension cable roof Support piers spaced 40

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Dulles Airport Terminal Span Sag Support height differential Strand spacing Allowable strand stress

L = 150 f = 15 h = 25 e = 5 Fa = 70 ksi DL = 38 psf LL = 12 psf = 50 psf w = 0.25 klf H = 46.9 k

Uniform strand load w = 50psf x5/1000 Horizontal reaction H = wL2/(8f) H = 0.25x1502/(8x15) Max. vertical reaction R=H(2f+h/2)/(L/2) R = 46.9(30+12.5)/(75) Strand tension T =(H2+R2)1/2 T =(46.92+ 26.62)1/2 Cross section required (70% metallic) A = 53.9/(0.7x70) ksi Strand diameter = 2(A/ )1/2 =2(1.1/3.14)1/2 = 1.18 Use
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

R = 26.6 k T = 53.9 k A = 1.1 in2

= 1 3/16
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Skating rink Munich Architect: Ackermann Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann A prismatic steel truss arch of 100 m span, rising from concrete piers, support anticlastic cable nets A translucent PVC membrane is attached to wood slats that rest on the cable net

Glass walls are supported by pre-stressed strands to avoid buckling under roof deflection
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Assume All. strand stress Fy/3 = 210/3 DL = 5 psf 5 psf on arch LL = 20 psf 12 psf on arch = 25 psf 17 psf on arch

Fa = 70 ksi 5 psf uplift 21 psf 16 psf

Cable net Uniform load (cable spacing 75 cm = 2.5) Gravity w= 25 psf x2.5/1000 w = 0.0625 klf Wind p= 16 psf x 2.5/1000 Global moment M= w L2/8= 0.0625 x 1102/8 Horizontal reaction H = M / f = 95 / 11 p = 0.040 klf M = 95 k

H = 8.6 k

Vertical reaction R/H= (2f+h/2 ) / (L/2); R= H (2f+h/2 ) / (L/2) R= 8.6 (2x11+53/2)/(110/2) R = 7.6 k Gravity tension (add 10% residual prestress) T = 1.1 (H2 + R2)1/2 T = 1.1 (8.6 2 + 7.6 2 )1/2 T = 11.5 k
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 15

Gravity tension (from previous slide) T = 11.5 k Wind tension (10% residual prestress) Wind suction is normal to surface, hence T= 1.1 p r= 1.1 x 0.04 x 262 Wind T = 12 k 12 > 11.5 Wind governs Metallic cross section area (assume twin net cables, 70% metallic) Am= 0.28 in2 Am = 0.7x2r2= 0.7x2(0.5/2)2 Cable stress f = T/Am= 12 k / 0.28 f = 43 ksi 43 < 70, ok

Suspension structures

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Truss arch design (prismatic truss of 3 steel pipes) Floor area 4,200 m2 / 0.30482 45,208ft2

Arch load w = (45,208x17psf/328)/1000+0.26klf arch DL) w = 2.6klf Horizontal reaction H= M/d = wL2/(8d)= 2.6x3282/(8x53) Vertical reaction R= w L/2 = 2.6 x 328 / 2 Arch force C= (H2 + R2)1/2 = (6602 + 4262)1/2 Panel bar length (K=1) 3 bars, P ~ C / 3 ~ 786 / 3 ~ 262 k Try 10 extra strong pipe H= 660k R = 426k C = 786k KL = 7

Pall = 328 > 262 3xP 10 ok

(244/25.4 = 9.6)

(267/25.4 = 10.5)

Suspension structures

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Oakland Coliseum Architect/Engineer: Skidmore Owings and Merrill Radial cables, suspended from a concrete compression ring and tied to a steel tension ring, are stabilized against wind uplift and non-uniform load by prefab concrete ribs. Assume Allowable cable stress Fa= 70 ksi (1/3 of 210 ksi breaking strength) Cables spaced 13 @ outer compression ring LL reduced to 60% of 20 psf per UBC for tributary area > 600 sq. ft.) LL = 12 psf (60% of 20 psf) DL = 28 psf (estimate) = 40 psf + 0.12 klf for concrete ribs (0.15kcf x 4 x 29/144 uniform load)
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 18

Distributed load w = 40 psf x 13/1000

w = 0 to 0.52 klf

Global moment (due to triangular roof load) (cubic parabola with origin at mid-span) Mx = w L2/24 (1 8 X3 / L3 ) For max. M at mid-span, X=0, hence M = wL2 / 24= 0.52 x 4202 / 24 M = 3,822 k Global moment (due to uniform rib load) M = w L2/8 = 0.12 klf x 4202/8 Moments = 3,822 + 2,646 Horizontal reaction H = M/f= 6,468/30 Vertical reaction R = wL/2 = (0.52/2+0.12) x 420/2 Cable tension (max.) T = (H2 + R2)1/2 = (216 2 + 80 2 )1/2 Metallic cross section required Am = T/Fa= 230/70 ksi
Suspension structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

M = 2,646 k M = 6,468 k H = 216 k R = 80 k T = 230 k Am = 3.3 in2

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Recycling Center, Vienna (1981) Architect: L. M. Lang Engineer: Natterer and Diettrich This recycling center is a wood structure of 170 m (560 ft) diameter of 67 m (220 ft) height concrete mast. The roof consists of 48 radial laminated wood ribs that carry uniform roof load in tension but asymmetrical loads may cause bending in the semi-rigid tension bands. The mast cantilevers from a central foundation, designed to resist asymmetrical erection loads and lateral wind load. The peripheral pylons are triangular concrete walls. 1 2 3 4 A B C D E Cross section Roof plan Top of central support mast Tension rib base support Laminated wood ribs, 20x80-110 cm (7.8x32-43 in) Laminated wood ring beams, 12x39 cm (5x15 in) Wood joists Steel tension ring Steel anchor bracket

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Clifton Suspension Bridge, UK, 214 m span, 1831

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Danube Bridge, Budapest, 220 m span, 1840

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Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, 4200 m main span, 1934

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Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 853 m span, 7, 1, 1940 - 11, 7, 1940 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mclp9QmCGs

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Exhibit Hall 8/9, Hanover, Germany, 245x345m, 1998 Architect: GMP Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann

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suspended cable car Zugspitze

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