L HI H (CH BIN) BI TH TR NGUYN THANH TNG

CNG TRNH NG ST
TP MT
(DNG CHO CC LP KHNG CHUYN NGNH)

NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI H NI 2002

L HI H (CH BIN) BI TH TR NGUYN THANH TNG

CNG TRNH NG ST
TP MT
(DNG CHO CC LP KHNG CHUYN NGNH)

NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI H NI 2002 LI NI U Gio trnh "Cng trnh ng st" tp 1 "Tuyn ng st, kt cu tng trn ng st v nn ng st" nhm phc v sinh vin cc ngnh ng t, cu hm,

kinh t xy dng, khai thc vn ti st v cc ngnh khc lin quan n giao thng vn ti. Trong cun sch gii thiu cc vn c lin quan ti tnh sc ko u my, nguyn tc thit k bnh v trc dc tuyn ng st, khi nim vch tuyn, phng php so snh kinh t k thut cc phng n, cu to cc b phn kt cu tng trn ng st, thit k ng ray, ng giao ct trong ga, khi nim ng st khng mi ni v nn ng st. phc v cho sinh vin cc lp khng chuyn ngnh ng st, khi bin son cc tc gi c gng bm st ni dung i mi ca chng trnh mn hc ph hp tnh hnh thc t. Sch ti bn ln ny c b xung mt s ni dung cho ph hp vi chng trnh o to v mt s quy nh v cc tiu chun mi ca ngnh ng st. Sau cc phn l thuyt c a nhng v d c th bn c d hiu. Ni dung gio trnh v cc chng mc c tp th cc thy gio B mn ng st Trng H Giao thng vn ti gp . Trong qu trnh bin son c s phn cng sau: TS. L Hi H vit phn 1: phn tuyn ng st gm cc chng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ThS. Bi Th Tr vit phn 2: chng 1, 2, 3, 5. PGS-TS. Nguyn Thanh Tng vit phn 2 chng 4. Gio trnh "Cng trnh ng st" tp 2 s trnh by nhng phn sau: Phn 1: Thi cng ng st Phn 2: K thut sa cha ng st Trong qu trnh bin son, chc chn khng trnh khi nhng sai st, chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca bn c ln xut bn sau c hon thin hn. H Ni, thng 6-2002 Cc tc gi

MC LC
Li ni u Mc lc Phn 1. TUYN NG ST Chng 1. Tnh sc ko u my 1.1. Khi nim chung 1.1.1. Mc ch tnh sc ko u my khi thit k ng st 1.1.2. M hnh tnh ca on tu v cc lc tc dng ln n 1.2. Lc cn chuyn ng 1.2.1. Thnh phn ca lc cn 1.2.2. Lc cn c bn 1.2.3. Cng thc thc nghim tnh lc cn n v c bn ca toa xe 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6. 1.2.7 Lc cn n v c bn ca u my Lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca on tu Lc cn ph Cc bin php lm gim lc cn Trang 5

11 11 11 13 13 13 14 17 18 19 23 24 24 24 30 31 31 31 32 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 38

1.3. Lc hm on tu 1.3.1. Cc phng tin hm tu 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.4. 1.4.1. Tnh lc hm do tc dng ca m phanh Tnh lc hm hon nguyn Lc ko v c tnh lc ko ca u my Khi nim chung

1.4.2. S th hin lc ko ca u my 1.4.3. Phn bit 3 khi nim v lc ko u my 1.4.4. 1.4.5. 1.4.6. 1.5. Hn ch lc ko theo iu kin bm Cc khi nim v trng lng on tu Tng s lc ko ca nhiu u my Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca on tu

1.5.1. Phn tch iu kin chuyn ng ca tu 1.5.2. S ph thuc ca hp lc vo tc chy tu 1.5.3. Thnh lp phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca on tu 1.5.4. Tnh trng lng on tu v kim tra trng lng on tu theo cc iu kin hn ch n Chng 2. Bnh v trc dc ng st

2.1. Yu t bnh ng st khu gian 2.1.1. ng thng v ng cong 2.1.2. Bn knh ti thiu v bn knh hn ch 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. ng cong ho hon (chuyn tip) on thng gia hai ng cong Gc quay nh nht Nhng yu t trc dc ng st Khi nim chung Phn loi dc trc dc Dc hn ch ip

44 44 48 49 54 57 58 58 58 58 61 62 63 65 66 68 70 70 70 70 72 73 73 74 76 77 77 78 78 80 81 83 85

2.2.4. Dc cn bng icb 2.2.5. Dc gia cng igc 2.2.6. Dc qun tnh ij 2.2.7. Dc vn doanh 2.2.8. Chiu di cc yu t trc dc 2.2.9. Ni cc yu t trc dc 2.3. Phn b im phn gii 2.3.1. Mc ch phn b im phn gii 2.3.2. Phn loi im phn gii 2.3.3. Ni dung phn b im phn gii 2.3.4. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3. 2.5. Nguyn tc phn b im phn gii Yu cu bnh , trc dc ti im phn gii Yu cu v bnh ti im phn gii Yu cu v trc dc ti im phn gii Chiu di ga Thit k bnh , trc dc ng st

2.5.1. B tr im i dc theo bnh v cng trnh nhn to 2.5.2. Thit k trc dc theo iu kin trnh ngp nc 2.5.3. Thit k bnh v trc dc ng st khi gp cu, gp cc ng giao thng khc v qua hm 2.5.4. Thit k trc dc bo m an ton chy tu 2.5.5. Thit k trc dc bo m chy tu lin tc 2.5.6. Nhng s o v bnh v trc dc 3.1. Chng 3. Vch tuyn Nhim v vch tuyn, cc phng n v hng tuyn

3.1.1. Nhim v vch tuyn 3.1.2. Nu cc phng n v hng tuyn 3.1.3. ng chim bay v im kinh t, chng ngi v im khng ch 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.4. 3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3. Phn loi vch tuyn Vch tuyn theo iu kin a hnh Vch tuyn theo iu kin s dng dc gii hn Nhim v v phng php vch tuyn t do v vch tuyn kh khn Nhim v v phng php vch tuyn t do Nhim v v phng php vch tuyn kh khn Cc loi hnh trin tuyn c im vch tuyn theo nhng iu kin a hnh, a th v a cht khc nhau Vch tuyn men sng Vch tuyn ven theo ng phn thu Vch tuyn men theo sn ni

85 85 86 87 87 88 88 88 90 93 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 100 101 102 102 102 103 103 103 106 107 108 108 109 110 111

3.4.4. Vch tuyn ct ng phn thu 3.4.5. Vch tuyn theo a cht phc tp 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 4.1. Vch tuyn qua sng nh gi vic vch tuyn Quy nh bn v bnh v trc dc tuyn Chng 4. So snh kinh t k thut cc phng n Nhng nguyn tc c bn khi so snh phng n

4.1.1. Khi nim 4.1.2. Cc ch tiu so snh phng n 4.2. So snh phng n theo ch tiu gi tin 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. 4.3. 4.3.1. ngha ca vic so snh theo ch tiu gi tin So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on So snh phng n khi u t nhiu giai on Phng php chn dc hn ch ip theo kinh ph quy i Tnh khi lng cng trnh v gi thnh xy dng cc phng n Khi nim

4.3.2. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh nn ng 4.3.3. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh cng trnh nhn to 4.3.4. Tnh khi lng v gi thnh kt cu tng trn

4.3.5. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh cc ga 4.3.6. Tnh gi thnh xy dng cc phng n 4.4. Tnh chi ph khai thc khi so snh phng n 4.4.1. Cc phng php tnh chi ph khai thc khi so snh phng n 4.4.2. Tnh chi ph khai thc trc tip theo tiu chun tng loi 4.4.3. Tnh chi ph khai thc gin tip theo tiu chun tng loi Chng 5. La chn cc thng s k thut v phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng Nng lc tnh ton v nhng thng s k thut c bn Nng lc tnh ton Nhng thng s k thut c bn th kh nng vn chuyn, kh nng thng qua c th v yu cu th kh nng vn chuyn, kh nng thng qua c th v yu cu Cc trng hp tnh ton, cc trng thi k thut

111 111 112 112 114 115

5.1. 5.1.1. 5.1.2. 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.4.

116 116 117 117 117 119 119 119 124 125 125 127

Tnh kh nng thng qua v kh nng vn chuyn c th Tnh kh nng thng qua c th Cc ch tiu vn tc Phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng v la chn thng s k thut ca tuyn ng 5.4.1. Phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng 5.4.2. La chn cc thng s k thut ring bit ca tuyn ng Phn 2. KT CU TNG TRN NG ST, NN NG ST Chng 1. Cu to kin trc tng trn 1.1 Ray 1.1.1. Cng dng v yu cu i vi ray 1.1.2. Hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc ca ray 1.2 Ph tng ni gi ray 1.2.1. Yu cu i vi ph tng ni gi 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.3 1.3.1. Ph kin gi ray Mi ni ray v ph kin mi ni T vt Cng dng v yu cu i vi t vt

130 130 130 132 132 133 145 149 149 149 150 151

1.3.2. T vt st 1.3.3. T vt g 1.3.4. T vt b tng

1.4. 1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.5.

Lp ba lt Cng dng v yu cu i vi lp ba lt Mt ct ngang ca lp ba lt Phng tri v gia cng ng cong

154 154 155 162 165 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 176 190 191 199 203 207 209 209 213 216 217 217 219 219 219 220 220 220 221 222

Chng 2. Thit k ng ray 2.1. c im cu to ca i bnh xe 2.2. ng ray trn ng thng 2.2.1. C ly ray trn ng thng (S0) 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.3. 2.3.1. nghing ca ray V tr mt ngang nh hai ray ng ray trn ng cong Cc c im ca ng ray trn ng cong

2.3.2. Ni tip ca u my toa xe trn ng cong 2.3.3. Tnh ni rng c ly ray trn ng cong 2.3.4. t ray h bnh trn ng cong 2.3.5. Siu cao ray lng trn ng cong 2.3.6. ng cong chuyn tip 2.3.7. t ray ngn trong ng cong 3.1. Chng 3. Cu to ghi n Khi nim chung

3.2. Cu to b ghi n ph thng 3.2.1. B phn u ghi 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.3. 3.4. 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.3. B phn tm ghi B phn ni dn trong ghi T vt ghi Bn v ghi Chng 4. Khi nim ng st khng mi ni u nhc im ca ng st c mi ni v khng mi ni Nhc im ca ng st c mi ni u nhc im ca ng st khng mi ni Phn bit chiu di ray trn ng st Ray thng thng Ray di c chiu di ray ln hn chiu di ray tiu chun Ray khng mi ni Nguyn l c bn tnh ng st khng mi ni

4.3.1. ng sut nhit t v lc nhit Pt 4.3.2. Lc cn tuyn ng 4.4. Yu cu v thit k ng st khng mi ni 4.4.1. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc 4.4.2. Yu cu v cu to ng ray 4.5. t ray khng mi ni trn ng ang khai thc 4.5.1. Cng tc c bn 4.5.2. Cng tc chnh l ng st khng mi ni Chng 5. Nn ng st 5.1. Phn loi trc ngang nn ng 5.2. Trc ngang nn p nh hnh 5.2.1. Cu to nn ng 5.2.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2. Cc cng trnh ca nn ng Trc ngang nh hnh nn o t p nn ng t dng p nn ng m nn nn ng Chuyn i n v o lng Ti liu tham kho

222 222 223 223 223 225 225 226 227 228 229 233 234 235 235 236 239 240

PHN 1

TUYN NG ST
CHNG 1. TNH SC KO U MY
1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG. 1.1.1. Mc ch tnh sc ko u my khi thit k ng st. Khi thit k ng mi cng nh ci to ng c vic tnh sc ko cho php xc nh c trng lng on tu, c tnh v ch chuyn ng ca tu (m my, ng my, ng v hm), vn tc chy tu v thi gian chy tu, tiu hao nhin liu du ma dt nu l u my izen, tiu hao than nc nu l u my hi nc, tiu hao nng lng in nu l u my in. Theo nhng s liu ny xc nh c chi ph khai thc ca ng trong tng lai, do cho php nh gi v so snh cc phng n tuyn thit k. 1.1.2. M hnh tnh ca on tu v cc lc tc dng ln n. 1. Cc gi thit. Khi tu chuyn ng trn ng ta xem on tu nh cht im chuyn ng di tc dng ca cc lc t ti trng tm. Khi tu chuyn ng tin dn ( mi thi im vn tc bng nhau v i lng v chiu) ta khng xt n ni lc v ni lc khng gy ra chuyn ng m ch xt n ngoi lc gy ra chuyn ng ca on tu. 2. Cc ngoi lc. a. Lc ko F (N, KN) do u my sinh ra v do ngi li my tng gim hoc ng my. b. Lc cn chuyn ng W (N, KN) ph thuc vo loi on tu, tc chuyn ng, dc v v tr ng cong m tu chy trn . Lc cn chuyn ng xut hin v nhng nguyn nhn khch quan v vy ngi li my khng iu chnh c. c. Lc hm on tu B (N, KN) l lc to ra do con ngi thng qua b phn hm cn chuyn ng ca on tu nhm gim hoc gi nguyn vn tc khi xung dc, khi vo ga hoc cho tu dng li nu cn thit. Ph thuc vo cch iu khin chy tu ca ngi li my m c th phn ra cc ch chy tu sau: - Ch ko: ng c ca u my m my. - Ch chy : ng c ca u my ng my nhng khng s dng hm v on tu chuyn ng di tc dng ca thnh phn trng lc hoc lc qun tnh.

- Ch hm: ng c ca u my ng my, h thng hm lm vic. d. Quy tc du. C th dng quy tc du nh sau:

Chiu chuyn ng

W>0 B>0

F>0 W<0

Hnh 1-1. Quy tc du ca F, W, B Lc ko bao gi cng tc dng theo chiu chuyn ng ly du dng F > 0. Lc hm bao gi cng tc dng ngc chiu chuyn ng ly du dng B > 0. Lc cn c du dng W > 0 khi ngc chiu chuyn ng, c du m W < 0 khi cng chiu chuyn ng. Cng tn ti quy tc du khc l nhng lc cng chiu chuyn ng mang du dng v ngc chiu chuyn ng mang du m. Theo quy tc ny lc ko mang du dng, lc hm mang du m, lc cn cng mang du m tr trng hp lc cn do dc khi tu chuyn ng xung dc mang du dng tc l kch thch chuyn ng v khi ln dc mang du m. e. Lc ton phn v lc n v. Trong tnh ton sc ko u my ngi ta a ra khi nim lc ton phn v lc n v. Nhng lc tnh ton cho c on tu, cho u my, cho mt toa xe hoc mt nhm toa xe c gi l lc ton phn. Cc lc ny c k hiu ch in hoa F, W, B v n v o l Niu tn (N). Nhng lc tnh cho mt n v trng lc ca on tu, ca u my, ca toa xe c gi l lc n v. Trng lc ca on tu, ca u my, ca toa xe tt nht dng n v KN vi iu kin l khi lng ca chng dng n v tn. Cc lc n v ny c k hiu ch thng f, w, b.
f = F (N/KN) ( P + Q) g (1-1) (1-2)

w=

W (N/KN) ( P + Q) g

10

b=

B (N/KN) ( P + Q) g

(1-3)

y: P - khi lng u my (tn) Q - khi lng on toa xe (tn) g - gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2 V d: lc ko ton phn c tr s 385500 N tc dng vo on tu c trng lc (P+Q).g = 65000 KN th lc ko n v l f = 385500/65000 = 5,93 N/KN Tu theo tng quan gia tr s lc ko, lc cn n v m tu c nhng chuyn ng khc nhau: nhanh dn, chm dn v u.

1.2. LC CN CHUYN NG. 1.2.1. Thnh phn ca lc cn. Khi chuyn ng on tu chu lc cn do nhiu yu t khc nhau. d dng tnh n cc yu t ny ngi ta chia lc cn chuyn ng thnh hai phn:
a. Lc cn c bn W0, w0: l lc cn tt nhin khi tu chy trn ng thng, bng v rng thong vi vn tc nht nh. b. Lc cn ph: xut hin ch khi on tu qua dc Wi, wi hoc qua ng cong Wr, wr hoc khi khi ng Wk, wk. Ngoi ra cn tnh n mt s lc cn ph khc nh khi c gi to, khi tu chy trong hm... Tng s i s ca lc cn c bn v lc cn ph gi l lc cn chung ca on tu: W = W 0 + W i + Wr (N) (1-4) (N/KN) (1-5) w = w0 + wi + wr Nh vy lc cn c bn lun lun xy ra khi tu chuyn ng cn lc cn ph c th c tu theo iu kin chuyn ng v c tnh ca trc dc v bnh trn on ng cho. Lc cn chung n v ca u my w' = w0' + wi' + wr' (N/KN) (1-6) (1-7) (1-8) (N)

Lc cn chung n v ca toa xe w'' = w0'' + wi'' + wr'' (N/KN) Lc cn chung ton phn ca on tu W = w'.P.g + w''.Q.g (N) Hay W = (w0' + wi' + wr').P.g + (w0'' + wi'' + wr'').Q.g

1.2.2. Lc cn c bn.

11

1. nh ngha. Lc cn c bn l lc cn khi tu chy trn ng thng, bng v rng thong di cc iu kin sau: vn tc tu chy Vtu> 10 km/h; vn tc gi Vgi < 10 m/s v nhit khng kh mi trng t0 > -250C (vi cc nc Lin X c v mt s nc khc); vn tc chy tu Vtu > 10 km/h; t0 > -100C; Vgi < 5 m/s (vi Trung Quc). 2. Cc yu t to nn lc cn c bn. Lc cn c bn pht sinh khi c ma st gia cc b phn ca tu, gia tu v ng, gia tu v mi trng khng kh. Khi tu chy trn on thng v bng lc cn c bn pht sinh do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau: a. Lc cn do ma st gia c trc v bi: l thnh phn ln ca lc cn c bn, lc cn ny t l thun vi h s ma st trong bi, vi ti trng trc, vi ng knh trc v t l nghch vi ng knh bnh xe. b. Lc cn do ma st ln gia bnh xe v ray: lc cn ny xut hin do vnh bnh p trn ray v do ray b vng xung nn tu chuyn ng ln sng lm tn tht nng lng. c. Lc cn do ma st trt gia ai bnh v ray: khi bnh xe ln trn ray th pht sinh hin tng trt. Hai bnh va quay va trt l do vnh bnh xe c cu to hnh cn, do i bnh lp khng ng, do s chn ng ca my, do s tip xc ca ai bnh vi ray khng phi l mt im m l mt di v trn di cc bn knh khc nhau. d. Tn tht ng nng do chn ng v va chm gia bnh xe v ray mi ni ray, bi v mi s va p u lm cho mt phn ng nng bin thnh "cng c gii" xung kch nn tc gim dn. e. Lc cn khng kh: mt vt th chuyn ng u lm khng kh xung quanh chuyn ng. Tc ca cc b phn khng kh khc nhau tu theo v tr ca vt chuyn ng. Khng kh chnh din b nn, pha sau sinh ra chn khng, p lc pha trc ln hn pha sau v s chnh lch p lc to ra lc cn.

1.2.3. Cng thc thc nghim tnh lc cn n v ca toa xe. Lc cn n v c bn ca toa xe c xc nh bng thc nghim v ch yu ph thuc vo vn tc chy tu V (km/h), ti trng trc ca toa xe q0 (tn/trc), loi toa xe. 1. Cng thc thc nghim tnh lc cn n v c bn cho mt toa xe. a. i vi toa hng:
Cng thc tng qut

12

w0" = a + (b + w0" = a +

c )v (N/KN) - toa hng hai trc Lin X (1-9) q0

1 (b + cv + dv2) (N/KN) - toa hng 4, 6, 8 trc LX(1-10) q0 (N/KN) - toa hng 2, 4 trc trung Quc(1-11)

w0" =

29 + v 9 + 0,5q cabi

trong a, b, c, d - h s thc nghim Biu 1-1. H s thc nghim a, b, c, d toa hng Loi toa Toa 2 trc Toa 4 trc Toa 6 trc Toa 8 trc q0 = a 1,4 0,7 0,7 0,7 b 0,02 3 8 6 (tn/trc) c 0,25 0,1 0,1 0,038 0,0025 0,0025 0,0021 d

q cabi n

qcabi - khi lng hng v b; qcabi = qtt + qb (tn) qtt - khi lng tnh ton ca toa xe qb - khi lng b (toa rng) (tn) (tn)

- h s cht hng tu theo loi hng v loi toa xe n - s trc ca mt toa xe Lc cn n v c bn ca toa xe hng 4 trc trn ng kh 1000 mm nc ta c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: Vi toa c chy bng trt w0'' = 1,0 + 0,04V + 0,00032V2 (N/KN) Vi toa rng chy bng trt w0'' = 1,2 + 0,02V + 0,0017V2 (N/KN) Vi toa c chy bng ln w0'' = 0,7 + 0,04V + 0,0032V2 (N/KN) Vi toa rng chy bng ln w0'' = 0,9 + 0,02V + 0,0017V2 (N/KN) 1435 mm nc ta c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: Vi toa xe khch hoc hng chy bng trt w0'' = 2 + (0,007 + m) V2 (N/KN) 100 (1-16) (1-12) (1-13) (1-14) (1-15)

Lc cn n v c bn ca toa xe khch v toa xe hng 4 trc trn ng kh

13

Vi toa xe khch hoc hng chy bng ln

V2 80 + (0,007 + m) (N/KN) V + 38 100 Trong m l h s b mt c quy nh nh sau: m = 0,033 - i vi toa xe khch 4 trc m = 0,05 - i vi toa xe hng c m = 0,033 - i vi toa xe hng rng b. i vi toa khch. Cng thc tng qut (N/KN) w0" = a + bv + cv2 trong a, b, c - h s thc nghim Biu 1-2. H s thc nghim toa khch
w0'' = 2,2 Loi toa Toa khch Lin X Toa khch n a 1,4 2,46 b 0,012 0,026

(1-17)

(1-18)

c 0,0003 0,00029

20 + 0,00032v2 (N/KN) (1-19) v V d: Tnh lc cn ton phn ca on toa xe hng 4 trc Lin X c khi lng 5600 tn ti thi im V = 60 km/h bit khi lng b ca toa 4 trc l 22 tn,
Vi toa khch Trung Quc w0" = 1,49 + khi lng tnh ton ca toa 4 trc l 62,5 tn v = 0,9. Gii: qcabi = 22 + 0,9.62,5 = 78,25 tn q0 =

78,25 = 19,56 tn/trc 4

3,0 + 0,1.60 + 0,0025.60 2 = 1,52 (N/KN) 19,56

w0"(4) = 0,7 +

W0" = w0".Q.g = 1,52.5600.9,81 = 73502 (N)

2. Cng thc tnh lc cn bnh qun ca on toa xe. Trong thc t on tu c hnh thnh t nhiu loi toa xe, lc :

W0" = w0"(2)Q2.g + w0"(4)Q4.g + w0"(6)Q6.g (N) w0" =

W0 " Q 2 Q Q = w0"(2) + 4 w0"(4) + 6 w0"(6) (N/KN) Q.g Q Q Q

(1-20)

w0" = 2.w0"(2) + 4.w0"(4) + 6.w0"(6) = 21)

w
i =1

0(i )

". i (N/KN)

(1-

14

Trong : w"0(2), w"0(4), w"0(6) - lc cn n v c bn ca tng loi toa (N/KN) Q2, Q4, Q6 - khi lng cc nhm toa trong on tu (tn) 2, 4, 6 - t l tnh theo khi lng ca tng loi toa so vi khi lng on tu Mt khc nu bit t l tnh theo s lng ca tng loi toa i, s toa trong on tu m v khi lng ca tng toa qi (k c hng v b) ta c: 2 = 4 = 6 = hay l i =

2 q2 m 2 q 2 = m( 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 ) 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6
m 4 q 4 4 q4 = m( 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 ) 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 m 6 q 6 6 q6 = m( 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 ) 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6

(1-22) (1-23) (1-24) (1-25)

i qi

i =1

qi

kim tra tnh ton cn s dng cng thc

i =1

=1

1.2.4. Lc cn n v c bn ca u my. i vi u my khi ng v khi m my c lc cn c bn khc nhau. Khi ng my lc cn c bn ln hn khi m my (khi ng my phi tnh thm lc cn
ph do ma st cc b phn chuyn ng v truyn ng ca u my sinh ra), tu chy ng my di tc dng ca trng lc hoc lc qun tnh. w'o = w'o + w'o sau: w'o = a1 + b1V + c1V2 (N/KN) w'o = a2 + b2V + c2V2 (N/KN) trong a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 - cc h s thc nghim 1. Khi tu chy m my. u my tu khch u my tu hng w'0 = 1,9 + 0,01V + 0,0005V2 (N/KN) w'0 = 2,2 + 0,01V + 0,0003V (N/KN)
2 2

(N/KN)

(1-26)

Khi tu chy m my v ng my lc cn n v c bn c dng tng qut nh

(1-27) (1-28) (1-29)

u my loi mi w'0 = 1,2 + 0,025V + 0,00016V (N/KN) 2. Khi tu chy ng my.

15

i vi u my hi nc loi mi: w'0 = 3,0 + 0,002V + 0,0009V2 i vi u my izen loi mi: w'0 = 2,4 + 0,011V + 0,00035V2 (N/KN) (N/KN) (1-30) (1-31)

1.2.5. Lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca on tu. Khi tu m my

w0 =
W0 w' .P + w"0 .Q = 0 = w'01 + w"02 (N/KN) (1-32) ( P + Q) g P+Q W0 d w' .P + w"0 .Q = w'01 + w"02 (N/KN) = 0d ( P + Q) g P+Q

Khi tu ng my w0 = 33) Trong 1, 2 - t l v khi lng ca u my v toa xe so vi khi lng on tu Trong i a s trng hp 1 << 2 v vy khi tnh ton gn ng ly w0 w"0 V d: Tnh lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca tu hng trng hp m my v ng my khi V = 60 km/h. on tu bao gm 30% s toa 2 trc v khi lng mi toa (c hng v b) l 30 tn, 40% s toa 4 trc v khi lng mi toa (c hng v b) l 80 tn, 30% s toa 6 trc v khi lng mi toa (c hng v b) l 126 tn. Khi lng on toa xe 3000 tn c ko bi 2 u my TE10 c tng khi lng l 258 tn, toa xe Lin X. Gii: Lc cn n v c bn ca u my khi m my w'0= 2,2+0,01V+ 0,0003V2= 2,2 + 0,01.60 + 0,0003.602 = 3,88(N/KN) Lc cn n v c bn ca u my khi ng my w'0= 2,4 + 0,011V + 0,00035V2 = 2,4 + 0,011.60 + 0,00035.602 =4,32 (N/KN) Lc cn n v c bn ca toa 2 trc w"0(2) = 1,4+(0,02+ 0,25 0,25 )V = 1,4+(0,02+ ).60 = 3,6 (N/KN) q0 30 / 2 (1-

Lc cn n v c bn ca toa 4 trc w"0(4)= 0,7 + 3,0 + 0,1V + 0,0025V 2 3,0 + 0,1.60 + 0,0025.60 2 = 0,7 + q0 80 / 4

=1,6(N/KN)

16

Lc cn n v c bn ca toa 6 trc w"0(6)= 0,7 + 8 + 0,1V + 0,0025V 2 8 + 0,1.60 + 0,0025.60 2 = 0,7 + q0 126 / 6

=1,65 (N/KN) Ta c t l theo khi lng ca cc loi toa xe 2 = 4 = 6 =

2 q2 0,3.30 = 0,11 = 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 0,3.30 + 0,4.80 + 0,3.126

4 q4 0,4.80 = 0,41 = 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 0,3.30 + 0,4.80 + 0,3.126 6 q6 0,3.126 = 0,48 = 2 q 2 + 4 q 4 + 6 q 6 0,3.30 + 0,4.80 + 0,3.126

Kim tra i = 0,11 + 0,41 + 0,48 = 1 Lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca on toa xe w"0= (N/KN) Lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca tu hng khi m my w0 =
w' 0 P + w"0 Q 3,88.258 + 1,85.3000 = 2,01 (N/KN) = P+Q 258 + 3000 w' 0 d P + w"0 Q 4,32.258 + 1,85.3000 = 2,05 (N/KN) = P+Q 258 + 3000

2w"0(2)+

4w"0(4)+

6w"0(6)=

0,11.3,6+0,41.1,6+0,48.1,65=1,85

Lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca tu hng khi ng my w0 =

1.2.6. Lc cn ph. 1. Lc cn do dc W1, wi.

h (m)

Wi

(P+Q)g

L (km)

Hnh 1-2. Lc cn do dc Wi Khi tu chy trn dc th pht sinh mt lc song song vi ng, chiu ca lc ny hoc trng vi chiu chuyn ng (xung dc) hoc ngc chiu chuyn ng (ln dc).

17

Wi = 1000(P+Q)g.sin

(N)
0

(1-34)

V nh (thm ch vi dc 15 th = 0 51') nn c th coi sin = tg m tg =

h i do h tnh bng (m) v L tnh bng (km) = L 1000 i = (P+Q)gi 1000

(1-35)

Khi Wi = 1000(P+Q)g wi =

Wi ( P + Q ) gi =i = ( P + Q) g ( P + Q) g

Nh vy lc cn n v do dc v tr s bng dc v wi mang du dng khi tu ln dc, mang du m khi tu xung dc. V d: Nu on tu c khi lng 6000 tn chy trn dc 5 th wi = 5 (N/KN) v Wi = (P+Q)g.wi = 6000.9,81.5 = 294300 N 2. Lc cn do ng cong Wr, wr. Khi tu vo ng cong chu mt lc cn do nhng nguyn nhn chnh sau y: a. Do vnh bnh pha ngoi sit cht vo m trong ray lng di tc dng ca lc ly tm. b. Do trt ngang ca u my toa xe khi vo ng cong. c. Do bnh xe trn cng mt trc khng chy trn cng mt chiu di, bnh xe pha ngoi phi vt nhanh ln v ng pha ngoi di hn nn bnh xe va quay va trt. Lc cn do ng cong ch yu ph thuc vo bn knh ng cong, vo kh ng, vo ng knh bnh xe, vo c ly cng nhc ca toa xe, vo vn tc chy tu, vo siu cao ray lng. xc nh lc cn do ng cong thng s dng cc cng thc kinh nghim sau: a. Khi chiu di ng cong ln hn chiu di on tu (lc > lt) wr = 36) wr =
37) Trong R - bn knh ng cong (m) 425 R (N/KN) i vi ng 1000 mm (1-

700 R

(N/KN) i vi ng 1435 mm

(1-

18

Lt

R, ,K
Hnh 1-3. l c > lt b. Khi chiu di ng cong < chiu di on tu (l c < lt), mt phn tu nm trong ng cong th chu lc cn do ng cong: wr = v lc = 700 l c 12,2 o (N/KN) ng 1435 mm . = R lt lt (1-38)

R o
180 o wr =

R o 57,3 (1-39)

425 l c 7,5 o . = (N/KN) ng 1000 mm R lt lt

Lt

R,,K

Hnh 1-4. l c < lt c. Khi tu nm trn nhiu ng cong. Trng hp th nht tu nm mt phn trn cc ng cong:

Lt

Hnh 1-5. Tu nm trn mt phn ng cong wr = wr =

12,2( 1 + 2 ) lt

(N/KN) ng 1435 mm

(1-40) (1-41)

7,5( 1 + 2 ) (N/KN) ng 1000 mm lt

Trng hp th hai tu nm trn trn cc ng cong:

19

Lt R1, 1, K1 R 2 , 2 , K2

Hnh 1-6. Tu nm trn trong 2 ng cong wr = wr = 12,2( 1 + 2 ) lt (N/KN) ng 1435 mm (N/KN) ng 1000 mm (1-42) (1-43)

7,5( 1 + 2 ) lt

Khi tu vo ng cong lc cn do ng cong c coi tng ng nh lc cn do dc ir no . Do khi tu vo ng cong th chu mt lc cn ph ik = i + ir ik - dc tnh i (dc dn xut) ir lun dng v lc ny lun tri chiu chuyn ng i - dc thc t hay dc trung bnh, c du (+) khi ln dc; du (-) khi xung dc V d: Hy xc nh lc cn do ng cong v dc dn xut trn on tuyn sau bit ltu = 400m, ng kh 1000 mm
5 R1 = 500 m 1 = 150 K1 = 130 m 75 m R2 = 600 m 2 = 100 K2 = 105 m 500 0 450 6 R3 = 800 m 3 = 200 K3 = 279 m 600

(1-44)

500 m

Gii:

K1 < lt K 1 + 75 + K 2 < l t K 2 < lt

wr = 7,5 o 7,5.(15 + 10) = 0,47 0,5 (N/KN) = lt 400

wr = ir = 0,5 Chiu ln dc ik = 5 + 0,5 = 5,5 Chiu xung dc ik = -5 + 0,5 = -4,5

20

K3 = 279m < lt = 400m wr = ir = 0,4

wr =

7,5 7,5.20 = 0,38 0,4 (N/KN) = lt 400

Chiu ln dc ik = 6 + 0,4 = 6,4 Chiu xung dc ik = -6 + 0,4 = -5,6 c. Lc cn khi tu khi ng Wk, wk. Cng thc tnh lc cn c bn ch ng khi m V > 10 km/h. Lc tu khi ng pht sinh lc cn ph khi ng v: + Du c trc b chy xung di ng c li lm cho h s ma st tng ln. + Tu ray b vng xung khi tu chy ma st tng ln. Cng thc thc nghim tnh lc cn khi ng: wk = A (N/KN) q0 + 7 (1-45)

A = 142 i vi toa chy bc (trt) A = 28 i vi toa c bi cu q0 - ti trng trc (T/trc) Hin nay khi tnh s b ngi ta ly wk = 4 N/KN d. Lc cn chuyn ng trong hm Wh, wh. Khi tu chy trong hm trc tu khng kh b p, khng kh chn hai bn mn tu, cui tu khng kh xon li do gy nn lc cn. Tu theo chiu di hm, m t v tc chy tu m wh = 0,5 1,5 N/KN e. Lc cn tng thm do gi, do nhit thp. Khi Vgi > 10 m/s v khi nhit khng kh mi trng xung thp lm du m c trc b ng c li lm tng lc cn ca tu. w0(g,t) = w0(1+g).(1+t) (N/KN) (1-46) g, t - cc h s tnh n gi mnh, n nhit thp.

1.2.7. Cc bin php lm gim lc cn. Lm gim lc cn th tng c vn tc v trng lng on tu, mt khc lm cho u my tiu th t nhin liu nn ph tn vn doanh trc tip gim. Lm gim lc cn bng cc bin php sau: a. Ci thin tuyn ng.
Tng cng nng lc kt cu tng trn: Dng ray nng khi tu chy t b vng. Dng ray di, ray hn khng mi ni gim bt lc xung kch mi ni.

21

Dng lp ba lt dy c chn cht di t vt. Gi c ly ng ng v tr thit k. b. Khi thit k tuyn mi. Gim bt tr s dc v chiu di dc. Dng bn knh R ln v gim bt gc quay . c. Ci thin u my toa xe. Dng toa xe 4 trc thay cho toa xe 2 trc gim c ly cng nhc v tng ti trng trc. Dng bi cu thay cho bi trt ( gim wk). Dng du tt v tra du kp thi. Dng toa xe v u my theo hnh thoi. d. cao cht lng tu sa ng v u my toa xe.

1.3. LC HM ON TU. 1.3.1. Cc phng tin hm tu. gim tc, gi nguyn vn tc hoc tu dng ngi ta dng cc phng tin hm. C th to ra lc hm bng hai cch:
1. Hm c. Hm bng m phanh (guc hm) nh p guc hm vo bng a bnh xe hoc p guc hm vo ray. 2. Hm in. Hm bng cch thay i tc dng ca ng c in ca u my (i vi u my in v dizen truyn ng in, hm bng cch bin i c nng thnh in nng, in nng ny tr v mng in qua dy tip xc gi l hm hon nguyn. u my hi nc hm bng cch m ngc chiu hi vo xi lanh - cch ny rt nguy him) Lc hm on tu thng ln hn lc ko.

1.3.2. Tnh lc hm do tc dng ca m phanh. 1. C ch hnh thnh. Khi p guc hm vo vnh bnh xe bng mt lc K th gia chng xut hin lc
ma st c tr s Fms = K.k (k - h s ma st gia guc hm v vnh bnh). ng thi khi cng xut hin mt lc c tr s R = K.k tc dng t vnh bnh vo m phanh theo chiu ngc li.

22

V M1 K K F ms= K K K b K K R = K K

b2

A M2

b1

Hnh 1-7. Hnh thnh lc hm tu b Di hai lc v tm trc + Lc Fms = K.k v mmen M1 tc dng vo vnh bnh xe. + Lc R = K.k v mmen M2 tc dng vo khung xe thng qua b phn hm. + Mmen M2 b trit tiu bi cc lc thng gc gia bnh v ray, ch cn M1 tc dng vo vnh bnh xe. + Thay M1 bng ngu lc b b1 vi cnh tay n D/2 trong b = K.k l lc hm, b1 = K.k l lc tc dng t bnh vo ray, ti im A c b2 = K.k l phn lc tc dng t ray vo bnh xe theo chiu ngc li. Nh vy nguyn nhn gy ra lc hm b chnh l lc ma st Fms = K.k v tt nhin s xut hin lc hm khng th thiu s tn ti ca sc bm gia bnh xe v ray F = Ph. m bo cho bnh xe ln t t v dng li. 2. Hn ch lc hm theo iu kin bm. Khi tng lc p K tc dng vo mt trc th b = K.k tng nhng b F = Ph. Trong Ph - ti trng tnh cho mt trc c hm - h s bm ln gia bnh xe v ray V nu b > F th sc bm mt, bnh xe ngng quay, m phanh b cht ko bnh xe lt trn ray lm bnh xe mn vt. Hin tng nh th gi l b hm v cn trnh n trong vn dng u my toa xe. Nh vy K = (1)

Ph = Ph k - hiu sut hm k

(2)

u my = 0,5 0,6

23

toa hng = 0,6 0,65 toa khch = 0,7 0,9 3. H s ma st gia guc hm v vnh bnh xe k. H s ma st k ch yu ph thuc vo vn tc chy tu (km/h), vo lc nn ca guc hm K (KN), vo cc yu t khc nh thi gian ko di qu trnh hm, cng ca guc hm, trng thi mt ln... H s ma st k c xc nh bi cc cng thc thc nghim. + Vi m phanh gang 16.k + 1000 V + 100 . 80.k + 1000 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh gang c tng hm lng pht pho k = 0,6 16.k + 1000 V + 100 . 52.k + 1000 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh kim loi hn hp k = 0,5 (3)

(4)

k + 200 V + 150 . 4.k + 200 2V + 150 Trong k - lc nn m phanh n v

k = 0,44 k= k=

(5)

K vi m phanh kp (hm hai pha) 4

K vi m phanh n (hm mt pha) 2 4. Tnh lc hm ca on tu do tc dng ca guc hm sinh ra. Lc hm ton phn tc dng vo on tu bng tng ca tch cc lc p m phanh vi cc h s ma st B = 1000 Kk (N) Trong K - lc p m phanh ln mt trc (KN). Lc hm n v tc dng ln on tu b= = B K k = 1000.k (N/KN) = 1000 ( P + Q) g ( P + Q) g (7) (6)

K - hiu sut hm ca cc guc hm on tu. ( P + Q) g

Nu on tu c cc toa xe c cng loi guc hm ta dng cng thc (6), (7) xc nh lc hm.

24

Nu on tu c nhiu loi toa v trang b cc loi guc hm khc nhau th ta tnh cho tng nhm toa ring bit.

( P + Q) g

= ;

1 x

( P + Q) g

x1

2 x

( P + Q) g

= x ;

n x

( P + Q) g

= xn

Nu h s k khc nhau ta c: b = 1000(k + x1k1 + x2k2 +...+ xnkn) (N/KN) (8) Nh vy dng cng thc trn tnh lc hm l phc tp, n gin php tnh y ngi ta s dng phng php dn xut. 5. Tnh lc hm ca on tu theo phng php dn xut (phng php thu gn). H s thc t k ca guc hm mi bnh xe ph thuc vo vn tc chy tu V v lc p guc hm k. n gin php tnh ngi ta loi tr tham s k ra khi k bng cch thay th h s ma st thc t k bng h s ma st tnh ton kt v lc p ca guc hm thc t k c thay th bng lc p tnh ton kt. m bo iu kin lc hm khng b thay i ta phi c: B = 1000Kk = 1000Ktkt hay l Kk = Ktkt Kt = K

k kt

(9)

Nh vy xc nh Kt cn bit k, k, kt. Tr s k c xc nh theo cc cng thc (3, 4, 5), cn kt cng c xc nh theo cng thc ny song vi iu kin l kt = 27 (KN/trc) ng vi tr s lc nn trung bnh ca guc hm toa xe 4 trc Lin X. + Vi m phanh gang: kt = 0,6 16k + 1000 V + 100 16.27 + 1000 V + 100 . = 0,6 . 80k + 1000 5V + 100 80.27 + 1000 5V + 100 V + 100 5V + 100

= 0,27.

16k + 1000 V + 100 . k k 5V + 100 = 2,22 16k + 1000 K (KN) 80 1000 + Kt = K =K V + 100 kt 80k + 1000 0,27 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh gang c tng hm lng pht pho: 0,6
kt = 0,5

16k + 1000 V + 100 16.27 + 1000 V + 100 . . = 0,5 52k + 1000 5V + 100 52.27 + 1000 5V + 100

25

= 0,30.

V + 100 5V + 100 0,5

16k + 1000 V + 100 . 52k + 1000 5V + 100 = 1,67 16k + 1000 K (KN) V + 100 52k + 1000 0,3 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh kim loi hn hp ly kt = 16 (KN/trc) (toa Lin X):

Kt = K k = K kt

kt = 0,44

k + 200 V + 150 16 + 200 V + 150 . = 0,44 . 4k + 200 2V + 150 4.16 + 200 2V + 150 V + 150 2V + 150

= 0,36.

k + 200 V + 150 . 4k + 200 2V + 150 = 1,22 k + 200 K (KN) Kt = K k = K V + 150 kt 4k + 200 0,36 2V + 100 nc ta v mt s nc trn th gii (Trung Quc) ly kt = 17,5 (KN/trc) + Vi m phanh gang: 0,44
kt = 0,6

16k + 1000 V + 100 16.17,5 + 1000 V + 100 = 0,6 . . 80k + 1000 5V + 100 80.17,5 + 1000 5V + 100
V + 100 5V + 100

= 0,32.

16k + 1000 V + 100 . 80k + 1000 5V + 100 = 1,88 16k + 1000 K (KN) Kt = K k = K V + 100 kt 80k + 1000 0,32 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh gang c tng hm lng pht pho: 0,6
kt = 0,5 16k + 1000 V + 100 16.17,5 + 1000 V + 100 . = 0,5 . 52k + 1000 5V + 100 52.17,5 + 1000 5V + 100

= 0,34.

V + 100 5V + 100 0,5

16k + 1000 V + 100 . 52k + 1000 5V + 100 = 1,47 16k + 1000 K (KN) V + 100 52k + 1000 0,34 5V + 100 + Vi m phanh kim loi hn hp ly.

Kt = K k = K kt

26

kt = 0,44 = 0,36.

k + 200 V + 150 17,5 + 200 V + 150 = 0,44 . . 4k + 200 2V + 150 4.17,5 + 200 2V + 150
V + 150 2V + 150

k + 200 V + 150 . 4k + 200 2V + 150 = 1,22 k + 200 K (KN) V + 150 4k + 200 0,36 2V + 100 Thng thng cc tr s K,Kt c a ra trong quy trnh tnh sc ko u my. Cui cng lc hm n v c dng:

Kt = K k = K kt

0,44

b = 1000 Trong t =

K t .kt = 1000tkt ( P + Q) g

(N/KN))

(1-47)

K t - hiu sut hm tnh ton, n th hin lc nn c tr ( P + Q) g

s l bao nhiu tc dng vo mt n v trng lc ca on tu. xc nh hiu sut hm tnh ton ca toa xe cn bit: + S toa c hm ca tng nhm toa trong tng on tu ni. + S trc c hm ca mi toa ca tng nhm toa trong on tu mi. + Lc nn tnh ton trn mi trc toa ca tng nhm toa Kt(i). + Khi lng on toa xe Q. Lc p ton phn trn tt c cc trc c hm ca on toa xe: Kt = ni.mi.Kt(i) (KN) Hiu sut hm tnh ton ca toa xe: t =

ni mi K t (i ) K tx = Qg Qg
K tx + K td ( P + Q) g

(1-48)

Nu tnh c hm ca u my th: t = Ch : (1-49)

Khi hm tu khn cp s dng 100% lc hm ln nht = 1 Khi hm tu dng ga s dng 50% lc hm ln nht = 0,5 Khi hm tu xung dc s dng 20% lc hm ln nht = 0,2

V d: Mt on tu c 3 loi toa xe vi Q = 3000 tn gm: - 8 toa xe ch hng 4 trc hm mt pha (phanh n) c K1 = 65 KN/trc - 15 toa xe rng 4 trc hm mt pha (phanh n) c K2 = 35 KN/trc - 10 toa xe ch hng 2 trc hm hai pha (phanh kp) c K3 = 65 KN/trc

27

Hy tnh lc hm n v khi on tu chy vi vn tc 60 km/h, cc toa xe dng m phanh gang c kt = 17,5 KN/trc. Gii: a. Tnh lc hm theo phng php thng thng. Trc ht tnh:

16k + 1000 V + 100 . 80k + 1000 5V + 100 + i vi nhm toa xe th nht ta c:

k = 0,6 k1 =

K1 65 = 32,5 KN = 2 2 16.32,5 + 1000 60 + 100 = 0,101 . 80.32,5 + 1000 5.60 + 100

k1 = 0,6

+ i vi nhm toa xe th hai ta c: k2 = K2 35 = 17,5 KN = 2 2 16.17,5 + 1000 60 + 100 = 0,128 . 80.17,5 + 1000 5.60 + 100

k2 = 0,6

+ i vi nhm toa xe th ba ta c: k3 = K3 65 = 16,25 KN = 4 4

k3 = 0,6

16.16,25 + 1000 60 + 100 = 0,131 . 80.16,25 + 1000 5.60 + 100

Nh vy lc hm ton phn ca c on tu l: B = 1000(nimiKiki) B = 1000(8.4.65.0,101 + 15.4.35.0,128 + 10.2.65.0,131) B = 650000 N b= B 650000 = = 22,09 (N/KN) Qg 3000.9,81

b. Tnh theo phng php dn xut (thu gn) Trc ht tnh:

V + 100 60 + 100 = 0,32. = 0,128 5V + 100 5.60 + 100 + i vi nhm toa xe th nht tnh lc nn tnh ton cho mt trc bnh:
kt = 0,32.

Kt1 =

k1 0,101 .65 = 51,29 KN .K 1 = 0,128 kt

28

+ i vi nhm toa xe th hai tnh lc nn tnh ton cho mt trc bnh: Kt2 =

k2 0,128 .35 = 35 KN .K 2 = 0,128 kt

k3 0,131 .65 = 66,52 KN .K 3 = kt 0,128

+ i vi nhm toa xe th ba tnh lc nn tnh ton cho mt trc bnh: Kt3 =

Lc hm ton phn ca on tu l: B = 1000kt(nimiKi) B = 1000.0,128(8.4.51,29 + 15.4.35 + 10.2.66,52) = 650000 KN b= B 650000 = = 22,09 (N/KN) Qg 3000.9,81

Kt lun: T hai phng php khc hn nhau nhn c kt qu nh nhau song r rng phng php thu gn n gin hn.

1.3.3. Tnh lc hm hon nguyn (vi u my in v u my izen truyn ng in). Lc hm hon nguyn xy ra khi tu chy ng my xung dc. Lc ny mc d ngt in ng c in ko, nhng bnh xe tip tc quay v qua h thng bnh rng lm quay trc ng c in bin n thnh my pht in tr li mng ng
thi to ra m men hm (lc hm). tu xung dc vi tc cho php thng s dng hm iu ho (hm u my), khi i lng tc cho php c xc nh theo phng php c hc (hm toa xe) sao cho ng vi chiu di hm n nh tu phi dng c. Lc hm cn thit Bct gi tc cho php khi tu xung dc ik c th xc nh t iu kin cn bng lc tc dng khi tu chuyn ng u. (N) Bct + Pgw'0 + Qgw" 0 = (P+Q)gik hoc l 51) V d: Xc nh lc hm iu ho cn thit vi on tu do u my BL80 ko c (P+Q) = 3800 tn, ik = -10, V = 75 km/h, w0 = 2,3 N/KN Bct = (P+Q)g(ik - w0) = 3800.9,81.(10 - 2,3) = 281586 (N) Bct = (P+Q)gik - Pgw'0 - Qgw" 0 Bct + (P+Q)gw0 = (P+Q)gik Bct = (P+Q)g(ik - w0) (N) (N) (N) (1-50) (1-

1.4. LC KO V C TNH LC KO CA U MY. 1.4.1. Khi nim chung.

29

Hin nay ngnh ng st th gii s dng cc loi sc ko: in, izen, hi nc, kh. Hiu sut ca u my in 18 25%, izen 24 28%, hi nc 6 8%. i vi mi u my ngi ta tm ra vn tc tnh ton Vp v lc ko tnh ton Fkp m ng vi chng u my c s dng hp l nht. Nhng tr s ny c a ra trong quy trnh tnh sc ko.

1.4.2. S th hin lc ko ca u my. a. i vi u my hi nc.

V M Pi F

F1

F2

Hnh 1-8. Hnh thnh lc ko F u my hi nc. p lc hi nc Pi hnh thnh trong xi lanh c un si lm cho pt tng chuyn ng v thng qua h thng cn bin lm cho bnh xe quay vi m men M. Thay M bng ngu lc FF1. F - lc ko ca u my ti tm quay ca bnh xe. F1 - lc t ti im tip xc gia bnh xe v ray (im A) tc dng t bnh xe xung ray c hng ngc chiu chuyn ng. Ti A c phn lc F2 tc dng t ray vo bnh xe v y l ngoi lc gy ra chuyn ng ca on tu. b. i vi u my in v u my izen.
M2

M1

r1

r2 F

F1

F2

30

Hnh 1-9. Lc ko F ca u my izen Trc ng c quay sinh ra m men M1, khi bnh xe quay sinh ra m men M2 M2 = M1 Trong :
=

r2 - h s truyn t r1

- h s xt n tn tht trong qu trnh truyn t

Thay m men M2 bng ngu lc nh u my hi nc phn tch lc.

1.4.3. Phn bit ba khi nim v lc ko u my. a. Lc ko ch thi Fi. L lc ko tc dng ln vnh bnh hon ton tng ng vi cng do hi nc tc dng ln pt tng hoc tng ng vi cng do ng c in sinh ra trong u my
in v izen m khng xt n s hao ht do sc cn ca cc b phn my mc ca u my. b. Lc ko bm Fk. L lc ko t ln vnh bnh, n c xc nh bng lc ko ch th vi sc cn ca cc b phn my mc ca u my. Fk = Fi - Pg.w'0 (N) 52) Trong Pg.w'0 - sc cn ca cc b phn my mc ca u my. c. Lc ko c ch Fc. L lc ko mc ni ca u my vi toa xe u tin. Fc = Fk - Pg(w'0 + w'i + w'r) (N) (1-53) (1-

lc ny dng thng lc cn ca on tu. Ch : Khi tnh sc ko ngi ta s dng Fk m khng s dng Fi v chuyn ng trn ng phc tp do cc yu t dc v ng cong.

1.4.4. Hn ch lc ko theo iu kin bm. F l lc bn trong do ngi iu khin, F tng th F2 tng nhng F ch tng n mt gii hn ti a no . Lc ti a ny khng vt qu lc bm gia bnh xe v ray.
Fk 1000Pg. Trong :
- h s ma st bm ln gia bnh xe v ray. P - khi lng bm ca u my, l khi lng ca cc bnh xe

(N)

(1-54)

ch ng ln ray.

31

Gii thch: V khi Fk > 1000Pg. th sc bm gia bnh xe v ray s mt i dn n bnh xe khng th ln m bt u trt tng nhanh chuyn ng trn theo tm trc dn n bnh xe nh vng ti ch. Mun trnh hin tng phi gim bt lc ko hoc ri ct ln ray tng thm sc bm. H s ma st bm ln gia bnh xe v ray ph thuc vo cu to ca cc b phn chy ca u my, vo trng thi mt ray v vnh bnh, vo nhiu yu t khc. V vy c xc nh bng thc nghim. + i vi u my hi nc:
=

A 100 + V

Trong : V - tc tu chy A - h s thc nghim; A=2228 tu u my;A=30 u my hin i + i vi u my in v izen: A C + DV Trong : B, C, D - h s thc nghim
=B+ = 0,20 + = 0,25 +

10 100 + 12V

vi u my izen kh ng 1000 mm vi u my izen kh ng 1435 mm

8 100 + 20V

+ Khi tu chy trn ng cong c R 400m v trong hm th gim xung. + Thng = 0,4 vi ray sch c ri lp bt thch anh mn
= 0,15 ray m t.

1.4.5. Cc khi nim v trng lng u my. Khi lng bm ca u my: l khi lng ca cc bnh xe ch ng ln
ray Khi lng tnh ton ca u my: l khi lng ca u my cng vi tng e than nc v 2/3 s than nc. u my in v u my izen khi lng bm bng khi lng tnh ton v n khng c bnh dn hng v tng e than nc.

1.4.6. Tng s lc ko ca nhiu u my. nng cao khi lng v vt qua nhng dc ln ngi ta tng cng lc ko bng cch dng hai hoc ba u my. u my ph thm c th lp u (ko) hay cui (y). Nu lc ko qu ln d xy ra t mc, nu lc y qu ln th vo

32

ng cong toa xe c nguy c b lt ra ngoi. Do ngi ti x phi phi hp cho n khp.

1.5. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG CA ON TU. 1.5.1. Phn tch iu kin chuyn ng ca on tu. Tu chuyn ng c l do lc tc ng ln n. Qu trnh vn ng ca on tu trn tuyn c c trng bi ba ch lm vic ca u my. a. Ch ko (m my).
(N) R = Fk - W r = fk - w (N/KN) trong : R, r - hp lc ton phn v hp lc n v b. Ch chy (ng my). R = -W (N) r = -w (N/KN) c. Ch hm. R = -(W + B) (N) r = -(w +b) lc. + Nu R = 0 th tu chy u hoc ng yn. + Nu R > 0 th on tu vn ng c gia tc. + Nu R < 0 th on tu vn ng gim tc. (N/KN) (1-56) (1-55)

(1-57)

c trng vn ng ca on tu c xc nh bi tr s v hng ca hp

1.5.2. S ph thuc ca hp lc vo tc chy tu.

Bi v lc ko bm Fk ph thuc vo vn tc tu chy V (thng qua h s ), sc cn c bn W0 cng ph thuc vo vn tc chy tu V cho nn chng ta c th dng phng php th xc nh gi tr ca hp lc v t phn tch c tnh vn ng ca on tu. Ta c Fk = f1(V) W0 = f2(V) do th ca chng bao gi cng xc nh c thng qua vic kho st cc hm s trn. Bi v sc cn ph khng ph thuc vo vn tc nn: t W = W0 + Wi R = Fk - W

Trn hnh v trnh by phng php xc nh gi tr R

33

Trn hnh ng cong Fk = f(V) biu th c tnh sc ko ca u my cho, ng cong W = f(V) biu th sc cn ca on tu. T hnh v ta thy R gim khi tng vn tc chy. mt vn tc Vcb no m tr s ca lc ko v lc cn bng nhau Fk = W th vn tc c gi l vn tc cn bng (v d y nu on tu chy trn ng thng v bng th vn tc cn bng l V0cb, cn on tu chy trn tuyn ng c thm sc cn ph th vn tc cn bng l Vicb). Vn tc cn bng l vn tc ln nht m on tu c th t c do kt qu ca gia tc gy ra trn on ng kho st.
FK W

(V) (V)

W0

K (V)

Vcb

Vcb

Hnh 1-10. Quan h gia Fk, W v V T phn tch trn ta c nhn xt: Nu V < Vcb th R > 0 Nu V = Vcb th R = 0 Nu V > Vcb th R <0

1.5.3. Thnh lp phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca on tu. Nu xem xt chuyn ng ca on tu c khi lng (P+Q) tn nh mt cht im c lc t ti trng tm th khi theo nh lut II Niu tn: R = ma
Trong : R - Hp lc ton phn tc dng ln on tu (N) m - khi lng on tu m = 1000(P+Q) (kg) a - gia tc chuyn ng (m/s2) T cng thc trn chng ta c: a= dv R = dt m

34

Nu ta nhn c t s v mu s ca v phi vi gia tc ri t do g th:

dv R.g R.g R g = r. = = = . dt m.g 1000( P + Q) g ( P + Q ) g 1000

Nu vn tc on tu tnh theo km/h v g = 9,81 m/s2 i ra km/h2 th
=

9,81.60 2.60 2 = 127 1000.1000

v gia tc ca on tu l dv = 127.r (km/h2) dt Nu on tu c khi lng m chuyn ng vi vn tc V ng thi c ch ti cc chi tit tham gia chuyn ng quay (tiu biu nht l h thng bnh xe quay vi vn tc gc v ng nng ca chng) th khi tnh ton ngi ta thm h s khi lng quay . dv 127 = .r dt 1 + Biu 1-3. Bng h s khi lng quay Kiu u my v toa xe u my hi nc c tng e u my in v izen u my in v izen Toa xe khch Toa xe 4 trc c hng v khng hng Toa xe 2 trc c hng Toa xe 2 trc khng hng Trong thc t tnh ton ngi ta ly = 0,06 dv = 120.r (1) dt ngha ca phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca on tu l ch: theo phng trnh ny khi tc dng ln tu mt hp lc n v c tr s 1 N/KN th tu nhn mt gia tc c tr s 120 km/h cho mt gi hay 2 km/h cho mt pht, khi phng trnh c dng:

0,04 0,06 0,20 0,30 0,10 0,15 0,04 0,05 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,10 0,12

dv = 2.r dt

(km/h cho mt pht)

35

V d: mt thi im no trn ng tu chy ln dc 4 vi V = 40 km/h v trong thi im c fk - w0 = 5 (N/KN) th sau 1 pht: V = 40 + 2.r.1 = 40 + 2(fk - w).1 = 40 + 2(fk - w0 - wi).1 = 40 + 2(5 - 4).1 = 42 km/h Khi tc tng th lc ko bm Fk gim (do gim) v lc cn W tng, v d qua 1 pht na (fk - w0) = 4 (N/KN) th r = 0 v V = 42 km/h. Tu theo s kt hp ca cc lc tc dng vo on tu m c ba ch chuyn ng: a. Tu chuyn ng m my: dv (km/h2) (1-59) = 120(fk - w) dt Ph thuc vu tng quan gia fk v w m c th c cc trng hp tu chy gia tc, u v gim tc. b. Tu chuyn ng ng my:

dv = -120 w (km/h2) (1-60) dt Xy ra trong trng hp xung dc di trc lc hm ng my. Tu theo trc dc v bnh din m tu chy c lc chm dn w > 0 (thng xung dc nh v c nhiu ng cong), nhanh dn w < 0 (thng xung dc ln), u w = 0. c. Khi tu chuyn ng ng my kt hp vi hm.
dv = -120(w + b) (km/h2) dt trong l h s s dng hm. Khi xung dc hm gi nguyn tc c nh (hm cc b) th w + b = 0 Khi hm tu dng th dv <0) dt Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca on tu l phng trnh c bn ca sc ko u my. Da trn phng trnh ny c th xc nh khi lng cho php ln w + b > 0 ( nht, tc v thi gian chy tu, ng thi gii c cc bi ton hm, xc nh hao ph nhin liu v nng lng in, cng c hc ca u my v cng ca lc cn. ( dv = 0) dt (1-61)

1.5.4. Tnh khi lng on tu v kim tra khi lng on tu theo cc iu kin hn ch n.

36

1. Tnh khi lng on tu. a. Cng thc tnh khi lng on tu (c b). Vi ng st tn ti khi nim dc hn ch ip. Dc hn ch l dc ln nht c chiu di khng hn ch m trn tu hng vi khi lng Q do mt u my ko ln dc vi vn tc u v bng vn tc tnh ton nh nht Vp. Gi tr vn tc tnh ton nh nht Vp v lc ko bm tnh ton Fkp ca cc u my c a ra trong quy trnh tnh ton sc ko. Vi vic thit k tuyn mi ngi ta tnh khi lng on tu Q theo dc hn ch. Ta thy khi tu chuyn ng u th Fk = W Fkp = Pg(w'0 + ip) + Qg(w"0 + ip) Q=
Fkp Pg ( w0 '+i p ) ( w"0 +i p ) g (tn)

(N)
(1)

Nu thay w'0 v w"0 bng w0 th Fkp = (P+Q)g.(w0 + ip) Q= Fkp ( w0 + i p ) g -P (tn) (2)

Nhn xt: Ta thy rng: - Khi lng on tu t l nghch vi ip. - Fk v w0 c quan h vi V (xem phn 1.5.2), nu Q ln th V nh v Fk phi ln. Quan h gia Q v V tt nht l li dng y sc ko bm. - Mi loi u my c Fkp v c vn tc tnh ton nh nht vp (hay l vn tc lm gii). + u my hi nc Vp ly theo im giao ct gia ng hn ch theo iu kin bm ln v ng nng sut cp hi tnh ton cho my hi. + u my in Vp ly theo im giao ct gia ng hn ch theo iu kin bm v cng dng in. + u my izen Vp ly theo gi tr cng lu di. Cng thc (2) c th c s dng nh cng thc gn ng bi v khng th xc nh w0 nu khng bit Q. Mt cch gn ng c th coi w0 w"0, lc Q=

Fkp ( w"0 +i p ) g
k

- P (tn)

b. Cng thc tnh khi lng hng ca on tu. QH =

i =1

niiqtt(i)

37

Trong : ni - s toa nhm i (2 trc, 4 trc, 6 trc...) i - h s s dng ti trng tnh ton toa nhm i (h s cht hng) qtt(i) - ti trng tnh ton ca toa nhm i Nu ch bit tng s toa xe n v t l theo s lng ca tng nhm toa so vi tng s toa l i th khi lng hng c tnh theo cng thc: QH =

i =1

niiqtt(i) = n iiqtt(i)
i =1

Khi tnh s b thng ngi ta s dng h s s dng ti trng on tu (t l gia khi lng hng v khi lng c b) = QH Q

C th xc nh khi ch cn bit t l theo s lng ca tng nhm toa so vi tng s toa i v ti trng ca chng. Ta c Q=n
k

i =1

iqi

Trong : qi - khi lng toa c b ca tng nhm k - s lng nhm toa trong on tu = n i i q tt ( i )
i =1 k

n i qi
i =1

i =1 k

i q tt (i )
i

i =1

qi (3)

Thng ngi ta ly QH = .Q ( = 0,6 0,7)

V d: Xc nh khi lng on tu do u my 2TE116 ko ln dc ip = 12 bit Vp = 24,2 km/h, Fkp = 487970 N , P = 271 tn, toa xe 4 trc c q0 = 18 tn/trc. Gii: w"0 = 0,7 +

3 + 0,1V + 0,0025V 2 3 + 0,1.24,2 + 0,0025.24,2 2 = 0,7 + 18 18 =1,08 N/KN w'0 = 2,2 + 0,01V + 0,0003V2 = 2,2 + 0,01.24,2 + 0,0003.24,22 = 2,62 N/KN
Q= 487970 271.9,81( 2,62 + 12) = 3500 (tn) 9.81(1,08 + 12)

38

Tnh theo cng thc gn ng: Q=

487970 271 = 3529 (tn) 9,81(1,08 + 12)

V d: Hy xc nh h s s dng ti trng on tu bit on tu bao gm 40% toa 4 trc c qb = 22 tn, qt t=62 tn, = 0,9 ; 60% toa 4 trc c qb = 21,7 tn, qt t=50 tn, = 0,85. Gii: Trc ht ta tnh khi lng toa c b: q1 = 22 + 0,9.62 = 77,8 tn q2 = 21,7 + 0,85.50 = 64,2 tn =

0,4.0,90.62 + 0,6.0,85.50 = 0,69 0,4.77,8 + 0,6.64,2

2. Kim tra khi lng on tu theo cc iu kin hn ch n. a. Kim tra theo iu kin khi ng. cc ga on tu thng phi dng. cc im dng thng c dc khng ln song sau mi ln dng on tu li phi khi ng thc hin hnh trnh ca mnh. Do ngoi vic khc phc sc cn c bn v sc cn ng dc cn phi khc phc sc cn khi ng na. Khi phng trnh cn bng lc ca on tu c dng: Fk(k) = Pg(wk + ik(k)) + Qg(wk + ik(k)) (N) Qk = Trong : Fk(k) - lc ko bm ca u my khi khi ng. wk - lc cn n v c bn v lc cn ph ca on tu lc khi ng. ik(k) - i lng dc quy i m trn on tu khi ng. Nh vy kim tra iu kin khi ng ca on tu c th bng cch: + So snh Qk vi Q v nu Qk Q th tu khi ng c. + So snh ik(k) vi ik v nu ik ikk = th tu khi ng c. Fk ( kd ) ( P + Q) g - wk (5) Fk ( kd ) ( wkd + i k ( kd ) ) g -P (tn) (4)

39

V d. Hy kim tra khi lng on tu do u my VL80 ko theo iu kin khi ng bit on tu bao gm 40% khi lng l toa 4 trc bi cu, cn li l toa 4 trc bi trt. C hai loi toa c q0 = 18 tn; ip = 9; Vp = 44,3 km/h; Fk(k) = 650010N; Fkp = 475785 N; P = 184 tn. Gii: wk = 0,4. Qk = ik(k) () Qk (tn)
0 17010

142 28 = 3,85 (N/KN) + 0,6. 18,0 + 7 18 + 7

650010 - 184 (3,85 + ik ( kd ) ) g

1,5 12190 2,5 10240 4 8250 5 7300 6 6540 7 5920 8 5400 9 4790

w"0 = 1,38 (N/KN) - vi toa xe 4 trc bi cu w"0 = 1,66 (N/KN) - vi toa xe 4 trc bi trt w"0 = 0,4.1,38 + 0,6.1,66 = 1,52 (N/KN) w'0 = 2,93 (N/KN) Q=

475785 184.(2,93 + 9).9,81 = 4400 tn (1,52 + 9)9,81

Nh vy dc ln nht m on tu c Q = 4400 tn c th khi ng c l: ik 650010 = 10,6 (184 + 4400)9,81

Kt lun: on tu c khi lng c tnh vi dc hn ch ip = 9 c ko bi u my VL80 c th khi ng c thm ch nu n dng trn dc 9. Nhn xt: Nu v l do no m tu bt buc phi dng trn dc ln th c kh nng tu khng khi ng c, lc ny hoc l gi thm u my na, hoc l ko tng phn ca on tu, hoc l li on tu ti dc c th khi ng c. b. Kim tra khi dng tu trong phm vi chiu di s dng ca ng n gi. Trong trng hp on tu c khi lng ln dn n chiu di ca n cng di th cn kim tra xem chiu di s dng ca ng n gi c n khng. Mun c phi m bo c iu kin: Lsd Ltu = Lm + n i .l i + 10 m
i =1 k

(6)

Trong : Lsd - chiu di s dng ca ng n gi

40

Lm = chiu di u my n - s toa trong on tu i - t l v s lng ca tng nhm toa so vi tng s toa trong on tu li - chiu di toa xe ca mi nhm 10 m - chiu di d tr ( phng khng ng v tr) 3. Tnh n nh hng ca mt s yu t khi xc nh khi lng on tu vi sc ko izen. a. Tnh n nh hng ca iu kin khng kh. Cng sut ca ng c ko b gim i vi khu vc c iu kin khng kh khc tiu chun (iu kin chun khi t0mi trng = +200C; p sut khng kh l 760mm ct thu ngn) Ftkp = Fkp(1 - kt - ka) (7) Trong : kt - h s tnh n vic gim lc ko bm do nhit khu vc khc nhit chun ka - h s tnh n vic gim lc ko bm do p sut khng kh khu vc khc p sut tiu chun. ( kt ; ka xem trong quy trnh tnh sc ko u my) V d: Vi u my 2TE10L iu kin chun c Fkp = 502270 N th vi t0kk = 300C; p sut khng kh A = 700mm thu ngn th Ftkp = 502270.(1- 0,050 - 0,086) = 433600 N Khi lng on tu c ip = 9; P = 258 tn; w"0 = 2,31 (N/KN); w'0 = 1,38 (N/KN) th: + Trong iu kin tiu chun: Q=

502270 258(2,31 + 9).9,81 = 4650 tn (1,38 + 9).9,81

433600 258( 2,31 + 9).9,81 = 3980 tn (1,38 + 9).9,81

+ Trong iu kin khc tiu chun: Q=

b. Tnh n nh hng ca ng cong bn knh nh. ng kh 1435 mm, khi tu vo ng cong c R 500m th h s bm ln gim do tng trt ca bnh xe. (r) = Trong : 250 + 1,55 R 500 + 1,1R

41

 - h s bm ln trn ng thng (r) - h s bm ln trn ng cong R - bn knh ng cong Lc ny khi lng on tu qua dc hn ch v ng cong c R < 500m l: Q=

1000 k P P(i p + w' 0 + wr ) i p + w"0 + wr

(tn)

(8)

i vi u my kh ng 1000 mm khi chy trn ng cong c R 200m th lng gim h s bm ln tnh theo bng sau (hoc l xem quy phm thit k k thut ng st kh 1000 mm) Biu 1-4. Lng gim h s bm khi bn knh nh Bn knh ng cong R (m) Lng gim h s bm ln k (%) 200 9 150 11 125 13 100 15 75 18 60 20 40 25

Cu hi n tp
Phn I . Thit k tuyn S Chng 1 . Tnh sc ko u my 1. Mc ch v m hnh tnh sc ko u my. Cc ngoi lc tc dng ln on tu, quy tc du. Phn bit lc ton phn v lc n v. 2. Cng thc tng qut tnh lc cn n v c bn ca u my, toa xe, on toa xe, ca on tu. Cc loi lc cn ph, cng thc tnh. Cc bin php lm gim lc cn. 3. S hnh thnh lc hm,lc ko.Phn tch hn ch lc hm,lc ko theo iu kin bm.Tnh lc hm. 4. Phng trnh chuyn ng on tu.Tnh khi lng on tu Q.Kim tra Q theo iu kin hn ch.

42

CHNG 2. BNH V TRC DC NG ST

MT S KHI NIM 1. Tuyn ng st: l ng xc nh v tr khng gian ca trc dc ng st ti mc vai ng. Trn ng th hai hoc ng st c nhiu ng ngi ta xc nh tuyn cho mi ng.
chiu rng nn ng A C O Tim B D cao vai ng

2. Bnh tuyn: l hnh chiu ca tuyn trn mt phng nm ngang. Trn bnh tuyn l cc on thng c ni vi nhau bi nhng on cong c gc chuyn
hng khc nhau. 3. Trc dc: l hnh chiu ca tuyn c dui thng ra trn mt phng ng. Trn trc dc tuyn l cc yu t c dc khc nhau v c ni vi nhau ti im i dc. Cc yu t bnh v trc dc nhiu khi c gi l cc yu t ca tuyn. Chng xc nh c tnh ca ng st v mt xy dng v khai thc. Bnh din v trc dc ng st cn m bo an ton chuyn ng cho on tu c trng lng tnh ton vi vn tc chy tu cho php ln nht, tc l khng c trt bnh v t mc. Vic thay i v tr tuyn trong khng gian khng c gy tc ng t ngt ti ng ray v u my toa xe cng nh khng gy bt tin cho hnh khch, tc l cn m bo m thun khi tu chy.

2.1. YU T BNH NG ST KHU GIAN. 2.1.1. ng thng v ng cong. a. ng thng: c xc nh bng chiu di v hng ca n, chiu di on thng c tnh t cui ng cong n n u ca ng cong kia. Hng ca mt ng no l gc hp bi ng vi mt ng khc c chn lm gc.
Hng gc c chn c th l kinh tuyn thc, kinh tuyn t, kinh tuyn trc ca mi. Tng ng vi chng c cc khi nim: gc phng v thc, gc phng v t, gc nh hng.

43

Bc

B
l

1 l R

R 2

Hnh 2-1. ng thng v ng cong. - gc phng v (theo kim la bn trong my kinh v) quay theo chiu kim ng h : = 0 3600. i - gc chuyn hng i - gc trong i = 1800 - i Ri - gc hai phng 0 900 R1 = 1800 - ( + 1) Nu a hnh cho php nn thit k on thng di mt vi km hoc di hn chiu di on tu. b. ng cong: dng khi trnh chng ngi, trnh vng a cht xu hoc gim khi lng cng trnh. ng cong c th l ng cong trn hoc ng cong c ho hon. Thng s ca mi ng cong l gc chuyn hng (0, rad), bn knh ng cong R (m), hng r (phi hoc tri), chiu di ng cong ho hon L0 (m). Cc yu t ng cong c xc nh nh sau:

Hnh 2-2. a. ng cong trn b. ng cong c ho hon ng tang T0 = Rtg

(m)

(2-1)

44

T = T0 + Chiu di ng cong KT0 =

L0 (m) 2 (2-2)

(m) 180 KT = KT0 + L0 (m) P0 = R(sec

R 0

Phn c

- 1) (m)

(2-3)

P = P0 + = R(sec

- 1) +

L2 0 (m) 24 R

- lng dch trong khi c ng cong ho hon. Lu : Cng thc tnh cc yu t ng cong trn ng cong c ho hon l cng thc gn ng. Cc yu t ng cong c tnh sn trong bng cm ng cong, khi thit k cn phi ghi y cc yu t ng cong trn bnh cng nh trn trc dc. c. Nhng nhc im ca ng cong bn knh nh. - Hn ch vn tc chy tu: vn tc chy tu qua ng cong ph thuc vo siu cao ray lng, vo iu kin n nh v bn vng ca ng cong, u my toa xe, vo iu kin m bo tin nghi cho hnh khch. Do vy nu vn tc chy tu qua ng cong gim so vi ng thng th thi gian chy tu tng dn n chu trnh u my toa xe ko di v lm tng s lng u my toa xe. Mt khc do hm tu lm tiu ph ng nng dn n chi ph vn chuyn tng. Vn tc ti a khi tu vo ng cong c th tnh theo cng thc sau: [Vmax] = 3,6 R([ lt ] + Trong [lt] - gia tc ly tm d cho php (m/s2) S1 - c ly gia hai trc ray (m) g - gia tc trng trng (m/s2) h - siu cao ray lng (m) R - bn knh ng cong (m) 3,6 - h s i t m/s ra km/h nc ta hin nay vn tc ti a khi tu vo ng cong cho c hai kh ng c tnh theo cng thc: Vmax = 4,1 R (km/h)

g h) = A R (km/h) S1

(2-4)

45

V V gii hn L tu 2 K L tu 2

Hnh 2-3. Hn ch vn tc chy tu khi qua ng cong bn knh nh Biu 2-1 Vmax(km/h) 4,1 R R (m) 250
65 300 75 350 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1500 80 85 90 100 110 120 130 145 160

Tng lai d kin mun tng tc tu ln 100 km/h th bn knh ng cong trn R 500m, mun tng tc tu khch ln 120 km/h th R 700m. Trng hp thng thng trong khu gian s dng bn knh sau: 4000, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1800, 1500, 1200, 1000, 800, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350 ,300, 250, 200, 150, 100 m. ng 1435 mm quy nh Rmax = 4000 m ng 1000 mm quy nh Rmax = 3000 m - Gim h s bm ln gia bnh xe u my vi ray k do trn ng cong ray ngoi v ray trong c di khng bng nhau nn c hin tng bnh ngoi va ln va trt dn n sc ko bm ca u my b gim v c khi phi gim bt trng lng on tu. Fk 1000k P g (N) Trong th

P - trng lng bm ca u my.

R = 400 m ; k gim 7,5 % R = 300 m ; k gim 14 % R = 200 m ; k gim 22 %

Theo ti liu th nghim ca Vin nghin cu khoa hc ng st Lin bang Nga

- Tng duy tu bo qun kin trc tng trn + R gim nn ray chng mn do bnh trt trn ray lc ly tm y ngang. + hao mn ca ray w ph thuc cng vn chuyn, bn knh ng cong, chiu di khung cng toa xe, vn tc chy tu, ti trng trc... + Trong ng cong bn knh nh t vt v ph kin phi tng v chng hng.

46

(mm 2/triu tn ti trng)

R (m)
Hnh 2-4. th biu din hao mn ray theo bn knh - Chi ph sa cha u my v toa xe tng ch yu do chi ph cho cc b phn chuyn ng nh vnh ai bnh xe. - Lm cho ng b di thm ra
T1 T2 K2 K1 R2 R1 T1

T2

Hnh 2-5. Lm cho ng di thm ra khi R2 < R1 Nu = const v gim R1 -> R2 th ng di thm ra mt on L = 2(T1 - T2) + K2 - K1 (m) Thng trong thc t khi R gim th lun tng bm a hnh, do tng li cng lm ng di thm ra.

2.1.2. Bn knh ti thiu v bn knh hn ch. Bn knh ti thiu l bn knh nh nht dng tu theo cp ng, vn tc chy
tu, khi lng vn chuyn v iu kin a hnh. Bn knh hn ch l bn knh nh nht c php dng tu theo cu to ca u my toa xe, n khng th nh hn na nu khng tu chy khng an ton. V d: Rhc = 75 m cho u my loi nh Rhc = 150 m cho u my loi ln

47

Biu 2-2. Bn knh nh nht chnh tuyn Th t 1 Kh ng 1435mm quc gia 1000mm quc gia Cp ng cao tc I ; II III ch yu th yu a hnh thng thng 1500 700 400 400 300 a hnh kh khn 1200 350 300 200 150 250 200 150 100 a hnh c bit kh khn

2.1.3. ng cong ho hon (ng cong chuyn tip). a. Tc dng ca ng cong ho hon. cc lc ph (ch yu l lc ly tm) khng pht sinh t ngt khi tu chy t ng thng vo ng cong v ngc li hoc chuyn t ng cong n sang ng cong kia.
T N J= R = R1 R= mV 2 R R = R1 mV 2 J= R= TC NC

mV 2 J=

J=0

J=0

Hnh 2-6. ng cong ho hon. Thc hin siu cao ray lng.
T N Lo KT'o ho Lo TC NC

Hnh 2-7. Vut siu cao trn ng cong ho hon Thc hin ni rng c ly (gia khoan) t ng thng vo ng cong.

48

T N So Lo k Sct

TC NC

Lo

Hnh 2-8. Ni rng c ly trn ng cong ho hon b. Chiu di ng cong ho hon. L0 = m: h=

h i
2 7,6Vmax 11,8V02 hoc l h = (ng 1435 mm) R R hmax = 125 mm

(2-5)

2 5,4Vmax 8,24V02 hoc l h = (ng 1000 mm) (2-6) R R hmax = 95 mm Trong : h - siu cao ray lng Vmax - vn tc ln nht ca tu khi qua ng cong R - bn knh ng cong i - vut dc siu cao Chiu di ng cong ho hon L0 phi tho mn cc iu kin sau: + vut dc siu cao phi m bo bnh xe trc sau khng b ln mt nh ray bng, mun vy:

h=

i i0 i0 = 1 vi ng 1435 mm ; ng ci to i0 = 2 i0 = 2 vi ng 1000 mm ; ng ci to i0 = 2,5 + Tc nng cao bnh xe ray lng khng pht trin qu nhanh, mun vy: i i2 i2 = 1 KVmax

y Vmax - vn tc ln nht (km/h) K - h s i n v khi f0 = 28 mm/s th K =

1 km/h 10
1 km/h 8

khi f0 = 35 mm/s th K =

49

f0 - tc nng cao bnh xe cho php i2 =

dh dh dh 1 1 = = . = f0. ds vdt dt V V
f0 Vmax

Trng hp bt li nht V = Vmax th i2 = hay i2 = 1 KVmax L0 = hVmax 3,6 f

50

Bng 2-3. Siu cao ng cong tnh theo hmax = 125 mm (ng 1435 mm) V (km/h) R (m) 1 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 3000 4000 30 2 35 25 25 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 40 3 60 50 40 35 30 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 50 4 95 75 65 55 50 40 40 35 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15 10 10 10 60 5 11 0 90 80 70 60 55 50 45 40 40 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 20 15 15 15 10 10 12 5 10 5 95 85 75 70 60 55 55 50 45 45 40 40 35 30 25 25 20 20 10 10 70 6 80 7 90 8 100 9 110 10 120 11

120 110 95 90 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 50 50 40 35 30 25 25 15 10 12 5 11 0 10 5 95 90 80 75 70 70 65 60 50 45 40 35 30 20 15 125 115 110 100 95 90 85 80 75 65 55 50 40 40 35 20 125 115 110 100 95 90 75 65 60 50 45 30 25 120 115 110 90 80 70 60 55 35 25

51

Bng 2-4. Siu cao ng cong tnh theo hmax = 80 mm (ng 1000 mm) V (km/h) R (m) 1 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 15 2 15 15 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 3 25 20 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 25 4 40 30 20 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 5 60 40 30 25 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 6 80 50 40 35 25 25 20 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40 7 70 55 40 35 30 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 45 8 80 60 55 45 40 35 30 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 65 60 55 45 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80 65 55 50 45 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 50 9 55 10 60 11 65 12 70 13

80 70 60 55 50 45 40 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 80 70 60 55 50 45 40 40 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 80 70 65 60 55 50 45 45 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15

52

Bng 2-5. Chiu di ho hon (ng 1435 mm quc gia) ST T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Chiu di ho hon L0 (m) ng cao tc 70 - 50 - 40 90 - 80 - 60 110 - 90 - 70 140 - 110 - 90 170 - 140 - 110 220 - 180 - 140 240 - 190 - 150 220 - 180 - 140 Cp I 40 - 30 - 30 50 - 40 - 40 60 - 50 - 50 80 - 70 - 60 90 - 80 - 70 100 - 90 - 80 140 - 120 - 100 160 - 140 - 120 170 - 150 - 130 170 - 140 - 120 150 - 130 - 110 150 - 130 - 110 140 - 120 - 110 130 - 110 - 100 130 - 110 - 90 120 - 100 - 90 100 - 90 - 80 100 - 80 - 70 100 - 80 - 70 Cp II 30 - 20 - 20 40 - 30 - 30 50 - 40 - 40 60 - 50 - 50 70 - 60 - 50 80 - 70 - 60 100 - 90 - 80 120 - 100 - 90 150 - 130 - 120 150 - 130 - 110 140 - 120 - 110 130 - 100 - 100 120 - 100 - 90 120 - 100 - 90 110 - 90 - 80 110 - 90 - 80 100 - 80 - 70 90 - 80 - 70 90 - 80 - 70 20 - 20 - 20 20 - 20 - 20 30 - 20 - 20 30 - 30 - 30 40 - 30 - 30 50 - 40 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 70 - 60 - 50 70 - 60 - 50 80 - 70 - 60 90 - 80 - 70 90 - 80 - 70 80 - 70 - 60 80 - 70 - 60 70 - 60 - 50 70 - 60 - 50 Cp III

R (m) 4000 3000 2500 2000 1800 1500 1200 1000 800 700 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200

Ghi ch: Chiu di ng cong ho hon trong bng ghi 3 s: Tr s ln, tr s trung gian v tr s nh. Ni chung tn lng dng tr s ln. Trng hp kh khn trc dc lm, on xung dc ln v di, tu hng mt trong hai hng t gn tc ti a th cn dng tr s ln. nhng on tu hng tc dt tr s trung bnh c th dng tr s trung gian. on trc dc li, cc on nm st trc dc li, tc tu hng c hai hng ch bng tc tnh ton nh nht th c th dng tr s nh.

53

Bng 2-6. Chiu di ho hon (ng 1000 mm) ST T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Chiu di ng cong ho hon L0 (m) ng ch yu 30 - 20 30 - 20 40 - 30 - 20 40 - 30 - 20 50 - 40 - 30 50 - 40 - 30 60 - 50 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 60 - 50 - 40 50 - 40 - 30 40 - 30 20 - 10 30 - 20 30 - 20 30 - 20 30 - 20 40 - 30 40 - 30 40 - 30 40 - 30 20 - 10 30 - 20 30 - 20 30 - 20 30 - 20 40 - 30 40 - 30 40 - 30 40 - 30 ng th yu ng chuyn dng

R (m) 1000 900 800 700 600 550 500 45 400 35 300 250 200 150 100

2.1.4. on thng gia hai ng cong. Khi thit k bnh din ng st trong nhng trng hp kh khn thng phi b tr ng cong lin tip nhau v on thng gia hai ng cong rt ngn thm ch l khng c. Chuyn ng ca on tu qua nhng ng cong ny khng c m thun, an ton, lm xut hin nhng dao ng ca u my toa xe v gn lin vi
n l gia tc gy bt tin cho hnh khch, cng nh lm xut hin nhng lc gy bt li n tc ng qua li gia u my toa xe v ng. V vy on thng gia hai ng cong phi di dao ng tt dn v n nh trc khi on tu vo ng cong tip theo. Khi chuyn ng trn ng cong ho hon do vut siu cao ray ngoi lm quay u my toa xe quanh trc dc ca n. Trn nhng ng cong ngc chiu s quay ny vn tip tc cng mt hng khi chy t ng cong ny sang ng cong khc (xem hnh 2.9a). Khi khng c on thng gia hai ng cong tri chiu s quay ni trn khng b gin on v vn m bo m thun chuyn ng.

54

Trong trng hp hai ng cong cng chiu hng quay ca u my toa xe khi chuyn t ng cong ny sang ng cong khc thay i (xem hnh 2.9b), v vy m bo m thun ca chuyn ng cn on thng m gia hai ng cong vi chiu di cn thit.

Hnh 2.9. Chuyn v gc ca u my toa xe theo trc dc khi chuyn ng qua cc ng cong a. ngc chiu b. cng chiu mt s nc nh c, o ngi ta thng ni cc ng cong ngc chiu m khng cn on thng m, lc ny vut siu cao c thc hin trn c hai ray (xem hnh 2.10) ging nh cc nc Lin X c dng trong hm v ng tu in ngm.

55

Hnh 2.10. S ni cc ng cong ngc chiu khng c on thng m v vut siu cao theo c hai ray a. bnh din b. trc dc nh ray Phn tch ti liu ca nc ngoi thy rng vi ng cong ngc chiu nu t on thng m nn thit k on thng m, nu on thng m qu ngn th b on thng m v ko di ng cong chuyn tip s c li hn. xc nh chiu di on thng m gia hai ng cong ho hon ngi ta thng dng cng thc sau: V n Trong : d - chiu di on thng m, m d= V - vn tc chy tu, km/h n - h s thng dng trn ng st ca cc nc: n = 2 5 Cng thc trn nhn c t iu kin tt dn cc dao ng ngang sau q chu k vi tn s dao ng ring q1. d= Vq 3,6q1

Trong q = 2 3 v q1 = 1,5 2,5 Hz ; n = 2 4,5. Trong thc t thit k ca ta hin nay khi hai ng cong cng chiu m on thng m thiu v hai bn knh c tr s nh nhau c th lm thnh mt ng cong. Nu mc chnh siu cao ca hai ng cong nh hn hay bng gii hn no (th d nh hn hay bng siu cao ca ng cong c R = 2000m) th c th trc tip ni chng vi nhau. 1 1 1 R1 R2 2000 Trng hp ngc li th phi dng ng cong chuyn tip ni hai ng cong vi nhau v chiu di ng cong chuyn tip ny l L= Trong : h1, h2 - siu cao ca ng cong i - vut dc siu cao tnh theo Vmax ca ng cong c bn knh nh hn. h2 h1 1000i

56

Quy nh v chiu di on thng m gia hai ng cong cng chiu v ngc chiu c a ra trong cc quy phm thit k k thut ng st kh 1435 mm v 1000 mm.

2.1.5. Gc quay nh nht.

Thc t thit k bnh din ng st c th gc quay rt nh khi chiu di ng cong khng ln. Trng hp cn t ng cong ho hon cn kim tra xem c t c hay khng.

T 0
o/2 2 L Lo/

T K min

TC

TC0 NC

Lo/2 L o /2

Hnh 2-11. on cong trn Kmin c siu cao khng i t c ng cong ho hon cn c iu kin: 180 57,3 (L0 + Kmin) = (L0 + Kmin) (2-7) R R Trong : Kmin - chiu di ng cong trn nh nht cn thit on tu chuyn ng c m thun, ln hn c ly cng nhc ln nht ca toa xe, thng

Kmin = 14 m cho ng 1435 mm v ng 1000 mm. Trng hp bit , L cn tm bn knh nh nht t c ng cong ho hon: R 57,3

(L0 + Kmin) (m)

Trng hp bit , R cn tm chiu di ng cong ho hon ln nht: L0

R 0 - Kmin (m) 57,3

Trn ng 1435 mm v ng 1000 mm khi bn knh ln hn tr s sau th khng cn t ho hon: Biu 2-7. Gii hn v bn knh R khng cn t ho hon Cp ng ng 1435 mm ng 1000 mm

57

Quc gia I II III > 4000 > 4000 >1000

Chuyn dng > 2000 > 1000 >1000

Quc gia >1000 (ch yu) >500 (th yu)

Chuyn dng > 500

2.2 NHNG YU T TRC DC NG ST. 2.2.1. Khi nim chung. Cc yu t trc dc ng st c xc nh bi tr s dc, chiu di dc v phng php ni chng ti cc im giao ct.
Tr s dc c n v l t s gia hiu s cao (m) v chiu di theo hnh chiu bng ca hai im ngoi cng. i = tg =

h L
HB i HA L h

(2-8)

Hnh 2-12. Dc dc i Chiu di yu t trc dc l chiu di dc tnh theo hnh chiu bng. im giao ct ca cc yu t trc dc lin nhau c gi l im i dc.

2.2.2. Phn loi dc trc dc. Khi thit k ng st ngi ta phn ra: a. Cc dc gii hn: dc ln nht ca cc yu t trc dc, bao gm dc hn ch ip, dc cn bng icb, dc gia cng igc, dc qun tnh ij.
b. Cc dc thit k (cc dc vn doanh): Dc thc t itt, dc trung bnh itb (hay cn gi l dc nn thng trong tnh sc ko), dc tng ng lc cn ng cong ir, dc dn xut ik, dc c hi ich v dc v hi ivh.

2.2.3. Dc hn ch ip. 1. nh ngha: Dc hn ch l dc ln nht c chiu di khng hn ch m trn tu hng vi khi lng tnh ton Q do mt u my ko ln dc vi vn tc u
v bng vn tc tnh ton ca u my Vp. Dc hn ch v khi lng on tu c quan h sau:

58

ip =

Fkp ( Pw' 0 +Qw"0 ) g

( P + Q) g

(2-9)

Trong cc k hiu c trnh by chng 1. Tuyn ng st H Ni - Hi Phng, H Ni - Lng Sn , H Ni - Lo Cai, H Ni - Si Gn (nm 1895 - 1933) u thit k tuyn vi dc ip = 6. 2. nh hng ca dc hn ch ti mt s ch tiu. nh hng ca ip ti chiu di tuyn: dc hn ch cng nh th chiu di tuyn cng ngn: i1 > i2 L1 < L2.

L
h L1 L2 i p (% ) i1 i2

Hnh 2-13. L = f(ip) nh hng ca ip ti cng trnh ph: v khi lng cu cng t , kt cu tng trn... t l vi chiu di tuyn, do ip cng nh th cng trnh ph cng ln v ngc li.
A (ng)

i p (% )
Hnh 2-14. A = f(ip) nh hng ca ip ti khi lng on tu: qua cng thc nhn thy cng mt u my, dc ip cng ln th khi lng ko c cng gim.

59

Q (tn)

i p (% )
Hnh 2-15. Q = f(ip) nh hng ca ip ti vn doanh ph E: E = Ett + Egt (ng/nm) Trong : Ett - vn doanh ph trc tip (cc chi ph t l vi s lng chuyn ng ca on tu) Egt - vn doanh ph gin tip (cc chi ph trng nom bo qun cc kt cu c nh)
E (ng/nm)

E E gt E tt i p (% )

Hnh 2-16. E = f(ip) Nhn xt: - ip c vai tr rt quan trng trong thit k. - A v E c quan h ngc nhau vi ip. 3. Yu t quyt nh chn ip. Chn ip cn c vo: a. ngha tuyn ng. b. Khi lng v mc pht trin hng ho chuyn ch. c. iu kin a hnh. d. dc ip ca mng li ng st. 4. Tr s ln nht v nh nht ca ip. Tr s ln nht ca dc hn ch ipmax ph thuc vo: a. Khi lng on tu khi ln dc hn ch

60

b. Vn tc chy tu khi xung dc theo iu kin hm. Vit Nam quy nh vi ng 1000 mm, ng ch yu ipmax = 12. ng th yu ipmax = 20 Biu 2-1. dc hn ch ln nht ca ng st ipmax dc ln nht Kh ng 1435 quc gia 1000 quc gia Cp ng I , II III ch yu th yu Dc hn ch (A) 12 20 12 20 dc thm sc ko 20 25 22 30

Tr s nh nht ca dc hn ch ipmin ph thuc vo iu kin khi ng ca on tu, on tu khi ng c th Q Qk hay l Fkp P ( w' 0 +i p min ) g ( w"0 +i p min ) g T : ipmin = Fkp Fkdd Fkkd P ( wkd + i k ( kd ) ) g Pg (wk + ikk).(w'0- w"0) - w"0 (2-10) Fkdd Fkp Fkkd Pg ) v loi toa xe (tc l ph Fkkd

(wk + ikk) -

Phn tch biu thc trn nhn thy rng ipmin t tr s nh nht khi ikk = 0 v n ph thuc loi u my (tc l ph thuc thuc wk , w"0). chng 1 ta c lc cn khi tu khi ng wk = 4 (N/KN) Nh vy vi tnh hnh u my toa xe hin ti, m bo on tu khi ng c th dc hn ch nh nht ipmin = 4. Vit Nam ly ipmin = 4. Tng lai, u my toa xe lp bi a, tr lc khi ng thp, ta c th dng ipmin < 4. v

2.2.4. Dc cn bng icb. a. iu kin s dng dc cn bng icb. Thc t thit k mt tuyn ng c th gp lung hng hai chiu chnh lch nhau r rt v iu c th hin bi h s chnh lch K
K= Trong :

Gih ih << 1 G nh nh

(2-11)

61

Gih, Gnh - lng hng vn chuyn ca chiu t hng v chiu nhiu hng.

ih, nh - h s ba ng (h s vn chuyn khng u trong nm ca

chiu t hng v chiu nhiu hng. g max > 1 , thng = 1,1 1,2 g tb

gmax - lng hng vn chuyn ca thng ln nht trong nm. gtb - lng hng vn chuyn trung bnh ca cc thng trong nm. H s K tnh trong khong thi gian khai thc tnh ton (nm 2, 5, 10). Nu a hnh cho php v K n nh trong mt thi gian di th ngi ta s thit k cho mi chiu mt dc hn ch v dc hn ch ca chiu t hng c gi l dc cn bng. Hiu qu s dng dc hn ch khc nhau cho mi chiu l ch chiu t hng dng dc cn bng (dc hn ch ln hn) s lm gim chiu di tuyn v gi thnh xy dng. b. nh ngha dc cn bng icb. Dc cn bng l dc ln nht c chiu di khng hn ch ca chiu t hng m trn on tu vi s toa ca chiu nhiu hng nhng khi lng nh hn c ko ln dc do mt u my dng chung cho c chiu nhiu hng vi vn tc bng vn tc tnh ton nh nht Vp. Ngi ta tnh icbmax xut pht t iu kin on tu chuyn ng u trn dc cn bng vi vn tc Vp. Ta c: Fkp = Wnh = Wih Hay l Fkp= Pg(w'0+ ip) + gQnh(w"0nh+ ip) = Pg(w'0+ icbmax) + gQih(w"ih+ icbmax) T 12) Khi lng on tu ca chiu t hng c tnh theo cng thc sau: Qih = n(Kqtt + qb) (tn) Trong : n - s toa trong on tu icbmax = Fkp ( Pw' 0 +Qih w"0ih ) g ( P + Qih ) g () (2-

- h s cht hng
qtt, qb - khi lng hng tnh ton v khi lng b ca mt toa. Ph thuc vo a hnh ca chiu t hng ngi ta chn icb trong khong

62

ip < icb < icbmax Thng thng icb ip + 3 (2-13) Ni chung, ng st cp I kh 1435, ng st ch yu kh 1000 mm khng c dng dc cn bng. Trong trng hp bt buc phi dng th phi c B Giao thng vn ti duyt. Tuyn ng st Cu Git - Ngha n (Ngh An) thit k tuyn dng dc cn bng icb = 11 v ip = 6.

2.2.5. Dc gia cng igc. Trn nhng on gp a th cao lin tip gim chiu di tuyn cho php dng dc ln hn dc hn ch v phi tng u my. nh ngha igc: Dc gia cng l dc gii hn ln hn dc hn ch, tu vt qua do nhiu u my ko ln dc vi khi lng Q.
Cng thc tnh ton xut pht t gi thit tu chuyn ng u trn dc gia cng:

Fkp = W = W' + W" = W'0 + W'igc + W"0 + W"igc

Hay l

Fkp = Pgw'0 + Pgigc + Qgw" 0 + Qgigc Fkp Pgw' 0 Qgw"0

(P + Q) g

Nu cc u my khc loi th igc = ()

Nu cc u my cng loi th igc =

nFkp nPgw' 0 Qgw"0

(nP + Q ) g

()

y n - s u my trong on tu. Nu s dng hai u my ko on tu th: igc = (1 + ) Fkp 2 Pgw' 0 Qgw"0 (2 P + Q) g () (2-14)

y - h s s dng u my thm,

= 0,95 khi u my th hai u v gia on tu = 0,90 khi u my th hai cui on tu.

Lu : - ng vi mi tr s ip c mt tr s igc v Q c tnh theo ip. - Trong Quy phm thit k ng st ng vi mi ip ngi ta a ra igc tng ng. Biu 2-2. Dc ln nht 2 u my ko igc

63

Dc hn ch () 4 6 Hi nc 8,5 12,0

ng 1435 mm izen 8,5 12,5 in 8,5 13,0

ng 1000 mm Hi nc 8,5 12,0

Cc khu gian tuyn ng st : ng M - Bn Th (Lng Sn), Ghnh - Bm Sn (Thanh Ho) thit k dc gia cng vi tr s dc igc = 12.

2.2.6. Dc qun tnh ij. Ngoi nhng ch ln cao lin tip, nhiu khi gp nhng on cc b c th gim c khi lng o p th ngi ta s dng dc qun tnh.
nh ngha ij: Dc qun tnh l dc gii hn ln hn dc hn ch ip, tu vt qua do cng ca u my v do ng nng d tr c. Dc qun tnh c s dng c hiu qu trong trng hp khi trc khi ln dc ij c on tu xung dc vi vn tc ln v t c ng nng d tr ln. Khc vi cc dc gii hn khc, dc qun tnh c chiu di gii hn do vy ta phi gii quyt hai bi ton, l tnh chiu di dc qun tnh khi bit tr s dc qun tnh ij v ngc li.
V V c V

ip

S ip

ij

0 0

ij ip

ip

Hnh 2-17. Dc qun tnh. Hai bi ton trn c gii quyt da vo nh lut "s bin i ng nng bng cng tch lu c ca u my", c th l:

T = Rm - Rc - Rh
Trong :

T - lng bin i ng nng T = Tc - T = m

Vc2 V2 V 2 Vd2 -m d =m c 2 2 2

64

1000 2 Vc2 Vd2 ) ( ) = 41,7(P+Q)(Vc2 - V2) 3600 2 y V (km/h) i ra m/s; (P+Q) (tn) i ra kg. Rm - cng c hc ca u my : Rm = Fktb.S Rc - cng c hc ca lc cn : Rc = (P+Q)g.w0tb.S Rh- cng tch lu th nng: Rh = (P+Q)g.(Hc - H).103 =
= 1000( P + Q )( (P+Q)g.h.103 do h = ij.S Ta c: 41,7(P+Q)(Vc2 - V2) = Fktb.S - (P+Q)g.w0tbS - (P+Q)g.ij.S T : ij = fktb + Rh = (P+Q)g.ij.S V , Vc - vn tc u v vn tc cui trn dc ij ; Vc Vp

4,17(Vd2 Vc2 ) - w0tb () S

(2-15)

Hay ngc li: S= 4,17(Vd2 Vc2 ) (m) w0tb + i j f ktb (2-16)

ij; S - Dc qun tnh v chiu di on dc . V d: on toa xe c khi lng 4700 tn xc nh theo iu kin chuyn ng u trn dc hn ch ip vi vn tc lm gii Vp = 24 km/h, c ko bi u my 2TE10L c khi lng 258 tn. Vn tc on tu ti chn dc l 60 km/h v on ln dc c chiu di 2100m. Tnh dc qun tnh ln nht bit Fktb = 302148N ; w0tb = 1,8 N/KN Gii: ij = fktb + =

4,17(Vd2 Vc2 ) - w0tb S

302148 4,17(60 2 24 2 ) + - 1,8 = 10,3 (4700 + 258).9,81 2100

ng khi phc hay ci to, v dn n khi lng ci to ln c th c dc c bit ln hn ip tc li dng ng nng vt. ng st kh 1435, kh 1000, ng chuyn dng lm mi ni chung khng c thit k dc ln hn dc hn ch bng cch li dng ng nng ca on tu.

2.2.7. Dc vn doanh (dc thit k). a. Dc thc t itt: l dc thit k ca mt yu t trc dc.

65

ittAB = Trong :

HB HA () L

(2-17)

HA - cao im u HB - cao im cui L - chiu di yu t trc dc b. Dc trung bnh itb : l dc ca mt on gia hai im cho trc m khng xt n nhng im trung gian. itbAD = HD HA () L (2-18)

Trong : L - chiu di cc yu t gia hai im cho trc. c. Dc tng ng vi lc cn ng cong ir: khi tu qua ng cong chu lc cn do ng cong wr gy nn, v vy c th thay lc cn wr tng ng vi dc ir. Tr s: wr = i r d. Dc dn xut ik (dc tnh i): l tng i s ca dc thc t v dc tng ng vi lc cn ng cong: ik = i + ir Trong : i (+) khi tu ln dc i (-) khi tu xung dc ir (+) v lc ny ngc chiu chuyn ng. e. Dc c hi ich v dc v hi ivh. Khi tu xung dc tc tng ln, dc ln v di tc tng cng nhanh. tc on tu khng vt qu tc cho php chy trn dc phi hm tu. on dc phi hm gim vn tc lm hao mn bnh xe u my toa xe v ng ray c gi l dc c hi ich. Nu tu xung dc m khng phi hm gi l dc v hi ivh. (2-19)

66

V (km/h) Vgh V = f(s) Vmax on dc c hi 3 8 0

C th tm ivhmax c:

Hnh 2-18. on dc c hi t iu kin chuyn ng ng my vi vn tc Vmax=Vgh ta

W = W'0 + Wi = 0 Pgw'0 + Qgw"0 + ivhmax(P+Q)g = 0 t : ivhmax = w' 0 d P + w"0 Q () P+Q

Trong thc t thit k s b ly ivhmax = 4. Mun bit chnh xc on dc no l c hi phi v ng cong V = f(S). Ni chung, on dc c hi c i > 4 v H > 10m.

2.2.8. Chiu di cc yu t trc dc. khi lng cng trnh (cng tc t, cng trnh nhn to ...) cn thit k nhng yu t trc dc ngn c di khc nhau bm st a hnh. Tuy nhin s gp nhiu nhc im trong khai thc v khi on tu chuyn ng t yu t ny sang yu t khc lc cn ph do dc thay i dn n hp lc tc dng vo on tu
cng thay i v do xut hin lc dc v gia tc dc lm nh hng n bn ca toa xe v tin nghi cho hnh khch. nh hng lc hm ti tr s ca lc dc trong on tu khng phi l cc im i dc ring bit m l hnh dng ca trc dc. Khi on tu nm ng thi trn cc im i li lm (hoc l lm li) th trong on tu lc dc thay i ln lm nh hng n hng ho, hnh khch v u my toa xe. V vy di mt on tu khng nn c qu mt im i dc hay l ld > lt. Trng hp kh khn ld Lt tc 2

lc ny tu nm trn hai im i dc nhng d kh khn th no th ld 200m v c gim ld na th khi lng cng trnh cng khng gim c l bao nhiu. Cc trng hp dng dc c ld = 200m: a. on bng chia dc trn hnh li.

67

ip

0 200
Hnh 2-19. Ld = 200m chia dc li

ip

b. on dc ho hon

i < ip

200

ip

Hnh 2-20. Dc ho hon c. on tranh th i ht dc hn ch

i p - ir

ip

200

i p - ir

Hnh 2-21. i dc ip Biu 2-3. Chiu di ngn nht ca on dc (m) Kh ng 1435 mm quc gia 1000 mm dc hn ch Cp ng I II 4 500 350 350 250 5-6 400 300 300 200 7-8 400 250 250 200 9 400 200 200 150 1012 350 200 200 150 1320 350 200 200 150 2125 200 150

ch yu th yu

2.2.9. Ni cc yu t trc dc.

68

Mun tu chy an ton v m thun khi qua im i dc cn ni hai yu t trc dc. C hai cch ni: 1. Ni bng ng cong trn. Bn knh ng cong ni dc ng c xc nh ch sau:
2 Vmax (m) R = 3,6.a d

Theo kinh nghim khai thc hnh khch khng kh chu khi chu gia tc thng ng khi tu qua im i dc, Nga ly ad = 0,2 0,3 m/s2, t R = 15000; 10000; 5000; 3000 tu thuc cp ng, c v o R = (0,25 0,4)V2max, Nht Bn trn ng st Tkai R = 10000m; Php trn ng cao tc R = 20000m, cn nc ta trn ng ch yu (kh 1000 mm), ng cp 1, 2 (kh 1435 mm) ly R = 10000m, cn li ly R = 5000m.
T x T 1 R A y h = 1(2 ) =1 +2 TC 2

Hnh 2-22. ng cong ng T hnh v theo quan h hnh hc ta c: T = R.tg nn T =

; v nh nn tg

1 tg 2

Rd tg 2 tg 1 tg 2 1 + tg 1tg 2 Rd i1 i2 Rd i . = 2 1000 2000

Mt khc = /1 - 2/ nn tg =

Do 1, 2 nh nn tg1tg2 0 , t tg1 = i1 ; tg2 = i2 ta c: T =

y i - hiu s i s cc dc lin nhau.

69

Nu R = 10000m th T = 5i (m) Nu R = 5000m th T = 2,5i (m) Xt tam gic vung T,A,O c (y+R)2 = x2 + R2 y2 + 2yR + R2 = x2 + R2 V y nh nn y2 b qua, do 2yR = x2 khi x T th y y= h= x2 (m) 2 Rd T2 (m) 2 Rd (2-20)

Ch : Khi i = 3; R = 10000m th h = 0,011m. Nh vy h l mt i lng rt nh, do vy ch lm ng cong ni dc ng khi i > 3 v R = 10000m hoc khi i > 4 v R = 5000m. V d: Tnh chiu su o t ti im i dc B bit cao mt t thin nhin l 350,5 m, cao thit k l 346,36 m, i1 = 5, i2 = -3, R = 10000 m. Gii: Ti im B c:

i = /5 - (-3)/ = 8
T = 5i = 40 m h=

40 2 T2 = = 0,08 m 2 Rd 2.10000

Cao thit k ti im B sau khi b tr ng cong ni dc ng l 346,36 - 0,08 = 346,28 m Chiu su o t ti im B l 350,5 - 346,28 = 4,22 m. 2. Ni bng hnh ct ln cong. ng ln cong gm nhng on thng ngn c dc thay i dn dn theo dng ln cong.

70

i 1 = 6 (% )

i 2 = 6 (% )

Hnh 2-23. Hnh ct ln cong Quy phm quy inh chiu di cc on ln cong li 50m, trng hp kh khn li 25m v hiu tr s dc ca cc on thng ln cong i 1 vi ng cp 1, i 1,5 vi ng cp 2, i 2 vi ng cp 3.

2.3. PHN B IM PHN GII. 2.3.1. Mc ch phn b im phn gii. m bo thng xe lin tc v an ton s lng cn thit cc on tu. m bo cng tc khai thc: nhn v tr hnh khch, hng ho, lp tu, gii th tu, nhng tu, khm v sa cha u my toa xe, ly nhin liu, ly nc, thay t li ...
tho mn mc ch khong cch gia cc im phn gii phi hp l, khng c qu ngn hoc qu di.

2.3.2. Phn loi im phn gii. im phn gii c pht trin ng: cc ga. im phn gii khng pht trin ng: trm tn hiu khi ng ng bn t ng, cc ct tn hiu thng qua khi ng ng t ng. 2.3.3. Ni dung phn b im phn gii. L m bo kh nng thng qua cn thit. i vi ng n kh nng thng qua cn thit c xc nh theo thi gian mt cp tu chim dng mt khu gian kh khn nht (khu gian kh khn nht l khu gian c chu k chy tu ln nht). Kh nng thng qua ca ng st l s tu hoc cp tu thng qua trong mt ngy m:
N=

1440 (cp tu/ngy m) T

(2-21)

Trong : 1440 - s pht trong mt ngy m

71

T (pht) - chu k chy tu khu gian kh khn nht

A A

t1

A T

t2

t1 T

t2

Hnh 2-24. Biu chy tu Chu k chy tu l khong thi gian cn thit thng qua mt cp tu trn khu gian. Chu k chy tu c xc nh t thi im gi on tu u tin ca nhm ra khu gian n thi im gi on tu u tin ca nhm tu sau ra khu gian cng theo chiu y. Khi tu c dng ga: T = t1 + t2 + A+ B (pht) Trong : t1, t2 - thi gian tu chy trn khu gian kh khn nht k c thi gian tng thm khi gim tc vo ga, tng tc ra ga.

A, B - thi gian tu dng ga

t1, t2 ph thuc vo: + Loi u my + Trng lng on tu + Hnh dng bnh din v trc dc khu gian + Chiu di khu gian

A, B ph thuc vo:
+ S ng trong ga + H thng thng tin tn hiu + Tc nghip ga m bo kh nng thng qua cn thit th: + Trng hp tu c dng ga: 1440 - (A + B) (pht) N + Trng hp tu chy sut qua ga: t1 + t2 = (2-22)

72

1440 (pht) (2-23) T Mun cho s ga nhng trnh t mc ti thiu cn phi m bo iu kin tng ng v thi gian (m bo sao cho thi gian chuyn ng cc khu gian nh nhau)
t1 + t2 =

2.3.4. Nguyn tc phn b im phn gii. C hai nguyn tc 1. Phn b theo tiu chun thng nht: c p dng i vi tuyn ng quc gia, c th nh sau: - Nu c mt loi u my th thng nht tiu chun kh nng thng qua N.
- Nu c nhiu loi u my khc nhau th thng nht thi gian tiu chun tu chy trung bnh ti + tv ca nhiu u my. Ch : Cng c khi tiu chun v thi gian c cho theo mt li u my c th, lc ny iu kin tng ng v thi gian tu chy cc khu gian c m bo cho u my nhng khi chuyn sang loi u my khc th iu kin ny d b ph v. Cn phn b theo thi gian trung bnh (ca mt cy s) th i vi mt loi u my no khng t c mc tng ng cao nhng khi chuyn sang mt loi u my khc th iu kin tng ng khng b vi phm qu ng. Qua nghin cu quan h gia c ly v gi thnh vn chuyn ca tn/km vi cc loi u my, cc loi thng tin tn hiu, ngi ta tm ra c ly ga c li nht l 8 12 km. Cn c vo thi gian tu chy v c ly ga kinh t nht ngi ta quy nh thi gian bnh qun tu chy theo hai chiu vi ng kh 1000 mm khng vt qu 38'. Di y thng qua c ly kinh t ngi ta quy nh thi gian tu chy ti+ tv ca khu gian theo dc hn ch ip vi u my izen ca ng kh 1435 mm. Biu 2-4. ti + tv theo ip ca ng kh 1435 mm ip () ti + tv (pht) Ch : Nu trc dc gia hai ga l hnh lm m nn ga so vi khu gian cao hn hoc bng 4m th thi gian i v ca khu gian c th tng thm 4 pht (do trc dc khu gian hnh lm nn khi ra ga c kh nng tng tc nhanh chng). 4-5 36' 6-7 34' 8-9 32' 10 - 12 30'

73

Tng s thi gian chy tu (c i v v) tiu chun trn hai khu gian ga cp nc phi tr i 10', nu ly nc mt hng th tr i 8' i vi ng kh 1000 mm. i vi khu gian gn ga khu on v on tu mi hng ca ga khu on u c tc nghip k thut nn phi tr i 6' i vi ng kh 1000 mm. Khi tu chy trn ng cong cn chu lc cn do ng cong nn nh hng n thi gian chy tu, trong quy phm thit k c nu ng hng ca gc quay ti thi gian ko di. 2. Phn b theo tiu chun ring ca tng tuyn. c p dng cho ng st a phng phc v cho mt vng kinh t nht nh, c th l da vo khi lng chuyn ch vo nm th 10 tnh ra thi gian tu chy ti + tv. S i tu hng cn thit vo nm th 10 l: nh = G10 365QH (i tu/ngy m) (2-24)

Kh nng thng qua cn thit vo nm th 10 l: N = (1 + p)(nh + nkek + nlel) (i tu/ngy m)

(2-25)

Trong : p - h s d tr kh nng thng qua p = 20% vi ng n p = 15% vi ng i nk, nl - s i tu hng, tu k nm th 10 G10 - khi lng hng vn chuyn yu cu nm th 10 ek, el - h s tnh i t tu khch, tu l ra tu hng: ek = 1,2 ; el = 1,5 (el = 1,5 tc l cho 2 chuyn tu l chy b qua 3 chuyn tu hng) Tnh thi gian chy tu cn thit vo nm th 10:

1440 - (A + B) (pht) N Nh vy bit t + tv ta tin hnh phn b im phn gii.

t + tv =

2.4. YU CU BNH , TRC DC TI IM PHN GII. 2.4.1. Yu cu bnh ti im phn gii. Ga nn t trn ng thng, nu t trn ng cong gp kh khn sau: a. Kh b tr t ghi.
b. Tng lc cn khi ng (pht sinh wr).

74

c. Ko nhiu tn hiu pht tu (gim tm nhn cc tn hiu ng v ghi). d. Cc ng tc k thut kh (kh dn tu). Trng hp a hnh kh khn khi m t ga trn ng thng lm tng khi lng cng trnh hoc l lm cho ng b di thm ra cho php t ga trn ng cong c R 1000 m. Ga khng nn lm trn ng cong tri chiu (nht l ga xp ngang do lm gim tm nhn ca ti x v kh dn tu), ga xp dc c th b tr trn ng cong tri chiu nhng phi m bo mt on tu nm va trn v m bo tm nhn dn tu an ton v tu chy qua ga khng phi gim tc . Trong ga c th t siu cao, ng cong ho hon, ng thng gia cc ng cong nh trn khu gian nhng ghi phi t trn on thng. Ga xp dc cho kh nng thng qua ln hn ga xp ngang, chn loi no tu theo iu kin a hnh.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 2-25. Cc koi hnh ga: a. Ga xp ngang; b. Ga na dc na ngang; c. Ga xp dc

2.4.2. Yu cu trc dc ti im phn gii. Ga nn t trn on bng, nu a hnh kh khn khi m t ga trn on bng dn n tng khi lng cng tc nn hoc lm tuyn di ra th cho php t trn dc
nhng phi m bo cc iu kin sau: 1. m bo iu kin khi ng. ik(ga) ikk =

nd Fkkd - wk (n d P + Q ) g

(1)

Trong : ik(ga) - dc dn xut ca ga ikk - dc dn xut khi ng nd - s u my ko Nu dng mt u my ko th:

75

ik(ga) ikk = thay Qk = Q =

Fkkd - wk ( P + Q) g vo cng thc trn ta c: - wk (2)

Fkp P( w' 0 +i p ) g ( w"0 +i p ) g

ik(ga) ik(k) =

Fk ( kd ) ( w' ' 0 +i p ) Fkp Pg ( w' 0 w' ' 0 )

T cng thc trn nhn thy rng nu trng lng on tu c xc nh theo iu kin chuyn ng u vi vn tc tnh ton trn dc hn ch th dc ln nht m trn on tu khi ng c ph thuc vo dc hn ch. Ngoi ra ikk cn ph thuc loi u my (ph thuc gi tr Fkk v Fkk - Pw'0) cng nh vo on toa xe (ph thuc gi tr w"0 v wk). Vit Nam thng nht ly: (2-26) ikk = ip - 4 () 2. m bo on tu dng trong phm vi chiu di s dng ca ng n tin lsd nh lc p m phanh ca u my (khi nh m phanh cc toa xe np gi chun b khi ng) th cn c iu kin sau: (nP + Q)gi 1000klKt + (nP + Q)gwk Trong : (3)

Kt - tng lc p tnh ton ca cc m phanh ln cc trc ca u

my.

kl - h s ma st tnh ton gia cc m phanh v vnh bnh xe ; c

th ly kl = 0,25. T : thay Q = ik(ga) 250K t + wk (n d P + Q ) g - nP vo cng thc trn ta c: + wk (5) (4)

Fkp ( w0 + i p ) g
ik(ga)

250K t ( w0 + i p ) Fkp

nc ta ly ik(ga) 6. 3. m bo iu kin toa ring ng mt mnh khng b tri (thng xt cc ga c ct mc toa xe).

76

Trong thi gian dn cc toa xe b ct khi on tu di tc dng ca trng lc kt hp vi gi thi c th b tri. Qua th nghim dc m trn lc cn cn bng vi trng lng bng 2,5. Nh vy hai ga lin nhau mt trong hai ga khng c thit k dc ln hn 2,5 m bo ct toa v l do k thut (toa hng).

2.4.3. Chiu di ga. Chiu di ga c ngha quan trng phi xt n theo s pht trin tng lai bi v khi ci to ko di nn ga khng nhng khi lng cng trnh tng ln m phi
sa cha c bnh din, trc dc hai u ga, thm ch phi ci li phng hng ca c mt on ng. Chiu di ga ph thuc: a. S pht trin ng trong ga (s ga): ga xp dc, xp ngang, na dc na ngang. Ga xp ngang c chiu di ga ngn nht. b. Chiu di s dng ca ng n tin: chiu di s dng ca ng tip pht c tnh t ct tn hiu xut pht n mc xung t hoc c tnh t mc xung t ny ti mc xung t kia, hoc c tnh t ct tn hiu ny n ct tn hiu kia. Chiu di s dng ca ng tip pht c xc nh theo chiu di on tu c tnh n hng pht trin tng lai. Trong quy phm thit k c a ra cc tiu chun lsd ph thuc vo chiu di on tu nhm mc ch thng nht ho chiu di ga, t c th thng nht ho tiu chun trng lng. V d lsd = 300; 400; 500; 650 ... m. c. S ng trong ga: S ng ga vi mi loi s ga v chiu di s dng lsd c nh hng ln n chiu di ga. S ng ny tnh theo khi lng vn chuyn nm th 5 (nu l ga khu on hay ga ln) cn nu l ga trung gian hay ga nhng trnh tnh theo khi lng vn chuyn nm th 2. Chiu di ga c tnh nh sau:
i 0 o L sd Lga L sn ga o T" 0 i

T'

Hnh 2-26. Chiu di ga Trong : lsd - chiu di s dng ca ng tip pht, lsd = ltu + 10 m

77

ltu - chiu di on tu 10m - chiu di d tr phng tu u khng ng v tr Lga - chiu di tnh t hai u ghi ngoi cng i vi ga xp dc Lga = 2lsd + c (m) (2-27)

i vi ga xp ngang hoc na dc na ngang Lga = lsd + c (m) y c l chiu di ph thuc loi v s ga, s ng trong ga, s hiu ghi. Lsn ga - chiu di ton b nn ga c ko di v 2 pha thm chiu di ng tang ni dc ng khng phi t ghi trong phm vi ng cong ng. Lsn ga = Lga + T' + T" (m) Thng trong quy phm thit k cho bit Lsn ga theo Lsd.

2.5. THIT K BNH , TRC DC NG ST. 2.5.1. B tr im i dc theo bnh v cng trnh nhn to. Trong thc t c th gp trng hp ng cong ni dc ng ca trc dc
trng vi ng cong ho hon ca bnh din. Lc ny ray lng va phi thc hin ng cong ng va phi thc hin ng cong nm v phi vut siu cao. V vy nhm mc ch thun li khi bo dng v sa cha ray nhng v tr ny ngi ta khng ng cong ni dc ng trng vi ng cong ho hon, mun vy im i dc phi cch im u hoc im cui ng cong ho hon mt khong cch ti thiu l T.
5 12 >T N T TC >T >T 0 >T NC 7

Hnh 2-27. B tr im i dc theo bnh T = 5i khi R = 10000 m T = 2,5i khi R = 5000 m Ch : Khi i 3 vi ng kh 1435 mm v i 4 vi ng kh 1000 mm th im i dc t u cng c v khng phi lm ng cong ni dc ng.

78

Ngoi ra nu cu thp khng c mng ba lt th im i dc cng phi t ngoi cu mt khong cch ti thiu l T v trn cu thc hin ng cong ni dc ng c nhiu kh khn. Vi cu b tng ct thp v cng th coi nh khng c tr ngi g, v th im i dc t u cng c.
>T

i1

i2

Hnh 2-28. B tr im i dc trn cu thp khng c mng ba lt

2.5.2. Thit k trc dc theo iu kin trnh ngp nc. tho mn iu kin ny th ti nhng vng c nc uy hip phi ch thit k nn ng khng b ngp. Mun vy cao vai ng ca ng dn vo cu
ln, cu trung cng nh cao vai ng ca nn ng p qua cu nh v cng, cng nh cao vai ng dc theo sng, theo h cha nc hoc qua vng trng phi xc nh theo mc nc tnh ton Hp. + i vi ng cp 1, cp 2 c HP = H100 + i vi ng cp 3 c HP = H50 m bo nn ng c an ton khng b ph hoi khi t n mc nc tnh ton th cao vai ng l: Hvai ng HP + H s + hd + 0,5 m (m) Trong : H s - chiu cao sng v (m) hd - chiu cao nc dnh (m) 0,5m - chiu cao phng nc mao dn qua nn.

2.5.3. Thit k bnh v trc dc ng st khi gp cu, gp cc ng giao thng khc v qua hm. 1. ng st gp ng st c. Ch yu l giao cao khc nhau, t khi giao bng v giao bng hn ch nng lc ca nhau v gy kh khn cho khai thc.
Khi giao ct lp th ch yu phi m bo tnh khng thng tu.

79

Nu ng st thit k i trn ng st c th cao vai ng ti thiu ca ng st thit k l: Hmin = Hr + h + c - b (m) Trong : Hr - cao u ray ca ng c (m) h - tnh khng (xem quy phm) (m) c - chiu cao dm tnh t y dm ti y ray (m) b - khong cch t y ray n vai ng thit k (m) Nu ng st thit k i di ng st c th cao vai ng ti a ca ng st thit k l: Hmax = Hr - hrc - c - h - hrm - b' Trong : hrc, hrm - chiu cao ray ng st c v ng thit k b' - khong cch t y ray ti vai ng thit k (m)

a.
H min b c

b.

H dr

h rc

h H r

hrm b' H max

Hnh 2-29. S giao ct lp th gia ng st c v ng st thit k a. ng thit k pha trn ng c b. ng thit k pha di ng c 2. ng st thit k gp ng t. C th giao bng hoc giao lp th. Giao lp th phi m bo tnh khng cn thit cho phng tin giao thng i di. Giao bng phi m bo tm nhn cho ngi li, gc giao khng c qu nh, tt nht l 900, im giao khng nn t trong nn o v hn ch tm nhn. Khi ng st thit k ct ng b nhiu ln hoc v tr giao khng t yu cu phi c phng n ci ng t. 3. ng st gp sng.

80

Cn xc nh mc nc tnh ton theo quy phm v xc nh c thng thuyn hay khng cng nh cp thng thuyn. Khi gp chng ngi nh qua sng ln c th xem xt phng n i hm di lng sng. 4. ng thit k ca cu hm. ng thit k qua cu st (khng c ba lt) nn t trn on thng v bng, hn hu cho php t trn dc 3 bi nu qu dc cng trnh phc tp p dng nh hnh kh khn. i vi cu c ba lt c th t trn dc ln cng nh trn ng cong theo quy phm. ng thit k qua hm yu cu v bnh v trc dc cao hn ngoi khu gian. Trc dc trong hm phi m bo thot nc, thng gi v an ton. Dc c th thit k mt mi hoc hai mi tu theo a hnh. Hm nn nm trn on ng thng, kh khn c th t trn ng cong theo quy phm.

2.5.4. Thit k trc dc m bo an ton chuyn ng. Hin tng mt an ton l do t mc u my toa xe. t mc ni c th do ch quan ngi ti x, do ko qa ti nhng t mc d sinh ra nhng ni m mc ni i trng thi lm vic mt cch t ngt.
Ngi ta nghin cu trng thi lm vic ca mc ni trn trc dc thy rng t mc hay xy ra khi mc ni lm vic t p cht chuyn sang ko cng t ngt (chn dc lm, dc bc thang, dc li chn dc lm) mt chnh v cao v mt tr s dc nht nh cn trng hp t ko cng chuyn sang p cht th t xy ra. trnh hin tng ny ngi ta thit k trc dc sao cho mc ni lm vic t t. iu ny c th hin hiu i s ca hai dc lin nhau v chiu di ca nhng dc m bo m chuyn ng ca on tu, chiu di nh nht 200m. m bo an ton chy tu quy phm quy nh nh sau: hiu s i s ln nht ca hai dc lin nhau trn trc dc khng c vt qu tr s dc hn ch hng xe nng i ip, ngoi tr ba trng hp on dc c hi di y khi ip 8 th i ip/2 v khi ip < 8 th i 4. Ch : - Dc bc thang c ngn cch bi dc bng 0 hoc dc nh 1 2 . - Khi xc nh H cn xem k nu xung dc ni bng nhiu on dc m trong on ny c dc 4 nhng chiu di dc < 2lt th tc on tu chy trn dc ny vn cha c ho hon. V vy tnh chiu cao H phi tnh t nh (ch ni tip

81

gia hai on khng c hi - chiu di 2lt v on c hi) tnh i. Ngc li nu on c dc i 4 (dc v hi) c chiu di 2lt th tc on tu chy trn dc ny c ho hon v vy tnh chiu cao xung dc cn phn on ra. * Dc lm ( mt pha hoc hai pha)
i>4% H>10m i i p/2 i>4% H>10m

* Dc bc thang
i>4 % i i p /2 i i p /2 i>4% 2l t H>10m

H>10m

i>4% H>10m

i ip

i>4% < 2l t

i i p /2

* Dc li chn dc lm
i i p /2 H>10m i>4% i ip

< 2 lt > 2 lt

on dc li chn dc lm xy ra hin tng mc ni lm vic t p cht sang ko cng do lm dc m nh gia m bo chn dc lm v nh dc li i ip/2 , cn ni khc th i ip.

2.5.5. Thit k m bo tu chy khng b gin on (m bo tu chy lin tc).

82

 m bo tu chy lin tc khi thit k trc dc v bnh din ng st cn m bo cc iu kin sau: 1. Lc cn thc t khng c vt qu lc cn tnh ton, mun vy phi trit gim cc dc gii hn nhng ni c ng cong. Trng lng on tu tnh theo iu kin chuyn ng u vi vn tc tnh ton VP theo dc ip do khi c ng cong th on c dc ip phi gim i mt i lng tng ng vi wr hay l phi gim i mt lng l ir, nh vy dc thc t l i = ip - ir (i = icb - ir ; i = igc - ir). y ir c tnh theo cc cng thc nu phn sc ko u my ph thuc vo kh ng v quan h gia chiu di ng cong v chiu di on tu. Khi R 400m h s bm ln ca bnh xe u my v ray gim dn n lc ko bm gim, do vy m bo ko ht Q tnh ton phi trit gim thm mt lng l i. Ta c i = fk - fkr = fk(1 -

f kr ) fk

Trng hp tu chuyn ng u trn dc gii hn ta c: fk = w0 + ip t i = (w0 + ip) (1 Nhng f kr ) fk

Fk 1000Pg k Fkr f = kr = kr Fkr 1000Pg kr Fk fk k

Cui cng: i = (w0 + ip)(1 y: Fk, fk ; Fkr, fkr - lc ko ton phn v lc ko n v trn ng thng v trn ng cong vn tc V = Vp. w0 - lc cn n v c bn bnh qun ca on tu vn tc V = Vp.

kr ) k

kr - h s bm tnh ton trong ng cong bn knh nh kr = k.

250 + 1,55 R 500 + 1,1R

k - h s bm trn ng thng vn tc V = Vp

83

Lu : Pha ln dc cng phi trit gim i trn chiu di bng chiu di on tu v khi u my vo ng cong, h s ma st gia bnh ci v ray gim tc khc trong khi on tu cn nm ngoi ng cong. 2. Lc cn thc t khng vt qu lc cn tnh ton ni c hm.

lt ip ip l t + lh ip

Hnh 2-30. Trit gim dc trong hm Tu vo hm chu lc cn ph trong hm, do vy khi lh > 300m phi gim dc gii hn t 10 25 % tu theo chiu di hm : ih ip, (trong l h s trit gim dc hm). Lu : Cn gim i lng dc khng ch trong hm m c on pha ln dc mt on bng chiu di on tu. 3. Lc cn thc t khng vt qu lc cn tnh ton ni ln dc vo ga.

ip- 4

lt

i ga Lsn ga

lt

ip - 4

Hnh 2-31. Trit gim dc on vo ga Do mt nguyn nhn no m tu cha c php vo ga, v tu phi dng ngoi ga th on dc m tu dng phi m bo iu kin khi ng, mun vy i ip - 4 v li lt 4. phng ct bay. Cn chn hng tuyn theo chiu hot ng ca gi. Nu khng th t hng tuyn dc theo ng chiu gi hoc theo mt gc nghing nh no y th lc u dng tm chn che sau phi trng cy nh thng hoc phi lao phng ct bay, cng c th gii quyt nhng on ng p thp bng nn p cao hn.

2.5.6. Nhng s o v bnh v trc dc.

84

 nh gi bnh v trc dc ca ng thit k, nht l khi so snh mt s phng n cn c nhng s o v bnh v trc dc. 1. V bnh . a. Chiu di ton b L. b. Chiu di on thng Lt, chiu di ng cong Lc theo km v t l % ca chng so vi chiu di tuyn. c. S gc quay (s ng cong trn ton tuyn) v s gc quay cho 1 km. d. S gc quay cho ton tuyn v cho 1 km /L. e. Bn knh trung bnh ca ng cong 180Lc 57,3Lc

g. Chiu di cc ng cong vi cc bn knh khc nhau. h. S im phn gii trn ng thng v trn ng cong.
2. V trc dc. a. Chiu di ca nhng on dc nm ngang, chiu di cc on dc (km) v t l % ca chng. b. Chiu di ca nhng dc c tr s dc khc nhau (bao gm c nhng on i dc hn ch, i dc v hi ...) c. Tng chiu cao phi khc phc ca tng chiu. d. S im phn gii trn ng bng v trn ng dc. Trn y l mt s ch tiu nu ln mt vi c tnh ca tuyn ng. nh gi y cn phi so snh cc c tnh vn doanh, khi lng cng tc, gi thnh xy dng, chi ph khai thc ca tng phng n.

Rtb =

Chng 2 . Bnh , trc dc S 5. Cc yu t ng cong, u nhc im ca ng cong bn knh nh. Yu cu v on thng gia cc on cong. Xc nh gc quay nh nht. 6. Cc dc gii hn (dc hn ch, cn bng, gia cng, qun tnh): iu kin s dng, nh ngha v cng thc tnh. Dc qun tnh khc cc dc gii hn khc im no. 7. Cc dc thit k (dc vn doanh). Cc cch ni 2 yu t trc dc. 8. Mc ch, phn loi, ni dung v nguyn tc phn b im phn gii. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc ti im phn gii. Xc nh chiu di ga. 9. Cch b tr im i dc theo bnh v cng trnh nhn to.
85

Cch thit k bnh v trc dc khi gp S c, ng t, cu, hm. 10. Cch thit k trc dc m bo tu chy an ton (khng b t mc ti im i dc). Cch thit k trc dc m bo tu chy lin tc khi qua ng cong, qua hm,trc khi vo ga, CHNG 3. VCH TUYN
3.1. NHIM V VCH TUYN, CC PHNG N V HNG TUYN. 3.1.1. Nhim v vch tuyn. 1. Nhim v vch tuyn: Vic xc nh v tr hp l ca tim ng trong khng gian l cng vic tng hp v kho st v thit k. gii quyt vn ny cn c ci nhn tng th v cc mt a hnh, a cht, thu vn... v mt xy dng v khai thc, v cc mt kinh t c lin quan. 2. Khi nim vch tuyn: l tng hp cc qu trnh kho st nhm xut, chnh
l, la chn phng n tuyn bao gm c ngoi thc a v ni nghip. Mi phng n tuyn cn m bo tng quan hp l gia chiu di, khi lng cng tc, chi ph xy dng v chi ph khai thc. N phi m bo nhng yu cu nht nh sau: a. Bnh v trc dc phi ph hp vi chun tc ca quy phm thit k ca loi cp ng y. b. Nn ng v cc cng trnh trn tuyn phi m bo cc yu cu v n nh, an ton v khng lm gin on chy tu. Nhng yu t nh hng n vic chn tuyn: a. Yu t kinh t: ngha tuyn ng, tnh cht v lng hng ho chuyn ch, iu kin phn b ga u, ga cui, iu kin chn ga ni vi tuyn ng st c v vi cc ng giao thng khc. b. Yu t t nhin: a hnh, iu kin xy dng, a cht v a cht thu vn, vic chn t cc cu cng ... cc iu kin v kh hu (gi, ma, nhit ..).

3.1.2. Nu cc phng n v hng tuyn. Tc l xut ra nhng phng n c th v hng tuyn gia hai im u,
cui v cc im khng ch gia chng nu thy cn thit. Nh vy khi thit k mt tuyn ng st mi c rt nhiu phng n v hng tuyn v tu theo tng giai

86

on kho st thit k m ta loi b dn cc phng n km gi tr v chn ra c phng n c li nht. Trn hnh v chng ta xem xt cc phng n v hng tuyn ng st A - B. Ngoi im u A v im cui B tuyn cn i qua mt im trung gian C (im kinh t). ct ng phn thu chng ta chn c hai im thp nht l a, b v khi trnh h chn c im c v d (im khng ch). Tp hp cc im ta c hai phng n c bn v hng tuyn, l phng n pha Bc qua cc im A - C - a - c - B v phng n pha Nam qua cc im A - C - b - d- B.

Hnh 3-1. Phng n hng tuyn

3.1.3. ng chim bay v im kinh t, chng ngi v im khng ch. 1. ng chim bay: ng chim bay l ng ngn nht ln theo hnh cu ca qu t, ni lin gia hai im u, cui v qua cc im kinh t.
Trong a s cc trng hp v iu kin a hnh, a cht cng trnh ng st s phi i chch khi hng tuyn ngn nht, nh vy ng chim bay l ch da ngi ta dn tuyn lm sao cho hn ch c chiu di tuyn ng. 2. im kinh t: L cc im to hng, khu dn c ln, bn tu, bn xe, khu u mi giao thng... 3. Chng ngi: Nhng chng ngi v a hnh v a cht b ng chim bay ct qua c th phn ra hai nhm: a. Chng ngi bnh din: sng ln, vng dn c, h, m ly, vng a cht xu, vng m khu vc cm... b. Chng ngi trc dc: ng phn thu cao, cc g t cao, vc thm, b sng l ... 4. im khng ch:

87

 l nhng im xc nh tuyn c th hoc khng th i trnh hoc i qua cc chng ngi. i vi mi chng ngi cn nh ra cc phng n v v tr ca im khng ch trnh chng ngi (nu c th c) hoc l i qua n. + Nu i trnh tuyn s di hn nhng li lm gim c khi lng cng trnh. + Nu i qua tuyn s ngn hn nhng thng lm tng khi lng cng trnh v gi thnh xy dng , c khi iu kin khai thc gp nhiu kh khn.

3.2. PHN LOI VCH TUYN. Tu theo iu kin s dng a hnh, a th v cc dc m trong thc t kho st thit k ngi ta phn ra loi vch tuyn theo hai c im sau:
- Vch tuyn theo iu kin a hnh, tc l li dng hnh th ca mt t. - Vch tuyn theo iu kin s dng dc hn ch hay l cc dc gii hn khc.

3.2.1. Vch tuyn theo iu kin a hnh. 1. Vch tuyn khng ct ng phn thu chnh: tc l khng chuyn tuyn t h thng sng ny sang h thng sng khc, bao gm:
a. Tuyn men sng (a) b. Tuyn ven ng phn thu (b) c. Tuyn men sn ni (c)

a c b

Hnh 3-2. Vch tuyn men sng 2. Vch tuyn ct mt hay mt s ng phn thu chnh: tc l khi tuyn i t h thng sng ny sang h thng sng khc, ni ct thng l ni trng thp l o (tuyn ng st qua o Hi Vn). Kiu tuyn ny phi hp nhiu on tuyn khi th i men sng, khi theo sn ni, lc ct ng phn thu.

88

Hnh 3-3. Tuyn vt o

3.2.2. Vch tuyn theo iu kin s dng dc gii hn. Vch tuyn loi ny c xc nh bi tng quan gia dc thin nhin trung bnh itntb v dc vch tuyn ivt.
Dc thin nhin trung bnh itntb tnh cho tng on tuyn mt theo nhng im c bit trn a hnh v b qua nhng thay i cao mt t trn on . Dc vch tuyn ivt l dc cho php ln nht ca mt on trc dc, n l dc gii hn tr i gi tr trung bnh dc tng ng lc cn ng cong. ivt = ip - ir (icb - ir ; igc - ir) y ir - c ly mt cch tng qut tu theo a hnh do khi vch tuyn cha bit s ln i chiu v gc quay. + Vi vng ng bng ir = 0,5 tng ng vi tng s gc quay 400 trn 1km + Vi vng trung du ir = 1 tng ng vi tng s gc quay 800 trn 1km + Vi vng ni ir = 1,5 tng ng vi tng s gc quay 1200 trn 1km y ta cha cn chnh xc i lng ir bi v sau ny khi tin hnh gim dc tuy c s thay i trong i lng ir nhng chiu di tuyn s khng thay i bao nhiu. Theo iu kin s dng dc gii hn khi vch tuyn ta c th phn ra: - Nu itntb < ivt - vch tuyn t do - Nu itntb ivt - vch tuyn kh khn + Nu itntb ivt - vch tuyn kh khn khng pht trin ng + Nu itntb >> ivt - vch tuyn kh khn c pht trin ng.

3.3. NHIM V V PHNG PHP VCH TUYN T DO V VCH TUYN KH KHN.

89

3.3.1. Nhim v v phng php vch tuyn t do.

1. Nhim v vch tuyn t do. Trn tuyn t do khng c nhng cao phi vt ln, do nhim v c bn ca vch tuyn t do l t tuyn gia cc im khng ch vi lch ti thiu khi chiu tuyn ngn nht. Mun th phi: a. Vch tuyn i t chng ngi ny sang chng ngi khc v don tuyn gia cc chng ngi phi t sao cho ngn nht. b. Phi lp lun c gc quay v tr s ca n cng nh c trnh hng tuyn i xa hng tuyn ngn nht. c. nh gc quay i din vi chng ngi v chng ngi nm pha trong gc quay. d. Nn dng gc quay nh khi tng thm chiu di. e. Chiu i ca ga trng vi hng tuyn, nu lch th phi hn ch lch bng cch hn ch gc quay.
N3 B 1 I 2 N1 N 3 N2 III 4 IV

II

Hnh 3-4. Vch tuyn t do Mc d vch tuyn t do d dng ch t phi vt qua nhng chng ngi cao thp nhng cng vic ny khng n gin v c th c rt nhiu phng n vch tuyn m ta phi tm ra nhng phng n tt nht.

90

Hnh 3-5. La chn v tr nh gc quay khi vch tuyn t do a. Trc dc gin lc AbcdE b. Trc dc gin lc AghiE 2. Phng php vch tuyn t do. Vch tuyn bng cch th dn vi ni dung sau: a. ln th u tin t tuyn theo chiu ngn nht qua cc chng ngi ri ln trc dc. b. Tin hnh phn tch trc dc nhn c v xut ra cc phng n i trch khi hng i ngn nht cho tng on hay l cho c mt on tuyn di trnh chng ngi. c. Vch tuyn theo phng n i trnh, sau phn tch v kt lun nn i theo phng n i trnh hay phng n c.

3.3.2. Nhim v v phng php vch tuyn kh khn. 1. Nhim v vch tuyn kh khn.
L t tuyn qua nhng chng ngi cao thp bng nhng dc c n nh trc, ch nhng ni tht cn thit mi phi ko di tuyn ra, ni chung trc dc l thuyt on vch tuyn kh khn c dng sau:

91

H1 0

H2 0

i vt

i vt

i vt

i vt

Hnh 3-6. Trc dc tuyn kh khn. a. Vch tuyn kh khn khng pht trin ng: c hai trng hp: - Khi ivt ithtb - Khi ivt < itntb khng nhiu th cng c th khng trin tuyn bng cch o mt lng h nh hoc p mt lng h chn hoc l o mt t trn v p mt t di.
H2

i vt
h=H 2 -H 1

i tntb
lo H1

h = h p = h - i vtlo

H2

H2

i tntb
h = h o = h - i vtlo

h = H 2- H 1 H1 lo

i vt
lo

i tntb

i vt
H1

h = H 2- H 1

Hnh 3-7. Vch tuyn kh khn khng trin tuyn b. Vch tuyn kh khn c pht trin ng. Khi ivt << itntb gim p cao o su bt buc phi pht trin ng v lng trin tuyn l l = l - l0

92

H2

i tntb i vt
H1 lo l h

h = h - ivt lo

Hnh 3-8. Vch tuyn kh khn c pht trin ng y: l - chiu di on tuyn c pht trin ng l0 - chiu di ng chim bay (chiu di on tuyn theo ng thng) l=

H 2 H1 h = ivt ivt
h ivt .l 0 h h l0 = = ivt ivt ivt

(3-2) (3-3)

l =

gim bt lng trin tuyn l th nh o phi o thm, chn o phi p thm. ( H 2 hdao ) ( H 1 + hdap ) ivt

l =

- l0

(3-4)

Nu chiu di on tuyn kh khn c nhiu khu gian th chiu di tuyn ti thiu: lmin = ( H 2 hdao ) ( H 1 + hdap ) ivt + lpg = l + lpg (3-5)

y lpg - lng trin tuyn do phn b ga. + Nu cc ga t trn ng thng th

lpg = n.lsga
Trong : n - s ga lsga - chiu di sn ga + Nu cc ga t trn dc th lpg s nh hn v nu on kh khn l on rt di nn xc nh chnh xc s ga rt phc tp th

lpg = pgl

93

 y pg - h s ph thuc vo tiu chun phn b im phn gii, vo dc hn ch ip, vo chiu di sn ga lsga ; = 0,08 0,10 - ng cp 1,2; = 0,06 0,10 - ng cp 3. ( ly gi tr ln vi tuyn c lsga ln v ip nh). 2. Phng php vch tuyn kh khn. L s b t ng khi lng khng, tc l ng m cao thit k trng vi cao mt t. Bn cht ca phng php vch tuyn kh khn l ch: - Bit hiu s ca hai ng ng mc l hm, ta c th t gia hai ng ng mc mt on ng di vi dc cho trc ivt: di =

hdm ivt

(3-6)

- Dng compa t nhng on di lin tip nhau t ng ng mc ny sang ng ng mc khc. Ni lin cc on di ta c ng gy khc, l ng khi lng khng tng ng vi dc cho trc. - Tuyn chng ta phi vch bm vo ng khi lng khng nh vy s m bo chiu di v khi lng cng trnh hp l.

d1 i 1 i2 d1 d2 d3 d3 i3 d2

d1 d2 d3

d1 d2 d3

d1 d2 d3

Hnh 3-9. ng khi lng khng b. Yu cu ch yu khi t tuyn kh khn. t tuyn phi m bo c chiu di l thuyt tnh trc, khng trin tuyn mt cch v ch, mun vy nn vch tuyn t cao xung thp khng tn tht cao , phi tn lng i ht dc vch tuyn. Vch tuyn phi da vo trc dc l thuyt, phi chn cao mt t th no cho ph hp vi trc dc l thuyt.

94

Phi chn v tr v tr s gc quay th no m bo c chiu di tuyn hay on trin tuyn tnh trc. Vic t ga trn on bng hay trn dc phi la chn ph hp vi chiu i ca tuyn v itntb iga.
l

B
h

vt

i<i

vt

vt

vt

vt

Hnh 3-10. Khng s dng ht ivt v tn tht cao trn on vch tuyn kh khn.

3.3.3. Cc loi hnh trin tuyn. Thc t kho st thit k ngi ta phn ra hai loi hnh trin tuyn: 1. Trin tuyn n gin. L cch t vi ba ng cong vi gc quay thng khng qu 900 v chiu di
trin tuyn L khng ln lm gim khi lng o dp hoc tranh th cao khi vch tuyn kh khn.

Hnh 3-11. Trin tuyn n gin a. Tuyn un ln; b. Tuyn bao sui ngang 2. Trin tuyn phc tp.

95

a. Tuyn ln sng nhnh hoc khe sui: Trng hp ny tuyn i men sng v quay li chng 1800, nhiu khi gp a hnh qu kh khn phi p cao hoc lm cu cn, o su hoc phi lm hm... Tuyn ln sng nhnh hoc khe sui khc, tuyn bao sui ngang ch gc quay rt ln, t ti 1800 hoc ln hn.

Hnh 3-12. Tuyn hnh phch nc b. Tuyn hnh ln bng n: cng cn i mt gc khong 1800 ln theo a hnh. Tuyn c th ln mt ln to ra mt bng n hoc ln nhiu ln to ra nhiu bng n.

96

Hnh 3-13. Tuyn hnh bng n a. mt bng b. ba bng c. Tuyn ln hnh xon c: Tuyn quay i mt gc n 3600 hay hn na, c khi mt im no trn bnh tuyn li ct ngang bn thn mnh nhng khng ng mc vi vic s dng hm hay cu cn. d. Tuyn ln theo hnh dch dc (ch chi): trng hp dng ng cong trn gc quay qu ln khng li th c th dng kiu ch chi, tuy nhin n c nhc im lm cho vn tc khu on v kh nng thng qua gim.

Hnh 3-14. Tuyn hnh xon c a. mt giao ct b. ba giao ct c. chi tit on c ba giao ct

97

Hnh 3-15. Tuyn hnh ch chi

3.4. C IM VCH TUYN THEO NHNG IU KIN A HNH, A TH V A CHT KHC NHAU. 3.4.1. Vch tuyn men sng. Lu vc sng thng c ngay c khi ch c th li dng c tng phn ca lu vc v lu vc sng c u im sau: a. C th t tuyn theo nhng dc thoi.
b. Tuyn ch vt nhng cao nh. c. Nu cn thit c th trin tuyn theo cc sng nhnh mt cch d dng. d. Cung cp nc cho ga tin li. e. C iu kin thun li kho st, thi cng v khai thc ng st do c th chuyn ch my mc, vt liu nh cng sng. Lu vc sng c ba loi: a. Lu vc sng vng ng bng v i thoi, sng y rng, t khc khuu. Dc mt t ca lu vc ny rt nh. b. Lu vc vng oi cao thp thng hp v un khc, dc thin nhin kh ln, nhiu khi a hnh c nhng khe vc. c. Lu vc sng vng ni rt hp, nhiu khi gp nhng ni ct ngang v gp nhng vch st b sng. Nhng khuyt im ca tuyn men sng l: a. Dng sng hay un ln nn tuyn phi vng vo nhiu khi trch khi hng tuyn ngn nht. b. Tuyn phi ct cc sng nhnh nn cng trnh nhn to nhiu. c. Do dc dc thin nhin khc nhau thng lu v h lu do kh vch tuyn bng dc hn ch duy nht. d. Nhiu khi gp vng a cht xu nh m ly, h nn nn ng b e do. Nu tuyn men sng gp on sng ngon ngho i trnh n bt buc phi trin tuyn ln th bn cnh phng n i trnh (a) cn xt n phng n ko thng bng cch i qua hai cu (b) hoc l phng n ci dng sng (c). (on tuyn ng st men sng Hng Yn Bi - Lo Cai).

98

Hnh 3-16. Ci sng

3.4.2. Vch tuyn ven theo ng phn thu. Vic vch tuyn ny ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht ca ng phn thu.
ng phn thu c th bng phng v rng, cng c th hp un ln v li lm nh ng vin nh ni. Nu gp ng phn thu rng, bng phng th tuyn i theo ng phn thu c nhng u im: a. Bnh tuyn n gin. b. Khi lng cng tc t nh. c. t c cu cng, nu c th khu nh v nu t tuyn gia ng phn thu th hon ton khng c cu cng. d. Ni chung a cht tt. Nu ng phn thu hp un ln v li lm th cc u im trn mt dn v xut hin mt lot khuyt im so vi tuyn men sng: a. a hnh kh khn hn so vi trng hp tuyn men sng trn cng on . b. Phi vt nhiu cao v ng phn thu khi ln khi xung. c. Gp kh khn v tn km khi cp nc cho ga. Nu gp ng phn thu phc tp th i trch xung pha sn, khi y tuyn men sn ni.

3.4.3. Vch tuyn men sn ni. Thng a hnh sn ni tng i n nh (dc theo mt chiu), c khi gp khe vc v sn dc ln. u im ca tuyn men sn ni l: a. D la chon dc hn ch v sn c dc nghing nn d la chn cao mt t theo dc vch tuyn ivt. b. t c dc ngc nhng on di nn tuyn t phi ln xung.
Khuyt im ca tuyn men sn ni l:

99

a. V a hnh nu sn ni c nhiu khe vc th v trnh n phi cho tuyn ln do bnh vng vo, c th phi dng bn knh nh, c khi khi lng t ln. b. S cng trnh nhn to s nhiu hn so vi tuyn men sng v trn sn ni c nhiu sui, sng con. Thng tuyn cng i trn cao th cng nhiu cng (v trn cao nhiu sui). c. t ga trn sn ni kh khn v khi lng cng tc ln, nhiu khi phi t trn ng cong. d. Tu theo a hnh sn ni c th phi xy k, tng chn, phng ri. Nhiu khi sn ni cn xut hin nhng ngun nc ngm hay l hang ng. Xt v quan im ny th phng n men sn ni bc l r nhc im so vi tuyn men sng v men ng phn thu.

B A
i p = 10 (% ) i p = 8 (% ) i p = 6 (% )

Hnh 3-17. Tuyn men sn ni Tuyn ng st t Ga Ph Trng (Bc Giang) i Lng Sn l tuyn men theo sn ni.

3.4.4. Vch tuyn ct ng phn thu. y l trng hp phc tp v kh khn v phi vt qua cc chng ngi cao
thp, n c khuyt im sau: a. Chiu di on vch tuyn kh khn ln, lng trin tuyn ln. b. Phi vt cao ln. c. Khi lng t ln, c bit l ni giao gia ng phn thu v thung lng. d. Nhiu khi phi lm hm trn nh o v cu cn di chn o (Tuyn ng st vt qua o Hi Vn).

3.4.5. Vch tuyn theo iu kin a cht phc tp.

100

Trong trng hp a cht kh khn th yu t nh hng nhiu n tuyn khng phi l a hnh m l a cht v a cht thu vn. V vy vic vch tuyn phi tin hnh song song vi vic iu tra a cht v a cht thu vn ni tuyn i qua (chiu ngang 1 5 km, c khi ln hn). 1. t trt. Tt nht l trnh vng t trt, nu i qua vng t trt khc phc bng cch: a. Tuyn i pha trn cao v bn ngoi mt trt bng nn o nng (V trn cng trt yu hn, khng i bng nn p v s to thm trng lng trt). b. Hm i di mt trt. c. Cu cn c mng di mt trt.

nn o cu cn mt trt hm
Hnh 3-18. Tuyn i qua a cht phc tp 2. Vch tuyn qua vng c hang ng (qua vng cast). Hang ng d gy st nn ng tt nht l nn trnh qua n. Nu thy trnh m khng li v kinh t th gii quyt bng nn p nng v dng mt s bin php chng li hin tng Cast nh thot nc mt tt cho nn ng, nh sp hang hoc l phun va b tng lp y hang (on tuyn ng st Dc Xy - Ninh Bnh). 3. Vch tuyn qua vng m ly. Phi thm d nh gi chiu su v tnh cht ca lp bn, phi xt n nguyn nhn pht sinh bn ly, ngun nc cung cp ra bin php khai thng v lm kh vng . Vic chn phng n i vng hay l i qua m ly l theo quan im kinh t. Nu i qua vng m ly th: a. Tuyn phi i qua vng bn ly hp nht v ni mt y khng c dc ngang. b. Nn li tuyn i gn ni c t tt c th dng p nn ng. (on tuyn ng st u cu Hm Rng pha bc qua m ly).

3.5. VCH TUYN QUA SNG.

101

Chn v tr cu phi ph hp vi hng tuyn, khng nn lm xa hng tuyn nhiu qu. a. Cu ln th ng theo cu. b. Cu nh v cu trung th cu theo ng. V mt thu vn v a hnh a mo. a. Lng sng phi n nh, thng u (nu khng s b xi mn) b. Sng phi hp, bi nh, lng sng cn, khng c nhnh, khng c bi ni v bn ly. c. Cu phi vung gc vi sng (tc l nn chn ni no thung lng sng v dng ch song song vi nhau). Nu kh khn cu c th lm vung gc vi dng ch v lch vi thung lng sng 5 100 i vi sng c thng thuyn hay ngc li vung gc vi thung lng sng v lch vi dng ch 5 100 nu sng khng c thng thuyn. d. Khng nn t gc quay bi sng, nu bt buc phi t gc quay th phi ph hp vi hng nc chy (v t ngc s to ra xoy lm hng m tr). e. Tn lng t v tr cu cch xa bi bi. V mt a cht c gng chn ni c tng c bn gn y sng, a cht b sng n nh, khng st l, khng c cast. Tuyn H Ni - Lng Sn qua Sng Hng, Sng ung, Sng Cu, Sng Thng; Tuyn H Ni - Hi Phng qua Sng Thi Bnh Hi Dng; tuyn ng st H Ni - Thanh Ho qua Sng y Ph L, Ninh Bnh.

ng gii hn nc ln khi l

khng t

Hnh 3-19. Vch tuyn qua sng

3.6. NH GI VIC VCH TUYN.

102

La chn ng tuyn s em li hiu qu kinh t ln, cn chn tuyn khng ng s ko theo tng mt cch v ch chi ph xy dng cng trnh cng nh chi ph khai thc sau ny. nh gi vic vch tuyn ngi ta dng cc ch tiu tuyn sau: a. Chiu di tuyn L: bao gm chiu di cc on thng v chiu di cc ng cong. b. Chiu di trin tuyn thm L = L - L0 (km) L0 - chiu di ng chim bay o trc tip trn bn hoc tnh ton thng qua to cc im u, im cui v im kinh t nu c. c. H s trin tuyn = 1,15 d. Chiu di v t l % on vch tuyn t do, vch tuyn kh khn cho php nh gi xem vic chn dc hn ch ip v hng tuyn hp l hay cha (V d nu h s trin tuyn ln > 1,25 v on i vi vch tuyn kh khn chim > 50% th gim chiu di tuyn cn xem xt phng n i dc hn ch ip ln hn. Ngc li nu h s trin tuyn nh v on vch tuyn kh khn cng chim t l nh th tng chiu di on vch tuyn kh khn c th dng dc hn ch ip nh hn, trong trng hp ny dc hn ch ip nh khng c ko theo lng trin tuyn ln m ch lm tng khng ng k khi lng cng tc t ). L ; trong trng hp tng i thun li = 1,05 L0

3.7. QUY NH BN V BNH V TRC DC TUYN, CC S O BNH V TRC DC. 1. Quy nh chung. Bn v c thc hin trn giy c kh 297 mm hoc khi cn thit 594 mm v chiu di l bi s ca 210 mm. 2. Bnh tuyn. Bnh tuyn ng thng l 1/10.000 hoc 1/25.000 (giai on kh thi); 1/2000 hoc l 1/5000, 1/1000 (thit k k thut). Trn bnh khi cn thit c s
ho a hnh, c nh gc quay, c cc yu t ng cong, c im u v im cui ng cong (tnh c ng cong ho hon), c l trnh, c nh ca v cng trnh, c ga, c ng ngang ... Trn bnh ch ra c phm vi chim t xy dng ng. Khi thit k chi tit bnh thun tin cho vic nh v v bo dng ng cong nn chn chiu di ng cong chn n 10 m hoc 5m, iu nyc th thc hin c bng cch thay i khng ng k gc quay.

103

3. Trc dc tuyn. Trc dc thng c v theo t l 1/10000 - chiu di; 1/1000 - chiu cao (hoc l t l ca chiu di theo t l ca bnh ). Trn trc dc a ra ng cao mt t thin nhin (ng mu en), ng cao vai ng thit k (ng mu ), cao mc nc (mu xanh).
Pha trn ca ng thit k nh k hiu cc ga v l trnh ga, ng ngang. loi v khu cc cng trnh thot nc, cc thit b trn mt t v ngang mt t, ghi chiu cao p nhng im p cao nht. Pha di ng thit k ghi chiu cao o nhng im o su nht, nh k hiu cc cng trnh thot nc.

104

CHNG 4. SO SNH KINH T K THUT CC PHNG N.

4.1. NHNG NGUYN TC C BN KHI SO SNH PHNG N. 4.1.1. Khi nim. Trong vic u t xy dng, nhim v c bn nht l nng cao hiu qu vn u
t, gim gi thnh xy dng. thc hin c gii php cn phi so snh mt cch chi tit v cn thn v kinh t k thut cc phng n thit k a ra. "Phng n l mt trong nhng cch gii quyt nhim v thit k, n phi tho mn yu cu nhim v thit k, c th em so snh vi cc cch gii quyt khc cng mt nhim v ". La chn c phng n hp l khi: a. Phng n c xut cng y th cng c c s chn ra phng n tt nht. b. Khng nn xut qu nhiu s phng n, nu khng s lm ri lon s so snh. c. giai on thit k tuyn lp d n kh thi phi xut ti thiu hai phng n tuyn. d. Mc so snh phng n phi chi tit v chnh xc nh nhau.

4.1.2. Cc ch tiu so snh phng n. nh gi cc phng n c th dng cc ch tiu sau: 1. Cc ch tiu tho mn nhng yu cu c bn ca nn kinh t quc dn, xt n c hai mt cht lng v s lng c nh hng n: a. Mc pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn trong vng thit k (pht trin lc
lng sn xut, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, pht trin cng nng nghip, bo v mi trng thin nhin). b. Kh nng m bo nhu cu vn ti ca tuyn, ci thin mng li ng c, kt hp ng st v ng giao thng khc. c. Kh nng d tr con ng thit k (kh nng thng qua, kh nng chuyn ch, iu kin tng cng nng lc qua tng giai on). 2. Cc ch tiu k thut: l cc s o bnh , trc dc v tuyn khu gian v im phn gii. 3. Cc ch tiu v khi lng xy dng. l khi lng cng trnh, iu kin c gii ho xy dng; thi gian xy dng cng trnh v thi gian np ng vo khai thc tm thi v khai thc vnh cu; yu

105

cu v my mc thit b v vt liu xy dng. b tr cc c s cng nghip, c s sn xut, kho tng vt liu xy dng ... 4. Cc ch tiu khai thc. l thi gian tu chy, lng tiu hao nhin liu; tiu chun trng lng v vic thng nht ho tiu chun ny nhng ga u mi; ch tiu v quay vng u my toa xe, nhu cu v u my toa xe; s lng on phi dng u my gia cng v nhu cu ca n; nh bin cn b cho cng tc khai thc. e. Cc ch tiu kinh t tng hp (ch tiu gi tin). l vn u t ban u v vn u t cho cc giai on sau tng cng nng lc cho ng; chi ph mua sm u my toa xe giai on khai thc ban u v v sau; chi ph khai thc hng nm; gi thnh chuyn ch v kh nng h dn trong tng lai.

4.2. SO SNH PHNG N THEO CH TIU GI TIN. 4.2.1. ngha ca vic so snh theo ch tiu gi tin. Tu theo ngha ca i tng, giai on thit k m mc tiu so snh cc ch tiu v gi tin c th xc nh mc chi tit v chnh xc khc nhau.
Thng thng cc s liu xut pht xc nh hiu qu kinh t l ch tiu gi tin c trng cho vn u t ton b v chi ph khai thc hng nm. Vn u t c phn ra: a. Vn u t ban u l vn u t cn thit thc hin tt c cc cng tc trc khi chuyn giao ng vo khai thc. b. Vn u t b xung l vn u t cn thit thc hin trong qu trnh khai thc tng cng nng lc cho ng theo tng giai on cng tc ring l ca n. Trong thc t thit k ngi ta thng a ra hai trng hp c trng nht: a. So snh phng n theo vn u t mt giai on. b. So snh phng n theo vn u t nhiu giai on.

4.2.2. So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on. Gi A1 v A2 l vn u t mt giai on ca phng n 1 v 2. E1 v E2 l chi ph khai thc hng nm ca phng n 1 v 2.
Nu

A1 > A2 phng n 2 u vit hn, cc phng n nh th gi l phng E1 > E 2

n khng cnh tranh. Nhng trong thc t thng xy ra:

106

A1 > A2 cc phng n ny gi l cc phng n cnh tranh. E1 < E 2

1. So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on theo thi gian hon bi thb. Nu vic xy dng theo phng n c vn u t ln hn c thc hin th vn b thm ca phng n 1 so vi phng n 2 l A1 - A2 v tng ng vi n chi ph khai thc hng nm ca phng n 1 tit kim c so vi phng n 2 l E2 E1, c th hon bi vn u t b thm vi chi ph tit kim ny vi thi gian hon bi l: thb =

A1 A2 E 2 E1

(4-1)

Thi gian hon vn tiu chun thbtc thng do B K hoch u t quy nh: + thbtc = 10 nm vi cc cng trnh xy dng c ngha quc gia nh tuyn ng st mi. + thbtc = 8 nm vi cc cng trnh cn m bo hiu qu vn u t ln hn. + thbtc = 12 nm vi cc cng trnh vng c iu kin a hnh kh khn v thin nhin khc nghit. Nu hn). thb > thbtc chn phng n 2 (phng n c vn u t ban u nh hn). 2.So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on theo h s hiu qu vn u t c. Khi chi ph khai thc tit kim c c nh, tc l E2 - E1 khng i theo gi tr trong mt thi gian, phn ca vn u t b thm A1 - A2 s c hon bi hng nm. T s gia chi ph khai thc tit kim c hng nm trn vn u t b thm c gi l h s hiu qu ca vn u t. c= Nu c Nu c < 1 t hbtc 1 t hbtc E 2 E1 1 1 = >< = ctc A1 A2 t hb t hbtc = ctc - chn phng n 1 = ctc - chn phng n 2 (4-2) thb thbtc chn phng n 1 (phng n c vn u t ban u ln

y ctc - h s hiu qu vn u t tiu chun. ctc = 0,08 khi thbtc = 12 nm ctc = 0,10 khi thbtc = 10 nm

107

chbtc = 0,12 khi thbtc = 8 nm 3. So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on theo chi ph quy i (chi ph dn xut). Bin i bt ng thc (4-2) v thay c = ctc ta c A1ctc + E1 > < A2ctc + E2 - chi ph quy i t A sang E hay l: A1 + (4-3) (4-4)

E2 E1 > < A2 + ctc c tc

Kdx1 > < Kdx2 - tng chi ph quy i Phng n c hiu qu kinh t nht l phng n c chi ph quy i hoc tng chi ph quy i l nh nht. Nhn xt chung: a. Khi so snh hai phng n th p dng cng thc (4-1) hoc l cng thc (42). b. Khi so snh nhiu phng n th p dng cng thc (4-3) hoc l cng thc (4-4). c. Cc cng thc (4-1) (4-2) (4-3) (4-4) ch p dng khi chi ph khai thc khng thay i theo thi gian. 4. So snh phng n khi u t mt giai on c chi ph khai thc thay i hng nm. a. Xc nh h s quy i chi ph v nm tnh ton. Gi s ngi ta u t mt s tin l K0 vo mt lnh vc sn xut no th sau mi nm s tin s mang li li nhun. thi im ban u vn u t l K0. Th sau mt nm vn u t l K1 = K0 + ctcK0 = K0(1 + ctc) sau hai nm vn u t l K2 = K1 + ctcK1 = K0(1 + ctc)2 sau ba nm vn u t l K3 = K2 + ctcK2 = K0(1 + ctc)3 . . . . . . . . . t sau t nm vn u t l Kt = K t - 1 + ctcK t - 1 = K0(1 + ctc) (4-5)

T cng thc (4-5) nhn thy rng ng tin theo thi gian tng theo quy lut % phc tp. Chng ta t bi ton ngc li: cn thc hin vn u t ban u K0 no sau t nm n l Kt. T cng thc (4-5) c: K0 = Kt = Kt.t (1 + ctc ) t 1 - h s quy i chi ph v nm ban u. (1 + ctc ) t (4-6)

Trong t =

108

Nh vy gi tr ca chi ph trong tng lai khi a v nm ban u b gim i, tm c n cn nhn vi h s quy i tng ng. b. So snh phng n khi vn u t mt giai on c chi ph khai thc thay i hng nm. Tng chi ph quy i ca mi phng n v nm ban u "nm 0) l: Kdx = A +

E
t t =1

(4-7)

y T - thi gian xem xt. Nu chi ph khai thc khng i theo thi gian th Kdx = A + E t
t =1 T

(4-8)

Nu bit s ph thuc ca chi ph khai thc theo thi gian c = c(t) th cng thc (4-8) c th c th hin nh sau:
T

Kdx = A +
T

E (t ). dt
t
0

(4-9)

t S =

E (t ).t dt =
0

E (t ).t dt 0

E (t ). dt
t

cng thc trn v phi c tch phn th hai nh hn rt nhiu tch phn th nht nn ngi ta c th b qua, nh vy

S=

E (t ). dt
t
0

Nu E(t) = E th Kdx = A + E

dt 1 =A+E t ln(1 + ctc ) 0 (1 + c tc )

Sau khi khai trin ln(1 + ctc) theo chui Mac l ranh ta ly gn ng ln(1 + ctc) = 1 v ctc E ctc (4-10)

Kdx = A +

Cng thc ny nh cng thc (4-4). Nh vy khi chi ph khai thc khng i theo thi gian th tnh chi ph dn xut theo (4-4) cng ging nh theo (4-8).

4.2.3. So snh phng n khi u t nhiu giai on.

109

Trong thc t thit k ng st mi cng nh tng cng ng ang khai thc thng so snh phng n khi phn k vn u t hay ni cch khc vn u t c c thc hin cc giai on lm vic khc nhau ca ng. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng h s quy i khng ch vi chi ph khai thc m vi c chi ph u t xy dng trong tng thi k nht nh v tng chi ph quy i c tnh nh sau: Kdx = A0 +

(1 + c
1

m 1

Aij
tc

tij

+
1

(1 + c
td

tc

Ei (t ) t tc )

(4-11)

Trong : A0 - vn u t xy dng ban u m - s giai on lm vic ca ng m - 1 - s ln chuyn t mt giai on sang giai on tip theo tij - nm thay i giai on lm vic ca ng (nm thc hin vn u t b xung Aij) t - nm bt u khai thc ng giai on xc nh. t c - nm kt thc khai thc ng giai on xc nh.
G (10 3tn) G ct4 (t) G yc(t) G ct3 (t) G ct2 (t) G ct1 (t)

10

T(nm)

Hnh 4.1. Biu so snh phng n u t nhiu giai on

4.2.4. Phng php chn dc hn ch ip theo kinh ph quy i. Trong thit k ng st ta phi chn dc hn ch ip hp l nht c li v mt kinh t khi xy dng cng nh khi khai thc sau ny nhng vn phi m bo
c khi lng vn chuyn yu cu. Nh vy mun chn c phng n tt nht

110

ta phi xy dng c mi quan h Kdx = f(ip) v ip no cho Kdx nh nht l ip c chn. n gin ta c th dng th xy dng mi quan h trn bng cch a ra vi tr s dc hn ch v vi mi dc hn ch xc nh c chi ph dn xut Kdx = A + E . ctc
Kdx Kdx = f(i p ) K dxmin

C th gp 3 trng hp sau:
Kdx

Kdx = f(i )
p

i1

i2

ip hp l i 3 i p (% )
Kdx

i p max i p (% ) Ly i p maxtheo quy phm thit k

dx

= f(i p )

i p min i p (% ) Ly i p min theo iu kin khi ng hoc theo quy phm thit k

Hnh 4-2. Biu chn ipmin theo Kdx

4.3. TNH KHI LNG CNG TRNH V GI THNH XY DNG CC PHNG N. 4.3.1. Khi nim. Vi mc ch so snh cc phng n ta khng cn phi tnh ton t m v cng phu khi lng cng vic v gi thnh v khng cn thit (ch cn tnh chnh xc khi lm n bn v thi cng v lm d ton). Khi so snh phng n ta ch cn tnh nhng khi lng v gi thnh ca cc i tng v loi cng vic no cc phng n khc nhau r rt.
Mc t m v phng php tnh ton th no l do tnh cht ca cc phng n cn c so snh v do giai on thit k quyt nh. Khi so snh phng n cn xt n nhng loi cng tc sau: a. Kinh ph v khi lng o p nn ng v cng trnh ph thuc. b. Kinh ph v cng trnh cu hm, cng, tng chn.

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c. Kinh ph v t kt cu tng trn v cc kin trc khc t l vi chiu di tuyn (nh ca cng v, thng tin lin lc, tn hiu, trm bin th, mng in, in kh ho dc tuyn ...). d. Kinh ph cng trnh v ga. e. Kinh ph v mua sm u my toa xe v tn tht v ng hng ho. Ngoi nhng cng tc c bn trn khi so snh c th phi xt nhng loi cng tc khc nhau m cc phng n khc nhau r rt nh cng c a cht ni t xu, cng tc gia c ng ni c ng cong nh ... Nu cc phng n c cc cng trnh, cc kt cu, cc on tuyn c gi tr nh nhau, gi thnh nh nhau th khng cn nu ra so snh.

4.3.2. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh nn ng. 1. Tnh khi lng cng tc nn theo trc ngang:
Chnh xc nhng mt thi gian. N c p dng tnh khi dc ngang thin nhin > 1/5, ni nn ng thit k c bit, ni na o na p, khi o p cc loi t khc nhau. Theo cch ny ta phi tnh din tch trc ngang ca tng on nh ri tnh khi lng. 2. Tnh khi lng cng tc nn theo bng khi lng tng cc. c p dng nhng ni c trc ngang thng thng. dc ngang thin nhin < 1/5, ch cn tnh theo cc bng tnh sn ca tng cc, do cn phi c trc dc t m. Cn tnh khi lng t theo phng php ny. 3. Tnh khi lng cng tc nn theo cao o p trung bnh. Dng trc dc gin lc ln lt xt tng on ngn o ring p ring c cao khng thay i lm c coi bng cao o p trung bnh. Theo cao o p trung bnh htb v chiu di ca tng on nh l (km) ca trc dc, tnh khi lng theo cng thc: Q = qolo + qplp 12) Trong : qo, qp - khi lng t o v p ca 1 km ca tng cao trung bnh (m3/km) lo, lp - chiu di ca cc on o, p (m). (m3) (4-

112

l o

h p

h o

l p

Hnh 4-3. Tnh khi lng t theo htb Khi lng t qo, qp c th ly bng, th hay tnh trc tip. Khi lng t ca ng chnh tnh theo tng km vi cng thc: Q (m3/km) L Thng nhng on tuyn d dng q = 15.000 m3/km, on tuyn trung bnh q q= = 16.000 30.000 m3/km, on tuyn kh khn q > 30.000 m3/km. 4. Tnh khi lng cng tc nn theo phng php chn mu (dng hnh mu trc dc). Theo cch ny ta c th tm khi lng t cho tng on ng c khi lng t cho 1 km gn nh nhau. Trc dc thng c phn ra 3 loi: a. Loi d cao o p l 2 3 m b. Loi va cao o p l 3 6 m c. Loi kh cao o p l > 6 m i vi mi loi ta chn ra vi ba km in hnh ri tnh khi lng cho tng km, sau tnh ra khi lng trung bnh ca loi . Nh vy khi lng t trn c tuyn ng c th tnh theo cng thc: Q = q1l1 + q2l2 + q3l3 (m3) Trong : q1, q2, q3 - khi lng t trung bnh mt km ca tng loi (4-13)

l1, l2, l3 - tng chiu di cc on ca tng loi (km)

Ch : nhng ni qua m ly cao nn p h phi thm vo mt i lng ln m tu theo chiu su lp bn hb, tnh cht ca lp bn, iu kin thi cng (no ht bn hay mt phn, nn , lm cc ct ...). Nh vy chiu cao t nn phi p hn l: hn =h + mhb

4.3.3. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh cng trnh nhn to. Khi thit k v thi cng ta thng dng cc kt cu cu cng nh hnh, theo tng thit k ta tnh khi lng v gi thnh so snh, ngoi ra cn phi xt

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thm cc iu kin c th nh loi v chiu su lp nn mng, chiu cao nn ng... Khi lng ca cng c th tnh theo bng trong nu khi lng ca ming cng, nn cng v khi lng ca tng mt di t cng. Tt c nhng th trn tnh cho tng loi cng, loi khu . Chiu di cng c tnh theo cng thc sau: Lc = Bn - 2m (m) hoc l Lc = Bm + 2mh - 2m Bn - b rng y nn ng Bm - b rng mt nn ng m - h s mi dc ta luy Trong : (4-15)

- ng knh ng cng
B

1/m h O Lc B n

Hnh 4-4. Xc nh chiu di cng Gi thnh cu cng tnh bng cch nhn khi lng vi n gi ca tng loi cng tc hay vt liu.

4.3.4. Tnh khi lng v gi thnh kt cu tng trn. Khi lng cng tc kt cu tng trn ph thuc loi v nng lc kt cu tng trn ta chn (loi ray, , ph kin, t vt). Nng lc kt cu tng trn ca ng chnh quy nh trong quy phm tu theo cp ng v s lng hng ho chuyn ch. Khi so snh phng n ni chung ta ch cn tnh gi thnh theo gi n v tng qut ca tng loi nng lc kt cu tng trn (gi 1 km kt cu tng trn). Ch trong
trng hp c bit nh khi c ng cong bn knh nh ta mi cn tnh thm tin gia c ng cong.

4.3.5. Tnh khi lng cng tc v gi thnh cc ga. V khi lng t v cu cng xt ng chnh ri nn i vi cc ga khi so snh phng n ta ch cn xt n kt cu tng trn, nh ca v cc cng trnh

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khc. Chiu di cc ng ga, tr ng chnh ra ta tnh theo cc bn s nh hnh. Khi lng v gi thnh nh ca ga cng nh cc kt cu khc ta c th tnh s b theo s ga, theo s lng tu chy trong ga. Nhng khi khng yu cu chnh xc lm th gi thnh cc ga c th tnh theo n gi tng qut mt ga tu theo loi ga. Ngoi nhng loi cng tc trn tu theo tnh hnh c th m ta phi xt n nhng th khc nh khi lng v gi thnh xy dng nh , nh cng v, ng dy thng tin lin lc. Nhng loi cng tc ny c tnh cho tng km tu theo cp ng, mc ng c dn c m tuyn i qua, khi lng hng vn chuyn v loi thng tin.

4.3.6. Tnh gi thnh xy dng cc phng n.

Q = QS + Lkta1 + Lgaa2 + Acc + Ltta3 + Lkta4 + Ngaa5 Trong : A - gi thnh xy dng ton b QS - gi thnh xy dng nn Lkt, Lga, Ltt - chiu di ng khai thc, cc ng ga v ng thng tin a1, a2, a3 - gi thnh 1 km kt cu tng trn ng chnh, ng ga, ng dy thng tin Acc - gi thnh xy dng cu cng trn tuyn a4 - n gi bnh qun ca cc kt cu cng trnh dc tuyn nh nh ca, bin bo, tn hiu Nga, a5 - s im phn gii v n gi ca im phn gii. Kt qu tnh ton ca cc phng n em chia cho chiu di tuyn thit k tm ra gi thnh ca 1 km. Thng thng gi thnh ca tng hng mc cng trnh chim mt t l nh sau so vi gi thnh xy dng: + Cng tc t 8 19% trong iu kin d dng, 25 28% trong iu kin phc tp. + Cng trnh nhn to 3 6% trong iu kin d dng, 6 12% trong iu kin phc tp. + Cng tc kt cu tng trn 25 35% trong iu kin d dng, 15 25% trong iu kin phc tp. (4-16)

115

Nu cc phng n khc nhau nhiu v iu kin s dng tu xe th phi xt n tin mua sm tu xe, cn nu trong qu trnh khai thc nu mua sm u my toa xe b sung th tnh chi ph khai thc: Nm = Trong : Nm, Ntx - s u my v toa xe c lin quan n thi gian tu chy. T m, Ttx - s gi u my v toa xe phc v trong mt nm. Khi c s u my toa xe em nhn vi gi mua sm mt u my v mt toa xe ta c gi thnh. Tdm Ttx (u my) ; Ntx = (toa xe) 365.24 365.24 (4-17)

4.4. TNH CHI PH KHAI THC KHI SO SNH PHNG N. 4.4.1. Cc phng php tnh chi ph khai thc khi thit k ng st. Chi ph khai thc l chi ph cho vic chy tu, vic sa cha tt c cc cng trnh, sa cha on tu v lng cn b cng nhn vin. Khc vi ng st ang khai thc l bit cc s liu chi ph thc t mt cch
chi tit, ng thit k mi chi ph khai thc c xc nh mt cch tng i. so snh cc phng n thit k ng mi khng cn tnh chi ph khai thc vi chnh xc cao, iu quan trng nht l phn bit s khc nhau v chi ph gia cc phng n. V vy c th khng tnh n mt vi loi chi ph no m khng nh hng ln lm n chi ph chung v t khc bit gia cc phng n (nh chi ph bo dng ga, chi ph cho b my qun l ng...). Chi ph khai thc bao gm hai nhm a. Nhng chi ph t l vi s lng chuyn ng (chi ph trc tip) Ett (/nm). b. Nhng chi ph bo qun cc kt cu c nh (chi ph gin tip) Egt (/nm). Nhm chi ph th nht bao gm chi ph nhin liu, chi ph sa cha on tu, mt phn chi ph v bo dng v khu hao kt cu tng trn, chi ph bo dng u my v khm k thut toa xe ... Nhm chi ph th hai bao gm bo dng thng xuyn ng chnh v ng ga, chi ph bo dng cng trnh nhn to, thit b cp in, thng tin tn hiu, ga. Nhm chi ph th hai ny cng ph thuc vo s lng chuyn ng nhng mc thp hn so vi nhm chi ph th nht v chi ph cho bo dng thng xuyn cc kt cu c nh nh hng n cng sut ca chng. Chi ph khai thc ca c hai nhm c xc nh bng cch cng tt c cc thnh phn chi ph tng ng vi cc s o ring bit.

116

Ett = Egt =

a X
i i =1 m

(4-18) (4-19)

k Y
i =1

i i

Trong : Xi, Yi - s o chi ph ai, ki - chi ph n v. xc nh chi ph khai thc ngi ta s dng ba h thng tiu chun chi ph v s o, l: tiu chun tng loi, tiu chun n nhm, tiu chun a nhm. a. Trong h s tiu chun tng loi cc chi ph c xc nh theo mt lot cc s o, iu ny cho php tnh chnh xc nhng khi lng tnh ln. b. Trong h thng tiu chun n nhm nhng chi ph c lin quan vi nhau c thng nht thnh mt loi cng vic. c. Trong h thng tiu chun a nhm ngi ta thng nht cc chi ph thnh mt. H thng ny xc nh chi ph khai thc t kh khn hn v c th dng so snh phng n giai on lp d n.

4.4.2. Tnh chi ph khai thc trc tip theo tiu chun tng loi.
Ett =

a X
i i =1

xc nh chi ph trc tip u tin ngi ta tnh chi ph khai thc cho mt on tu theo tng chiu: e1.tu = enl + etg + etq (ng/1 on tu) Trong : enl - chi ph khai thc t l vi tiu hao nhin liu. etg - chi ph khai thc t l vi thi gian. etq - chi ph khai thc t l vi s tu thng qua. Vi on tu hng do u my izen ko: e1.tu = [a1RM + a2RC + (a3 + am)E] + (a4tMh + a5tMH + a6tnH) + + (a7MS + a8nS + a9TK) (ng/1 on tu) (4-20) Vi on tu hng do u my hi nc ko: e1.tu = (b1BK + b2RM + b3Rc + b4Ent) + (b5tMh + b6tMH + b7tnH) + + (b8MS + b9nS + b10TK) (ng/1 on tu) 21) Vi on tu khch tnh e1.tu tng t nh cc cng thc trn nhng cng thm phn aKK. (4-

117

Trong : ai, bi (i = 1 10) - gi thnh n v ca cc s o a1, a2, b2, b3 - (ng/TKm) a3, am, b1, b4 - (ng/Rg) RM, RC - cng c hc ca lc ko v lc cn (T-Km) E - tiu hao nhin liu izen (kg) Ent - tiu hao nhin liu than (kg) a4, b5 - (ng/i gi) a5, b6 - (ng/u my-gi) a6, b7 - (ng/1000 toa trc-gi) a7, b8 - (ng/1000 u my-Km) a8, b9 - (ng/1000 toa trc-Km) a9, b10 - (ng/triu tn-Km) aK, K - (ng/khch) , s lng hnh khch B K - lng tiu hao hi nc tMh - s o mt i gi ca i u my tMH - s o mt u my gi tnH - s o 1000 toa trc gi MS - s o 1000 u my-Km nS - s o 1000 toa trc-Km TK - s o triu tn-Km Khi bit s lng on tu ca mi loi theo mt chiu trong mt nm Ni(1), Nv(1), Ni(2), Nv(2) ... c th tnh chi ph khai thc trc tip: Ett = e1t(i)1Ni(1) + e1t(v)1Nv(1) + e1t(i)2Ni(2) + e1t(v)2Nv(2) + ... (ng/nm)

4.4.3. Tnh chi ph khai thc gin tip theo tiu chun tng loi.
Egt =

k Y
i =1

i i

Egt = (K1 + K2 + K3 + K4)Lkt + K5Nga + K6Lkt(in) + K7Ntbt (ng/nm) Trong : K1 - chi ph n v sa cha bo qun thng xuyn ng (10 ng/Km-nm).
3

K2 - chi ph n v sa cha bo qun thng xuyn cc thit b thng tin lin lc (10 ng/Km-nm)
3

118

K3 - chi ph n v sa cha bo qun thng xuyn tn hiu iu khin chy tu (103ng/Km-nm) K4 - chi ph n v sa cha bo qun thng xuyn v tr giao ct (103ng/nm) K5 - chi ph n v bo qun im phn gii (103ng/im phn gii) Lkt - chiu di tuyn ng khai thc Nga - s im phn gii K6 - chi ph n v bo dng mng in (103 ng/Km-nm) Lkt(in) - chiu di ng dy in K7 - chi ph n v bo dng trm bin th (103ng/trm bin thnm) Ntbt - s trm bin th. Sai s trong cc giai on so snh phng n: Giai on lp d n kh thi: 7 10 % Giai on thit k k thut: 3 4 %.

119

CHNG 5. LA CHN CC THNG S K THUT V PHN TCH KH NNG VN CHUYN THCH NG.
5.1. NNG LC TNH TON V NHNG THNG S K THUT C BN. 5.5.1. Nng lc tnh ton. l kh nng thng qua v kh nng vn chuyn yu cu v c th ca ng
st. Kh nng vn chuyn yu cu ca ng st Gyc l khi lng hng ho cn vn chuyn trn ng (tn/nm). Kh nng thng qua yu cu nyc l s lng on tu hay i tu cn thng qua trong mt ngy m (i tu/ngy m). Kh nng vn chuyn v kh nng thng qua ca tuyn khng th tng mt cch u n theo thi gian m n ph thuc vo t hp cc thng s k thut, cc trang b k thut v cc phng php t chc cng tc khai thc vn ti ng st. l kh nng vn chuyn c th Gct (tn/nm) v kh nng thng qua c th nct (i tu/ngy m) ca con ng. Khi lm n thit k tuyn m bo iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca ng qua cc giai on khai thc ta phi c: Gct Gyc ; nct nyc Kh nng vn chuyn c th c tnh: Gct = m: nh = 365QH

nh (tn/nm)

(5-1)

N - (nkek + nlel) (i tu/ngy m) 1+ p

Trong : QH - trng lng hng trung bnh ca on tu (tn) QH = .Q

- h s cht hng ca on tu = 0,6 0,8

Q - trng lng on tu

- h s chuyn ch khng u trong nm =

nh - s tu hng thng qua theo mt chiu

g max >1 g tb

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N - kh nng thng qua ca tuyn ng (tnh cho khu gian kh khn nht) nk, nl - s tu khch v tu l ek, el - h s tnh i t tu khch, tu l ra tu hng p - h s d tr kh nng thng qua.

5.1.2. Nhng thng s k thut c bn. Kh nng vn chuyn c th ca ng ph thuc vo nhng thng s k thut c bn sau:
a. Cc thng s k thut ca cc kt cu c nh nh: kh ng, s ng chnh, tr s dc gii hn (v d ip), tiu chun phn b im phn gii hoc kh nng thng qua tnh ton, chiu di ca nhng ga hn ch chiu di dng c ca ng tip pht. b. Trang b k thut nh: loi sc ko, loi v cng sut ca u my, cc thit b thng tin tn hiu, ng ng, s ga v chiu di dng c ca ng tip pht, loi toa xe, loi kt cu tng trn. c. Cc phng php t chc chy tu hay l th t thng qua hp l ca cc on tu qua khu gian v cc im phn gii. Th t thng qua ca cc on tu qua khu gian c th hin bng biu chy tu, cn qua cc im phn gii c th hin theo kh nng t chc trnh tu c v khng ga. Lu : Khi thit k ng st mi cc thng s k thut ca cc kt cu c nh cn chn la c tnh n lm vic lu di ca ng m khng cn thay i chng t nht l trong tng lai gn. S thay i trang b k thut v phng php t chc chy tu trong qu trnh khai thc mc d yu cu vn u t b sung nhng thng khng ln v t kh khn hn so vi s thay i cc thng s k thut ca cc kt cu c nh.

5.2. TH KH NNG VN CHUYN, KH NNG THNG QUA C TH V YU CU.

L loi th trn v nhng ng v kh nng vn chuyn Gct, Gyc, kh nng thng qua nct, nyc c th v yu cu ca tuyn ng qua tng giai on khai thc cng nh s cnh tranh vn chuyn thch ng.

5.2.1. th kh nng vn chuyn, kh nng thng qua c th v yu cu. 1. th kh nng vn chuyn c th v yu cu.

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Trn hnh 5-1 gii thiu th kh nng vn chuyn yu cu Gyc(t) v kh nng vn chuyn c th Gct(t), cc th ny cho bit:
G (triu tn/nm) n (i tu/ngy m)
h

n yc(t)
G yc (t) G ct3 (t) G ct2 (t) G ct1 (t)

n ct3(t) n ct2(t) n ct1(t)

T(nm)

t1

t2

t3

T(nm)

Hnh 5-1. th G v nh a. a ra t hp trang b k thut v phng php t chc chy tu khng m bo vic khai thc bnh thng ca ng (ng 1). b. Xc nh thi im ln nht c th khai thc ng ng vi mi t hp trang b k thut v phng php t chc chy tu. Thi im ny c gi l thi im bt buc thay i nng lc ca ng, hay l thi im k thut ht nng lc (t1, t2, t3). c. a ra d tr c th ca kh nng vn chuyn theo cc nm khai thc, d tr ny c xc nh nh hiu s cc tung tng ng ca Gct v Gyc. Lu : th kh nng vn chuyn thch ng v cho kh nng vn chuyn yu cu v c th thun tin khi so snh cc phng n s cnh tranh cho ng thit k c: a. Nhiu loi u my. b. Trng lng on tu khc nhau. c. Nhiu loi thng tin tn hiu v ng ng. d. Nhiu phng php t chc chy tu. 2. th kh nng thng qua c th v yu cu. so snh kh nng thng qua yu cu v c th cn phn bit kh nng thng qua ln nht v kh nng thng qua ca tu hng. a. Kh nng thng qua ln nht c xc nh xut pht t vic m bo thng qua tt c cc tu hng cng nh cc tu khch, tu hng nhanh, tu hn hp v cc loi tu khc c quy i ra tu hng c xt n lng d tr b xung iu ho

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vic chy tu khi sa cha nh k cc thit b v cng trnh ca ng st v thng qua cc tu hng trong trng hp tu chy lch vi bng gi tu quy nh. b. Kh nng thng qua ca tu hng ch l mt phn ca kh nng thng qua ln nht v kh nng thng qua yu cu ca tu hng c xc nh theo cc nm khai thc nh sau: nh(yc) = G yc . 365.QH . 106 (5-2)

Kh nng thng qua c th ca tu hng c tnh cho cc loi biu chy tu khc nhau. Trn hnh 5-1 kh nng thng qua yu cu nh(yc) l ng i ln, cn ng kh nng thng qua c th i xung tng ng vi cc biu chy tu nht nh. Khi so snh kh nng thng qua yu cu v c th ngi thit k nhn c cc s liu nh khi so snh kh nng vn chuyn yu cu v c th. Ch : Vic so snh theo kh nng thng qua c ch trong trng hp khi m ch cn ch ra hng tnh ton theo cc nm khai thc ca ng (hng tnh ton l hng ca chiu nhiu hng).

5.2.2. Cc trng hp tnh ton, cc trng thi k thut. 1. Trng hp tnh ton. Trng hp tnh ton l t hp cc thng s ca ng thit k, v tr ca tuyn
v ca cc kt cu c nh. 2. Trng thi k thut. Trng thi k thut l t hp cc thnh phn ca trang b k thut ng st v n xc nh cng sut ca ng trong phm vi ca trng hp tnh ton. s thay i ca mt trong cc thnh phn trang b k thut (v d nh loi u my...) dn ti vic chuyn ng sang trng thi k thut khc. Trng thi k thut ban u: trng thi lc bt u a ng vo khai thc. Trng thi k thut cui cng: trng thi m bo c khi lng vn chuyn thch ng trong tng lai.

5.3. TNH KH NNG THNG QUA V KH NNG VN CHUYN C TH PHN TCH VN CHUYN THCH NG. 5.3.1. Tnh kh nng thng qua c th. 1. Khi nim chung.
Kh nng thng qua c th ca ng st tc l s on tu hay l s di tu thng qua trong mt chu k nht nh c th b gii hn bi:

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a. Kh nng thng qua ca cc khu gian. b. S pht trin ng trong ga. c. S hiu ca cc loi ghi yt hu. d. B tr on u my, cung cp nng lng... Khi thit k ng mi thng tnh kh nng thng qua theo cc yu t ny v chn khng nh hn quy phm quy nh. Thng th kh nng thng qua ca ng c xc nh bi kh nng thng qua ca khu gian. Vi chnh xc cn thit m bo cng tc vn chuyn ca ng st kh nng thng qua c th theo cc khu gian c xc nh trn c s xy dng biu chy tu. 2. Biu chy tu. Biu chy tu l mt mng li m trc honh biu din thi gian cn trc tung biu din khong cch. Trn mng li ny cc trc ca im phn gii c th hin bi cc ng nm ngang, cn ng xin biu th thi gian chim dng cc khu gian ca cc on tu. 3. Phn loi biu chy tu. Biu chy tu c thng nht trn ton tuyn bng cch kt hp chuyn ng khu gian v tc nghip ga, ngi ta phn loi biu theo:

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C Tu chy song song A

C Tu chy khng song song A

C Tu chy cch nhau mt khu gian

C Tu chy lin tc tng cp

Ga vt

C Tu chy trn tuyn i

Hnh 5-2. Cc loi biu chy tu. a. Theo vn tc tu chy. - Biu tu chy song song: tt c cc on tu ca mt hng c tc nh nhau th ng biu din tu chy theo hng song song vi nhau. - Biu tu chy khng song song: trong thc t cc on tu ca mi hng c vn tc khc nhau, do ng biu din tu chy theo hng khng song song vi nhau. b. Theo cch cho tu chy. - Biu tu chy cch nhau mt khu gian: tu chy theo mt chiu no ci n cch ci kia mt c ly gia hai ga. - Biu tu chy lin tc tng cp: cng nh trng hp trn nhng c hai chiu tu chy tng cp ci n cch ci kia mt c ly ng m ng t ng. c. Theo s ng chnh: - Biu tu chy trn tuyn n.

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- Biu tu chy trn tuyn i: lc ny th biu din cho tng chiu v tng ng ring bit. d. Theo cch cho tu hoc khng ga. 4. Tnh kh nng thng qua. a. i vi tuyn n. * Biu tu chy tng ci c ga ci n cch ci kia mt khu gian. T = tdi + tv + A + B + tpz (pht) Trong : tdi, tv - thi gian tu chy trn khu gian theo chiu i v v

A, B - thi gian tu ga A v B
tpz - thi gian gia tc v gim tc khi tu ra ga v vo ga N=

1440 (i tu/ngy m) T

(5-3)

ti

A T

t v

Hnh 5-3. Chu k T tu chy tng ci * Biu tu chy lin tc tng cp c ga v lin tc t ng. Tlt = tdi + tv + A + B + 2(K - 1)ttd + tpz (pht) Trong : ttd - khong thi gian gia hai ln tu chy khi ng m ng t ng K - s tu trong nhm chy lin tc.

126

tt

ti

A T

t v

tt B

Hnh 5-4. Chu k chy tu lin tc tng cp Trong trng hp tuyn n K = 2 cho Vkt khi gim xung v tu phi ch qu lu ga ngi ta ch cho mt b phn tu chy lin tc m thi, thng ly 2/3 s tu chy lin tc cn 1/3 s tu chy bnh thng, hay l lt = 0,67, ta c: K .nlt N N . lt K

lt =

nlt =

T 1440 = nlt.Tlt + (1 - lt)NT thay nlt = N . lt vo ta c: K N= Trong : Tlt, T - chu k ca biu tu chy lin tc v chy bnh thng. * Biu tu chy tng ci khng ga (chy sut). tu c hai chiu chy khng ga (chy sut) th ga phi di v thi im hai tu n ga phi cng lc. Trng hp thi im hai tu n ga khng cng lc th phi ko di ng trong ga. Tcs = tdi + tv + tpz (pht) Trong : tpz - thi gian gia gim tc khi tu chy sut qua ga. Trong trng hp ch cho mt b phn tu chy sut m thi, thng ly 2/3 s tu chy sut cn 1/3 s tu chy bnh thng, hay l cs = 0,67, ta c: ncs N 1440.K (i tu/ngy m) lt Tlt + K (1 lt )T (5-4)

cs =
t :

ncs = cs.N

1440 = ncsTcs + (1 - cs)NT

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ti T

t v

Hnh 5-5. Chu k T chy sut thay ncs = cs.N vo ta c: N= 1440 (i tu/ngy m) cs Tcs + (1 cs )T (5-5)

b. i vi tuyn i. Kh nng thng qua c tnh ring cho tng chiu. * Khi c ct tn hiu ng m ng t ng: Tchn = ttd Tl = ttd Nchn = Nl = 1440 (tu/ngy m) t td (5-6) (5-7)

1440 (tu/ngy m) t td

Tl = t t A

B Tchn = t t
Hnh 5-6. Chu k T tuyn i * Khi khng c ct tn hiu ng m ng t ng: tu chy cch nhau mt khu gian. Tl = tdi + A Tchn = tv + B Nl = 1440 (tu/ngy m) Tle 1440 (tu/ngy m) Tchan (5-8) (5-9)

Nchn =

128

B t v B
Hnh 5-7. Chu k T tu chy cch mt khu gian c. Tnh kh nng thng qua c th ca tu hng. nh =

N - (eknk + elnl) (i tu/ngy m) 1+ p

(5-10)

5.3.2. Cc ch tiu vn tc. Khi thit k ng st ngoi ch tiu kh nng vn chuyn, kh nng thng qua ngi ta cn dng ch tiu vn tc c trng cho mi phng n. 1. Vn tc thng qua Vtq: l vn tc bnh qun ca tu chy gia hai ga khu
on (ga c on u my) m khng dng li bt c ga no. Vtq = L (km/h) Ttq (5-11)

2. Vn tc k thut Vkt: l vn tc bnh qun ca tu chy gia hai ga khu on c tnh n thi gian gia gim tc cc ga trung gian v nhng trnh. Vkt =

L (km/h) Ttq + t pz

(5-12)

3. Vn tc l hnh Vlh: l vn tc tu chy gia hai ga khu on c tnh c thi gian tu dng li cc ga trung gian v nhng trnh. Vlh = L (km/h) Ttq + t pz + t d (5-13)

4. Vn tc chy sut Vcs: l vn tc tu chy gia ga lp tu v ga gii th tu c tnh c thi gian tu gia gim tc v dng li tt c mi ga (ga khu on, ga trung gian, ga nhng trnh)

5.4. PHN TCH KH NNG VN CHUYN THCH NG V LA CHN CC THNG S K THUT CA TUYN NG. 5.4.1. Phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng. 1. S vn chuyn thch ng.

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 l s thay i lin tc cc trng thi k thut theo thi gian hay l s chuyn i lin tc t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, bt u t trng thi ban u v kt thc trng thi cui cng. Trn hnh 5-8 a ra 3 phng n s vn chuyn thch ng. Ngi ta dng tng chi ph quy i xy dng v khai thc hng nm khi u t nhiu giai on lm ch tiu nh gi hiu qu kinh t s vn chuyn thch ng. Kdx = A0 +

A
ij
1

m 1

tij

+
1

E
i td

tc

(5-14)

Trong : A0 - vn u t xy dng ban u Aij - vn u t cn thit chuyn t trng thi i sang trng thi j m - s trng thi c trong s tij - thi gian chuyn i t trng thi i sang trng thi j t , t c - thi gian bt u v kt thc ng mi trng thi. Ei - chi ph khai thc hng nm ca ng trng thi tng ng.

t =

1 - h s quy i (1 + ctc ) t

S vn chuyn thch ng no c ch tiu nh gi hiu qu kinh t nh nht Kdx = Kmin c gi l s ti u vn chuyn thch ng. Ch : S ti u vn chuyn thch ng c xc nh trong phm vi ca mt trng hp tnh ton bi v thay i d ch mt thng s ca thit k v d nh ip cng dn n thay i tuyn, gi thnh xy dng, thi gian nng cp ng v nh hng ln n chi ph khai thc. 2. Phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng. L tp hp cc tnh ton lin quan n vic nh ra cc trng thi k thut v a ra s ti u vn chuyn thch ng. Khi thit k tuyn ng st mi tin hnh phn tch vn chuyn thch ng : a. Lp lun nng lc k thut ban u ca mt trong cc phng n tuyn tc l trng thi ban u m ng vi n phng n ny c th c a vo khai thc c xt n tng cng hp l nng lc ca ng thch ng vi khi lng hng vn chuyn trong tng lai. b. La chn cc thng s k thut c bn khi thit k ng mi. Khi thit k nng cp ng st ang khai thc vic phn tch vn chuyn thch ng c mt s c im sau: a. i vi ng ang khai thc ta bit trc trng thi ban u.

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b. Vic la chn cc trng thi k thut trung gian ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh cc trang thit b ang s dng. Nu cc trang thit b ang s dng tng i hon thin th min cc trng thi trung gian s ngn li. c. Cc bin php ci to tng nng lc cn c tin hnh m vn phi m bo chy tu do cc cng tc xy dng s t hn so vi lm ng mi. d. Khc vi ng mi ng nng cp ch c mt trng hp tnh ton duy nht v trng hp tnh ton ny c xc nh bi t hp cc thng s c nh ang s dng. Ch : la chn trng thi ban u tin hnh phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng cho mt trng hp tnh ton, cn la chn cc thng s k thut ca cc kt cu c nh th tin hnh phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng cho cc trng hp tnh ton khc nhau.

Hnh 5-8. S vn chuyn thch ng 3. Cc ch tiu s b loi b cc s vn chuyn thch ng km gi tr. gim bt vic v cc s ngi ta dng cc ch tiu s b sau loi chng: a. S m u my phi thay i lun (phi ko di ng trong ga do Q tng ln dn n phi b tr li cc t phc v u my toa xe...). b. S m thi gian gia hai ln tng nng lc qu nh (nh hng n vn doanh v phi lun lun sa cha ng).

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c. S m kh nng d tr qu ln (lm cht vn u t). d. S m giai on sau khng li dng c trang b ca giai on trc. Sau khi dng cc ch tiu s b loi b cc s vn chuyn thch ng km gi tr s cn li mt s s mang tnh cnh tranh. Ngi ta tnh tng chi ph quy i xy dng v khai thc Kdx cho cc s cnh tranh v s c chn l s c Kdx nh nht.

5.4.2. La chn cc thng s k thut ring bit ca tuyn ng. Bn cnh vic phn tch mt cch ton b theo th kh nng vn chuyn
thch ng c khi ta phi lp lun chn tng thng s k thut ring bit. 1. Chn c ly ng: C ly ng c nh hng rt ln ti kh nng d tr, n ph thuc: a. ngha ca tuyn ng. b. Khi lng vn chuyn. c. iu kin a hnh. d. iu kin ni tip ng c (vo kh ng no). + Kh hp S0 < 1435 mm + Kh tiu chun S0 = 1435 mm + Kh rng S0 > 1435 mm u im kh hp: gi thnh xy dng nh, xy dng nhanh, c ly nh nn d t. Nhc im kh hp: kh nng thng qua v chuyn ch nh, gi thnh vn chuyn t. 2. Chn s ng chnh: chn s ng chnh ngi ta cn c vo: a. Khi lng vn chuyn. b. Yu cu ca tuyn ng (vn tc l hnh, yu cu cp ng...) c. C hai phng n nguyn tc xy dng ng: + Lc u t tuyn n, sau dn dn t on ng i v tng lai t ng i cho c tuyn. + Thit k theo tiu chun ng i, lc u xy dng mt ng gim gi thnh xy dng ban u, sau xy dng hon ton ng i. Thit k ng i khi N 60 70 i tu/ngy m Thit k on ng i khi N > 20 i tu/ngy m. Thit k ng n khi N < 20 i tu/ngy m. 3. Chn loi sc ko:

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Cn c vo: a. a th tuyn i qua. b. Khi lng vn chuyn. c. ngha tuyn ng. d. Ngun nng lng. Cc phng n thit k: a. Thit k cho u my in nhng lc u dng u my izen. b. Thit k cho u my izen nhng tng lai xt n in kh ho. c. Thit k cho u my hi nc nhng tng lai xt n izen v in. 4. Chn dc hn ch. dc hn ch chn theo quy phm ip = 4 ipmax c xt n a hnh: a. vng ng bng nn chn ip = 4 5 b. vng trung du thch hp ip = 6 7 c. vng ni thch hp ip = 8 12 Qu trnh chn ip c th gp tnh hung sau: a. Tuyn dng mt dc hn ch cho c hai chiu. b. Tuyn dng nhiu dc hn ch phn theo cc khu on. c. Tuyn c on dng ip, c on dng igc. d. Tuyn i mi chiu mt dc hn ch khc nhau. Chn dc gii hn hp l da trn ch tiu kinh ph dn xut Kdx, dc c la chn l dc cho Kdx nh nht. 5. Chn trng lng on tu v chiu di s dng ca ng tip pht. u my dng trong tng lai c xc nh bng th phn tch kh nng vn chuyn thch ng. C ip tnh c trng lng on tu trong tng lai Qtl t tnh Lsd Lsd = y: Qtl q md ( tb ) + lm + l (5-15)

qmd(tb) ti trng trung bnh mt mt di ca on tu trong tng lai. lm - chiu di u my.

l - d tr chiu di phng tu dng khng ng v tr. 6. Lp lun kh nng thng qua m im phn gii. Trng hp 1: Lp lun v la chn khong cch gia cc im phn gii. - Ly ti thiu 3 phng n v 3 kh nng xy ra v khong cch gia cc im phn gii, mi trng hp cho mt tr s Ntt.

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- n nh trc nh hng ca tiu chun phn b im phn gii i vi chiu di tuyn ng, iu ny c lm mt cch s b bng cch v s tnh ton cho on tuyn t do v on tuyn kh khn. - Tnh tng cc chi ph v so snh chn phng n hp l nht. Trng hp 2: Lp lun tm ra thi gian hp l nht cho tu chy sut. - Tnh ch tiu kinh t v k thut ca tng giai on mt. Ch tnh kinh ph cho tu chy sut nh ko di ng trong ga v nh hng ca n ti nng cao vn tc. - Tnh tng chi ph cc phng n so snh ri chn ra phng n (thi hn) hp l nht.

Cu hi n tp:
Chng 3. Vch tuyn 11. Nu nhim v vch tuyn v cc phng n v hng tuyn. 12. Phn loi cch vch tuyn, vch tuyn t do, vch tuyn kh khn. 13. c im vch tuyn theo nhng iu kin a th v a cht khc nhau, vch tuyn qua sng.

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PHN II KT CU TNG TRN NG ST, NN NG ST CHNG 1 CU TO KT CU TNG TRN 1.1. 1.1.1. RAY Cng dng v yu cu i vi ray Ray dng dn hng cho bnh xe, trc tip chu lc t bnh xe truyn xung v truyn lc xung t vt. Lc t bnh xe truyn xung l lc ng lun thay i, n gm: lc thng ng, lc nm ngang, v lc tc dng dc theo thanh ray. Ngoi ra ray cn chu lc do nhit thay i gy ra. Di tc dng ca cc lc , ray c th b nn, ko, un, xon v c th b p bp, mi mn. ng xut tip xc gia ray v bnh xe rt ln.

Khi tu chuyn ng, lc ma st gia ray v bnh xe to nn sc bm cho cc bnh ch ng ca u my. Mun c sc bm sinh ra lc ko khi khi ng, i vi cc bnh ch ng ca u my yu cu mt nh ray phi nhm. Tuy nhin, nu mt nh ray qu nhm s gy ra sc cn ln i vi cc bnh xe ca toa xe. V vy, i vi cc bnh ca toa xe li yu cu mt nh ray phi nhn. Thng thng, khi luyn thp, mt nh ray khng cn gia cng c bit vn m bo sc bm cho cc bnh ch ng ca u my v lc cn cng khng qu ln i vi cc bnh xe khc. Khi cn thit, ngi ta ri ct ln mt nh ray tng sc bm. Ray lm vic nh mt dm t trn cc gi n hi l t vt. Di tc dng ca ti trng on tu, ray b un. chu un tt, yu cu ray phi cng. Khi tu chuyn ng thng c lc xung kch tc dng ln ray, v vy, yu cu ray phi do nht nh. V ng sut tip xc gia bnh xe v ray rt ln nn thp ray phi rn chu lc tt v khng b mi mn nhanh. Ray cn phi c dai u ray khng b p bp. Qua s phn tch trn, ta thy rng mun tng thi gian s dng ca ray th thp ray phi m bo cc yu cu: Mt nh ray phi va nhm va nhn. Thp ray phi cng v do ng thi phi rn v dai.

Nhng yu cu trn rt mu thun nhau, v vy khi ch to ray gp nhiu kh khn, mc d k thut luyn thp c nhiu tin b, nhng vn ch to ray vn cha c gii quyt hon ho. 1.1.2. Hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc ca ray Lc ch yu quyt nh hnh dng ca ray l lc thng ng do bnh xe truyn xung. Di tc dng ca lc ny, ray b un nh mt dm t trn cc gi n hi. Ta bit rng: mt dm chu un tt nht khi mt ct ca n c dng hnh ch I. V vy, ngi ta ly hnh ch I lm c s thit k mt ct ca ray. u ray phi tip xc tt vi mt ln bnh xe, thn ray khng qu dy g bnh khng va vo thn ray. Mt nh ray lm hi li vi bn knh R1 lc truyn t bnh xe xung trng vi trc ray. Theo kinh nghim khai thc ng st, tr s R1 = 200 300 mm l ph hp. Bn knh R1 cng nh th ng sut tip xc mt nh ray cng ln. Ray P43 c R1 = 300 mm, chiu rng mt nh ray H = 70 mm. chuyn t mt nh ray sang m ray, ngi ta dng mt cong c bn knh r1 =13 mm tng ng vi bn knh ch mt cong chuyn t g bnh xe sang mt ln bnh xe. M ray lm thng ng i vi cc loi ray P43, hoc nghing ra ngoi vi nghing 1:3 hoc 1:4 i vi cc loi ray P50. T m ray chuyn sang cm ray (mt di ca u ray), ngi ta dng mt cong bn knh r2 , tng din tch tip xc vi lp lch thng dng r2 nh. Ray P43 c r2 = 2mm (xem hnh 1-2). Mt di ca u ray c dc 1 : m ging mt trn ray. Ray P43 c 1:m = 1:3, cc loi ray P50 c 1:m = 1:4.

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B Hnh 1-1Hnh dng mt ct ray T u ray chuyn sang thn ray ngi ta dng cc mt cong c bn knh r3 = 3 5 mm v r4 = 10 16 mm. Mt ca thn ray lm thng ng vi cc loi ray P38, cc loi ray P43, mt thn ray l mt cong c R3 = 350 450 mm. Ray P43 c R3 = 350 mm (Hnh 1-2). Chuyn tip t thn ray sang ray ngi ta dng r5 = 15 25 mm. ray phi tng i dy m bo sau khi ra l, ray khng b ngui nhanh qu. Chiu rng ca ray cn c vo chiu cao ca ray v phi m bo n nh chng b lt ca ray. T l gia chiu rng v chiu cao ca ray thng dng l

B = 0.81 0.89. H

Tu theo k thut ch to ca tng nc nn ray c chiu di khc nhau: Lin X dng ray di 12,5 m v 25 m, Trung Quc dng ray di 12,5 m, Php 18 24 m, c c 3 loi: 38; 45 v 60 m, Anh 11,89 v 18.29 m, M 11,89 v 23,78 m ... Hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc ca ray P43 nh hnh 1-2

Hnh 1-2Mt ct ray P43 1.2. 1.2.1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PH TNG NI GI RAY Yu cu i vi ph tng ni gi ray Ni chung, ph tng ni gi ray hin i phi p ng c cc yu cu sau: Ph tng ni gi ray cn m bo lin kt cht gia ray vi t vt v gia ray vi ray gi c ly ray c tt v m bo ray khng b x. Phi c bn cao, c bit i vi t vt b tng c tui th cao, do yu cu ph tng ni gi ray cng phi c tui th tng ng. Phi c n hi cao, i vi t vt b tng c cng ln gp t 3 5 ln t vt g, c tnh dn in tt nn i hi ph kin ni gi cn c n hi tt v d cch in. C kh nng gi c ly ng khng i, c th iu chnh c ly ray d dng, chnh xc. Cc chi tit n gin, gn nh, d ch to v sa cha, lp rp. Ph kin lin kt cn mt lng st thp ln, do khi thit k cn m bo d gia cng v c th ch to hng lot h gi thnh. m bo c th iu chnh cao ray trong qu trnh sa cha m khng phi nng v chn t vt. C th dng cho ray hn lin. Thun tin v n gin trong kim tra v thay th Ph kin ni gi ray c th chia thnh hai loi: Ph kin gi ray v ph kin mi ni.

1.2.2. Ph kin gi ray

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Ph kin gi ray dng ghm cht ray vo t vt. Nu cn c vo tnh cht ca ph kin, c th chia lm hai loi: ph kin ghm gi ray kiu khng n hi v kiu n hi. Hai loi ny u c th dng tm m thp hoc khng dng m thp. Nu cn c vo vic lin kt ray vi loi t vt, ta c th chia lm hai loi: ph kin gi ray vi t vt g v ph kin gi ray vi t vt b tng. Hai loi ny c th dng ph kin n hi hoc khng n hi. I. Ph kin gi ray vi t vt g 1. Kiu n gin ray t trc tip ln t vt v c ghm gi vo t vt bng cc inh mc, inh vt hoc inh n hi. Dng 3 inh ghm gi ray : hai inh ng pha trong lng ng v mt inh ng pha ngoi. Di tc dng ca lc thng ng P v lc ngang Q, inh pha trong chng lc nh, inh ngoi chng lc y ngang. inh mc thng c mt ct hnh vung, mi cnh 16 mm, di 165 mm, c ch to t thp CT1, CT2, CT3 v bo m khng b nt khi un ngui (Hnh 1-4a) thc hin nghing ca ray, ti ch k ray, mt t vt phi o vi dc 1:20.

Hnh 1-3Lin kt ray vi t vt g kiu n gin Trc khi ng inh, ngi ta phi khoan l su 120 mm, rng 12 mm cc th g khng b ph hoi. Nh vy c th tng sc chng nh ca inh mc ln 30% v tng sc chng p ngang ln 20%. i vi t vt g thng mi, lc ghm gi chng nh ca inh mc l 2000 kg, lc chng p ngang bng 0,75 lc chng nh. i vi inh vt (Hnh 1-4 b), lc chng nh ln hn 0,5 1 ln so vi inh mc v lc chng p ngang nh hn 50%. Lin X, Trung Quc, Vit Nam dng inh mc l ph bin, cc nc Ty u ngi ta thng dng inh vt. Trn hnh 1-4 biu th hnh dng v kch thc ca inh mc v inh vt ca Lin X.

Hnh 1-4Hnh dng, kch thc ca inh mc v inh vt ca Lin X

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 m bo ghm gi ray vo t vt c chc chn, ngi ta dng inh n hi . Hnh (1-5) biu th mt s loi inh n hi c s dng o, Anh, Thy S v M. Hnh 1-5Cc loi inh n hi

Loi ph kin ni gi ray kiu n gin, do din tch chu lc di ray qu nh nn ray thng ca vo t vt lm cho t vt chng hng. tng thi hn s dng ca t vt g, ngi ta t thm tm m thp k ray. 2. Kiu dng chung Gia ray v t vt ngi ta t mt tm m thp tng din tch truyn lc, dng ba inh (2 inh ng pha trong lng ng v mt inh ng pha ngoi) ghm gi c ray v tm m vo t vt. Tm m c lm t thp Mctanh c hm lng Ccbon khng nh hn 0,16% hoc bng thp Betme c lng Ccbon khng nh hn 0,12% . Trn hnh (16) biu th kiu dng chung, dng inh vt hoc inh n hi.

Hnh 1-6 Lin kt ray v t vt kiu dng chung a,b: Kiu dng chung, inh vt, inh ng c,d: Kiu dng chung, dng inh n hi loi mt chn v loi hai chn Tm m thp c tc dng phn b p lc t ray xung t vt u hn v tng din tch truyn lc xung t vt. Tm m cn c tc dng truyn lc ngang cho tt c cc inh, mt phn lc ngang s b tiu hao do ma st gia t vt v tm m. Tm m cn m bo nghing ca ray nn khng cn bo gt t vt. Kch thc tm m thay i tu theo loi ray (xem hnh 1-7).

Hnh 1-7Tm m dng cho ray P43, kiu dng chung Ph kin gi ray kiu dng chung c nhc im l vic ghm gi ray v tm m vo t vt khng c chc chn, sau mt thi gian s dng, inh d b lng, tm m b rung lm t vt di y tm m b mn nhanh.

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Khi ti trng trc, cng vn chuyn v tc chy tu tng th nhc im ny cng r. gim bt rung ca tm m, ngi ta dng ph kin ni gi kiu ri. Kiu ri Tm m c lin kt vi ray bng hai bu lng, sau dng bn inh (inh vt hoc inh mc) ghm tm m vo t vt. m bo tm m c p cht vo t vt, ngi ta thng dng thm cc vng lt l xo (rng en). Ph tng ni gi kiu ri K ca c c sn xut nm 1962, loi ny cho php tng thi gian s dng ca t vt, m bo iu chnh cao ray t 3 9 mm m khng cn nng t vt. Loi ph kin lin kt kiu ri c nhng u im sau: Tm m c ghm cht vo t vt nn n khng b rung. Mt khc, ngi ta c th lp sn tm m vo t vt ti xng lp rp v c th tin hnh thay ray m khng cn ng n cc inh lin kt tm m v t vt. Ray c bt cht vo tm m nn ma st dc tng v khng cn dng ngm phng x na. loi lin kt kiu ri cn cho php iu chnh cao ray bng cch thay i chiu dy tm lt cao su di ray. Tuy nhin, ph kin lin kt kiu ri c nhc im l qu nhiu chi tit, gi thnh cao. Hnh 1-8Lin kt ray vi t vt g kiu ri 4. Kiu hn hp 3.

Loi ny, ngi ta dng nm inh, trong ba inh ghm gi c ray v tm m vo t vt, hai inh ghm tm m (Hnh 1-9). Trn ng thng ch cn ng 4 inh, trn ng cong, nu cn ngi ta ng thm inh th 5. Loi ny c u im l cu to n gin, t chi tit v tn t thp, vic ghm gi ray rt chc chn, gim bt rung ca tm m. Tuy nhin, mi ln thay ray li phi nh inh ln lm cho l inh t vt d lng, mt khc loi ny khng th iu chnh cao ray c. Hnh 1-9Lin kt ray vi t vt g kiu hn hp

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Mi loi ph kin gi ray phn tch trn u c u, nhc im v thch hp vi tng loi ng v iu kin khai thc c th. Qua kinh nghim khai thc cho thy, loi ph kin lin kt khng n hi sau mt thi gian s dng di khng m bo vic ghm gi chc chn ray vo t vt, v vy, nhiu nc chuyn sang dng ph kin n hi. y t vt phi chn cht trnh bin dng cc b. Ph kin gi ray kiu n hi hin i phi m bo c th iu chnh cao ray. Ngi ta thng dng tm lt cao su thm vo gia ray v tm m iu chnh cao ray. thay th inh mc thng thng, ngi ta dng inh mc l xo. Trn hnh 1-6c l loi inh mc n hi kiu mt chn Riuping (c). Anh l nc dng nhiu inh mc l xo nht. Khi dng inh vt hoc bu lng khng m, ngi ta thng dng cc n hi n hoc kp. Cc l xo n thng c dng cho t vt g, cc l xo kp thng dng cho t vt b tng. Hng pht trin hin nay ca ph kin gi cho t vt g l loi phi kin ri, dng cc n hi lin kt ray vi tm m, thm tm lt n hi di ray v vng lt inh. II. Ph kin ni gi ray vi t vt b tng Ph kin lin kt ray vi t vt b tng c th chia thnh cc nhm sau: 1. Nhm th nht Ray t trc tip ln tm lt n hi, khng dng m st, tm lt cao su c a chung hn tm lt g v n t h hng hn, thi gian s dng lu hn v t b bin dng d. ghm gi ray vo t vt, ngi ta dng cc cng hoc cc n hi, mt u cc t trc tip vo t vt hoc t vo tm lt n hi, cn mt u cc p ln ray, sau dng inh tia r phng- bu lng hoc bu lng sut ghm cht vo t vt. Trn hnh 1-13 biu th lin kt dng inh tia r phng cc ca Lin X, loi ny dng cc n hi RN, mt u cc t vo tm lt n hi. inh tia r phng c bt vo li g chn trong b tng . Loi phi kin ny lun p mt cch n hi xung ray, mt khc ngi ta c th thay i chiu di l thp di ca cc RN c th dng cho nhiu loi ray c chiu rng ray khc nhau m khng cn thay kch thc v v tr cc inh tia r phng. Tuy vy cn lu l vic thay ray ch thc hin c khi u nm ray mi v ray c c b rng ging nhau. Nhc im ca loi lin kt ny: khi thay ray hoc khi t cc tm lt bng g hoc vt liu khc chnh cao ray phi vn inh ra, nh vy s lm yu v lm hng lin kt gia phi kin v t vt . Kiu ni gi bng inh tia r phng bt trong li g cha tt v li g thng phi thay lun v cn gy ra nhiu sai lch v c ly ng v lm yu vic ni gi ray. Hnh 1-13 Phi kin tia r phng cc ca Lin X

Trong hnh 1-13: 1. Tm lt n hi di chn cc 2. 3. 4. Tm lt n hi di ray m cch in ming cc inh tia r phng

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5. 6.

Cc n hi Li g

Trn hnh 1- 14 biu th phi kin cc n hi kiu RN bt gi bng inh tia r phng-bu lng dng trn ng st quc gia Php m bo cht lng khai thc tt, loi tia r phng-bu lng c u di nh inh tia r phng c bt trc tip trong b tng, u trn l bu lng c rng c v cu. Hin ang s dng 5 Km ng TVBT Thp Chm.

Hnh 1-14 Phi kin dng cc RN bt gi bng tia r phng-bu lng dng trn ng st quc gia Php. T vt b tng kiu Vanhe: u di inh tia r phng c t nhng vng thp xon c nh ng gien ca tia r phng. Loi ny vn c nhc im l rng c bu lng v tia r phng c th b hng hoc b g gy kh khn khi thay ray. Trn hnh 1-15 biu th phi kin lin kt dng tia r phng-bu long t trn ng st quc gia Nht. inh tia r phng - bu lng c bt vo mt li bng cht do in mi - ng thi cng l cht cch in. phng nt b tng ch t li, ni chu lc ln, ngi ta b tr ct thp xon c. Cc n hi c cch in vi t vt bng mt tm lt bng cht do t di ch un cong ca lng cc (xem hnh1-15). c bit, loi ny dng mt rng en tm t di cc n hi iu chnh c ly ng. Khi cn iu chnh c ly ray ta quay rng en ny tu theo kch thc cnh ca n t vo ray. Kh nng m rng c ly trn ng cong hoc thay i c ly khi sa cha l u im quan trng ca loi phi kin ny. Trn hnh 1-16 l loi phi kin lin kt bng cc v bu lng sut dng trn ng st Nga. Gia cc v cu thng t rng en l xo. Bu lng sut c dng rt ph bin Anh cho loi t vt b tng giy n u tin. Trn y ch gii thiu mt vi loi phi kin lin kt khng dng m st trn th gii.

Hnh 1-15 Phi kin n hi ca Nht 1. Tm lt ray 2. Tm m n hi 3. Tm m iu chnh 7. Rng en vnh 4. Bu lng 5. Cc n hi 6. m gt cc B ph kin kiu cc cng ca Trung Quc c k hiu kiu 70 gm cc chi tit sau: (hnh 1-16a) 1. Cc gi ray 2 mt 2. Bu lng tia r phng 3. Vng m l xo 2 vng 5. m nha 6. Cn st 7. Cn nha

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4. m phng Bu lng tia r phng c chn cht vo khi b tng bng va lu hunh (8).

Hnh 1-16a

Ph kin cc cng Trung Quc

B ph kin ca t vt do Trung Quc sn xut, c cu to hp l, thc hin gia khoan d dng, khc phc c nhng tn ti ca TVBT thng hai khi v TVBT lng lin khi, m bo cch in tt. B ph kin ca TVBTDL 1435 mm dng chung vi ph kin ca TVBTDL dng cho ng 1000 mm. Loi TVBTDL dng cho ng 1435 mm do Trung Quc sn xut, dng ph kin cc cng kiu 70, ang c s dng trn tuyn ng st Kp H Long, vi chiu di s dng l 148 km. B ph kin n hi kiu NABLA dng cho t vt b tng K92 gm cc chi tit sau: Hnh 1-16b 1. Cc n hi kiu NABLA 2. inh Tia r phng 3. L xo xon nm trong b tng 4. Cn nha 5. m cao su 6. Vng m phng

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Hnh 1-16b Ph kin n hi kiu NABLA y l loi TVBT thng hai khi, thanh ging ko di v pha cui t vt, do vng thanh ging nn cc c b tr lch sang hai bn trc dc t vt khng nm gia trc nh cc loi t vt khc. Dng cc n hi kiu NABLA ca Php dng inh tia r phng bt vo li son bng thp nm trong b tng gi cc. Trn ng st hin ang s dng khong 6.5 km ng TVBT K92. Sau khi t th nghim 4.2 km, loi t vt ny tm ngng sn xut. Hnh 1-16 Phi kin lin kt ray vi t vt b tng dng cc v bu lng sut

1.Cn u 2.Cc n hi 3.m phng 4. cu 5.m n hi 7.Cn cc 2. Nhm th 2: Dng tm m st Do b tng c th chu c lc p ln hn g khong 10 ln, v vy t vt b tng khng b h hng do ph hoi c gii, khng b ca v b dp di ray. Do , bn m st i vi t vt g c mt vai tr rt quan trng, th i vi t vt b tng, n khng cn c nhng nhim v c bn na. Vn dng tm m trn t vt b tng, trc ht l do vn n hi gia ray v t vt, ngi ta phi dng tm lt n hi di ray, nhng khi p lc t ray xung tm lt qa sc chu ti ca n th phi dng thm tm m st tng din tch truyn lc xung tm lt n hi. Thng, ngi ta thit k mt t vt c nghing sn cn mt tm m st khng lm nghing vic ch to tm m c n gin hn. Loi ph kin lin kt dng tm m st c dng rng ri Lin X v c. c dng loi phi kin ri kiu K nhng ni c khi lng vn chuyn ln. Loi phi kin ny khc vi loi dng cho t vt g l tm m c gim nh bng cch gim din tch tip xc ca bn m, gim chiu dy bn m, mt m khng lm nghing, gim s inh tia r phng t 4 ci ghm gi m xung cn hai ci (Xem hnh 1-17). inh tia r phng c bt vo li g chn trong b tng. li g t b h hng ngi ta dng rng en l xo ba vng t di u tia r phng.

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Hnh 1-17

Phi kin K dng cho t vt b tng Ty c

1. cu ca bu lng cc 2. Rng en l xo 3. Tia r phng 4. Rng en l xo 5. Li g Trn ng ray khng mi ni dng t vt b tng, loi phi kin ri kiu K ny m bo vic ghm gi ray chc chn, ray khng b xo hoc b xon, m bo tnh n hi cn thit. Tuy nhin, v cu to n c qu nhiu chi tit (24 chi tit / 1 t vt), rt nng (17.2 kg/ 1 t vt), gi thnh cao mc d chi ph duy tu bo dng nh. V vy sau nhiu nm tm kim, th nghim v phi kin dng cc l xo bng thp trn v dng bn m thp c g ging nh phi kin K (Hnh 1-18) cc chuyn gia c kt lun l loi phi kin n gin v tin b hn.

Hnh 1-18 Phi kin l xo dng cho t vt b tng c Trn ng st Lin X, ngi ta lin kt tm m vo t vt bng hai bu lng sut, lin kt ray vi tm m bng hai bu lng - cc nh hnh 1-19, loi lin kt ny c t trn khong 10 km ng TVBT ng vnh ai H Ni.

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Hnh 1-19 Phi kin lin kt ca Lin X kiu ri dng bu lng sut lin kt bn m vi t vt b tng Trn hnh 1-20 biu th cu to ca loi ph kin kiu BR ca Lin X, loi ny dng cc n hi v hai bu lng sut ghm gi c ray v bn m vo t vt, loi ny dng cho ng cao tc, ti trng trc ln, trn ng c lng vn chuyn ln.

1- Cc n hi 2- ng cch in 3- m st 4- m n hi 5- Bu lng sut

Hnh 1-20a Ph kin kiu BR ca Lin X

Cu hi n tp phn II :Kt cu tng trn SCu to kin trc tng trn 1. Ray: V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, hnh dng, kch thc. 2. Ph tng ni ray vi ray, gi ray vi t vt: V hnh, cu to, u nhc im mi loi. 3. T vt: V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, u nhc im mi loi. 4. Lp ba lt : V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, vt liu, mt ct ngang. 140

Kiu phi kin cc n hi m ga ca Trung Quc v ca c ang c s dng rng ri trn kh ng 1000 mm v 1435 mm chy vi tc V 100 km/h y l kiu ph kin n hi dng cho t vt b tng K1, K2, K3 c lin hip ng st Vit Nam cho php s dng rng ri trn ng st Vit Nam.

Hnh 1-20b

Ph kin kiu m ga ca Trung Quc

1.2.3. Mi ni ray v ph kin mi ni 1.2.3.1. Mi ni ray Mi ni l ch ni hai u ray vi nhau, chiu rng khe h mi ni phi m bo hai u ray c th co gin khi nhit thay i. Khi bnh xe ln qua mi ni, pht sinh lc xung kch tc dng ln ray, v vy, v mt cu to v bin php duy tu bo qun mi ni c ngha quan trng duy tr trng thi ca tuyn ng. Xt theo v tr mi ni c th chia ra hai loi: Mi ni i xng (Hnh 1- 21a)

Mi ni so le (Hnh 1-21b ) Mi ni i xng c s ln lc xung kch tc dng ln mi ni gim i mt na so vi mi ni so le, toa xe chy qua n nh hn, v c th c gii ho t ray.

Hnh 1-21

Phn loi mi ni theo v tr tng i gia t vt v mi ni ray ta c cc loi sau: Mi ni k n (Hnh 1-22a) Mi ni treo (Hnh 1-22b) Mi ni k kp (Hnh 1-22c)

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Hnh 1-22: B tr t vt ch mi ni Loi mi ni k n, t vt d b xoay khng vung gc vi tim ng, v vy cht ca ba lt b ph hoi v n nh ca lp ba lt gim dn, khi tu chy qua, di tc dng ca lc xung kch, u ray b p mnh, mi ni d b ph hoi. i vi loi mi ni treo, vic chn gia hai t vt v di t vt tng i thun li hn mi k kp, tuy nhin lp lch phi chu un ln. Loi mi k kp c m men un nh hn mi treo rt nhiu, cng ca mi ni ln hn, nhng rt kh chn di y hai t vt. 1.2.3.2. Ph kin lin kt mi n i lin kt hai u ray, ngi ta dng lp lch v bu lng, m bo hai u ray khng b x dch theo phng thng ng. Kt qa nghin cu cho thy lp lch lm vic nh mt dm ta trn hai gi. Nhng loi lp lch c tit din dt, lp lch c ui, lp lch c tm m (Hnh 1-23) u khng thch hp, khi chu un c nhiu nhc im. V vy i vi ray P43 v P50 hin nay dng lp lch hai u (Hnh 1-24), loi ny cng, kho, mt tip xc vi ray rng nn lm vic tt.

Hnh 1-23 Cc loi lp lch dt Loi lp lch hai u ca Lin X ch to t thp cc bon Mactanh CT6 v CT7, loi lp lch dng cho ray P43 v P50 c 6 l bu lng.

Hnh 1-24 Lp lch hai u dng cho ray P43 v ray P50 Lp lch c lin kt vi ray bng bu lng mi. Di tc dng ca ti trng on tu, cc bu lng mi thng phi chu ti trng ln nn sc gh ca bu lng p cht lp lch vo ray b gim dn, ng ren ca bu lng v ren c b trn xoay, mt tip xc ca ray v lp lch b mn dn, mt tip xc ca lp lch v u bu lng cng b mn do ma st, m

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c bu lng b lng ra, v vy, khc phc, ngi ta lm bu lng bng thp cng c nhit luyn. ng knh bu lng dng cho ray P38 v P43 l 22 mm, ray P50 l 24mm, ray P65 v P75 l 27mm (Theo tiu chun Lin X). Trn hnh 1-25 biu th hnh dng v kch thc ca bu lng mi loi c u ko di v loi thn bu lng lm thnh hai bc khc phc hin tng bu lng b xoay.

Hnh 1-25 : Bu lng mi ni aBu lng c hai bc b- Bu lng c u ko di v mt pha Lp lch dng bu lng c hai bc, l bu lng trn lp lch phi lm khc nhau: C l trn, c l bu dc nh hnh 1-26

Hnh 1-26 : Lp lch dng bu lng c hai bc Rng en lm bng loi thp c bit, c nhit luyn. Nhng mi ni dn in v cch in phi m bo tn hiu lm vic chnh xc tu chy c an ton.

Hnh 1-27: Rng en vnh

Hnh 1-28: Mi ni cch in dng cho ray

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P43 v P50 ca Lin X 1- Lp lch 2,3,4 v 5: Lp cch in ni hai loi ray khc nhau, ngi ta dng lp lch c bit m bo cao nh ray bng nhau, trn t vt t mt tm m chung cho hai ray v m ring k ray m bo ray khng b hng.(Hnh 1-29)

Hnh 1-29: Mi ni dng lp lch c bit 1.3. T VT 1.3.1. Cng dng v yu cu i vi t vt Cng dng ca t vt: t vt l mt kt cu ray n c tc dng chu lc do on tu truyn xung v truyn lc xung lp ba lt. Nh t vt to s n hi khi truyn lc nn ng lm vic tt hn. Ray c ghm gi vo t vt thnh mt khung kt cu n nh trong tng ba lt, m bo cc yu cu k thut khi t ray v khai thc ng. Yu cu i vi t vt: T vt phi c bn, n hi v kh nng chng mn tt, vn chuyn, ch to v lp t c thun tin v d dng, thi gian s dng c lu, gi thnh r. Kt cu ray c cc dng sau: - T vt (g, st, b tng) - Tng tm di t dc di ray - Tng khi b tng - Khung b tng Trong s cc loi t vt l loi c dng ph bin nht. S lng t vt t trn mt Km ph thuc vo ti trng trc, khi lng vn chuyn, tc chy tu, loi ray, loi balt v bnh din tuyn ng. ng st Vit Nam kh 1000 mm dng 1440 thanh/Km trn ng thng khi dng ray P38 v P43 di 12,5m; trn ng cong R 500m dng 1660 thanh/Km; trn ng st kh ng 1435mm, t 1600 thanh/Km trn ng thng, 1760 thanh/ km trn ng cong. 1.3.2. T vt st Trc chin tranh th gii ln th hai, t vt st thng c dng Php, c v n . Mi thanh t vt nng khong 50 80 kg. T vt st c kh nng chng x dch rt ln, ch to cng nghip, vn chuyn d dng. Tuy nhin, n c mt s nhc im sau: T vt st c thi gian phc v ngn, khong 25 35 nm n c kh nng dn in mnh nn kh s dng trn ng in kh ho hoc trn ng dng tn hiu t ng. T vt st i hi s lng t vt /km nhiu hn khi dng ta vt g (v chiu rng ca t vt st nh hn), lc khng un km v lc ng ln ba lt ln. Vic chn di t vt rt kh. V li, khi tu trt bnh s c bin dng d t vt.

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Hnh 1-30 Cu to t vt st a-T vt lng mo (micheville) b- T vt phng (menemick) 1.3.3. T vt g T vt g c dng rt ph bin trn th gii, n c nhiu u im hn t vt st: T vt g c tnh n hi ln, vic sn xut ch to t vt d, lp t d dng, lp t thun tin, cch in tt, vic ghm gi ray vo t vt g d dng hn cc loi t vt khc, gi thnh r hn Tuy vy, t vt g d b mc, ti th ngn, d nt dc th. G dng lm t vt phi dng g nhm 1 (inh, Lim, Sn, Tu), khng c tt, th g khng c cho xon, khng b nt n vng trn. Ngi ta quy nh: T vt g loi I: dng cho ng chnh tuyn. T vt g loi II: dng cho ng th yu v trong ga. T vt g loi III: dng cho ng chuyn dng, hm l. Mi loi t vt c ba dng mt ct A,B,C nh hnh 1-31

Hnh 1-31 Mt ct ngang t vt g T vt g trc khi s dng phi c ngm tm thuc phng mc thuc ngm su vo g vi su khng c nh hn 30 mm. Bng 1-3 Kch thc t vt g dng trn ng st Kh ng (mm) Loi t vt Chiu di t vt (cm) I 1000 II III I 1435 II III 180 180 180 250 250 250 18 17 16 22 20 19 22 20 19 9 8 7 16 14.5 13.5 14 14 14 18 17 16 22 20 19 14 14 14 16 15 20 19 14 14 Rng B1 b A Cao H1 h Rng B1 b H1 B Cao h B1 Rng b H1 C Cao H

1.3.4. T vt b tng

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T vt b tng s dng c nhiu vt liu thin nhin nh ct, si. T vt b tng rt nng (t vt b tng hai khi nng trn 1 t, t vt lin khi nng khong 2 t) do rt n nh. Nu y t vt c lm theo dng lm th sc chng trt ca n ln hn ca t vt g. T vt b tng rt cng nn cc phi kin lin kt ray vi t vt cn c tnh n hi gim lc xung kch tc ng ln t vt, mt khc n c tnh dn in nn phi dng thit b cch in. ng st dng t vt b tng m bo c tnh ng nht, c ly ray c m bo tt, t thay t vt l t, v vy chi ph duy tu gim. Thi gian phc v ca t vt b tng rt di, khong 50-60 nm. Khi dng t vt b tng, lp ba lt phi v phi chn cht, nn ng phi cht yu cu. T vt b tng hai khi: Loi t vt hai khi c dng ph bin Php v nhiu nc Chu u, Chu v M la tinh. Loi ny c nhiu kiu, nhiu hnh dng khi b tng v hnh thc thanh ni (thp hnh, ray c, ng tup...) khc nhau. Loi ny c u im l kt cu n gin, ch to d dng bng b tng thng, sc cn chng di ng ngang tt. Tuy vy, loi t vt hai khi cng c nhiu nhc im: Tn st thp, so vi t vt b tng d ng lc, s lng thp nhiu gp my ln. Thanh thp ni c cng chu un nh nn t vt d b un ln, xung lm sai lch c ly v mt bng ng. V li, thanh thp ni hay b r. T vt b tng hai khi rt d b h hng khi tu trt bnh cng nh khi vn chuyn v t ng. N c din tch p xung nh.

Hnh 1-32: T vt b tng hai khi ta loi t vt b tng hai khi dng cho ng 1000 mm v lin khi dng cho ng lng hon thnh s mnh lch s trong giai on trc. Ngy nay, do yu cu ca thi k mi, cc loi t vt b tng thng dng cho ng 1000 mm v lin khi dng cho ng lng, khng p ng c yu cu, cn c loi t vt b tng v ph kin mi thay th. Trong nhng nm sp ti, ngnh ng st ca ta d nh s s dng t vt b tng d ng lc lin khi dng cc n hi ph hp vi ng st tc chy tu v=100 120Km/h v s dng rng ri ng st khng mi ni. T vt b tng loi lin khi: Lc u, ngi ta bt chc t vt g lm t vt b tng c tit din nh nhau t u n cui t vt. Kiu ny khng hp l v chng nt km: Khi ln ba lt, on gia t vt gy ra m men m Mc rt ln lm nt t vt. Khi chiu rng t vt khng i, mun gim m men m Mc , chiu di t vt cn gp i kh ng, thc t chiu rng nn ng khng cho php nh vy nn t vt phi lm ngn hn. Khi c vt nt, nc thm vo lm g ct thp, lm gim s chu lc ca ct thp. Cc bin php tng tnh chng nt ch gia t vt, gim m men Mc : 1- To thnh mt rnh trn nn dc theo tim ng gia t vt. l bin php n gin nht gim m men Mc (Hnh 1-33).

Hnh 1-33: To rnh dc trn nn gia t vt 2- Trnh khng cho on gia t vt t ln bng cch nng cao y gia t vt (Hnh 1-34). Bin php ny ch c tc dng lc mi t t vt, khi nn cha chn cht.

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Hnh 1-34: T vt C-56-2 c y on gia c nng cao 3- Lm gim phn lc ca nn on gia t vt bng cch gim chiu rng ca t vt gim m men Mc . 4- gim m men dng Mp di trc ray v m men Mc gia t vt, t vt phi lm ngn, m rng din tch p xung ba lt ch di ray, thu hp v lm mng ( gim cng ) phn gia t vt. Bin php tt nht chng nt ch gia t vt ton khi l dng t vt b tng ct thp d ng lc. Loi ny chia ra loi ct thp ko trc v loi ct thp ko sau. Ti trng tnh ton: i vi t vt BTDL lin khi dng cho ng 1000 mm: Xt on tu TZ vi Z=16 quy phm thit k cu cng. i vi t vt BTDL lin khi dng cho ng 1435 mm: Xt on tu TZ vi Z=22 theo quy phm thit k cu cng . Tc chy tu ln nht Vmax=120 Km/h. T vt dng chung cho ray 43Kg v ray 50Kg.

* Loi ct thp ko trc: ct thp c ko trc khi b tng vo khun. Sau khi b tng cng cn thit, ngi ta b cc thit b ko, ct thp co li v p vo b tng. Ct thp gn vo b tng trn ton b chiu di ca n. Ct thp c cc loi : dy n, ct thp si, ct thp thanh, ct thp b. Trn hnh 1-35 biu th hnh dng v kch thc t vt b tng ct thp ko trc, loi ct thp dy c g ng knh 3 mm 5 mm. Loi t vt C-56-1 dng phi kin ri kiu K2-50 v K2-65 vi bn m bng, dng inh tia r phng vn trong li g phng mc ghm bn m vo t vt. Loi t vt C-56-2 dng phi kin kiu K-50 v K-65 loi ny dng bu lng sut ghm tm m st vo t vt. Khi cn thay ray P50 bng ray P65 hay ngc li trn t vt C-56-1 v C-56-2 phi thay bn m thp.

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Hnh 1-35 b. T vt C-56-3

T vt BTCT DL trc

c. T vt C-56-1 d. T vt BTCTDL ca Trung Quc cho kh 1435 Loi t vt b tng ct thp lin khi ca Trung Quc kh ng 1435 dng phi kin lin kt n hi kiu mga chy tu Vmax=120 km/h. * T vt b tng d ng lc ko sau: ngi ta tin hnh b tng trc, trong thn t vt sn nhng l dc. Sau khi b tng cng th lun ct thp ch vo l dc v ko. Ct thp dng cho loi ny l ct thp thanh hoc ct thp b. 1.4. LP BA LT 1.4.1. Cng dng v yu cu i vi lp ba lt Lp ba lt c tc dng m bo n nh cho ray v t vt. N chu lc t t vt truyn xung v truyn lc xung nn ng. Lp ba lt cn c tc dng thot nc, m bo cc b phn kt cu tng trn lun kh ro v lm lp m n hi gim lc xung khch ca bnh xe. Vt liu lm ba lt phi rn chc, n nh, khng b v vn khi chn, chu c ph hoi ca thi tit, khng bc bi khi tu chy, nc chy khng b tri, khng cho c mc. Cc vt liu lm ba lt ch yu l dm, si, ct, v s, s l... tt nht l dm vi cc loi kch c t 25 mm n 70 mm, t 25 mm n 40 mm, t 13 mm n 40 mm hoc t 40 mm n 80 mm. Trong , c t 25 mm n 70 c dng nhiu. Dung sai cho php v kch c nh sau: to qu c v nh hn c ch c ti 5%, lng bi v ht ct khng qu 1% tnh theo trng lng, c to nht ca khng qu 90 mm. Vit Nam dng dm c 40x60 mm. lm ba lt phi c nhiu cnh, cc mt phi tng i phng, hnh dng hn gn ging hnh lp phng s chu lc tt nht. 1.4.2 Mt ct ngang ca lp ba lt: Kch thc mt ct lp ba lt phi rng m bo s n nh ca ray v t vt chng x dch ngang, dy ng sut do ti trng on tu truyn xung mt nh nn ng khng c ln hn kh nng chu lc ca nn ng. Kch thc mt ct ngang lp ba lt khi dng t vt g v t vt b tng nh bng 1-4: Bng 1-4: Cng vn chuyn T.T Km/Km nm >50 2550 < 25 Loi t vt Chiu dy ba lt dm (cm) T vt g T vt b tng T vt g T vt b tng T vt g T vt b tng 35 40 30 35 25 30 Ct (cm) 20 20 20 20 20 20 Chiu rng vai b(cm) 45 45 35 35 25 25 dc mi 1:n 1:1,5 1:1,5 1:1,5 1:1,5 1:1,5 1:1,5

Trn hnh 1-36 biu th hnh dng v kch thc mt ct ngang lp ba lt trn ng thng ng tiu chun 1435 mm. Trong : e- Chiu rng vai . h- Chiu dy lp ba lt

152

Hnh 1-36

Mt ct ngang lp ba lt trn ng thng, ng 1435 mm

Trn hnh 1-37 biu th hnh dng v kch thc mt ct ngang lp ba lt trn ng thng v trn ng cong, trn tuyn ng n v tuyn ng i ca ng st Lin X khi dng lp m ct di lp dm. Hnh 1-37 Mt ct ngang lp ba lt khi dng m ct ca ng st Lin x kh ng 1520

a- ng thng b- ng cong

cd-

ng thng cho ng i ng cong cho ng i

Cu hi n tp: Chng 2. Thit k ng ray 1. Bnh xe, i bnh xe: V hnh, cu to, kch thc. 2. ng ray trn ng thng: C ly, nghing ray, mt ngang nh 2 ray.V hnh. 3. ng ray trn ng cong: c im, cc dng ni tip ca u my, toa xe c 2 trc, 3 trc, 4 trc trong c li c nh. Tnh c ly ti u, c ly nh nht (v hnh). 4. Mc ch, tnh siu cao: m bo 2 ray mn u nhau, hnh khch mt mi, n nh ngang. Cch thc hin siu cao theo mt ct ngang ng. 5. ng cong chuyn tip: Mc ch, phn tch 5 tnh cht, phng trnh, chiu di. 6. t ray ngn trn ng cong: Mc ch, tnh rt ngn ca ray bng so vi ray lng.

153

157

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159

160

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1.5.

PHNG TRI V GIA CNG NG CONG Trong qu trnh khai thc, di tc dng ca ti trng on tu, ray thng b x dch dc lm cho t vt di

ray b mn, hng lot mi ni b chy. c bit nguy him khi gn ghi lm li ghi khng p st vo ray c bn nh hng n an ton chy tu. Ray thng b x trn cc on dc khc 0%0, cc on c hm, hoc khi lung hng hai chiu khc nhau ray b x t hng nng n hng nh. Khi ray x khng u lm t vt b cho, c ly ray b nh hng, chy mi, ray b nn nn d mt n nh, tu b lc ngang, ng b ln nhiu. Cc yu t nh hng n ray x: loi ba lt v mc chn. phng ray b x ngi ta thng dng ngm phng x: Ngm c kp cht vo ray, n ta st vo thnh t vt v c chn su vo nn ba lt, ngm phng x c t gia cu ray. Ngm phng x c hai loi: Ngm n hi: nng khong 1.1kg, sc chng x t 500 600 KG (hnh 1-38).

Hnh 1-38 Ngm n hi a- Ngm phng x dng cho ray P43 v P50 b- V c- dng cho ray P65 Ngm nm: nng khong 3.6 kg, lc chng x t 2500 3000 KG. Khi dng ngm nm, phi dng thm thanh chng x v sc chng di chuyn ca t vt trong tng ba lt nh hn ca ngm nm. Thanh chng x t di ng trc ray, hai u ta st vo mt hai t vt. Thng lm thanh chng x bng b tng, kch c 10 x 10 cm, chiu di bng khong cch hai t vt.

Hnh 1-39 Ngm nm a- Ngm phng x dng cho ray P65 b- Dng cho ray P43 v P50

162

Khi t thit b phng x phi quan st xem ray cn b tri na hay khng, nu cn, phi t thm cho n khi khng tri na. S t thit b phng x cho cu ray nh hnh 1-40.

Hnh 1-40 Cc phng n t thit b phng x trn cu ray Trn hnh 1-41 l s t thit b phng x trong ghi khi tu chuyn ng mt hng v hai hng. Gia cng ng cong: Khi tu chuyn ng trn ng cong s pht sinh lc ly tm tc dng theo phng nm ngang. Bn knh ng cong cng nh th lc ny cng ln, n c th lm x dch t vt, lm c ly ng rng ra, m ray lng b mn nhanh. Ngi ta c th dng cc bin php gia cng ng cong mh sau: trn ng cong t ray loi nng hn trn ng thng. C th dng thanh ging c ly ging hai ray (Hnh 1-42). Mt khc, ngi ta tng s t vt trn ng cong v tng chiu dy ba lt chn cht trn ng cong tng lc cn chng x dch. Ngoi ra cn c th t thm ray ph chng ray lng mn nhanh.

Hnh 1-41 S t thit b phng x trong ghi Hnh 1-42 Thanh ging c ly

163

1. Mc ray 2. Kho ray 3. B phn ngn cch 1, 2 v 4 4. B phn iu chnh c ly

164

CHNG 2 THIT K NG RAY 2.1. C IM CU TO CA I BNH XE ng ray c tc dng dn hng cho i bnh xe v chu lc t bnh xe truyn xung. Cu to b phn ln chy ca u my toa xe c quan h mt thit vi cu to v hnh dng ca ng ray. V vy, cn nghin cu c im cu to ca i bnh xe. i bnh xe gm hai bnh lp c nh vo mt trc. Ngi ta dng p lc cc mnh khong 100 tn lp bnh xe vo u trc. Bnh xe c hai loi: Loi lp ghp v loi ton khi. Loi lp ghp c phn trong bng thp, phn ngoi (ai bnh xe) bng thp tt. Loi bnh ton khi c c bng thp hoc bng gang. Li bnh xe c tc dng dn hng cho bnh xe ln trn ray khng b trt ra ngoi. Chiu dy li bnh h xc nh ti mt o tnh ton cch mt ln trung bnh ca bnh xe theo chiu thng ng l 10 mm. Do mt ln trung bnh ca bnh xe c th thay i v tr khi bnh xe b mn, trong khi nh li bnh xe khng b mn thng ng nn chiu dy g bnh thng c xc nh ti mt o tnh ton cch nh li bnh xe 18 mm theo chiu thng ng. Hnh 2-1 C ly i bnh xe q v c ly ray S Khi bnh xe cn mi, chiu dy g bnh hmax= 30 mm (ng 1m ), chiu dy hmin= 18 mm ( bnh xe s dng )

- Chiu dy ph thm ca li bnh xe, i vi bnh xe ca u my = 0 mm, bnh xe ca toa xe c = 1 mm (hnh 2-1). Mt ln ca ai bnh xe l mt nghing 1/20, pha ngoi c nghing 1/10 ( hoc 1/7 i vi bnh xe u my ca Lin X ). nghing 1/20 ca mt ln to iu kin cho bnh xe c th x dch ngang, do bnh xe khng b mn tp trung mt ch theo dng yn nga, tng c thi gian s dng ai bnh xe. nghing 1/10 c tc dng lm cho bnh xe khng b vng vo tm ghi hoc li ghi, m bo an ton chy tu. Chiu dy bnh xe a = 125 mm 140 mm (Hnh 2-2). ng knh bnh xe c xc nh ti mt ln trung bnh cch mt phng o chiu dy g bnh 10 mm theo chiu thng ng. ng knh bnh xe c nh hng rt ln n mt kinh t. Bnh xe c ng knh nh tuy tit kim c st thp, nhng bnh xe phi quay s vng nhiu hn, ai v gi trc chng mn hn. Vit Nam dng bnh xe toa xe ng kh hp c ng knh 750 mm 780 mm. Bnh xe ca toa xe ng tiu chun c ng knh d = 840 mm 915 mm. C ly pha trong ca i bnh t : L khong cch gi hai mt trong ca bnh xe, i vi mt kh ng, tr s t ca mi i bnh u nh nhau : ng tiu chun t = 1353 3 mm, ng kh hp t = 924 3 mm. Chiu rng i bnh q (hay c ly i bnh): L khong cch gia hai mt ngoi ca li bnh xe, xc nh ti mt o tnh ton (Xem hnh 2-1). q = t +2h + 2 (mm) Trong : t- C ly pha trong ca i bnh.

165

h- Chiu dy li bnh xe. - chiu dy ph thm ca li bnh. - tng gim c ly i bnh xe tu theo v tr gi trc, thng = 3-4 mm.

Hnh 2-2Cu to bnh xe u my cn mi ng tiu chun Cc trc bnh xe c th c gn c nh trn gi xe ca u my hoc toa xe. C ly c nh L0 ca cc trc l khong cch gia hai trc ngoi cng m trong qu trnh chuyn ng chng lun song song nhau (hnh 2-3).

Hnh 2-3C ly c nh ca toa xe c hai trc ci thin iu kin i li ca u my trn ng cong, ngi ta lp mt s trc trn gi chuyn hng (Hnh 24) V d: u my D12E c hai gi chuyn hng, mi gi c hai trc, c ly c nh L0 l khong cch gia hai trc trn gi chuyn hng. u my D18E c hai gi chuyn hng , mi gi c ba trc, c ly c nh L0 l khong cch gia hai trc ngoi cng trn mt gi chuyn hng, c ly ton b Ltb ca cc trc l khong cch gia hai trc ngoi cng (Hnh 2-4)

166

Trong

Hnh 2-4Xc nh chiu di cc b phn ca toa xe Lk- chiu di thn toa xe

Ln- chiu di ton b gi xe Lc- chiu di ca toa xe L0- khong cch trc c nh Th d: Chiu di tiu chun ca toa xe l 11.28 m, toa xe khch di 18.84 m th l tnh i l 1.7, toa xe hng di 13.62 m th l tnh i l 1.2 Trong bng 2-1 di y gii thiu kch thc ca bnh xe v i bnh xe ca u my, toa xe ng kh hp v ng tiu chun. Bng 2-1 Kh ng 1000 mm Tn bnh xe Ca u my Ca toa xe Ca u my Ca xe than 1435 mm nc Bnh gang toa xe Bnh c lnh ca toa xe h (mm) hmax 30 30 33 34 34 28.5 hmin 18 18 23 22 22 23.5 tmax 927 927 1356 1356 1355 1352 t (mm) tmin 921 921 1350 1350 1351 1349 t0 924 924 1353 1353 1353 1351 qmax 987 989 1422 1424 1424 1429 q (mm) qmin 959 956 1396 1394 1394 1396 q0 985 986 1419 1421 1421 1428

Bng 2-1a: Loi u my toa xe v Rmin Kh ng Loi u my T lc 1- 4-1 1000 mm D12E D18E JF6 SL1 1435 mm GL Toa xe khch Toa xa trng ng knh Di ng ngang C ly trc c (mm) nh Lo (mm) bnh xe d (mm)

Rmin (m)

4050 2400 3300 4410 3352 3000 2400 2700

1200 1000 1016 1370

11 75 75 6 6 6 88 50 40

Ghi ch: i vi min = 9; 1= 2; u my in v iezel min =13; 2 = -2. Trn hnh (2-5) l s b tr cc trc bnh xe trn u my in B23. Hnh (2-6) l s u my iezel T7. Hnh (2-7) l s b tr cc trc ca u my hi nc ca Lin X. Trong cc hnh v , Lo l c ly c nh; l x dch ngang ca cc trc.

167

Hnh 2-5 S b tr cc trc ca u my in B23.

Hnh 2-6 S b tr cc trc trn u my iezel T7 (Lin X).

Hnh 2-7 S b tr cc trc ca u my D12E

168

Bng 2-2 TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

c tnh k thut c bn ca u my izel truyn ng thu lc ang s dng trn ng st Vit Nam c tnh k thut Nc ch to Nm ch to Nm s dng ti VN Kh ng (mm) Cng dng ko tu Loi ng c izel Cng sut ng c (ML) Phng thc truyn ng B truyn ng thu lc H thng hm Cng thc trc Ti trng trc (T/trc) Ti trng chnh b (T) Cng sut thit k (ML) Sc ko khi ng (KG) Sc ko di hn (KG) Tc cu to (km/h) Tc di hn (km/h) Bn knh ng cong Rmin Kch thc gii hn(mm) Di Rng Cao Chiu cao u m (mm) C ly tm ci chuyn (mm) C ly tm trc bnh (mm) ng knh bnh xe (mm) Dung tch nhin liu (kg) Dung tch du bi trn (kg) Dung tch nc lm mt (l) Dung tch ct (kg) S lng u my hin c D4H Lin X 1976-1986 1976 1000 H+K ID12-400 400 Thu lc Y Gi p B-B (2-2) 6 24 400 7200 5000 50 15 60 9400 2717 3435 825 4700 1400 600 600 10.5 457 166 D5H Australia 1966 1993 1000 H+K Caterpilla 500 Thu lc Voith Gi p B-B (2-2) 10 40 500 12000 65 46 10060 2820 3825 825 5310 2134 910 22701 551 2701 57/thng 13 D8H Lin X 1981 1978 1435 H+K 84H25/25 800 Thu lc Y Gi p B-B (2-2) 19.5 78 800 90 14290 3200 4440 825 D11H Rumani 1978 1978 1000 H+K I2V 1100 Thu lc GSR30/5.7 Gi p B-B (2-2) 14 56 1100 16200 9500 100 20 90 14006 2780 3680 825 7200 2350 1000 2000

300 17

169

Bng 2-3 TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

c tnh k thut c bn ca u my iezel truyn ng in ang s dng trn ng st Vit Nam c tnh k thut Nc ch to Nm ch to Nm s dng ti VN Kh ng (mm) Cng dng ko tu Loi ng c izel Cng sut ng c (ML) Phng thc truyn ng Trng lng C-MP (kg) Trng lng MPC (kg) Trng lng CK (kg) H thng hm Cng thc trc Ti trng trc (T/trc) Ti trng chnh b (T) Cng sut thit k (ML) Sc ko khi ng (KG) Sc ko di hn (KG) Tc cu to (km/h) Tc di hn (km/h) Bn knh ng cong Rmin Kch thc gii hn (mm) Di Rng Cao Chiu cao u m (mm) C ly tm ci chuyn (mm) C ly tm trc bnh (mm) ng knh bnh xe (mm) D tr nhin liu (l) D tr du bi trn (kg) Dung tch nc lm mt (l) D tr ct (kg) S lng u my hin c D9E M 1963 1000 H+K Caterpilla 900 inMC-MC 9000 2935 1638 28LV1 B0-B0(20-20) 13 52 900 15600 12000 114 12 75 11644 2473 3784 825 5689 2028 1016 2200 3421 456 32 D12E CH Sc 1985 1986 1000 H+K K6S 230DR 1200 inMC-MC 11400 3940 1760 Dako B0-B0(20-20) 14 56 1200 14600 11700 80 16 75 13306 2754 3854 825 6700 2400 1000 2200 385 300 40 D13E n 1983 1985 1000 H+K ALCO251-D 1300 inMC-MC 16123 4046 1816 Dvitmencadi C0-C0 (30-30) 12 72 1300 21600 16050 96 15.5 75 14328 2730 3635 825 9550 1829-2388 925 3000 280 280 14 D18E B 1983 1984 1000 H CKL-8TR 240 1800 inXC-MC 15905 4000 1590 Knorr C0-C0 (30-30) 14 84 1800 25500 19000 105 15.6 75 15500 2880 3875 825 7900 1650 1016 3000 350 400 260 16

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2.2. NG RAY TRN NG THNG 2.2.1. C ly ray trn ng thng S0 C ly gia hai ray l khong cch gia hai m tc dng ca ray o ti mt o tnh ton (Hnh 2-8). S0 = q+ Trong : q- Chiu rng i bnh xe. Chiu rng hot ng ca i bnh xe .

Hnh 2-8C ly ray Quy trnh qun l k thut ng st Vit Nam quy nh c ly ray S0 c o ti v tr cch mt phng qua nh hai ray mt on f = 16 mm. Trn th gii c nhiu loi c ly ray (kh ng), ngi ta quy nh khi S0 = 1435 mm l ng tiu chun. Khi S0 > 1435 mm l ng kh rng. Khi S0 < 1435 mm l ng kh hp. Vit Nam, tuyn ng st Lu X- Kp Bi Chy l ng tiu chun. Tuyn Yn Vin - Lu X v Yn Vin - ng ng l ng lng (1435 mm v 1000 mm). Cn li l ng st kh 1000 mm. Sai s cho php v c ly ray, ng st nc ta quy nh: ng tiu chun : S0 = 1435 26 mm ng kh hp : S0 = 1000 24 mm Xt theo chiu di, c ly ray khng c thay i qu t ngt, khi tc V100 km/h, s bin i c ly ray theo chiu di phi nh hn 1mm/m. i vi cc tuyn ng c tc v > 100 Km/h, mc thay i c ly khng c vt qu 0,5 mm/m. Ngha l, mun chuyn t c ly 998 mm sang 1003 mm th phi thc hin trn mt on di ti thiu l 5 m( 1 )vi ng chy tc v 100 Km/h, cn khi v >100 Km/h th phi thc hin trn mt on di ti thiu 10 m ( 0,5 ). Nu t i bnh xe thng gc vi tim ng, li mt bnh xe p st vo ray, th gia li bnh xe v v m tc dng ca ray pha bn kia c mt khe h (Hnh 2-9).
d

Hnh 2-9 Khe h g bnh tng cng

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Tr s khe h tiu chun 0 tng ng vi trng hp khi i bnh xe cn mi c chiu rng i bnh l q0 v c ly ray tiu chun S0 : 0 = S0 q0 Tr s qu nh s lm li bnh xe v ray chng mn, lc cn ln. Tr s qu ln s sinh lc lc ngang ln khi tu chuyn ng. Tr s max = 45 mm v min = 11 mm i vi ng tiu chun cng nh ng kh hp. 2.2.2. nghing ca ray Mt ln bnh xe c nghing 1/20 . V vy, bnh xe tip xc tt vi ray, lc truyn t bnh xe trng vi trc ray th hai ray phi t nghing vo trong lng ng vi nghing 1/20. thc hin nghing ca ray, i vi t vt g, nu dng ph kin gi ray kiu n gin, ngi ta phi o t vt ch t ray. Khi dng m st, trn mt tm m lm nghing 1/20 nn khng cn o t vt. i vi t vt b tng, mt t vt thng c lm nghing thc hin nghing ray nghing ray khng c ln hn 1/12 v khng nh hn 1/60. Ngi ta c th cn c vo vt sng trn nh ray kim tra nghing ca ray. Nu vt sng lch ra pha ngoi th ray t nghing qu. Nu vt sng lch vo pha trong c ngha l nghing cha . Nu vt sng nm chnh gi nh ray ngha l nghing ca ray ng quy nh. 2.2.3. V tr mt ngang nh hai ray (thu bnh) Trn ng thng ,nh hai ray phi nm trn mt mt phng nm ngang. ng st kh 1000 mm cho php mt bn ray lun thp hn 3mm (i vi ng st tiu chun l 4mm) trn mt on di ti thiu 500m. Nh vy c th gim bt hin tng ln sng khi tu chuyn ng. chnh cao ny c kim tra bng thc o c ly c ng thu (thc thu bnh). Mc cao thp khng c vt qu 1mm/1m. 2.3. NG RAY TRN DNG CONG 2.3.1. Cc c im ca ng ray trn ng cong Trn ng cong, ng ray c mt s c im sau: 1- C ly gia hai ray c th c ni rng hn so vi ng thng u my, toa xe i li d dng. 2- Ray lng c th t cao hn ray bng (siu cao). 3- Dng ng cong chuyn tip L0 ni ng thng vi ng cong trn. 4- Phi dng ray ngn kt hp ray tiu chun t pha bng ng cong m bo cc mi ni i xng. 5- Trn cc ng cong bn knh nh, c th dng ray ph v cc thit b gia c khc. 6- Phi ni rng khong cch gia tim hai ng cnh nhau trn ng cong. C ly ray trn ng cong phi c ni rng tho mn yu cu v mt ni tip ca u my, toa xe. Yu t nh hng ln nht n c ly ray trn ng cong l c ly c nh Lo . Khi L0 cng ln i hi c ly hai ray cng phi ni rng. Nhng c ly ray cng ch c th ni rng n mc no , nu qu rng, tu s trt bnh. ci thin iu kin chuyn ng ca u my trn ng cong, ngi ta dng cc bin php sau: - Gia gi v trc bnh xe c d ngang (Hnh 2-10) - Khi gi xe c nh c nhiu trc, cc trc gia c th dng loi bnh xe khng c li hoc li mng hn . Cc bnh dn hoc bnh sau ca u my thng c b tr thnh cc gi xe n gin v c cht lin kt vi gi xe c nh. Cc bnh ny c th quay ngang mt gc rt ln, vic ni tip ca u my ch b khng ch bi khong cch trc c nh.

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Hnh 2-10 d ngang ca i bnh xe 2.3.2. Ni tip ca u my toa xe trn ng cong Ni tip ca u my, toa xe trn ng cong c th l dng ni tip tnh hoc ni tip ng. Ni tip ng ch hnh thnh khi tu chy vi tc v > 100 Km/h. Ni tip tnh c cc dng sau: Ni tip t do tnh: hnh thnh khi c ly gia hai ray rng, trc bnh cui cng ca gi c nh d dng chim c phng bn knh ng cong. (Hnh 2-11; 2-12; 2-14).

Tm quay tc thi l giao im gia trc dc ca gi xe v ng thng gc vi trc dc qua tm ng cong. ni tip t do tnh, tm quay nm trn trc cui cng ca gi xe c nh hai trc. Khi s trc ca gi xe c nh tng ln, do nh hng ca ma st gia ai bnh xe v ray, tm quay tc thi b dch ln pha trc. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca K.J Seglinski, i vi gi xe c nh c ba trc, tm quay ny dch ln pha trc rt t nn c th xem l vn nm trn trc sau cng ca gi xe c nh. i vi gi xe c nh c 4 trc, tm quay tc thi nm gia khang trc th 3 v th 4 ca gi xe c nh. (Xem hnh 2-14). - Ni tip g b tnh: nu c ly gia hai ray thu hp dn, trc sau cng ca gi xe c nh khng th chim c phng bn knh na, khi tm quay tc thi b kch ln pha trc v hnh thnh ni tip g b tnh. Ni tip nm tnh: nu c ly hai ray tip tc thu hp, tm quay tc thi b kch ln pha trc cho n khi n trng vi tm ca gi xe c nh, hnh thnh ln ni tip nm tnh. - Ni tip g b tnh bnh thng: T dng ni tip nm, nu c ly gia hai ray trong trng hp ny c m rng thm mt lng bng tr s khe h tng cng min ta c ni tip g b tnh bnh thng. Trong iu kin khai thc bnh thng, khng c dng dng ni tip g b v nh vy lc ma st rt ln, tn sc ko, ray lng ng cong mn nhanh v km n nh ngang. 2.3.3. Tnh ni rng c ly ray trn ng cong Vic tnh ni rng c ly ray trn ng cong c xut pht t nhng iu kin c bn sau: 1- C ly ray S cn phi ti u, c ngha l cn m bo lc cn chuyn ng nh nht cng nh hao mn ca ray v bnh xe l t nht, m bo ray v bnh xe t b h hng, ng ray khng b sai lch trn bnh , bnh xe khng b trt khi ng ray, khi c ly ray khng c vt qu c ly ln nht cho php. 2- C ly ray khng c nh hn c ly ray nh nht cho php , ngha l cn m bo cc b phn ln chy ca gi xe khng b kt cht gia ray lng v ray bng. 2.3.3.1. Tnh c ly ray ti u - Khi tnh c ly ray ti u trn ng cong, ngi ta dng s tnh ton l dng ni tip t do tnh. -

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- Trong mi trng hp, c ly ray ti u khng c ln hn Smax. - Nu kt qu tnh ton c ly ray ti u S < So (C ly ray tiu chun trn ng thng), th iu c ngha l kch thc v c im ca cc b phn ln chy ca gi xe nghin cu c th chuyn ng trn ng cong cho m khng cn m rng c ly ray. Trong trng hp c ly ray s ly theo quy phm k thut khai thc, tu thuc vo bn knh ng cong. 1- Tnh c ly ray ti u t iu kin ni tip ca gi xe c nh hai trc trong ng cong bn knh R (Hnh 211).

Hnh 2-11

S tnh c ly ray ti u khi u my c hai trc trong c ly c nh

Trong hnh 2-11: q = t + 2h + 2 Chiu rng i bnh xe C- Trung tm quay ca gi xe

- Khong cch t trung tm quay n trc bnh xe u tin (Trong trng hp ny

= Lo)

b1- Khong cch t trc hnh hc ca bnh u tin n im tip xc gia g bnh v ray lng. L0- C ly c nh ca cc trc. S- C l y ray trn ng cong. T hnh 2-11 ta c : (2-1) S = q + fH tho mn trng hp bt li nht, c ly ray S phi m bo cc i bnh xe c chiu rng qmax c th qua ng cong c, mt khc, theo quy phm k thut khai thc ca Lin X, lng d tr c ly bng 4mm, ta c: (2-2) S = qmax + fH + 4mm Smax Trong : fH l ng tn ca ray lng c tnh theo cng thc gn ng: fH

( + b1 )2
2R

(2-3)

174

Tr s b1 trong cng thc (2-3), theo gio s G.M Xakhunhian, c tnh i vi trng hp g bnh khng b mn c tnh theo cng thc sau: b1 =

(r + t )tg
S R + 0 (r + t )tg 2

(2-4)

Trong :

v R c ngha nh phn trn nu.

So- C ly ray tiu chun trn ng thng. r- Bn knh mt ln trung bnh ca bnh xe . t- Khong cch theo chiu thng ng t mt ln trung bnh ca bnh xe n im tip xc gia g bnh vi ray, ly bng 10mm. (Xem hnh 2-12). t- gc nghing ca mt trong g bnh xe vi mt ngang, ly t = 700 i vi bnh xe u my v t = 600 i vi bnh xe toa xe.

Hnh 2-12 V d 1: Tnh c ly ray ti u trn ng cong bn knh R = 200 m u my c hai trc trong c ly c nh chuyn ng qua ng cong. S liu v u my: bn knh bnh xe r = 500 mm chiu di c ly c nh Lo = 2400 mm, chiu rng pha trong ca i bnh tmax= 927 mm, chiu dy ph thm ca g bnh xe mmax= 0 mm, chiu dy g bnh xe hmax = 30 mm. S tnh ton nh hnh 2-11. Theo cng thc (2-4) ta c: b1=

(r + t )tg
R+

S0 (r + t )tg 2 2400(500 + 10 )2.747 b1= 16.88 mm 1000 (500 + 10 )2.747 200000 + 2

Ly b1= 17 mm Trong : l = L0=2400 mm t = 10mm tg t = tg700= 2,747 S0= 1000 mm Tnh ng tn ca ray lng theo cng thc (2-3):

175

fH =

( + b1 )2
2R

(2400 + 17 )2
2 x 200000

15 mm

C ly ray ti u: S = qmax+ fH+ 4 mm Smax S = (tmax+ 2mmax+2hmax) + fH+ 4 mm S = (927 + 0 + 2x30) + 15 + 4 = 1006 mm Smax=1020 mm m bo cc loi u my khc c th chuyn ng qua ng cong, ta ly S = 1020 mm tng ng R = 200 m theo quy phm k thut khai thc ng st VN 1999 Hnh 2-13 S tnh c ly ray ti u khi gi xe c nh c 3 trc

2- Tnh c ly ray ti u t iu kin ni tip ca gi xe c nh c 3 trc trong ng cong bn knh R (Hnh 213) tho mn trng hp bt li nht m bo nhng i bnh xe c chiu rng qmax qua ng cong c d dng, t hnh 2-13 ta c: S = qmax+ fH + 4 mm Smax (2-2) Nu xt n dch ngang ca cc trc (xem hnh 2-13) ta c: (2-5) S = qmax + fH + 4mm - Smax Trong qmax v fH c ngha nh trong cng thc (2-2), fH l ng tn tnh theo cng thc (2-3) khi l v b1 c tnh theo cng thc (2-4), l tng x dch ngang ca cc trc. V d 2: Tnh c ly ray ti u trn ng cong c bn knh R = 200 m u my c 3 trc trong c ly c nh. S liu u my: c ly c nh L0 =1650x2 = 3300 mm, bn knh bnh xe r = 1016:2 = 508 mm, tng x dch ngang ca cc trc = 3 mm S tnh ton nh hnh 2-13 Tnh b1 theo cng thc:

S0 (r + t )tg 2 3300(508 + 10 )2.747 b1= 24 mm 1000 (508 + 10 )2.747 200000 + 2 R+

Trong

b1 =

(r + t )tg

176

l = L0 = 3300 mm t = 10 mm; tgt = tg700 = 2.747 S0 = 1000 mm Tnh fH theo cng thc (2-3) fH =

( + b1 )2
2R

(3300 + 24)2
2 x 200000

28mm

S = (tmax+2hmax+2max)+fH+4mm- S = (927+2x30+0)+28+4-3=1016 mm < Smax = 1020 mm Ta ly S = 1020 mm tng ng R = 200 m theo quy phm KTKTng st VN 1999 3- Tnh c ly ray ti u t iu kin ni tip ca gi xe c nh c bn trc trong ng cong bn knh R (Hnh 2-14) T Hnh 2-14 ta c: S = q + fH - fB Tng t cc trng hp trn, m bo cc i bnh xe c chiu rng qmax c th chuyn ng qua ng cong, ta c: S = qmax+fH-fB+4mm Smax Trong : qmax v fH c ngha nh trong cng thc (2-2) v (2-3) 4 mm- Lng d tr v c ly ray fB- ng tn ca ray bng ng vi dy cung DE trn hnh 2-14 fB = (2-6)

(i b2 )2
2R

(2-7)

Vi i- khong cch t trung tm quay C ca gi xe n trc hnh hc ca i bnh xe cui cng. b2- khong cch t trc hnh hc ca bnh xe cui cng n im tip xc ca g bnh xe vi ray. i vi cc bnh xe c g bnh cha b mn, theo giao s .M Xakhunhian tnh b2 theo cng thc sau: b2

i (r + t )tg S R + (r + t )tg 2

(2-8)

Trong : R, r, t v t c ngha nh trong biu thc (2-4) S- ly theo quy phm k thut khai thc tng ng vi bn knh R ca ng cong. Hnh 2-14 S tnh c ly ray ti u khi u my c 4 trc trong c ly c nh L0

177

V d 3: Tnh c ly ray ti u trn ng cong c bn knh R = 200 m i vi u my c 4 trc trong c ly c nh. Bn knh bnh xe r = 600 mm; c ly c nh L0 = 1350x3 = 4050 mm. S tnh ton nh hnh 2-14 Theo cng thc (2-4) ta c: b1

S0 (r + t )tg 2 3375(600 + 10 )2.747 b1 = =28.44 mm 1000 200000 + (600 + 10 )2.747 2 R+

(r + t )tg

Ly b1= 28 mm Trong : l = L0- i = 4050 1350/2 = 3375 mm r = 600 mm tgt = tg700=2.747 S0 = 1000 mm Theo cng thc (2-8) ta c: b2

i (r + t )tg S R + (r + t )tg 2 675(600 + 10 )2.747 = 6 mm 1020 + (600 + 10)2.747 200000 2

=

Trong : i = 1350/2 = 675 mm S = 1020 mm tng ng vi R = 200 m (Quy phm KTKT ng st) Tnh fH theo cng thc (2-3), tnh fB theo cng thc (2-7): Ta c: fH =

( + b1 )2
2R

(3375 + 28)2
2 x 200000

= 28 mm

fB =

(i b2 )2
2R

(675 6)2
2 x 200000

1 mm

S = qmax + fH fB + 4 mm S = 987 + 28 -1 + 4 = 1018 mm < Smax = 1020 mm Ta dng c ly ray S = 1020 mm tng ng vi R = 200 m theo quy phm KTKT ng st VN 1999.

Cu hi n tp:
Chng 3 . Cu to ghi n 1. V b ghi n ph thng r phi cho tu vo ng thng ( ghi ch chi tit). 2. V b ghi n ph thng r phi cho tu vo ng r. Cu to b phn u, ni gia, tm ghi.

178

2.3.3.2. Xc nh c ly ray nh nht cho php Khi xc nh c ly ray nh nht cho php Smin, tng t nh khi xc nh c ly ray ti u, ta da vo cc gi thit sau: a/ S tnh ton Smin: dng s ni tip nm, kt qu tnh ton nhn c t s c cng thm mt lng bng tr s khe h tng cng min. b/ Nu tnh ra c ly ray Smin< So (c ly tiu chun trn ng thng) th ta hiu rng u my hoc toa xe c th i qua ng cong m khng cn ni rng c ly. Trong trng hp cn ly c ly ray S theo quy phm k thut khai thc tu thuc bn knh R ca ng cong. 1/ Tnh Smin t iu kin ni tip ca gi xe c nh 2 trc trong ng cong bn knh R (hnh 2-15)

Hnh 2-15 S tnh ton c ly ray Smin khi gi xe c nh c 2 trc Trong hnh 2-15: C: trung tm quay ca gi xe q = t + 2h + 2 : chiu rng i bnh xe : Khong cch t trung tm quay C n trc hnh hc ca bnh xe u tin, trong trng hp ny, theo s tnh ton n bng khong cch i t trung tm quay C n trc hnh hc ca bnh xe trc sau (trc th 2 ) v bng mt na c ly c nh. fH :ng tn ca ray lng (ng vi dy cung AB ) fB : ng tn ca ray bng (khi dy cung l A1B1) b1 : Khong cch t trc hnh hc ca bnh xe n im tip xc ca g bnh xe vi ray lng. b2: Khong cch t trc hnh hc ca bnh xe n im tip xc ca g bnh vi ray bng. T hnh 2-15 ta c: S = q + fH - fB Theo gi thit 1 v m bo cc i bnh xe c chiu rng qmax c th qua ng cong, ta c: Smin = qmax + fH -fB + 4mm + min Smax Trong : ( 2-9)

183

4mm: lng d tr v c ly ray fH v fB tnh theo cc cng thc sau:

Trong :

L0 + b1 ) 2 2 2R L ( 0 b2 ) 2 2 (i b2 ) = 2 fB 2R 2R b1 c tnh theo cng thc (2-4) b2 c tnh theo cng thc (2-8) ( + b1 ) 2 = fH 2R (
min = 11mm

V d 4: Tnh c ly ray nh nht cho php trn ng cong bn knh R = 200m u my c 2 trc trong c ly c nh c th chuyn ng trn ng cong. Bn knh bnh xe ca u my r = 508mm; tmax = 927mm; hmax = 30mm; c ly c nh Lo = 2028mm. S tnh ton nh hnh 2-15. Tnh b1 theo cng thc (2-4) v b2 theo cng thc (2-8) ta c:

b1 = R+

( r + t )tg
S0 ( r + t )tg 2

1014 (508 + 10 ). 2, 747 = 7 , 213 mm 1000 (508 + 10 ). 2,747 200000 + 2

Trong : = i = 2028/2 = 1014mm t = 10mm; So = 1000mm tg = tg70o = 2,747

1014 ( 508 + 10 ). 2 , 747 i ( r + t ) tg = = 7 ,18 mm 1020 S 200000 R + ( r + t ) tg + ( 508 + 10 ). 2 , 747 2 2 Tnh ng tn ca ray lng fH v ng tn ca ray bng fB : b2 =
fH = ( + b1 ) 2 (1014 + 7,21) 2 = = 2,6mm 2R 2.200000

(i b2 ) 2 (1014 7,18) 2 = = 2,5mm 2R 2.200000 Tnh c ly ray nh nht cho php S: fB =

Smin = qmax + fH -fB + 4mm + min Smin = (tmax +2max+ 2hmax ) + fH -fB + 4mm + min Smax Smin = (927 + 0 + 2.30) + 2,6 - 2,5 + 4 + 11 = 1002mm<1020mm Nh vy, vi s liu ca u my cho yu cu c ly ray nh nht cho php l 1002mm. Tuy nhin, tho mn cho cc loi u my toa xe khc c th chuyn ng qua ng cong, ta ly c ly ray S = 1020mm tng ng vi bn knh R = 200m (theo quy phm k thut khai thc ng st 1999).

184

2/ Xc nh c ly ray nh nht cho php t iu kin ni tip trong ng cong bn knh R ca gi xe c nh c 3 trc

Hnh 2.16 S tnh c ly ray nh nht cho php khi = 0 Khi cc trc khng c d ngang ( = 0), t hnh 2-16 ta c: S = q + fH Tng t cc trng hp trn ta c: Smin = qmax + fH + min + 4mm Smax (2-10)

Hnh 2-17. S tnh c ly ray nh nht cho php khi 0 Khi tng x dch ngang ca cc trc 0. (hnh 2-16), ta c: S = q + fH - . Tng t cc trng hp trn ta c: Smin = qmax + fH - + 4mm + min Smax ( 2-11)

185

Trong fH c tnh theo cng thc (2-3) Khe h tng cng min = 11mm; tng x dch ngang rt t l lch u my. V d 5: Tnh c ly ray nh nht cho php trn ng cong bn knh R = 200m, u my c 3 trc trong c ly c nh. Bn knh bnh xe r = 508mm, c ly c nh Lo = 1650 +1650 = 3300mm. S tnh ton theo hnh 2-16. Tnh b1 theo cng thc (2-4)

b1 =
Trong :

1650(508 + 10).2,747 12mm S0 1000 (508 + 10).2,747 R+ (r + t )tg 200000 + 2 2 = Lo/2 = 3300/2 = 1650mm =
So = 1000mm

(r + t )tg

tg = tg70o = 2,747 Tnh ng tn ca ray lng theo cng thc (2-3):

fH =

( + b1 ) 2 (1650 + 12) 2 = = 6,9mm 7 mm 2R 2.200000

Smin = (tmax +2max+ 2hmax ) + fH + 4mm + min Smax Smin = (927 + 0 + 2.30) + 7 + 4 +11 = 1009mm < 1020mm. Theo kt qu tnh ton ta c c ly ray nh nht cho php i vi u my cho l 1009mm < Smax = 1020mm. Ta ly c ly ray S = 1020mm tng ng R = 200m (theo QPKTKTS VN . 1999) 3/ Xc nh c ly ray nh nht cho php t iu kin ni tip ca u my c 5 trc trong c ly c nh trn ng cong bn knh R S tnh ton theo hnh (2-18), bnh xe trc gia khng c g bnh. Cc bnh trn 2 trc ngoi cng c x dch ngang. Theo s hnh (2-18), c ly ray nh nht cho php c tnh theo cng thc sau: Smin = qmax + fH -fB - + 4mm + min Smax Trong : fH v fB cng c xc nh nh trong cc trng hp trn nhng tnh theo v i nh trong hnh 2-18. V d 6: Xc nh c ly nh nht trong ng cong bn knh R = 300m u my c 5 trc trong c ly c nh Lo = 1460 + 1430 +1430 + 1460 = 5780mm c th chuyn ng qua ng cong. (hnh 2-19). Bn knh bnh xe r = 660mm. x dch ngang ca trc bnh xe trc u v trc cui l 6mm, ca trc th ba l 0 v ca trc th 2 v trc 4 l 4mm, = 10mm. Bnh xe trc dn c nghing lch 125mm, n khng nh hng n iu kin ni tip ca u my.

186

Hnh 2-18

Hnh 2-19 S tnh ton nh hnh (2-18). Tm b1 theo cng thc (2-4) v b2 theo cng thc (2-8): 2890(660 + 10).2,747 = 18mm S0 1524 (660 + 10).2,747 R+ (r + t )tg 300000 + 2 2 i (r + t )tg 1430(660 + 10).2,747 b2 = = = 9mm S 1540 + ( 660 + 10 ). 2 , 747 300000 R + (r + t )tg 2 2 Trong : = 1430 + 1460 = 2890mm b1 = i = 1430mm tg = tg700 = 2,747 S0 = 1524mm S = 1540mm. fH ( + b1 ) 2 (2890 + 18) 2 = = 28mm 2R 2.300000

(r + t )tg

187

fB

(i b2 ) 2 (1430 9) 2 = = 9mm 2R 2.300000

Smin = (tmax +2max+ 2hmax ) + fH -fB - + 4mm + min Smin = (1443 + 0 + 2.33) + 28 - 9 - 10 + 4 +11 = 1533mm > 1530mm Trong : tmax = 1443mm, hmax = 33mm, min = 11mm, S = 1530mm tng ng R = 300m (theo quy phm k thut khai thc ng st Lin X). Kt qu tnh ton c ly ray nh nht cho php ln hn c ly ray tng ng R = 300m theo QPKTKT, trong trng hp ny ly c ly ray theo QPKTKT tng ng bn knh cho.

2.3.3.3. C ly ray tiu chun trn ng cong Quy phm k thut khai thc ng st Vit Nam nm 1999 quy nh v c ly ray trn ng
cong nh sau: Bng 2.1 ng kh 1000
mm

ng kh 1435 C 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 ly ray Bn knh cong R(m) 651 T 650 n 451 T 450 n 351 350 S(mm)

mm

v ng lng C 1435 1440 1445 1450 ly ray S(mm)

Bn knh cong R(m) 501 T 401 n 500 T 301 n 400 T 201 n300 200

Do c ly ray trn ng cong ln hn c ly ray trn ng thng nn phi vut ni rng c ly pha ray bng. Vut c ly ray thng c thc hin trong phm vi ng cong chuyn tip, bin i c ly khng vt qu 1mm trn mt mt di (1)

2.3.4.t ray h bnh trn ng cong

Trn cc ng cong bn knh nh, do nh hng ca ni tip, m ca ray lng v li bnh xe b mn nhanh, gim bt mn ca m ray, ngi ta phi t thm mt thanh ray vo lng ng, cnh ray bng gi l ray h bnh. Khi vo ng cong, nu tt c cc bnh xe u khng ta li vo m ray th m ray s khng b mn, iu rt kh thc hin v cc u my toa xe c cu to gi xe c nh rt khc nhau. a/ Xt ring cho mt trc bnh xe: khe h gia ray h bnh v ray bng m bo li bnh xe ta nh vo ray lng ng cong c tnh nh sau: m = S - T - (h +) Trong (2-12) m : khe h tnh ton gia ray bng v ray h bnh S : c ly ray c xc nh t dng ni tip g b tnh bnh thng h v : Chiu dy g bnh v chiu dy ph thm ca n T : c ly pha trong ca i bnh Khi ta c: mmin = Smin - Tmax - (hmax + ) mmax = Smax - Tmin - (hmin + )

(2-13)

188

b/ Xt cho cc trc bnh xe trong gi xe c nh: khe h M gia ray h bnh v ray bng phi m bo cc bnh xe trong gi xe c nh c th qua li d dng. Nh vy ta c: M maxfk - fb + hmax + + z Trong : fk: khong cch tnh t m tc dng ca ray ph n mt khng lm vic ca g bnh xe, xc nh trn bn knh thng gc ( xem hnh 2-18). fk c xc ng theo Rk tng t fH . Khi bk c tnh theo cng thc:
k +c t bk = bk 2r + k + t c

T rt ra:

bk = (k + c t )(2r + k + t c) (2-14) Trong C : tr s chnh cao ca mt nh ray h bnh so vi mt nh ray bng r: bn knh bnh xe. k: chiu cao g bnh xe. t: Khong cch t mt nh ray h bnh n im tip xc gia mt khng lm vic ca g bnh vi m tc dng ca ray h bnh. (xem hnh 2-20), thng ly t = 10mm. z: dung sai c ly i bnh, z = 3mm. Phn tch tr s khe h M tnh cho mt trc ring l v tr s M tnh cho c gi xe c nh ta thy: Nu M > mmax th ray h bnh s khng c tc dng
Nu M mmin th tt c cc bnh xe s khng ta li vo ray lng hoc ch ta nh thi. ray h bnh c tc dng th tr s M nn ly gn bng mmin v nn dng trong khong: mmin M < mmax Chiu rng khe h gia ray h bnh v ray bng i vi ng kh hp c quy nh nh sau: M = 75 3mm Tr s ny tng i ln nhng do kh khn trong vic ng inh ghm gi ray h bnh vo t vt (trong khe h M) nn vn phi chp nhn . Ray h bnh nn t nghing ngc chiu vi nghing ca ray bng chng lc y ngang tt hn. Trong trng hp nu bn knh cong qu nh khng m bo ni tip g b tnh bnh thng, ngi ta c th dng c ly ray ln hn tr s quy nh v t 2 ray h bnh trn ng cong. Hnh 2-20

189

Ray ph t pha bng ng cong

2.3.5. Siu cao ray lng trn ng cong Khi tu chuyn ng trn ng cong, lc ly tm J y toa xe ra pha lng ng cong. Tr s
J = mv 2 Gv 2 = R Rg

lc ly tm tnh theo cng thc: Nu on tu chy vi tc ln th lc tc dng ln ray lng s ln hn lc tc dng ln ray bng nhiu v n nh ngang ca on tu b nh hng. gim bt tc hi ca lc ly tm ny, ngi ta t ray lng cao hn ray bng, chnh cao ny gi l siu cao ca ray lng. Khi b tr siu cao, ngi ta xut pht t cc yu cu sau: a/ Bo m 2 ray trn ng cong mn nh nhau, thi gian s dng ca hai ray tng ng nhau. b/ Bo m hnh khch khng cm thy kh chu do tc dng ca lc ly tm, bo m tin nghi ca hnh khch. c/ Bo m n nh ngang ca on tu.

2.3.5.1.Tnh siu cao m bo hai ray mn u nhau thi gian s dng ca hai ray nh nhau th mn ca chng theo thi gian phi nh nhau.
Thc t thng ch yu cu mn theo chiu thng ng ca hai ray tng ng nhau, mun vy, tng p lc thng ng tc dng ln hai ray phi bng nhau. Ngha l: El = Eb Trong Trong : El , Eb : tng p lc thng ng tc dng ln ray lng v ray bng . G : l trng lng toa xe J : l lc ly tm a: khong cch t trng tm toa xe n mt ln ca ray S1: khong cch tim hai ray : gc nghing gia mt phng qua nh hai ray vi mt phng nm ngang. Khi toa xe trng thi cn bng, ta c phng trnh mmen i vi im O gia c ly ray: Ta c : Mo = 0
S1 2 (2-15)

Hnh (2-21) l s lc tc dng ln toa xe trn ng cong.

( J cos G sin ) a = ( El Eb ) Ta c: sin = h S1

190

Hnh 2-21: S lc tc dng vo toa xe tnh siu cao ca ray lng trn ng cong v gc nh nn cos 1, do ta c : El Eb = ( J G = G( h 2a ) S1 S1 ( 2-16 )

V 2 h 2a ) gR S1 S1

m bo yu cu 2 ray mn nh nhau th: El = Eb ngha l v tri ca phng trnh ( 2-16) bng khng. Do : h V2 2a G gR G S = 0 (v S 0) 1 1 Rt ra:

h=
2

S1 Gv 2 Rg G

(2-17)

Gv G

= V 02 : vi Vo l tc bnh qun gia quyn. h= S1V02 ; Rg

(2-18)

Ta c: Trong :

G : tng trng lng ca tt c on tu chy vi tc khc nhau.

Nu h tnh bng mm, S1 tnh bng m, V- km/h, R tnh bng m ta c: - i vi ng st kh 1000mm:

V02 (mm) R - i vi ng tiu chun (1435mm) ta c: h = 8,24

(2-19)

191

V02 (mm) (2-20) R Tnh siu cao theo tc bnh qun gia quyn V0 thc t l rt kh v n i hi phi c nhiu s liu thng k v tc v trng lng ca cc on tu chuyn ng qua ng cong, v vy ngi ta thng quy i V0 tnh theo tc ln nht Vmax cho php chy trn ng cong. h = 11,8
2.3.5.2. Tnh siu cao m bo hnh khch khng cm thy kh chu khi tu chy trn ng cong Khi tnh siu cao m bo 2 ray mn u nhau, tc tnh ton l tc bnh qun gia quyn Vo do lc hng tm Jh sinh ra do thc hin siu cao c th khng trit tiu ht lc ly tm J. - Nu siu cao cha : lc ly tm cn d J = J -Jh vn tc ng vo hnh khch, khi tr s J ln s lm hnh khch mt mi, v vy phi hn ch J khng c qu ln, tc l:

J [J]
Do : m. m.[] Rt ra: [] Trong :

: l gia tc ly tm cn d (cha c cn bng)

[]: tr s cho php ca gia tc ly tm cha c cn bng m: khi lng ca vt chuyn ng

Ta c :

h V2 = g [ ] s1 R S1V 2 S1 [ ] Rg g

T rt ra: h

Trng hp bt li nht khi V= Vmax ta c :

hmin

SV S [ ] 1 max 1 Rg g
2

(2-21)

i vi ng kh hp, vi S1 = 1,05m; g = 9,81m/s2; R(m), V(km/h); (m/s2) ta c:

hmin 8,24

2 Vmax 107[ ] ( 2-22) R i vi ng 1435 vi S1 = 1,5m; g = 9,81m/s2; R(m), V(km/h),

(m/s2), ta c:
2 Vmax 153[ ] (2-22a) R Theo kt qu nghin cu ca V.S Sarico, hnh khch cm thy kh chu khi gia tc ly tm bng

hmin 11,8

0,4 0,8m/s2. Tu iu kin chy tu, cc nc quy nh tr s gia tc ly tm cha c cn bng cho php khc nhau. Lin x: [] = 0,7m/s2; c: [] = 0,65m/s2; M: [] = 0,5m/s2; Trung Quc: [] = 0,6m/s2;

192

 Vit Nam hin nay dng [] = 0,5m/s2 - Khi siu cao qu ln: Lc hng tm Jh > J, khi lc hng tm cn d

Jh = Jh - J s lm du trong trc chy ra ngoi, v vy cng phi hn ch Jh [Jh]

Do : m. h m. [h]; Rt ra: h [h]; Do ta c: h =

gh V 2 [ h ] S1 R gh [ h ] S1

Bt li khi tu chy chm hoc trn ng cong, tc V = 0. Do ta c:

Rt ra:

hmax

S1 .[ h ] g

(2-23)

Trong : h: tr s gia tc hng tm cn d. [h]: tr s cho php ca gia tc hng tm cn d. c hin nay quy nh: [h] = 0,98m/s2. Khi dng [h] = 0,98m/s2 th hmax = 105mm (i vi ng 1000mm) v hmax = 150mm (i vi ng tiu chun).

2.3.5.3. Kim tra siu cao m bo n nh ngang ca toa xe trn ng cong

Mc n nh ngang ca toa xe trn ng cong c nh gi bng h s n nh n

S1 n=

2 e

(2-24)

Trong : S1: khong cch tim 2 ray. e: lch tm ca hp lc R (xem hnh 2-22) Hnh 2-22

193

Trn hnh (2.22) ta c: R: Hp lc ca cc lc tc dng ln toa xe. N: Phn lc thng ng so vi mt phng qua nh 2 ray. Ee v Eb: phn lc thng ng ca ray.
- Nu lc R i qua O th lch tm e = 0, n = : toa xe n nh - Nu E =

S1 th R tc dng ln nh ray lng, ta c n = 1. Khi toa xe trng thi cn bng 2

ti hn. - tnh h s n nh n, ta ly m men i vi im O. iu kin cn bng lc, ta c: M0 = 0 N.e + E b . E l E b S1 . N 2 S1 S El 1 = 0 2 2

Rt ra: e =

Ta c: N = El + Eb do : e = .

E l E b S1 . El + Eb 2

(2-25)

Thay e trong cng thc (2-25) vo cng thc (2-24) ta c:

n= Thay

S1 E l + E b = 2e El Eb
2a S1

(2-26)

E1 + E2 = N = G.cos + J.sin E1- E2 = ( Jcos - G.sin)

Vo cng thc (2-26) v bin i, ta c kt qu:

v2 h . ) R S1 n= h v2 2a.( g ) S1 R S1 .( g + Trong : a l khong cch t trng tm toa xe n mt nh ray.

(2-27)

Nu t tt l tr s tnh ton ca gia tc ly tm cha c cn bng. S1 g S1V 2 h n= (1 + ) Rg S12 2a tt n= S1 g h2 (1 + 2 ) 2a tt S1 (2-28)

Tnh mt cch gn ng (vi sai s ~ 1,5%) ta c:

194

n
V d 7:

S1 g 2a tt

(2-29)

Tnh siu cao ca ray lng trn ng cong c bn knh R = 200m, ng st kh 1000mm. Theo quy nh hin hnh ca ng st Vit Nam, siu cao ca ray lng c xc nh theo iu kin m bo hai ray mn u nhau v tnh theo cng thc (2-30) i vi ng kh 1000mm:
2 Vmax R Trong tc ln nht cho php chy tu ng cong Vmax c tnh theo cng thc (2-32)

Ta c:

h = 5,4

V max = 4,1. R = 4,1. 200 = 57,98 km/h

Ta ly Vmax = 60km/h 5,4.60 2 = 97,2mm 200 Ta ly h = 95mm (bng tr s siu cao ln nht cho php trn ng st kh hp Vit Nam). Ta c: h= Theo cng thc (2-22) ta c th vit:
2 Vmax 107 tt R T rt ra tr s gia tc ly tm cha c cn bng tnh ton:

h 8,24

8,24

tt =

2 Vmax h R 107

8,24

60 2 200 107

95

tt =

= 0,498m / s 2 [ ] = 0,5m / s 2 .

0,5m/s2 Vy trn ng cong R = 200m, vi siu cao h = 95mm, tu chy vi tc 60km/h vn m bo iu kin tin nghi ca hnh khch i tu. Kim tra iu kin chng nghing ca toa xe trn ng cong, vi a = 2m, tt = 0,498m/s2 0,5m/s2, theo cng thc (2-29) ta c:

n=

S1 g 1,05.9,81 = = 5,15 > 1 2a tt 2.2.0,5

n nh.

2.3.5.4. Siu cao tiu chun v thc hin siu cao Khi xc nh siu cao ca ray lng, phn ln cc nc trn th gii u cn c vo iu kin
m bo hai ray mn u nhau. Tuy nhin, do trng lng v tc on tu lun thay i nn khng th xc nh tc bnh qun gia quyn V0 mt cch chnh xc trong mt thi gian lu di c. gii quyt iu , ngi ta thng ly V0 bng tc ln nht Vmax nhn vi mt h s trit gim. Cng thc tnh siu cao c dng tng qut: h=A V02 R

195

Trong : A =

S1 g

i vi ng tiu chun 1435mm: A = 11,8 ng kh hp 1000mm: A = 8,24 Theo quy nh s 1070/Q-CSHT ca LHS ngy 28/11/1996, siu cao h trn ng cong c tnh nh sau:
h = 5,4
2 V max R

(mm) i vi ng st kh 1000mm (2-30)

2 Vmax h = 7,3 R

(mm) i vi ng kh 1435mm (2-31)

Trong tc ln nht cho php chy trn ng cong Vmax vn dng chung cho c hai loi kh ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

Vmax=4,1 R (km/h)
Trong bn knh R tnh bng m.

(km/h)

(2-32)

Tr s siu cao ln nht tu quy nh ca mi nc v thay i t 120250mm

Vit Nam quy nh: hmax = 125mm (ng 1435mm) hmax = 95mm (ng 1000mm) Thc hin siu cao thng c gii quyt bng cch tng chiu dy ba lt di t vt ray lng ng cong. Lm nh vy c nhc im l lm cho trng tm toa xe b x dch, tuy nhin, vic thi cng c d dng nn phng php ny thng c s dng rng ri. Khi chiu di ng cong chuyn tip qu ngn, c th nng ray lng ln mt na siu cao v h thp ray bng xung mt na siu cao (h/2). m bo chiu dy ba lt di ray bng, mt nn ng phi nghing song song y t vt. Bin php ny thng c dng khi chiu di ng cong chuyn tip ngn, nn ng ton khi, cc ng tu in ngm hoc trn cc tuyn ng cao tc.

2.3.6. ng cong chuyn tip 2.3.6.1. Mc ch t ng cong chuyn tip

Khi tu chy trn ng thng, lc ly tm J = 0, nhng khi vo ng cong lc ly tm J= GV 2 . Khi tu chy t ng thng vo ng cong, ti To lc ly tm s xut hin mt cch t Rg

ngt lm cho ng v cc bnh xe chng hng, hnh khch s b mt. m bo cc lc khng xut hin t ngt, gia ng thng v ng cong hoc gia hai ng cong c bn knh R1 v R2 gn nhau, ngi ta phi b tr mt ng cong c bit, gi l ng cong chuyn tip. ng cong chuyn tip c tc dng m bo on tu chy t ng thng vo ng cong, hoc t ng cong R1 sang ng cong R2c an ton v m thun, cc lc ph khng xut hin t

196

ngt, c th tng tc trn ng cong. Nh c on chuyn tip gia ng thng v ng cong nn ng c n nh hn v t bin dng. Mt khc, khi dng ng cong chuyn tip tu chy m v gc xung kch nh hn, hnh khch cm thy kh chu. Ngi ta thc hin dn siu cao v gia khoan trn ng cong chuyn tip.

Hnh 2.23 B tr ng cong chuyn tip

2.3.6.2. Yu cu i vi ng cong chuyn tip L0 1/ m bo lc ly tm khng pht sinh t ngt, ngha l ti N c J = 0 tng dn n T c
J= GV 2 th bn knh ca ng cong chuyn tip phi thay i t t, ti ni u N c = v ti Rg 1

tip u T c = R. Trng hp ng cong chuyn tip nm gia 2 ng cong trn th bn knh ca ng cong chuyn tip phi thay i t tr s = R1 n =R2. Nu gi K = ng cong chuyn tip, p ng yu cu ny ta c: Ti N c K = v tr T c K = 1

l cong ca

= 0 , sau n tng dn n

1 . R

2/ m bo lc xung kch Fxk khng pht sinh t ngt : nu thc hin siu cao theo lut tuyn tnh vi dc vut siu cao l i (xem hnh 2-23), khi bnh xe ln qua N v T s pht sinh Fxk tc dng ln ray lng. Mun Fxk = 0 ti N v T th gc vut siu cao phi trit tiu ti N v T, tc = 0 do vy ta c: tg = 0 do ta c kt qu:

SV2 dh = 0 ti N v T. Ly o hm ca h theo dl vi h = 1 0 dl g

dk = 0 ti N v T. dl 3/ m bo lc ph khng pht sinh t ngt : Trn L0, v siu cao h, gia khoan v bn knh

lun thay i, do trng thi chuyn ng ca on tu trn ng cong chuyn tip L0 l trng thi chuyn ng khng n nh. Tng ng vi trng thi chuyn ng s c lc ph Ff pht sinh (khi

197

chuyn ng trn ng thng hoc trn ng cong trn Fph=0). Yu cu lc ph ny cng khng

d 2k = 0 ti N v T. dl 2 4/ ng cong chuyn tip phi m bo di vut siu cao v gia khoan ca ng cong. tm tt nhng yu cu i vi ng cong chuyn tip, ngi ta t ng cong Lo vo h ta Oxy (xem hnh 2-24) v lp thnh bng sau:
c pht sinh t ngt. T yu cu ny ngi ta tm ra kt qu l Bng 2-2

STT
1

Cc c trng
l

Ti N
0

Ti T
y0 0 1/R 0

T N n T

y = sin dl
0

2 3 4

= k .dl
0

Tng lin tc

0 0 0

K = 1/ dk/dl

d2k/dl2

0 Hnh 2-24

Trn cc ng c tc cao, ng cong chuyn tip phi m bo c 5 yu cu trong bng (2-2). 2.3.6.3.ng cong chuyn tip thng dng Trn mt s tuyn ng st, do tc tu chy cha qu cao v thun tin cho vic thi cng v duy tu, ngi ta ch dng dng ng cong tho mn 3 yu cu u trong bng (2-2). Khi siu cao c thc hin theo lut tuyn tnh vi dc vut siu cao l i. Ta c: Rt ra: i = tg = h/l
h S1V02 l= = i i. .g

(2-33)

198

l=

S1V02 =C i.g

ta c:

(2-34)

Phng trnh (2-34) l phng trnh ng cong xon c Cltit trong h ta t nhin v C. Trong :
l bn knh ng cong

C l tham s vt l ca ng cong Khi l = L0 th C = R.L0 Nu biu th trong h to cc, phng trnh (2-34) c dng:
y= x3 2x 4 293 x 8 + + ...) (1 + 6C 35C 2 237000C 4

(2-35)

Khi ly mt s hng u tin, ta c:

y= x3 6C

(2-36)

Phng trnh (2-36) l phng trnh parabon bc 3. Trong C = R.L0. l phng trnh ng cong chuyn tip thng dng. Theo hnh hc vi phn: ti im u ca ng cong, cong ca parabon bc 3 bng 0, sau bt u tng n im B no th n t gi tr ln nht, qua im B cong bt u gim v v tn th cong bng 0. im B c gc nghing 240541 (xem hnh 2-23) V vy, ch c th dng on OB ca parabon bc 3 lm ng cong chuyn tip vi iu kin R > 1,602C5/9.
2.3.6.4. Chiu di ng cong chuyn tip L0

Chiu di ng cong chuyn tip L0 thng c xc nh theo iu kin thc hin dn siu cao ca ray lng m bo tu khng b trt bnh.
L0 = h i

(m)

(2-37)

Trong :

h: siu cao (mm) io : dc thc hin siu cao

199

Trong iu kin bnh thng io = 0,001; iu kin hn ch io = 0,002; khi kh khn ly io = 0,003. Chiu di Lo cn c xc nh t iu kin m bo tc tng ca lc ly tm l nh nht: Khi Trong

L0 = .

2 Vmax R

(2-38)

: h s, ly = 0,08; trong iu kin kh khn ly khng nh hn 0,05.

Tr s L0 phi l tr s ln nht trong 2 tr s . Chiu di ng cong L0 c tiu chun ha L0 = 20200m tu theo cp ng, bn knh ng cong v tc chy tu. 2.3.7. t ray ngn trn ng cong Trn ng cong, ray lng bao gi cng di hn ray bng. Mun m bo cc mi ni ray vn i xng trn ng cong th phi dng ray tiu chun kt hp vi ray ngn t pha bng ng cong. Ta nghin cu mt on ng cong chn gc tm bi hai mt ct AA1 v BB1 (xem hnh 2-25)

200

Hnh 2-25 Ta c: = 2 - 1
2

- Chiu di on ray lng: AB =

1
2 1

d
l

- Chiu di on ray bng: A1B1 = b d so le gia ray lng v ray bng:

2

= AB - A1B1 =

d -
l
1

b ) d = S1d
1

= S1.(2 - 1) = S1.

(2-39)

Trong :

S1 l khong cch tim hai ray

l2 2C l1 2C
2

Trn ng cong chuyn tip ta c:

=

Do , nu gi 1 l so le gia hai ray trn ng cong chuyn tip th:

1=S1

(2- 40)

Trong : l1 l chiu di ng cong tnh t ni u N n mt ct tnh ton o theo tim ng. C= RL0

201

Khi l1= L0 , so le gia hai ray trn ton b ng cong chuyn tip (t N n T) 0 s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
0= SL0 S1 L2 0 0 = 1 2 RL0 2R

(2- 41)

Trn ng cong trn ta c : = c:

l ; Do , nu gi 2 l so le gia hai ray trn ng cong trn ta R

l2 (2- 42) R Trong : l2 l chiu di ng cong tnh t T n mt ct tnh ton o theo tim ng. 2= S1

Khi l2= Lc th 2= c: so le gia hai ray trn ton ng cong trn, ta c:

c= S1 Lc R

(2 - 43)

Trong : Lc l chiu di ton b ng cong trn ( t T n TC ). so le trn ton b khai trin ca ng cong tnh theo cng thc :
= 20 + c

(2 - 44)

t ray ngn, ngi ta phi tin hnh tnh ton th t t ray trn ng cong. i vi loi ray di 12,5m trn mt ng cong c th dng mt trong ba loi ray ngn tiu chun sau: K40, K80 v K120 ( l lng rt ngn tiu chun trn mt thanh ray, n v l mm). Vi loi ray di 25m c bn loi ray ngn tiu chun l K40, K80, K120 v K160. Khi khng c ray ngn tiu chun, ngi ta cho php t mi so le trn ng cong. Khi , ca ray tiu chun lm hai on: - on di Ld t bn ray lng pha u ng cong - on ngn Ln t bn ray bng, pha cui ng cong. Trong : Ld =
Lt / c + 4,5m 2 2

(2-45) Ln =
Lt / c 4,5m 2 2

Trong : l so le trn ton ng cong c tnh theo cng thc (2-44) Lt/c l chiu di thanh ray tiu chun

202

Hnh 2-26: B tr mi ni so le trn ng cong

203

CHNG 3 CU TO GHI N 3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG ng ghi l thit b ni hai hoc nhiu ng li vi nhau on tu c th i t ng ny sang ng khc. ng ghi c th chia loi nh sau: 1/ Ghi kp: L thit b ni tip 3 ng vi nhau m bo tu c th vo mt trong 3 ng . Ghi kp c cc loi: - Ghi kp i xng (hnh 3.1): Ghi ny c mt ng hng thng, cn 2 ng r sang 2 bn
i xng nhau.

Hnh 3-1 Ghi kp i xng - Ghi kp khng i xng khc bn (hnh 3-2): Ghi ny c mt ng theo hng thng, hai ng r hai bn c gc r khc nhau

Hnh 3-2 Ghi kp khng i xng khc bn - Ghi kp khng i xng cng bn (Hnh 3-3)

Hnh 3-3. Ghi kp khng i xng cng bn

2/ ng ghi n Ghi n thng l loi ghi thng dng nht v chim trn 90% tng s cc b ghi t trn cc

tuyn ng st. Loi ny c mt ng thng l chnh tuyn v mt ng l nhnh r, ghi r phi hay ghi r tri l khi ng u ghi nhn v tm ghi theo hng ng thng xem nhnh r v bn tri hay v bn phi. Trn hnh (3.4a) biu th mt b ghi n ph thng r phi. 3/ Ghi n khng i xng khc bn: (hnh 3.4b) Ghi ny c mt ng r phi, mt ng r tri nhng gc r khc nhau.

204

4/ Ghi n khng i xng cng bn: (hnh 3.4c) Ghi ny c hai ng r cng bn nhng bn knh mi ng r khc nhau. 5/ Ghi n i xng: ( hnh 3.4d) ng r phi v r tri i xng nhau vi gc r bng nhau.

Hnh 3-4 Cc loi ghi n

3.2. CU TO B GHI N PH THNG

Ghi n ph thng chia lm ba b phn: b phn u ghi, b phn tm ghi v b phn ni dn (hnh 3-5). B phn u ghi c xc nh t hai mi ni u ghi n hai mi ni cui li ghi (cn gi l c ghi hay gt ray nhn ) B phn tm ghi c xc nh t u ray chn th n cc mi ni cui ghi trn nhnh thng v nhnh r. B phn ni dn gm mt on ng thng lng vi mt on ng cong dng ni phn

205

u ghi vi tm ghi. Hnh 3-5 Cc b phn ca ghi n ph thng

3.2.1. B phn u ghi B phn u ghi gm hai ray c bn, hai li ghi, hai b phn gt ghi (hay c ghi), thanh ko, thanh lin kt, m u ghi, m trt, cc b phn ni gi nh mng chn tru, c u ghi, my b ghi

(hnh 3-6) 1-Ray c bn 5- C u ghi 6- m trt Hnh 3-6. B phn u ghi 2- Li ghi 3- c ghi 10- m sau li ghi 6- Thanh lin kt 4- Mng tru 9- m u li ghi 7- m u ghi

Ray c bn: Ray c bn hng thng l ray tiu chun di 12.5m, ray c bn hng r cng l ray tiu chun c un cong thc hin c ly ray phn u ghi. Li ghi: Phn loi li ghi: Li ghi c hai loi: li ghi thng v li ghi cong.
Li ghi thng: dng cho cc ghi c s hiu nh (t 12 tr xung). Khi li ghi thng p st vo ray c

bn th gc kp gia hai m ray c bn v m li ghi gi l gc r . (hnh 3-7)

Hnh 3-7 Li ghi thng V m tc dng ca li ghi thng l mt ng thng, cho nn gc r , gc u li ghi 0, v gc xung kch y u bng nhau. Li ghi thng c u im l gia cng d dng, c th dng cho ghi n r phi hoc ghi n r tri v ghi i xng. Tuy nhin loi li ghi ny c nhc im l gc xung kch y mi li ghi qu ln nn khi tu chy vo ng r s km m thun v thng phi dng li ghi tng i di. Li ghi cong: Dng cho cc b ghi c s hiu N > 12. Li ghi dn v ng r l cong, cn li ghi dn v ng thng vn l li ghi thng.

206

Li ghi cong kiu ct tuyn c chiu di bo gt ray li ghi ngn hn kiu tip tuyn, chiu di ghi c li ghi cong kiu ct tuyn cng ngn hn.

Hnh 3-8 Li ghi cong kiu ct tuyn, cong trn Li ghi cong c c im: - Gc xung kch y nh, do tc tu vo ng r cao hn. - Li ghi cong lm cho chiu di ghi ngn (khi cc iu kin khc nh nhau), bn knh ng cong dn ln hn (khi chiu di ghi nh nhau). - Chiu di bo gt li ghi tng i di, ch to kh.
Cu to li ghi: Li ghi c th c ch to t ray tiu chun hoc ch to t loi ray c mt ct c bit. Li ghi gm phn u l mi li ghi, phn cui l gt li ghi (c ghi).

Mi li ghi thng c bo gt phn nm ray v ray c th p st vo ray c bn. Khi ch to li ghi t ray tiu chun, ta t ray li ghi v tr cao hn ray c bn 6mm (hnh 3-9), ng thi phn li ghi b bo gt t nm trn ray c bn. Hnh 3-9

V tr phn li ghi bo gt - gia cng cng cho li ghi, ta dng 2 thanh thp p 2 bn thn ray li ghi. - trnh cho li ghi phi chu lc, u li ghi c bo gt thp hn nh ray c bn 23mm, phn li ghi c nh rng t 50mm tr ln s hon ton chu lc ca bnh xe, on t u li ghi n ch li ghi c nh rng 20mm do ray c bn gnh chu p lc ca bnh xe. on c nh rng t 20mm n 50mm l on qu , p lc bnh xe chuyn dn t ray c bn sang li ghi. - Gt li ghi (c ghi) l b phn quan trng ca u ghi, m bo li ghi c th x dch ngang khi b ghi, ng thi phi m bo kin c, n nh, d ch to v sa cha. Cc b ghi c s hiu nh thng dng loi c ghi c ng sut, n gm: st ngn cch, lp lch cong, ng sut bulng, mng chn tru (H.3-10). Ti mi ni lin kt li ghi vi ray ni dn ( c ghi): pha lng ng phi dng lp lch 4 l, gia ray c bn v li ghi t mt tm st ngn cch, li ghi c th b ngang, lp lch phi un cong khong 8mm. m bo khi b ghi, li ghi dch ngang s khng lm cho phn lp lch b un b b thng li, l inh bulng u tin c ghi

207

(tnh t mi li ghi ti) phi dng ng sut ( hay gi l ng mung) lm ch ta cho lp lch, ng sut lun qua l bulng thn ray, mt u ng sut ta vo mt ca st m, u kia ta vo mt trong ca lp lch. Loi c ghi ny tng i n gin v chc chn nhng ch dng cho loi li ghi thng hay li ghi c bit c on cui l dng ray thng. Cc ghi c s hiu ln, c ghi dng kiu n hi un cong do ct b mt on ray li ghi. Hnh 3-10

Cu to c ghi Hai li ghi c t trn cc m trt, khng c ng inh ghm vo t vt, mi tm m trt dy 6mm, rng 80mm. - Pha ngoi ray c bn t cc mng chn tru sut chiu di ray c bn chng ray. - Chiu di li ghi ph thuc vo s hiu ghi Khi s hiu ghi N= 7; 8; 9; 10, ray P43, chiu di li ghi l 6,25m. Ghi N12 chiu di li ghi l 7,7m , ghi 18 l 12,5m. Khi li ghi dn tu chy vo hng r th li ghi hng r p cht vo ray c bn, cn gia li ghi dn tu v hng thng v ray c bn s c khe h g bnh. V tr li ghi trong hnh3-6 s cho on tu chy theo hng r. gi khong cch c nh gia hai li ghi, thng dng 3 thanh ging, thanh ging th nht u li ghi c ni vi my b ghi. My b ghi dng iu khin li ghi di ng ngang, gi ghi v tr chnh xc khi tu chy qua. Cu to ca my b ghi phi n gin, d lp rp, d s dng. My b ghi c th iu khin bng tay, c gii hoc bng in.

1. Ni ghi 2. Ct n hiu 3. Tay quay 4. Thanh git ni vi thanh lin kt

208

Hnh 3-11. My b ghi

3.2.2. B phn tm ghi B phn tm ghi t ch ray chnh tuyn v ray ng r giao nhau. Tm ghi c hai loi: tm c nh v tm di ng. Tm c nh l loi thng dng nht hin nay, tm c nh thng l tm ghp hoc tm c. Tm ghi ghp bng ray thng c bo gt ri lp ghp li, loi ny tng i thng dng v c dng nhiu nc ta hin nay. Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu cu to tm ghi ghp.
B tm ghi gm: - Hai ray c bn - Hai ray h bnh - Hai ray chn th (ray cnh ghi) - Tm ghi v cc ph kin ni, gi ray. Tm ghi ghp gm ray tm di v ray tm ngn. Ray tm di bao gi cng c t theo hng ng thng, do nhn vo tm ghi ghp c th bit l ghi r phi hay ghi r tri. Gc kp gia hai m tc dng ca ray tm ghi gi l gc tm ghi , giao im ca hai m tc dng ca ray tm ghi gi l tm l thuyt.Do cng ngh ch to nn tm ghi thc t rng 6-10 mm. - Ray cnh ghi (ray chn th) c ch to t ray tiu chun bo gt thnh, gia ray cnh ghi v ray tm ghi dng c u v bulng lp ghp thnh mt khi m bo rnh g bnh c kch thc nht nh.

Hnh 3-12: Tm ghi ghp

209

- C hng ghi l ch c khong cch hp nht gia m tc dng ca hai ray cnh ghi. T c hng n tm ghi thc t, do mt ln nh ray b t qung nn gi l khong trng c hi. S hiu ghi cng ln, gc s cng nh do khong trng c hi cng di. Khong trng c hi ca ghi s 9 l 702mm, ghi s 10 l 936mm.

Hnh 3-13: Chiu rng khe tm ghi Khi bnh xe ln qua khong trng c hi cng di th bnh xe xung kch vo tm ghi cng mnh, do hai bn phi t ray h bnh dn g bnh xe ln ng vo rnh tm ghi rng 46mm. Ray h bnh c ch to t ray ph thng, hai u c bo gt thnh hnh phu bnh xe ln qua c d dng. Gia ray h bnh v ray c bn ta dng c u v bulng lin kt li c rnh rng khong 39mm cho g bnh ln qua. S hiu ghi c k hiu l N. Quan h gia s hiu ghi N v gc tm ghi
c biu th trn hnh3-14 v trong bng3-1 di y:

Bng 3-1: S hiu ghi N= cotg =

CD BD

Nc
Lin X, c Php Anh, M Nht

S hiu ghi
1/N 1/N N N

Cch tnh s hiu ghi

1 BD = N CD 1 BD = N CD
N= N=
CE BA CB BA

Hnh 3-14: S hiu ghi

210

Nhng ch mt ct tm ghi b bo gt nhiu khng chu ni p lc ca bnh xe i t ray cnh ghi vo tm ghi (hay theo chiu ngc li), cao nh ray cnh ghi phi cao hn ray tm ghi. Theo quy nh, t ch u tm ghi n ch mt nh ray tm ghi rng 30mm th tm ghi hon ton khng chu lc, t ch mt nh tm ghi rng 40mm tr ln c th chu ton b p lc ca bnh xe. trnh g bnh xe xung kch vo mi tm ghi, u mi tm ghi thc t t thp hn mt nh ray cnh ghi l 33mm. ( H. 3-15)

Hnh 3-15: Tm ghi ghp Tm ghi ghp khi hng c th thay th tng b phn c. Tuy nhin, tm ghi ghp c qu nhiu chi tit, lp rp khng c vng chc bng cc loi tm c, mt khc, vic bo dng li kh khn, tui th ngn.

3.2.3. B phn ni dn trong ghi

B phn ni dn ni lin b phn u ghi vi b phn tm ghi. B phn ni dn gm hai ray dn v ng thng v hai ray dn v ng cnh. Bn knh ng cong ni dn trong ghi c tnh n m tc dng ca ray lng. im u ca ng cong dn ny tnh t gt li ghi khi bn knh ng cong dn R 150m hoc cch gt li ghi bng na chiu di lp lch. im cui ca ng cong dn cch u ray cnh ghi mt on bng na chiu di lp lch. Bn knh ng cong dn ph thuc vo s hiu ghi nh trong bng (3-2) Bng 3-2

S hiu ghi Gc tm ghi

N 9 10 11 12 18
0 0 0

Bn knh ng cong dn R(m)

Kh 1000mm 100-105 140-155 160 200 Kh 1435mm 180 160-200 296 330 800

6 2025 5 4238 5 1140 404549 3 1012,5

0

Tc qua ghi theo hng r thng thp v ng cong dn khng c siu cao. Ta c th dng hai ng cong parabol bc 3 lm ng cong dn nng cao tc chy tu qua ghi theo hng r. Bng 3-4 : Mt s loi ghi dng trn ng st Vit Nam S Gc u Chiu Bn knh Bnh Chiu Bnh Bn knh Chiu Tc Nc Loi ray hiu li ghi di li li ghi din di tm din ng di ghi ng ghi (m) li ghi tm dn r ghi (m) n

211

(m) 50,43,38 12 1 0418 Trun g Quc 50,43,38 9 Vit Nam 43 43 43

0 0 0 0

ghi

(m) 3,55 3,70 3,70 3,70 3,60 3,55

ghi

(m) 330 230 180 140,5 105,5 200,5 36,81 30,80 29,85 24,41 22,31 28,33

(km/h)

7,70 6,250 6,250

1 1912,7 43 10
0

1 1912,7

10 1 1321 6,250 9 1 1912 6,250 12 1 0418 7,70

3.3. T VT GHI
Trong ghi dng t vt g loi I cho cc b ghi ray P43 tr ln, t vt g loi II dng cho ghi ray P38 tr xung. Trong bng ( 3-3 ) gii thiu kch thc t vt g loi I v II: Bng 3-3 Loi t vt g I II ng 1000mm Cao x Rng x Di (cm) 14 x 22 x 180 13 x 19 x 180 ng 1435mm Cao x Rng x Di (cm) 15 x 22 x 250 14 x 19 x 250

Chiu di t vt ghi chia lm nhiu cp, mi cp di hn nhau 20cm. i vi kh ng 1000mm c 10 cp, ngn nht l 1,8m v di nht l 3,6m. - Khong cch gia tim hai t vt trong ghi ly bng 90% khong cch khu gian. - b phn u ghi v trn ng cong dn trong ghi, t vt t vung gc vi tim ng chnh tuyn. - Di b phn tm ghi, t vt t vung gc vi ng phn gic ca gc tm ghi . Trc tm ghi t t 3 n 5 t vt qu t vung gc vi tim ng chnh tuyn chuyn dn sang vung gc vi ng phn gic gc . 3.4. Bn v ghi Bn v ghi dng t v bo dng ghi thng v theo t l 1/50 hoc 1/100. Kh giy v 80x100cm hoc 40x50cm. Trong hnh v ghi dng 1 nt biu th m tc dng ca ray, hai nt biu th u ray. Ni dung: biu th tt c cc kch thc hnh hc ca ghi, chiu di cc ray, chiu di tng nhm t vt, khong cch gia cc t vt, c li ray trong ghi, bng vt liu, gc tm ghi , gc r ca li ghi , bn knh ng cong dn R.v.v... Trn hnh (3-16) biu th mt bn v b ghi s 10 ray P43 r phi di 24,41m.

212

213

CHNG 4 KHI NIM NG ST KHNG MI NI 4.1. U NHC IM CA NG ST C MI NI V KHNG MI NI 4.1.1. Nhc im ca ng st c mi ni a/ Bnh xe tc ng vo mi ni gy lc xung kch lm mi ni b gc, gim tc chy tu
b/ Cng gia cu ray v mi ni khng ng u, lm cho tuyn ng khng bng phng, m thun. c/ Lc dc ln, ray d b tri, phi tng s lng ngm phng x v thanh chng x. d/ Khi c thit b ng ng t ng phi lm thit b dn in. c/ Tng chi ph duy tu sa cha, tng thm st thp, tng lc cn, hn ch tc chy tu Vy khi dng chiu di ray t 500m - 1000m tr ln th khc phc c cc tc hi ca mi ni, ng ray nh th gi l ng ray khng mi ni (ray hn lin).

4.1.2. u im ca ng st khng mi ni a/ Lm cho tu chy m thun, to cm gic d chu cho hnh khch v mi trng. b/ Trnh c lc xung kch gia bnh xe v khe ni, do cho kh nng tng c vn tc chy tu, lm st m ray, tng tui th ca ray v cc thit b trn ng khong 10%, gim hao mn h
hi u my toa xe 2025%. c/ Hn ch hin tng mi gc v h hng nn ba lt d/ Gim kinh ph duy tu bo dng tuyn ng 30% so vi ng c mi ni e/ Trnh c tai nn gy ray phm vi mi ni. f/ Kh nng nng cao tc chy tu V 100 km/h. ng st khng mi ni c nhng nhc im: a/ Ray phi chu ng sut ln hn so vi ray trn ng c mi ni v phi chu thm ng sut nhit , do vy thng phi t ray nng. b/ Phi tng cng cu to ca ng nh tng cng phi kin chng x, s lng t vt, kch thc nn chng li lc dc nhit . c/ Thi gian thi cng t ng ray khng mi ni gii hn bi iu kin kh hu v nu t vo thi im nhit t ng khng nm trong gii hn nhit trung ha tnh ton th d phi gii to ng sut. d/ Nu xy ra s c hng ray, t ray th vic x l cng phc tp. e/ u t xy dng ban u ln.

4.2. PHN BIT CHIU DI RAY TRN NG ST 4.2.1. Ray thng thng (lp) Ray thng thng trn ng khai thc chu 2 loi lc cn ngn chn khng cho ray t do co dn

214

Loi lc cn th nht l lc cn lp lch v bu lng vn cht mi ni (Pn), loi lc cn th 2 l lc cn ph kin gi cht ray trn cc t vt (Pd)

Hnh 4-1. S phn b ni lc ca ray tiu chun(ray ngn) Khi nhit thay i, ray chu tc dng ca 2 loi lc cn khng th t do co dn c, trong ray pht sinh ni lc hng dc(Pd), sau khi thng lc hng dc khi ray bt u co dn. Nhit ray cao nht (thng cao hn nhit khng kh 20oC) khe h ray khp nh li, nhng 2 u ray cha hc vo nhau. Ngc li khi nhit ray thp nht (bng nhit khng kh ) khe h ray m rng (max = 20mm) trong ray cha xut hin ng sut ko. Chiu di ray ph hp vi cc iu kin trn gi l chiu di ray tiu chun.

4.2.2. Ray di c chiu di ray ln hn chiu di ray tiu chun (lp) Khi nhit tng hay gim trong ray chu nn p (hay lc ko dn) lc ny gi l lc nhit Pt. Khi chiu di ray cng di th tr s lc nhit phi ln hn lc dc th mi thng ni. C 3 loi ni lc tc dng : - Lc cn dc (Pd)
- Lc cn mi ni (Pn) - Lc nhit (Pt) Trn chiu di ray, lc cn mi ni Pn v lc nhit Pt phn b u sut chiu di ray, cn lc cn dc Pd s tng v gia cu ray, gia cu ray l ln nht (Pdmax)

Hnh 4-2. S phn b ni lc ray di Vy trn chiu di ray tn ti 3 loi lc ny, ni lc gia cu ray l ln nht. Nu lun lun duy tr ng cng v n nh th gi l ray di. Ray di c chiu di t 30125m.

4.2.3. Ray khng mi ni Ray khng mi ni c hn lin c chiu di khong 1000m tr ln. Trn chiu di ray hnh
thnh 3 khu vc. Khu vc gia gi l khu vc c nh, 2 u l khu vc co dn.

215

V d : Ray khng mi ni di 1000m, khu vc c nh di 800m, khu vc co dn mi u 100m. Sau t khe co dn. (Trn ng st ca Php, Lin x, Trung quc). Hnh 4-3. S phn b ni lc ng ray khng mi ni

Khu vc iu chnh Khu vc co d n

Khu vc c nh Khu vc co d n

Khu vc iu chnh

Khi nhit ln xung lm cho ni lc thay i trn chiu di ray. Sau khi lc nhit Pt thng lc Pd, Pn 2 u th chiu di di ray di ng 2 u ny (lt). Tuyn ng st c nhp ray chu lc nh trn gi l ng st khng mi ni. Nu ta dng loi ph kin kin kt ray vi t vt v lp ba lt cho lc cn Pd ln hn lc nhit Pt lm cho ng ray n nh th c th s dng ng st khng mi ni.

4.3. NGUYN L C BN TNH NG ST KHNG MI NI

4.3.1. ng sut nhit t v lc nhit Pt

Khi ng st hn lin v kha cht li khng cho ng ray c th co dn c. Khi nhit bin i ( t) trong ray pht sinh ng sut nhit. Theo nh lut Huk, ta tnh ng sut nhit trong ray l:
t = E = E.l/l

(4-1)
6 2

Trong

E: Modun n hi ca thp E = 2,1.10 KG/cm = 2,1.105Mpa l : Chiu di ray (m)

l : Lng co dn ca ray t do khi nhit bin i l = .l. t

Thay l vo (5-1) ta c:
t = E. . t

(MPa)

(4-2)

: H s dn n ca thp, = 11,8.10-6

Khi nhit trong ray tng hay gim th ng sut trong ray t = 25t KG/cm2 = 2,5t (MPa) Lc nhit trn mt thanh ray: Pt = t.F (KN) Trong : F l tit din ca ray (cm ) V d: Ray P43 c F = 57cm2; Pt = 14t (KN) Khi nhit tng hay gim 1oC th mt bn ray chu 14KN lc ko hoc nn.
2

(4-3)

216

Nh vy ng sut nhit khng ph thuc vo chiu di ray m ch ph thuc bin nhit ln xung. Nu ta c ph kin ghm cht ray tt lm cho ng ray n nh th c th tng chiu di ray khng mi ni ln bao nhiu cng c.

4.3.2. Lc cn tuyn ng Lc cn tuyn ng l lc cn khng cho ng ray di ng. C 3 loi lc cn: - Lc cn dc: Gm lc cn mi ni, lc cn ph kin v lc cn ca nn dm. Lc cn mi ni l lc cn mi ni 2 u ray ngn cn khng cho nhp cu ray di ng theo chiu dc tuyn. Lc cn ny do ma st gia lp lch v ray to nn, do cng chng un v chng ct ca bu lng, lc ma st cng ln th lc cn cng ln. V d lp lch 6 l, bu lng ng knh 22mm, lc cn mi ni Pn = 24 tn lc (24. 9,81KN)
Lc cn ph kin gi ray: L lc ghm gi ray vi t vt bng cc loi lin kt cng hay n hi khng cho ray tri trn mt t vt. Lc gi cht i t vt b tng c mmen vn cht t 812KGm = 0,008 0,012KNm. Lc cn dm c tc dng ngn chn c cu ray khng cho di ng dc tuyn, cn lc cn ngang nn dm c tc dng ngn cn c cu ray di ng theo hng ngang, ngn chn ng ray phnh ngang hoc bung ng. Lc cn dc mi thanh t vt BT, Pd = 1000KG (9,8kN). Lc cn dc n v fv cho 1840 thanh/km l 9,1KG/cm = 9,1.9,81N/cm - Lc cn ngang do t vt v lp dm to nn, vi chiu rng vai 30cm th mi thanh t vt BT c lc cn l 127KG (0,127kN) cn lc cn ng mi thanh t vt l 150160 KG/t vt = 0,150,16 kN/t vt

4.4. MT S YU CU V THIT K NG ST KHNG MI NI

4.4.1. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc Bn knh ng cong ng st khng mi ni khng nn nh hn 600m, nu dng bn knh nh th ng chu lc ngang ln d mt n nh. Khi bn knh nh th hao mn ray rt nhanh (R =
400m600m, hao mn gp 3,01,5 ln trn ng thng) dc dc ng st khng mi ni i 12, nhng on ng trc dc hnh lm, hiu s dc ln dng ng cong trn lm ng cong ng th t thm s lng ngm phng tri.

4.4.2. Yu cu v cu to ng ray 1. Ray Ray dng c mt ct hon chnh, m bo yu cu v chu lc, dng ray mi, khng khoan l bu lng( ray ng chng). Nu dng ray c th phi kim tra khuyt tt nghim ngt. Chiu di nhp ray
hn di 1000 2000m thun tin cho bo dng , sa cha v t cc thit b ng ng t ng.
2. Ph kin lin kt

Ph kin lin kt ghm gi ray m bo cng ca nhp cu ray, chng li lc hng dc v hng ngang.

217

Ph kin gi cht ray vo t vt v truyn lc ny xung nn ng mt cch n hi. Ph kin ca ng st khng mi ni yu cu c lc gi ln, kt cu gin n, t linh kin, lp t d. (Hnh 44)

MT S LOI PH KIN N HI TRN TH GII

Hnh 4-4 Lin kt n hi dng cho ng st khng mi ni

218

3. T vt Kch thc v hnh dng t vt lm tng lc chng li nhip cu ray trt trong lp ba lt.

Loi t vt BTCT mt ng v mt bng lm cho tuyn ng n nh hn so vi t vt g. S lng t vt l 1840 thanh/km cho ng thng v 2000 thanh/km cho ng cong.
4. Nn dm Nn dm n hi, thot nc tt, c lc cn ln m bo t vt n nh. Chiu rng nn

rng, chiu rng vai ti thiu 30cm, mi 1:1,75 , chiu dy lp 25cm 30cm (khng tnh chiu dy lp m). Trc khi t ng ray khng mi ni, lp phi chn cht bng my, lm cho lp ba lt c lc cn ln to iu kin tt cho ng st khng mi ni.
5. Nn ng

Bin dng nn ng d dn n ng st khng mi ni mt n nh, khi i tu ng t ng st khng mi ni phi x l nn ng trc na nm.

4.5. T RAY KHNG MI NI TRN NG ANG KHAI THC t ng st khng mi ni c cn c vo bn thit k k thut thi cng. Trc khi t ng khng mi ni phi hiu chnh phng hng ng, sng sch bi bn dm, mt rng nn dm c chiu rng vai ti thiu 30cm, chiu dy lp dm 25cm, tiu tr ti , mi gc, ray tri, v ni rng c ly ray trn ng cong ng quy trnh.

4.5.1. Cng tc c bn
- Sau khi phong to khu gian cng nhn nhanh chng tho g cc ph kin ray. - a 2 xe gong thay ray v mt my dt ng vo on ng cn t ray khng mi ni. Xe gong ch ray mi i trn ng c v i sau l xe gong tho d ray c v my dt ng i trn ng ray mi. Xe gong thay ray di chuynvi tc V = 3Km/h do mt xe khc ko v ray mi t ng vo v tr t vt, ray c do my t ng y vo lng ng. Sau thu dn v vn chuyn v bi. - Ray mi sau khi t vo rnh tin hnh vn cht ph kin lin kt. V tr cui nhp cu ray t 2 lp lch mi u mi ni v xit cht bu lng nhit trung bnh l nhit kho ng (tK). Khi kho ng yu cu nhp cu ray cng kha mt thi im trnh nhit kho ng khc nhau th 2 ray lm vic cng khc nhau.

219

Hnh 4-5: S my thi cng t ng st khng mi ni

4.5.2. Cng tc chnh l ng st khng mi ni Sau khi cho on tu chy vi tc chm thng qua, tin hnh vn cht ph kin v phng x. Sau khi t ray cn phi tng cng kha cht ng, chn ng, nn phng hng, c ly v bo
dng mi ni (khe co dn).

220

CHNG 5 NN NG ST

Nn ng st l mt cng trnh bng t, n iu chnh cao mt t thin nhin to nn mt tuyn ng p ng y mi tiu chun k thut v bnh , trc dc, trc ngang ca ng st. Nn ng dng t cc b phn kt cu tng trn, chu lc ca on tu truyn xung. Nn ng phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Nn ng phi vng chc, n nh v bn cht - Nn ng phi c h thng rnh thot nc tt, khng nc ng, nh hng n n nh ca nn ng. - Kinh ph xy dng nn ng phi r, kch thc mt ct nn ng phi hp l, to iu kin thun li cho vic thi cng nn ng bng c gii. - C th dng my mc bo dng v sa cha nn ng, gi nn ng lun trng thi tt, ph hp vi quy nh k thut ca ng st.

5.1. PHN LOI TRC NGANG NN NG

Trc ngang nn ng l mt ct thng gc vi ng tim tuyn ng, trn biu th hnh dng v kch thc cc b phn ca nn ng. Trc ngang nn ng thng v theo t l quy nh ca quy phm thit k (thng l 1: 200). Cn c vo hnh dng c th chia trc ngang nn ng thnh 6 loi: - Nn p (H5-1), nn o (H5-2), nn na p (H5-3), nn na o (H5-4), nn na o na p (H5-5), nn khng o khng p (H5-6). Cn c vo iu kin s dng nn ng, trc ngang nn ng chia lm 2 loi: trc ngang nh hnh v trc ngang c bit. Trc ngang nh hnh l loi trc ngang nn ng bng t thng thng, xy dng trn nn t n nh trong iu kin a cht, thu vn bnh thng, chiu cao nn ng H 12m, dc ngang ca mt t thin nhin < 1/3. Trc ngang nh hnh cn c vo quy trnh v tiu chun thit k m xc nh, khng cn phi kim ton n nh nn ng. Trc ngang c bit l trc ngang thit k ring cho nn ng trong mt trng hp c bit no khng c tu tin s dng. Nhng trng hp phi thit k c bit l:

221

Hnh 5-1
B

H>1.0m

H<12m

Hnh 5-2
B

H<12m

1:m

1> 10%
1>5 0%

Hnh 5-3

Hnh 5-4

H<12m

1-3

1-3

H<12m

1:m

1>5

0%

Hnh 5-5
B

0.4

Hnh 5-6

1- Khi nn ng p cao hay o su qu 12m 2- Nn ng p trn sn dc vi dc 1:3 3- Nn ng xy dng trong vng t trt, tri, vng hang ng Caster. 4- Nn ng qua vng bn ly v t yu 5- Nn ng b ngp nc hoc b xi 6- Nn ng xy dng bng phng php my mc thu lc hay bng phng php n mn hng lot 7- Nn ng vng c ng t ln hn hoc bng cp 7.

5.2. TRC NGANG NN P NH HNH

Trc ngang thit k nh hnh nn p khi nn ng c xy dng bng t thng thng, chiu cao nn ng H 12m trong iu kin a cht thu vn bnh thng. Trn hnh (5-7) biu th trc ngang nh hnh nn p, hai bn c rnh thot nc. - Giao im gia 2 trc i xng trc ngang vi on thng i qua 2 mp ng gi l tim ng (C)

222

H<1.0m

1: 1. 5

1:1

.75

H2

H=1~12m

1:1

H<12m

.5

H1=6-10m
5 1. 1:

m 1:

Thm bo h Gii hn chim t

< 1m
1: 1 1:1

B b=2.1m

Vai ng (l ng)
1:1
0.15m

< 1-2m

H<12m

5 : 1.

.5

Thm bo h (h o)
< 1-2m < 1m
1:1

2-4% O

2-4%
1:1

Gii hn chim t

<0.4m

R nh thot nc

<0.4m

R nh thot nc

Hnh 5-7. Trc ngang nh hnh nn p c rnh 2 bn - ng ni cc im tim gi l ng tim ca tuyn ng - Cao mt t thin nhin ca nn ng l cao ca im D (giao im ca trc i xng trc ngang v mt t). - Chiu cao nn p (H) l hiu cao vai ng v cao mt t - Chiu cao ta luy l hiu cao vai ng v cao chn ta luy Trc ngang nn ng gm 2 phn: Bn thn nn ng v cc cng trnh ca nn ng.

5.2.1. Cu to nn ng Bn thn nn ng l phn t o hoc p ca nn ng. N l nn tng ca mt ng. Chiu rng nn ng (B) (khong cch gia 2 mp ng) l phn nn ng t kt cu tng trn, t cc ct tn hiu, bin bo + Hnh dng mt nn ng c 2 loi: c mui luyn v khng c mui luyn.
- Nu xy dng nn ng bng loi t thot nc nh ct to, cui, dm, hc th mt nn ng khng lm mui luyn m l mt bng phng. - Nu p nn ng bng t bnh thng, d b thm nc nh t st, t st pha ct hoc t ct pha st... th mt nn ng lm mui luyn d dng thot nc, trnh tnh trng nc ma ng lm gim cng t nn ng dn n cc bnh hi nh pht bn, ti . - Hnh dng mui luyn c cc loi: hnh thang, hnh tam gic, rng ca, dc mt chiu v dc 2 chiu. i vi ng n: mui luyn c dng hnh thang. ng tiu chun 1435mm chiu rng mt nh mui luyn l 2,1m (hp hn chiu di t vt l 2,5m), chiu cao mui luyn l 0,15m. ng kh 1000m: - chiu rng nh mui luyn l 1,4m - chiu cao mui luyn l 0,10m

0.15m 2.10 6.40

0.20

Hnh v 5-8 Mui luyn ng 1435mm

Hnh 5-9 Mui luyn ng i

223

Chiu rng mt nh mui luyn (b) nh hn chiu di t vt khi thi cng t kin trc tng trn, cc on tu cng trnh p t vt ln su xung mt t khi nn ng cha c lp ba lt, to thnh nhng rnh h thot nc, trnh cho nn ng b ng nc. Trn hnh (5-8) biu th hnh dng v kch thc mui luyn ng 1435mm. - Khi xy dng ng i, p bng t, mui luyn lm hnh tam gic, chiu cao mui luyn l 0,20m cho ng tiu chun, y mui luyn bng chiu rng mt nn ng (H 5-9). - Mt nn ng trong ga: tu s ng trong ga nhiu hay t m lm mt nn ng bi ga thnh hnh rng ca, dc mt chiu hoc dc hai chiu (hnh 5-10) vi dc l 0,010,02. - Chiu rng mt nn ng phi rng t kin trc tng trn, phn khng b dm ph kn trn mt nn ng gi l vai ng (hoc l ng).

c/ 1 chiu

a/ Rng ca

b/ 2 chiu

Hnh 5-10.Mui luyn nn ng ga Vai ng c tc dng gi cho lp dm khng ri xung mi ng, nhn vin ng st i li, t cc dng c duy tu ng, t ct tn hiu... Chiu rng vai ng (l ng) quy nh nh sau: ng cp I v cp II : chiu rng vai ng nn p l 0,50m ng cp III l 0,40m. Chiu rng nn ng (B) theo quy phm k thut khai thc SVN 1999 quy nh: trn ng thng b rng mt nn ng khng c nh hn 5m cho kh ng 1000mm v 6,4m cho ng 1435mm. - Trn ng cong, nn ng phi ni rng v pha lng ng cong theo quy nh ca bng (5-1) tu thuc vo bn knh cong R. Bng 5-1. B rng nn ng B(m)

Kh ng

Tnh cht ng
ng trc (i) ngtrc (n) ng trc

Cp ng
I, II I, II ng chnh

t thng Nn o
10,3 6,2 5,0

Nn p
10,5 6,4

1435mm

1000mm

Bng 5-1a. m rng nn ng B(m) TT 1 Kh ng 1435mm Tnh cht ng ng trc Cp ng I, II Bn knh R(m)
600

M rng W(m) 0,60

224

> 600 - 1500 >1500 - 2000 >2000 - 3000 >3000 - 4000

300

0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,30 0,20 0,25 0,15

> 300 - 500 III > 500 - 600 > 600 - 1000 >1000 - 4000 ng chuyn dng 2 1000mm I, II, III
1000

< 500 500 - 1000

- Khong cch gia tim 2 ng trong ga (gia tim ng chnh v ng n gi tu) l 4,10m (ng 1000mm) v l 5,0m (i vi ng 1435mm v ng lng). - Khong cch gia tim 2 ng chnh trong khu gian l 4,2m (i vi ng 1000mm v ng 1435mm). - Chiu rng mt nn ng i cng phi m rng v pha lng ng cong nh ng n, gia 2 tim ng cn phi ni rng thm mt lng bng cch dch mt ng vo pha bng. - Cao vai ng ca ng dn vo cu ln, cu trung v nhng on nn ng b ngp nc phi xc nh theo mc nc l tnh ton. i vi ng st cp I, II tnh theo lu lng nc l tn sut 100 nm, ng cp III l 50 nm. ng dn vo cu rt ln, mc nc l tnh ton l 300 nm. Cao vai ng phi chiu cao mc nc tnh ton + chiu cao sng v + chiu cao nc dnh + 0,50m. - Cao vai ng u cu nh v cng trn ng st cp I, II tnh theo lu lng nc l tn sut 50 nm. Cao vai ng bao gi cng phi cao hn mc nc ngm cao nht, hoc cao hn mc nc t lu ngy (trn 20 ngy), ng thi phi xt n chiu cao nc mao dn lm gim cng ca t nn ng. Nh vy cao vai ng cho ng 1435mm v 1000mm ng quc gia tnh theo cng thc sau: + Ti u cu ln v cu trung: Hv = H1% + hsng + hdnh + 0,5m + Ti u cu nh v cng: Hv = H2% + hsng + hdnh + 0,5m + Ti u cu ln c thuyn qua li: Hvc = H1% + htktt + hkcd + hktft Trong : htktt : chiu cao tnh khng thng thuyn hkcd : chiu cao kt cu dm

hktft : chiu cao t y ray n vai ng - dc ta luy nn ng tu thuc vo chiu cao nn ng v loi t p (bng 5-2)

225

Bng 5-2. Ta luy nn p Chiu cao ln nht ca Loi t

kh phong ha Ct nh Cc loi t

ta luy nn p Chiu cao Chiu cao Chiu cao ton b phn trn phn di
6 12 8 12 6 6 2 6

Dc ta luy nn p Ta luy
1:1,3 1:1,5 -

Ta luy
1:1,5 1:1,5

Ta luy
1:1,75 1:1,75

ton b phn trn phn di

+ X l nn p - C th trc tip p nn ng trn mt t nu l t rn chc, dc mt t < 1/10 v chiu cao nn t > 0,50m. - Khi dc mt t 1/10 < i < 1/5, chiu cao nn p < 0,5m th phi ry c hoc cy xi mt t ln ri mi p. - Khi dc mt t tng i ln (1/5 < i < 1/3) th phi ry c, nh cp, mi bc rng t 13m, mt cc bc c dc 1- 2% sau mi c p nn ng.

4.2.2. Cc cng trnh ca nn ng + Thm bo h: pha ngoi chn ta luy phi c thm bo h rng 1- 2m ngn nc trong rnh dc
khng ngm vo nn ng. Mt thm ng phi dc ra pha ngoi vi dc 0,02 0,04. + Rnh dc hay h u: dng thot nc mt -Rnh dc: + Khi mt t c dc ngang ln th ch cn o rnh mt bn, pha cao. + Khi mt t bng phng v chiu cao nn ng p di 2,0m th phi o rnh c 2 bn nn p. Mt ct ngang rnh lm hnh thang, kch thc rnh v dc dc y rnh phi cn c vo lu lng v tc dng chy quyt nh. Ni chung chiu rng y rnh 0,40m, chiu su 0,60m, dc mi rnh l 1:1. dc dc y rnh thng t 3 - 5, nh nht l 2 v ln nht l 8. (Khi dc dc y rnh 6 phi gia c rnh). - H u: Khi o h u ly t p nn ng th kch thc h u xc nh tu thuc vo khi lng t cn thit p v phng php thi cng. H u c th b tr v mt pha (bn cao nu mt t c dc ngang) hoc t 2 bn nn ng (nu dc ngang ca mt t < 1/10). H u phi o thng vi cu, cng thot nc, vch h u pha nn ng c dc 1:1,5 cn pha ngoi l 1:1. Dc ngang y h u thng dng 0,02 0,04 dc t pha chn ta luy ra pha ngoi nu y h u rng 10m hoc y hng vo gia h u nu y h u rng qu 10m. dc dc y h u thng ly > 0,003 trnh ng bn, khong cch t chn ta luy nn p n mp h u l 2 3m. Trong phm vi ga khng c t h u. Nu nn p bng t chuyn t ni khc ti th phi dng rnh dc thot nc.

226

5.3. TRC NGANG NH HNH NN O

R nh nh

Gi hn chim t

Con trch t tha 2-4%

<3m >0.5 >0.3

>2m >0.6

2-4%
>0.6 1-5m

Con trch ngn nc 2-4%

<0.6
H<12m

>1m

Con trch t tha

1.5 1:

2-4% Gi hn chim t
1:1

R nh con bn
B b
1:1

1: m

>5 H+5m

R nh bin

0.6

>5 H+5m

0.4

Hnh 5-11 Trc ngang a hnh nn o c ng t tha Hnh dng v kch thc mui luyn chiu rng mt nn o trn ng thng v trn ng cong nh ca nn p. Dc hai bn nn o b tr 2 rnh bin thot nc chy t mt nn ng v taluy xung. Kch thc rnh bin quy nh nh trn hnh (5-11). Nu rnh bin su qu 0,80m th taluy rnh phi thit k 1:1.5. Mi dc taluy nn o quy nh theo bng sau: Bng 5-3

Loi t nn o
- t st, st, ct, ct ng nht - dm da theo chiu su nn o v tng - t phong ha v xp lp hng v nn ng - phong ha ty theo cch xp lp, chiu su nn o v tnh cht

Dc taluy
1:1,5 1:0,5 1:1 1:0,2 1:0,2 1:1,5

Con trch ngn nc b tr bn cao nh hnh (5-11) ngn nc khng cho chy xung nn ng, chiu cao ca con trch ngn nc khng qu 0,60m. Rnh con bn b tr chn con trch ngn nc c chiu su 0,3m v c dc dc l 0,05. Nu mt t c dc ngang > 1:5 th khng b tr con trch ngn nc v rnh con bn. Khong cch t chn taluy n ng t tha phi 5m i vi loi t kh cng hoc H+5m i vi t xp; trong H l chiu su nn o. Khi khong cch H+ 5m 10m, nn dc ngang > 1:5 th khng b tr ng t tha trn dc trnh ng t tha b trt. ng t tha pha trn dc phi thnh di lin tc, cn pha di dc th c cch 50-100m phi mt khong trng thot nc. Mt con trch ngn nc v mt ca ng t tha phi c dc 0,02-0,04 ra pha ngoi thot nc. Rnh nh phi o pha ngoi ng t tha; kch thc ca rnh nh xc nh cn c vo lu lng tnh ton. Khong cch t mp rnh nh n gii hn chim t 2m.

5.4. T DNG P NN NG 5.4.1. t dng p nn ng

227

Nhng loi t thng dng p nn ng l: - : tr cc loi d phong ha, cn li u l vt liu p nn ng tt, chng c cng chu lc tt, khng b nc thm t nn rt n nh. - Sa thch phong ha: c th dng p nn ng cao hn 12m, phi m nn nt thnh ht, mi lp dy khong 0,30-0,50m trnh hin tng ln khng u. - granit phong ho: c th dng p ng, taluy nn ng tu theo ht t ln nh m thit k. phong ho thnh ct th kim ton theo ht ct t 2-0,05mm. Nu phong ha thnh t th kim ton theo ht t nh hn 0,05mm. - bn ln ct: c th dng p ng, nhng khng tt, phi ri thnh lp mng, lm rnh dc thot nc. Khi p phi ch ti ln, nht l nn p cao phi p thm chiu cao phng ln v m rng thm mt nn ng. Phi dng loi lu nng m nn. - Si ct: c cng chu lc kh ln, thot nc tt, do thch hp p nn ng nhng vng c iu kin thu vn km n nh, nht l nn ng b ngm nc. Khi dng si ct p nn ng, cn ch gia c taluy v chng d b xi l. - Sa thch: dng p nn ng ngm nc tt, nhng nn chn loi sa thch c cng chu nn lc kh v khi t gn bng nhau hoc ch c chnh lch trong khong 10%. Cn gia c taluy chng xi l. - Ct nh: cng c th dng p nn ng, nhng phi c cc ch tiu c l ca ct , , m ca ct, khi p cc lp ct pha di phi m cht, lp bo v taluy c th dng st hay (dy 0,1-0,15m), khi dng t st bo v taluy th phi cc l hng thot nc. - t ct pha st c c im khi kh khng b ri rc, khi t vn c kh nng chu lc nn c th dng p nn ng rt tt. - t ct pha st ht nh: T l ht nh hn 0,2mm chim khong 50% do khi b t th cng chu lc rt km, do khng nn dng loi ny p nn ng. - t bt: l loi t c ng knh ht t 0,05-0,2mm, do cng chu lc rt km, taluy d b st l, c th dng p nn ng nhng phn trn phi thay bng loi t tt chu lc, khi nn o qua nn t bt th phi thay t mt nn o vi chiu dy thay t khong 0,7m. - t st pha c: dng p nn ng rt tt, n c dnh cao, taluy n nh. Tuy nhin, v n c h s thm nh nn khi b ngp nc th p lc thu ng s ln. - t st: ch nn dng ni kh ro hoc c nc khng thng xuyn, nu b ngp nc lu d b nho nn mt kh nng chu lc. - t st k th 3: c th dng p ng, nhng phi dng lu loi nng 25 tn m ln. Cc loi t sau y nu khng qua x l th khng c dng p nn ng: t st m, m, bn ly, t c thch cao hoc mui ho tan trong nc. Ni chung, phn ln cc loi t u c th dng p nn ng, nhng cn chn bin php thch hp m bo cng chu lc, trong khi thi cng cn ch ti cc nguyn tc m bo cho cc lp t ca nn ng thot nc v chu lc tt.

5.4.2. m nn nn ng Sau khi p xong nn ng yu cu t trong nn ng ch c pht sinh bin dng n hi, v vy trong qu trnh thi cng ngi ta phi tin hnh m nn.

228

Di tc dng ca p lc nn, cc ht t sp xp xt li gn nhau hn, th tch khng kh v nc trong l rng gim i, t s t ti cht nht nh, nh vy sau khi thi cng xong nn ng c th tranh th t ray, nn ng khng tip tc ln ko di, gim thm thu v chiu cao ct nc mao dn, bi tr ln khng u v tng cng kh nng chu lc ca t. Yu cu m nn nn ng t ti cht yu cu khng nhng ch i vi nn p, m i vi nn o trong t xp cng phi m nn. Trong qu trnh m nn t t ti cht yu cu, khi cng c m nn c nh, phi m bo chiu dy mi lp t khi m nn v s ln m nn theo ng quy nh, ngoi ra, hiu qu m nn c tt, ngi ta phi khng ch m ca t khi m nn ln hn m tt nht W0 l 1,52,0%, nu t qu t th phi phi kh trc, nu t qu kh phi ti nc cho m mi m. Ngi ta thng dng dung trng kh k biu th cht ca t. Trong :
Qh V Trong qu trnh m nn, trong lng ht Qh ca t khng i, ch c th tch V ca khi t

K =

gim i do th tch rng gim, v vy vi mt loi t, khi cng c m cht th V cng gim v dung trng k cng tng. Khi xy dng nn ng, ngi ta thng dng phng php m nn tiu chun xc nh cht ln nht kmax ca t, thc cht ca vn l: ly t dng p nn ng c m khc nhau cho vo gi trong ci Proctor. Ci Proctor l mt hp bng kim loi c dung tch 1000 cm3 , dng chy nng 2,5 kg cho gi t bng cch nng chy ln cao 30cm v ri t do, H (5-13). ng vi s ln m nn quy nh: t ct: 60 ln, ct pha st: 90 ln, t st: 120 ln ta s c dung trng k tng ng vi m ca mu t. Khi cho m ca mu t thay i ta s v c ng quan h k v v tm c cht tt nht kmax ca loi t (hay cht tiu chun). m tng ng vi kmax gi l m tt nht W0. (Hnh 5-12)

c
30cm

T/m3
k

max
k

12cm

w
Wo
10

Hnh 5-12

Hnh 5-13. Ci Proctor

Khi xy dng nn ng, thc t khng yu cu cc lp t cao khc nhau trong nn ng c cng mt cht nh nhau.

229

Do s phn b ng sut khng u theo chiu cao ca nn ng nn yu cu v cht ca cc lp t theo chiu cao nn ng cng khc nhau. Ngi ta dng h s m nn K nh gi cht ca nn ng.

ky / c K = k max
Trong : K : h s m nn
ky/c : dung trng kh yu cu ca t p. k
max

: Dung trng kh ln nht ca t p xc nh bng th nghim m nn tiu

chun. H s m nn c quy nh nh sau: T mt nn ng xung 1,20m K = 0,90 T 1,2m n su 10m phi m bo K = 0,85 Khi >10m v phn b ngm nc (trn mc nc 1,2m) yu cu K=0,90. Hm lng nc tt nht Wo, cht tt nht k max (T/m3) v cht yu cu ca t c th tham kho trong bng 5-4. Bng 5-4

Loi t
Ct nh t ct Ct pha st St pha ct nhiu St pha ct t t st

cht yu cu
ky/c

(T/m )

Hm lng nc tt nht Wo (%)

812 915 1319 1620 2025

cht tt nht
kmax( T/m3)

1,60 1,701,75 1,651,75 1,601,65 1,551,65 1,451,55

1,601,9 5 1,651,95 1,601,75 1,601,75 1,331,75

230

BNG CHUYN I N V O LNG n v Tn gi

Centimt Micrmt Kilogam lc Tn lc Kilogam lc trn mt Tn lc trn mt Kilogam lc trn mt vung Kilogam lc trn centimet vung Tn lc trn mt vung Kilogam lc trn centimet vung Gam lc trn centimet khi Tn lc trn mt khi H s bin i th tch Centimet vung trn kilgam lc

Tn gi cc i lng
Chiu di Lc Ti trng phn b tuyn tnh Ti trong phn b b mt v cc ng sut (sc chng) Mdun n hi Trng lng ring

K hiu
cm
m

Tng quan n v vi h SI (h M)
10-2m 10-6m 9,80665N 9,80665KN 9,80665N/m 9,80665KN/m 9,80665Pa 0,098Mpa 9806,65Pa 0,098Mpa 9,80665KN/m
3

KG T KG/m T/m KG/m

2

KG/cm2 T/m2 KG/cm2 G/cm3 T/m3

9,80665KN/m
3

cm2/KG

0,1cm2/N

Ghi ch: Trong tnh ton k thut c trng hp cho php quy trn 9,80665 thnh 9,81. Khi tnh ton khng yu cu chnh xc qu cao th quy trn l 10.

231

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. L c Trn - Gio trnh kho st v thit k ng st - Trng i hc GTVT - 1977. 2. L Xun Quang, L c Trn, Phm Vn Vang, Phm Vn K - Gio trnh kho st v thit k ng st - Trng i hc GTVT - 1990. 3. L Vn C, L Xun Quang, Nguyn Thanh Tng, Nguyn Trng Lut - Gio trnh cng trnh ng st - Trng i hc GTVT - 1975. 4. Nguyn Thanh Tng, Bi Th Tr, L Vn C - Gio trnh kt cu tng trn ng st - Trng i hc GTVT - 1996. 5. Quy phm thit k k thut ng st kh 1000mm - B giao thng vn ti - 1976. 6. Quy phm thit k k thut ng st kh 1435mm - B giao thng vn ti - 1985. 7. Quy trnh tnh sc ko u my cc on tu ng st - B giao thng vn ti - 1984. 8. Quy phm k thut khai thc ng st Vit Nam - B giao thng vn ti - 1999. 9. S tay thit k ng st, tp1, 2 - Vin thit k giao thng vn ti - 1972. 10. I.V. Turbui v cc tc gi - Kho st v thit k ng st - Matxcva 1989 (Bn ting Nga). 11. I.I. Kautor v cc tc gi - C s kho st v thit k ng st - Matxcva 1999 (Bn ting Nga). 12. B.A. Kaplenko v cc tc gi - Kho st v thit k v tr t cu, hm trn ng st - Matxcva 1999 (Bn ting Nga). 13. B.A. Voukov v cc tc gi - iu tra kinh t v c s thit k ng st - Matxcva 1990 (Bn ting Nga). 14. T.G. Iakobleva v cc tc gi - ng ng st - Matxcva 1999 (Bn ting Nga). 15. ch T Dung v cc tc gi - Thit k tuyn ng st - Nh xut bn Trng i hc giao thng Ty Nam - 2001 ( Bn ting Trung).

Cu hi n tp:
Chng 4 . Khi nim S khng mi ni 1. u nhc im ca S c mi ni v S khng mi ni. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc ca S khng mi ni. V s ni lc phn bit ng ray thng, ray di v ray khng mi ni. 2. Thnh lp cng thc tnh ng sut nhit T , lc nhit PT trong ray khng mi ni.

232

Phn I . Thit k tuyn S Chng 1 . Tnh sc ko u my 1. Mc ch v m hnh tnh sc ko u my. Cc ngoi lc tc dng ln on tu, quy tc du. Phn bit lc ton phn v lc n v. 2. Cng thc tng qut tnh lc cn n v c bn ca u my, toa xe, on toa xe, ca on tu. Cc loi lc cn ph, cng thc tnh. Cc bin php lm gim lc cn. 3. S hnh thnh lc hm,lc ko.Phn tch hn ch lc hm,lc ko theo iu kin bm.Tnh lc hm. 4. Phng trnh chuyn ng on tu.Tnh khi lng on tu Q.Kim tra Q theo iu kin hn ch. Chng 2 . Bnh , trc dc S 5. Cc yu t ng cong, u nhc im ca ng cong bn knh nh. Yu cu v on thng gia cc on cong. Xc nh gc quay nh nht. 6. Cc dc gii hn (dc hn ch, cn bng, gia cng, qun tnh): iu kin s dng, nh ngha v cng thc tnh. Dc qun tnh khc cc dc gii hn khc im no. 7. Cc dc thit k (dc vn doanh). Cc cch ni 2 yu t trc dc. 8. Mc ch, phn loi, ni dung v nguyn tc phn b im phn gii. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc ti im phn gii. Xc nh chiu di ga. 9. Cch b tr im i dc theo bnh v cng trnh nhn to. Cch thit k bnh v trc dc khi gp S c, ng t, cu, hm. 10. Cch thit k trc dc m bo tu chy an ton (khng b t mc ti im i dc). Cch thit k trc dc m bo tu chy lin tc khi qua ng cong, qua hm,trc khi vo ga, Chng 3. Vch tuyn 11. Nu nhim v vch tuyn v cc phng n v hng tuyn. 12. Phn loi cch vch tuyn, vch tuyn t do, vch tuyn kh khn. 13. c im vch tuyn theo nhng iu kin a th v a cht khc nhau, vch tuyn qua sng. Phn II. Kt cu tng trn S Chng 1. Cu to kin trc tng trn 14. Ray: V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, hnh dng, kch thc. 15. Ph tng ni ray vi ray, gi ray vi t vt: V hnh, cu to, u nhc im mi loi. 16. T vt: V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, u nhc im mi loi. 17. Lp ba lt : V hnh, cng dng, yu cu, vt liu, mt ct ngang. Chng 2. Thit k ng ray 18. Bnh xe, i bnh xe: V hnh, cu to, kch thc. 19. ng ray trn ng thng: C ly, nghing ray, mt ngang nh 2 ray.V hnh. 20. ng ray trn ng cong: c im, cc dng ni tip ca u my, toa xe c 2 trc, 3 trc, 4 trc trong c li c nh. Tnh c ly ti u, c ly nh nht (v hnh). 21. Mc ch, tnh siu cao: m bo 2 ray mn u nhau, hnh khch mt mi, n nh ngang. Cch thc hin siu cao theo mt ct ngang ng. 22. ng cong chuyn tip: Mc ch, phn tch 5 tnh cht, phng trnh, chiu di. 23. t ray ngn trn ng cong: Mc ch, tnh rt ngn ca ray bng so vi ray lng.

Chng 3 . Cu to ghi n 24. V b ghi n ph thng r phi cho tu vo ng thng ( ghi ch chi tit). 25. V b ghi n ph thng r phi cho tu vo ng r. Cu to b phn u, ni gia, tm ghi. Chng 4 . Khi nim S khng mi ni 26. u nhc im ca S c mi ni v S khng mi ni. Yu cu v bnh v trc dc ca S khng mi ni. V s ni lc phn bit ng ray thng, ray di v ray khng mi ni. 27. Thnh lp cng thc tnh ng sut nhit T , lc nhit PT trong ray khng mi ni.

Phm vi s dng
Gio trnh "Cng trnh ng st" tp 1 "Tuyn ng st, kt cu tng trn ng st v nn ng st" nhm phc v sinh vin cc ngnh ng t, cu hm, kinh t xy dng, khai thc vn ti st v cc ngnh khc lin quan n giao thng vn ti.