-12EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR THE IONIZATION OF WATER A solution can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral based on the relative

concentrations of H3O+ and OH-. ACIDIC NEUTRAL BASIC H3O+ > OHH3O+ = OHH3O+ < OH(more acid than base) (equal acid and base) (more base than acid)

IONIZATION OF WATER The reaction between a Strong acid and Strong base HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + 59kJ H2O(l) + 59 kJ

Net Ionic Equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Even if no acid or base is present, pure water will always contain small amounts of H3O+ and OH-. This is a result of collisions between water molecules. THIS IS CALLED THE SELF-IONIZATION OF WATER Sometimes written as 2H2O(l) + 59 kJ H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) An equilibrium constant for this reaction can be written as: Keq = [H3O+][OH-] [H2O]2 Since water is a pure liquid, the concentration of H2O is a constant at a given temperature, and so it is incorporated into the Keq value. WATER EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Kw Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]

The value of Kw varies only with temperature. Unless otherwise stated, assume that: The temperature is at 25oC At 25oC (AND ONLY AT 25oC) Kw = 1.00 x 10-14

-13Ex. What is the [H3O ] in pure water?

+

2H2O(l) + 59 kJ H3O (aq) + OH (aq) Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] 1x10-14=x2 x = 1.00x 10-7 M

Ex. What is the [OH-] in 0.25 M HCl?

Try: What is the [H3O+] in 0.0075 M NaOH?

I.

pH and pOH

When working with dilute solutions of strong or weak acids or bases, the [H3O+] or [OH-] can be very small (often less than 1.00 x 10-6). With such small concentrations, it can ofte nbe difficult to compare them, so new units were developed to make it easier for comparisons to be made. The new units were pH and pOH. The pH of a soln is the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the hydronium ion. The pOH of a soln is the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the hydroxide ion. pH = - log [H3O+] a unit of measuring [hydronium] or acidity pOH = - log [OH-] a unit of measuring [hydroxide] or basicity

Quick math lesson logarithms Log = the exponent to which 10 must be raised to get a certain number Log(x) = the logarithm to the base 10 of x (10x) Ex. Log 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000) Log (0.01) = -2 (since 10-2=0.01) Try: Log 4.7 x 10-8 =

The reverse is called inverse log (antilog) raising 10 to the power of a certain exponent Ex. Inverse log 2 = 102 = 100 Try: Inverse Log -6.54 =

-14CONVERTING FROM [H3O ] and [OH ] to pH and pOH. Ex. If the hydronium ion concentration is 4.67 x 10-5 M, what is the pH? pH = -log[H3O+] = -log (4.67x 10-5) = 4.431 Ex. If the hydroxide ion concentration is 2.83 x 10-6 M, what is the pOH?
+ -

Consider the following: pH = - log[H3O+] If you want to solve for [H3O+]

[H3O+] = antilog (-pH) [OH-] = antilog (-pOH)

To perform the calculation on a calculator: INV LOG - (pH number) =

CONVERTING FROM pH and pOH to [H3O+] and [OH-]. Ex. If the pH is 3.17, what is the hydronium ion concentration? antilog (-3.17) = 6.8 x 10-4 M

Ex. If the pOH = 11.682, what is the hydroxide ion concentration?

-15There is a very important relationship between pH, pOH, and Kw. Start with the Kw expression.

pH + pOH = 14.00

(BUT ONLY AT 25oC)

Using the following chart (showing the relationships between H3O+, OH-, pH, and pOH, you can work back and forth between any of the values. [H3O+] [OH-]

pH

pOH

PH FACTORS TO REMEMBER 1. It is an important fact to realize that since pH and pOH are logarithmic scales, a difference in one pH or pOH unit is equivalent to a 10 fold difference in concentration of the ion. pH scale 1 0.1 M [H3O+] 2 0.01M 3 4

0.001M 0.0001 M

-162. pH and significant figures are slightly different than significant figures in other calculations. Ex. How many significant figures in pH = 4.14?

Take the following example: [H3O+] = 5.28 x 10-5 M

FOR pH, ONLY THE DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL PLACE ARE SIGNIFICANT

3. Since pH and pOH are the negative of the exponent, Low pH and pOH values INDICATE HIGH [ ] pH scale 1_________________________14 14 1 pOH scale

High pH and pOH values

INDICATE LOW [ ]

4. At 25oC (AND ONLY AT 25oC) pH > 7.00 = ACIDIC pH = 7.00 = NEUTRAL pH < 7.00 = BASIC

5. It is possible to have negative pH values, although this will only occur in concentrated strong acids. Recall that the pH scale was developed to express and compare SMALL [H3O+], so negative pH values are of little use. Ex. 2.00M HCl has a [H3O+] of 2.00 M pH = -log (2.00) = -0.301