H chuyn gia Mycin

Bi tiu lun mn H chuyn gia ti:

Tm hiu v h chuyn gia Mycin

Sinh vin: Th Quyn

I.

M u:

T rt lu ngi ta nhn ra rng chuyn mn con ngi khng sn c mi ni. V vy c rt nhiu h chuyn gia c xy dng, trong ngnh y v s chuyn mn v tnh phc tp trong k thut ca y hc hin i khin cc bc s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic theo kp nhng tin b ca cc phng php chun on iu tr. S lng cc chuyn gia p ng c yu cu ny rt him v phi tr th lao cao cho cng vic ca h, do h chuyn gia c nhn nhn nh mt v cu tinh. Mycin l mt trong nhng h thng u tin s dng xc nh vi khun nguy him gy nhim trng, chng hn nh nhim khun mu v vim mng no ng thi cng xut loi khng sinh vi liu lng ph hp vi c th bnh nhn. Tn mycin c ngun gc t cc loi khng sinh c hu t mycin. H thng mycin cng c s dng chun on bnh ng mu. Vi mc tiu ra l h chuyn gia ny s gip cc bc s a phng c th chun on iu tr bnh mc ca mt chuyn gia. II. Vi nt v lch s ra i: Vo u v gia thp nin 1970 Mycin c pht trin ti i hc Stanford . N c vit bng Lisp nh mt lun n tin s ca Edward Shortliffe di s ch o ca Bruce Buchanan , Stanley Cohen N. v nhng ngi khc vi mc tiu hng ti s thng minh nhn to. Mycin l mt trong nhng h thng chuyn gia tin phong v u tin c thc hin cho cc lnh vc y t. N c th nghim trn mi bnh nhn vi biu hin khc nhau ca bnh vim mng no, cng vi s tham gia ca tm bc s, mt c dn, mt nh nghin cu v nm chuyn gia trong bnh truyn nhim. Kt qu cho thy c chuyn gia con ngi v mycin u a ra cng mt thng tin. Mycin c nh gi vi im s rt cao v chnh xc trong chun on v hiu qu iu tr. Mycin c bt ngun t mt h thng chuyn gia trc c tn l DENDRAL, to ra tm comounds ha hc mi trong lnh vc ha hc (cng c pht trin ti i hc Stanford). Tip theo sau mycin, h emycin ra i, emycin l mt h chuyn gia tng qut hn c to lp bng cch loi phn c s tri thc ra khi mycin. Emycin cung cp mt c ch lp lun v ty theo tng bi ton c th s b sung tri thc ring to thnh h chuyn gia. III. Mc tiu chung:
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H chuyn gia Mycin

1. Ngi s dng: bc s, bnh nhn, sinh vin y khoa, cc nh nghin cu 2. Kt qu: To ra mt cy phc tho tnh hnh bnh nhn. Quyt nh c ch iu tr. Xc nh loi thuc c hiu qu cho ngi bnh cng nh la chn loi khng sinh tt nht c th. 3. c im: MYCIN l mt h chuyn gia c cc c tnh : Lp trnh nghim suy. Tri thc chuyn gia v lnh vc khng sinh. Gii thch kiu tng tc. Kh nng phn on. 4. Cu to: Mycin l mt h thng chuyn gia bao gm hai thnh phn chnh: Mt c s tri thc. Mt m t suy din a ra suy lun t nhng kin thc sn c trong c s tri thc. IV. C ch hot ng: 1. Khi qut: Con ngi giao tip vi Mycin bng cch tr li mt lot cc cu hi chn on ging nh nhng g bc s c th yu cu mt bnh nhn. MYCIN c khong 500 lut v cc s kin rt tiu biu. Hot ng ca h thng nh sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. MYCIN yu cu thng tin v lm sng. Bt u suy lun t nhng tri thc hin c a ra cc phn on v li khuyn. Tr li cc cu hi lin quan n suy lun

H chuyn gia Mycin

Ngi s dng
Giao din ngi - my Gii thch

Phc ho

Tri thc v bi ton Mt suy din

Tri thc v lnh vc

Thu nhn tri thc

Chuyn gia Tin hc

Chuyn gia v lnh vc

Hnh 4.1. Hot ng ca h chuyn gia MYCIN

2.Biu din tri thc trong MYCIN MYCIN biu din cc s kin bi mt b bn nh sau : S kin Php ton K Hiu Vd: Ng cnh u Mi Tham bin Cm gic au Nhy cm d ng Gi tr Paracetamon Pericillin CF -1.5 -1.0 contex(ng cnh) parameter(tham bin) value(gi tr) CF(h s) AND ^& OR VU+ NOT Ko theo Tng ng

C ba loi kiu gi tr trong MYCIN : Gi tr n (exclusive-single valued) : h thng a ra nhiu gi tr nhng ch c duy nht mt gi tr ng. V d : tn bnh nhn. Gi tr bi (non-exclusive-multi valued) : h thng a ra nhiu gi tr. V d : thuc cha tr, cnh bo d ng thuc. Gi tr nh phn : Yes/Khng.
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H chuyn gia Mycin

a. Ng cnh C tt c 10 ng cnh dng suy lun lin quan n cc liu php (therapy) cha tr cc bnh nhim khun trong MYCIN : 2. Person Bnh nhn 3. PERS Nhng iu tr trc y 4. CurCuls Nhng xt nghim lm 5. CurDurugs Nhng loi thuc ung 6. CurOrgs Nhng c quan b phn c th c cy 7. OpDrugs Nhng loi thuc cho cha tr 8. PosTher Cc liu php c th 9. PriorCuls Nhng xt nghim tin hnh trc y 10. priorDrugs Nhng loi thuc ung trc y 11. priorOrgs Nhng c quan b nhim khun trc y C bn loi cu hi trong MYCIN : 1. C tn ti nhng quan trng khng ? 2. C phi vi khun l nguyn nhn gy ra nhim trng khng ? 3. Nhng loi thuc no l hiu qu ? 4. Nhng loi thuc no l hiu qu nht ? Cc cu hi trn dn n vic to ra mt cy ng cnh ng bao gm cc tnh hung ng cnh. Chng hn di y l mt cy ng cnh : Bnh-nhn-1 Cy-vi-khun-1 Cy-vi-khun-2 C-quan-1 C-quan-2 Cy-vi-khun-3 Thuc-1 Thuc-2

Thuc-3 Hnh 4.2. Cy ng cnh ca MYCIN

H chuyn gia Mycin

Mt cch tng qut, MYCIN cn c trn nhng gi thuyt (hypothesis) chc chn nht suy lun v s dng cc siu lut (meta-rule) hi t (focalize) vic tm kim nguyn nhn. b. C ch suy din: S dng k thut suy din li: a ra cc gi thuyt sau kim chng, tp trung vo kt qu sau tm trong c s tri thc thch ng vi bi ton ang xt. C kh nng phn tch tri thc, v iu khin, tch hp meta-rule. c bit c th dng khi thiu thng tin hoc thng tin cha chc chn. Mycin gm cc lut n gin, phc tp v nhiu lut c cng mt kt lun. Cc s kin, lut, cc k thut suy din nhm din gii tnh hung cho ngi s dng h thng da trn l thuyt chc chc Standford. L thuyt chc chn l mt hnh thc ha tip cn heuristic vo suy lun vi s khng chc chn. c. L thuyt khng chc chn trong cch biu din tri thc h mycin: MB(meurement of belief) : o tin cy. MD(measurement of disbelief) : o thiu tin cy. CF(certain factor) h s tin cy Trong mycin, mi s kin u c gn vi mt tin cy(hay chc chn), vit tt l CF, vi qui c CF[-1;1]. H(hypothesis) gi thuyt H. E(evidence) chng c E. Cc chuyn gia c th t s t tin vo cc mi quan h m khng phi c cm gic n l khng ng. MB(H|E) o tin tng ca gi thuyt H khi c chng c E. MD(H|E) o tin khng tin tng ca gi thuyt H hi c chng c E 0< MB(H|E)<1 trong khi MD(H|E)=0 0< MD(H|E)<1 trong khi MB(H|E)=0 CF(H|E)= MB(H|E)- MD(H|E) d. Lut n gin: Mycin c biu din nh l mt tp hp cc IF-THEN quy nh vi cc yu t chc chn : if(e) then (c) CF(e) l o chc chn ca chng c.
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H chuyn gia Mycin

CF(r) l o chc chn ca lut suy din Khi CF(c) l o chc chn ca kt lun CF(e)*CF(r) CF(c) [-1,1] c kt lun nh sau: i lng CF tin v 1 cho thy s tin tng kt lun l ng. i lng CF tin v -1 cho thy s tin tng kt lun l khng ng. i lng CF=0 kt lun kin trung lp. Lut ghp: If(e1 AND e2) then CF(e1 AND e2)=MIN(CF(e1),CF(e2)) If(e1 or e2) then (c) CF(e1 or e2)=MAX(CF(e1),CF(e2)) Lut phc tp If((e1 AND e2) or e3) then CF((e1 AND e2) or e3)=MAX(MIN(CF(e1),CF(e2)),CF(e3)) V d: lut ghp CF(bnh nhn b au u)=0.7 CF(bnh nhn b vim hng)=0.5 CF(bnh nhn b au u and bnh nhn b vim hng)=0.5 CF(bnh nhn b au u or bnh nhn b vim hng)=0.7 e. H thng giao tip ca MYCIN Ti mi thi im, ngi s dng c th yu cu h thng tr li cc cu hi bng cch a vo cc lnh nh sau : WHY? (ti sao) h thng lit k cc suy din hin ang tin hnh HOW? (nh th no) h thng lit k ngun ca mt s kin MYCIN c th hiu v suy lun trn cc lut, cc s kin v ng cnh vit bng t ing anh V. Mt vi nhn xt: 1. Mt s vn Mycin khng c s dng thc s trong thc t, iu ny khng phi v n gp
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H chuyn gia Mycin

phi bt c yu km no trong vic thc hin, mc d n c cc u im vt tri. Mt vn t ra l vic qun l h chuyn gia, o c v trit l khi m my tnh quyt nh ti cuc sng con ngi. Nu mt chun on sai hoc ngh iu tr sai th ai s l ngi chu trch nhim? Nhng vn ln nht, l do ch yu mycin khng c thc hnh thng xuyn l do cng ngh ca h thng ti thi im . Thnh tu: Mycin l mt h thng d s dng.,kh nng vn hnh ng tin cy.Cha ng nhiu tri thc lin quan n lnh vc khng sinh, khng vi.Kh nng x l cc ch dn cha tr khng ng hoc khng y , c kh nng gii thch v ch dn cha tr. Cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Stanford tm thy Mycin c mt t l gn ng chnh xc l 65%, tt hn so vi phn ln cc bc s khng phi l chuyn gia trong chn on nhim trng, v ch km hn cht t so vi bc s l cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc (ngi c mt chnh xc trung bnh khong 80%). 2. 3. ngha:

Mycin l mt trong nhng h chuyn gia tin phong u tin trong lnh vc liu php khng sinh, xy dng thnh cng gi thuyt rng s thng minh nhn to c cn c trn s lu tr nhng khi lng ln v tri thc. nh hng ln nht ca mycin l chng t sc mnh to ln ca phng php lun T ct li ca mycin, emycin ra i, n l mt h chuyn gia tng qut, c to lp bng cch loi phn c s tri thc h mycin, cung cp c ch suy lun da vo tng bi ton m to thnh h chuyn gia Emycin = mycin tri thc y hc = sn h chuyn gia (ES) S d v l do ny m mycin c ly lm v d cho hu ht cc ti liu v h chuyn gia.