Transylvania University, Faculty of Advanced Electrical Systems

PROJECT

Coordinator Dr. Engineer: Serban Ioan Students:

Banica Ana Maria Canja Cristina

Cuprins

CUPRINS.........................................................................................................................................................2 THEME:..........................................................................................................................................................3 1.INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................4 1.1. BOOST CONVERTER:...............................................................................................................................5 1.2.PMSG-PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR................................................................11 2. DESIGN AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS...............................12 2.1. DESIGN OF THE L AND C COMPONENT FOR A BOOST CONVERTER WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................................12 2.2. LOSS CALCULATION FOR MOSFET.....................................................................................................15 2.3. RCD SNUBBERS...................................................................................................................................17 2.4. SCHOTTKY DIODE (U>100[V] AND I>15[A]).....................................................................................20 CONSTRUCTION...........................................................................................................................................21 REVERSE RECOVERY TIME..........................................................................................................................21 LIMITATIONS...............................................................................................................................................21 SILICON CARBIDE SCHOTTKY DIODE..........................................................................................................22 APPLICATIONS.............................................................................................................................................22 3.SIMULATION OF THE WIND TURBINE BATTERY SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS APPLICATION-DESIGN USING MATLAB SIMULINK......................................................................23 3.1.MATLAB INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................24 3.2. WIND TURBINE BATTERY SYSTEM SCHEME FOR AUTONOMOUS APPLICATION....................................24 ....................................................................................................................................................................25 4. BIBLIOGRAFY........................................................................................................................................28 5.ANEXE.......................................................................................................................................................29 ANEXE.1.....................................................................................................................................................29 ....................................................................................................................................................................29 ANEXE.2.....................................................................................................................................................30 ....................................................................................................................................................................30 ....................................................................................................................................................................31 ANEXE.3.....................................................................................................................................................32 ....................................................................................................................................................................32 ....................................................................................................................................................................33 ANEXE.4.....................................................................................................................................................34 ....................................................................................................................................................................34 ....................................................................................................................................................................35 ANEXE.5.....................................................................................................................................................37 ....................................................................................................................................................................37 ....................................................................................................................................................................38

Theme:

,, Modeling and simulation of converting a wind turbine battery system for autonomous application-design. ,,

A controlled wind generation system for a stand alone application is presented in this paper. A cascaded step-up power electronic converter topology is proposed to control the wind power system in the whole wind speed range. For the low wind speed range, the control strategy is aimed to follow the wind turbines maximal power coefficient by adjusting the generators rotational speed. For high wind speeds, the system power regulation is also made by controlling the generator speed. This control is made by the DC/DC power electronic converter, which modifies its input voltage, changing the machine voltage and consequently varying the generators rotor speed. The proposed system is validated by computer simulation. The proposed control system shows a good performance for its application in autonomous wind energy systems

Fig. 1. Wind turbine battery system.

1.Introduction

Isolated places or locations where the grid is unavailable are one of the main commercial applications of stand-alone wind turbines. Autonomous variable speed wind energy systems have been studied in the past decades and they have shown a high efficiency and good performance in face of constant speed or non controlled systems, even in low power range. For wind turbines (WT) of less than 50 kW, particularly in the lowest power range, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is mostly chosen because of its low cost, reduced power losses, simple construction and no external magnetization characteristics. Most of switch-mode electronic power converters, from small DC/DC choppers to large AC/AC three phase converters, are used to obtain an efficient power transfer from the WT rotor to the electrical system. The systems power level defines the appropriate power electronic converter: choppers for battery chargers and low power DC applications and voltage or current source inverters for the connection to AC power systems. Electrical machine drives are the optimal complement for classic aerodynamic wind turbine control strategies. The variable speed operation of the electric machine (in indirect grid connection or isolated applications) has shown advantageous for several reasons. Previously studied power structures and control schemes in low power wind energy systems are helpful to propose a new topology. In this article, a power electronic conversion system with a diode rectifier and a cascaded DC/DC converter is presented and studied for its application in a stand-alone wind energy system. The cascaded DC/DC converter is composed of a boost converter to optimize the wind turbine operation for all its wind speed range. The proposed topology is well suited for a low power DC system with battery storage. Along with the electrical generator, the principal electric component of the proposed wind energy system is the proposed DC/DC converter. Controllability of the system voltage allows the machine rotational speed adjustment to obtain the maximal wind turbine available power. A simple linear control for the system rotation speed gives the voltage reference to a feed-forward control of the cascaded converter. Results show that the proposed structure can operate with a good performance in a stand-alone wind energy conversion system for low power generation applications.

1.1. Boost converter:

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple. Power can also come from DC sources such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter since it steps up the source voltage. Since power (P = VI) must be conserved, the output current is lower than the source current. Battery powered systems often stack cells in series to achieve higher voltage. However, sufficient stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications due to lack of space. Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two battery-powered applications that use boost converters are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and lighting systems. The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost converter, the Prius would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a Prius actually uses only 168 cells and boosts the battery voltage from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power devices at smaller scale applications, such as portable lighting systems. A white LED typically requires 3.3 V to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from a single 1.5 V alkaline cell to power the lamp. Boost converters can also produce higher voltages to operate cold cathode fluorescent tubes (CCFL) in devices such as LCD backlights and some flashlights. A boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the circuit known as the 'Joule thief'. This circuit topology is used with low power battery applications, and is aimed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal' the remaining energy in a battery. This energy would otherwise be wasted since the low voltage of a nearly depleted battery makes it unusable for a normal load. This energy would otherwise remain untapped because many applications do not allow enough current to flow through a load when voltage decreases. This voltage decrease occurs as batteries become depleted, and is a

characteristic of the ubiquitous alkaline battery. Since (P = V2 / R) as well, and R tends to be stable, power available to the load goes down significantly as voltage decreases. Operating principle The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes in current. When being charged it acts as a load and absorbs energy (somewhat like a resistor); when being discharged it acts as an energy source (somewhat like a battery). The voltage it produces during the discharge phase is related to the rate of change of current, and not to the original charging voltage, thus allowing different input and output voltages.

Fig. 1:Boost converter schematic

Fig. 2: The two configurations of a boost converter, depending on the state of the switch S. The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure 2):

in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 1) is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor current; in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This results in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor. The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure 2. So it is not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed compared to a buck converter.

Continuous mode

Fig. 3:Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous mode. When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to zero. Figure 3 shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a converter operating in this mode. The output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case of an ideal converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behaviour) operating in steady conditions:[1] During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage (Vi) appear across the inductor, which causes a change in current (IL) flowing through the inductor during a time period (t) by the formula:

At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:

D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on). During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:

Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:

As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is given by:

So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This means the overall change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:

Substituting

and

by their expressions yields:

This can be written as:

Which in turns reveals the duty cycle to be:

From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the input voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to infinity as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up converter.

Discontinuous mode

Fig. 4:Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in discontinuous mode. In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be transferred in a time smaller than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (see waveforms in figure 4). Although slight, the difference has a strong effect on the output voltage equation. It can be calculated as follows: As the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its maximum value (at t = DT) is

During the off-period, IL falls to zero after T:

Using the two previous equations, is:

The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (ID). As can be seen on figure 4, the diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore the output current can be written as:

Replacing ILmax and by their respective expressions yields:

Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as follows:

Compared to the expression of the output voltage for the continuous mode, this expression is much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage gain not only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage, the switching frequency, and the output current.

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1.2.PMSG-Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator A permanent magnet synchronous generator is a generator where the excitation field is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil. Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. They are commonly used to convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, hydro turbines and wind turbines into electrical power for the grid. They are known as synchronous generators because the speed of the rotor must always match the supply frequency. In a permanent magnet generator, the magnetic field of the rotor is produced by permanent magnets. Other types of generator use electromagnets to produce a magnetic field in a rotor winding. The direct current in the rotor field winding is fed through a slip-ring assembly or provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft. Advantages of permanent magnets in synchronous generator

They do not require an additional DC supply for the excitation circuit. The permanent magnet synchronous generators avoid the use of slip rings, hence it is simpler and maintenance free. Condensers are not required for maintaining the power factor in synchronous generators, as it is required in induction generators.

Disadvantages of permanent magnets in synchronous generator

Large permanent magnets are costly. Unlike MMF-produced flux density in a winding, the flux density of high performance permanent magnets, such as derivatives of neodymium and samariumcobalt, is limited regardless of high coercively. After all, permanent magnets are magnetized with the higher flux density of an electromagnet. Furthermore, all electric machines are designed to the magnetic core saturation constraints. Torque current MMF vector combines with the persistent flux of permanent magnets, which leads to higher air-gap flux density and eventually, core saturation. Uncontrolled air-gap flux density leads to over voltage and poor electronic control reliability. A persistent magnetic field imposes safety issues during assembly, field service or repair, such as physical injury, electrocution, etc. High performance permanent magnets, themselves, have structural and thermal issues.
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2. Design and parameterization of the circuit components

2.1. Design of the L and C component for a boost converter with the following specifications.
VG = 20 60[V ] - the voltage varies from 20V to 60V VS = 10 48[V] Vo = 48 58[V] - output voltage of the converter Pn = 500[W] - nominal power
f =35[kHz]

Pmin = 50[W]

1 V0 Vs

- minimum power - utility frequency - voltage transfer function

Rmax =

Vo, max
min

- maximum resistance
2

Lb =

(1 ) 2 Rmax Vo = 2f p

L calculation
Vs Vs (1 ) = 1 1 + V 1 o Vo V 1 Lb = VS2 (1 S ) 2 fPmin Vo ,max
2 2

dLb 3Vs 1 = ( 2Vs ) dVs Vo ,max 2 fPmin Vs ( 2 2 3Vs ) =0 Vo ,max

2V 3Vs = 0 Vs ,c = o ,max = 38,67[V ] Vo ,max 3 38 67 2 38 67 (1 ) = 142 H 2 35 10 3 50 58

a ) Lb

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b) Lb

(1 ) Vo Vs = I L f I L f
Vs , max Vo ,max ) 1 I L f

L1 Vs ,max (1 IL =

Pn 500 = = 10,42[ A] Vs ,n 48 V s , nmax1 I L f Vn 48 =1 = 0,17 Vo ,max 58

-maximum current ripple

I L 0,1 10,42 = 1[ A] L1 =

max1 = 1
Lb =

48 0,17 = 233H 1 35 10 3 L = 250 H I =11A dim ensionareL

Battery parameters: BTG 12 100 D (see Anexe.1 for more details) U = 12[V]; C = 100[Ah]; ri=10[m ]; Dimensions: L = 327 mm l = 171 mm h = 215 mm hmax = 230 mm masa = 30,60 Kg

C calculation: c) C2:

13

rie = 4 rib 40 m C2 1 rie ib I rb 0,1 I L 10 rie

ib =
C2

= 2 35 10 3 = 70 10 3 10 1 C 2 min = = 1100F 3 3 270 7010 40 10 C 2 = 1200F / 63V From Anexe. 2. we have U = 63[V] and we choose three condensators in series

C=470[F] => C2 = 470*3=1400[F]. ri = 0.055/3=18,3[m] For more details please check Anexe.2.

d) C1:

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C1 was choose from Anexe.3. where =0.11 U=63[V]

= Re C1 3
C1

20 10 3 = 0.01[ S ] 6

0.01 = 2170 F Re 2 Vsn 48 2 Re = = = 4.608 Pn 500

C1 = 2200 F / 63V

2.2. Loss calculation for MOSFET

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Pd = 0.5 I D VDS (tr + tf ) fsv + I D (rms) RDS (on)tot I D (rms) I L = 10,42 (Ripple current through L is small)
VT Vo ,max = 58V VT calc = VT ku = 58 1,5 = 87[V ] ku =1,5 IT Pn Vs ,min = 500 =10,42[ A] 48

I T ,calc = I T k I =10,42 1,5 =15,63 k I =1,5

k I - Safety factor

From the MOSFET datasheet (Annex 2.) the following parameters can be extracted: Static Drain-to-Source On-Resistance, RDS(on) dependent of temperature; Total switching time: tr (rise time)+tf (fall time) These parameters are provided (numerically and graphically) for specific operating conditions. The values given in the datasheet may be used for a rough orientation only, since the exact switching waveforms depend on the circuit conditions; Therefore, the total power losses of the MOSFET can be calculated as:

Pd = 0.5 I D VDS (tr + tf ) fsv + I D (rms) RDS (on)tot

Pconduction= 0.5 I D VDS (tr + tf ) fsv 2 Pcomutation= I D ( rms ) RDS (on)tot Ptot=Pcond+Pcomutation

From Anexe.4. we selected the MOSFET IRF530FI with RDS(on)=0.077[ ] and with trise and t fall.

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I D ( rms ) I L =10,42 I D ( rms ) I L VDS = 48[V ] fsv = 0,17 RDS = 0,077 t r = 85ns t f = 35ns

(Current ripple through L is small)

t r - rise time
t f -fall time
Pcond = 0,5 10,42 48 (85 10 9 +35 10 3 ) 35 10 3 =1,05[W ] Pcomutation =10,42 2 0,077 0,17 =1,42[W ] Ptotal = 2,47[W ] f = 60[ kHz ] Pcond = 250,08 (120 10 9 ) 60 10 3 =1,80[W ] Pcomutation =1,42 Ptotal = 3,22[W ] Csn = 3,14[nF ] Rs 40 PRS = 0,2[W ]

Cov =15nF Rs = 8[ ] PRS =1[W ]

RS = 33[/ 1W ]

2.3. RCD Snubbers RCD snubber (turn-off snubber) has several advantages over RC networks, as: Limits the overvoltage and reduces the total (switch and snubber) circuit loss; Much better switching trajectory of the device, keep it well within SOA; The main disadvantage of RCD snubber is the higher peak voltage across the switch (in comparison with an optimized RC snubber) due to the presence of the diode that bypasses Rs during Cs charging, thus reducing its damping effect.

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Fig.2.3.1.Electrical scheme of the RCD snubber. RCD snubbers turn-off characteristics: In the following analysis the effect of Lp is neglected, thus RCD design is focused on minimizing the turn-off losses; At turn-off the switch voltage rises slowly as the switch current falls. Therefore the peak power will be greatly reduced. The effect is much lower switch stress and smaller switching losses; As Cs increases the turn-off switching loci fall well inside RBSOA;

Fig.2.3.2.RCD snubber turn-off characteristics. a) Cs selection A large Cs reduces the peak power on the switch during turn-off, but increases the power dissipated on Rs. Cs selection is a tradeoff between snubber efficacy and losses; The nominal value of Cs is:

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Csn =

I 0 t fi 2 E0

The minimum total loss (snubber+switch) is achieved theoretical for Cs=0.45Csn, where the total loss is reduced to approximately 50%. However, as the resistor is easier to cool than the transistor the capacitor is usually chosen larger, to reduce the power dissipated on transistor. Therefore Cs=Csn

b) Rs selection During switch on-state the energy stored in Cs must be dissipated, in order that the snubber be effective at the next turn-off instant (snubber reset). Cs must be discharged down to 0.1Eo during switch on-state, for the minimum on-state time, thus: t Rs on min 2.3C s An optimal selection of Rs will ensure that all the capacitor energy is dissipated in the resistor, which is easier to cool that the transistor; Rs must be sufficiently large to limit the discharge current through transistor; The discharge current should be limited to 0.2Io, thus:
Rs E0 0,21I 0

The dissipated power on Rs:

PRS = 0.5CsEo 2 fs

19

Lp = 0,1H 0,1 10e 6 10,42 Cov = = 15,37 F 0,21 58 58 Rs 30,2 0,2 10,42 PRS 0,5 15,37e 9 58 2 35e 3 = 1[W ] t on min = 4% Rs = Rs = 33 0,04 \ = 32,32 35 10 3
2

2.4. Schottky Diode (U>100[V] and I>15[A])

20

The Schottky diode (named after German physicist Walter H. Schottky; also known as hot carrier diode) is a semiconductor diode with a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching action. The cat's-whisker detectors used in the early days of wireless can be considered primitive Schottky diodes. When current flows through a diode there is a small voltage drop across the diode terminals. A normal silicon diode has a voltage drop between 0.61.7 volts, while a Schottky diode voltage drop is between approximately 0.150.45 volts. This lower voltage drop can provide higher switching speed and better system efficiency. Construction A metalsemiconductor junction is formed between a metal and a semiconductor, creating a Schottky barrier (instead of a semiconductorsemiconductor junction as in conventional diodes). Typical metals used are molybdenum, platinum, chromium or tungsten; and the semiconductor would typically be N-type silicon.[1] The metal side acts as the anode and N-type semiconductor acts as the cathode of the diode. This Schottky barrier results in both very fast switching and low forward voltage drop. Reverse recovery time The most important difference between the p-n and Schottky diode is reverse recovery time, when the diode switches from non-conducting to conducting state and vice versa. Where in a p-n diode the reverse recovery time can be in the order of hundreds of nanoseconds and less than 100 ns for fast diodes, Schottky diodes do not have a recovery time, as there is nothing to recover from (i.e. no charge carrier depletion region at the junction). The switching time is ~100 ps for the small signal diodes, and up to tens of nanoseconds for special high-capacity power diodes. With p-n junction switching, there is also a reverse recovery current, which in high-power semiconductors brings increased EMI noise. With Schottky diodes switching essentially instantly with only slight capacitive loading, this is much less of a concern. It is often said that the Schottky diode is a "majority carrier" semiconductor device. This means that if the semiconductor body is doped n-type, only the n-type carriers (mobile electrons) play a significant role in normal operation of the device. The majority carriers are quickly injected into the conduction band of the metal contact on the other side of the diode to becomefree moving electrons. Therefore no slow, random recombination of n- and p- type carriers is involved, so that this diode can cease conduction faster than an ordinary p-n rectifier diode. This property in turn allows a smaller device area, which also makes for a faster transition. This is another reason why Schottky diodes are useful in switch-mode power converters; the high speed of the diode means that the circuit can operate at frequencies in the range 200 kHz to 2 MHz, allowing the use of small inductors and capacitors with greater efficiency than would be possible with other diode types. Small-area Schottky diodes are the heart of RF detectors and mixers, which often operate up to 50 GHz. Limitations

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The most evident limitations of Schottky diodes are the relatively low reverse voltage rating for silicon-metal Schottky diodes, 50 V and below, and a relatively high reverse leakage current. Diode designs have been improving over time. Voltage ratings now can reach 200 V. Reverse leakage current, because it increases with temperature, leads to a thermal instability issue. This often limits the useful reverse voltage to well below the actual rating. Silicon carbide Schottky diode Schottky diodes constructed from silicon carbide have a much lower reverse leakage current as compared to silicon Schottky diodes. As of 2011, they are available from several manufacturers in variants up to 1700 V. Silicon carbide has a high thermal conductivity and temperature has little influence on its switching and thermal characteristics. With special packaging it is possible to have operating junction temperatures of over 500 K, which allows passive radiation cooling in aerospace applications. Applications Voltage clamping While standard silicon diodes have a forward voltage drop of about 0.6 volts and germanium diodes 0.3 volts, Schottky diodes' voltage drop at forward biases of around 1 mA is in the range 0.15 V to 0.46 V (see the 1N5817[2] and 1N5711 datasheets found online at manufacturer's websites), which makes them useful in voltage clamping applications and prevention oftransistor saturation. This is due to the higher current density in the Schottky diode. Reverse current / discharge protection Schottky diodes are used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to prevent a reverse current flowing through the PV modules. For instance, they are used in stand-alone ("offgrid") systems to prevent batteries from discharging through the solar cells at night, and in grid-connected systems with multiple strings connected in parallel, in order to prevent reverse current flowing from adjacent strings through shaded strings if the bypass diodes have failed.

Power supply They are also used as rectifiers in switched-mode power supplies; the low forward voltage and fast recovery time leads to increased efficiency.
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Schottky diodes can be used in power supply "OR"ing circuits in products that have both an internal battery and a mains adapter input, or similar. However, the high reverse leakage current presents a problem in this case, as any high-impedance voltage sensing circuit (e.g. monitoring the battery voltage or detecting whether a mains adaptor is present) will see the voltage from the other power source through the diode leakage.

Fig.2.4.1. Schottky Diode

See Anexe.5. for electrical parameters.

3.Simulation of the wind turbine battery system for autonomous application-design using Matlab Simulink.

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3.1.Matlab Introduction.

Matlab (Matrix laboratory) is an interactive software system for numerical computations and graphics. As the name suggests, Matlab is especially designed for matrix computations: solving systems of linear equations, computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors, factoring matrices, and so forth. In addition, it has a variety of graphical capabilities, and can be extended through programs written in its own programming language. Many such programs come with the system; a number of these extend Matlab's capabilities to nonlinear problems, such as the solution of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations. Matlab is designed to solve problems numerically, that is, in finite-precision arithmetic. Therefore it produces approximate rather than exact solutions, and should not be confused with a symbolic computation system (SCS) such as Mathematica or Maple. It should be understood that this does not make Matlab better or worse than an SCS; it is a tool designed for different tasks and is therefore not directly comparable.

3.2. Wind turbine battery system scheme for autonomous application.

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Fig.3.2.1.Simulink scheme for the wind turbine battery system with boost converter. Simulink Blocks: Three-phase voltage source : in series with RL branch with the following parameters: Phase to phase rms Voltage = 25[kV] Frequency =50[Hz] 3-phase short-circuit level at base voltage = 100[MVA] Vrms ph-ph=25[kV] Universal Bridge : This block implement a bridge of selected power electronics devices. Series RC snubber circuits are connected in parallel with each switch device. Press Help for suggested snubber values when the model is discretized. For most applications the internal inductance Lon of diodes and thyristors should be set to zero. We use for the simulation a universal bridge with 6 Diodes and with the following parameters: Rs=100[k] Ron=1[m]

25

Fig.3.2.2. Output current and voltage of the three-phase source. In this figure above we can see the voltage is approximately to 25[kV] and the current 1[kA].

Fig.3.2.3.Current Output of the Universal Bridge

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Fig.3.2.4. Voltage output of the boost converter.

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4. Bibliografy.

[1]. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ingeniare/v17n3/art06.pdf [2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_generator [3]. Power Electronics Handbook (M. Rashid) [4]. L-1(SSG)(PE) ((EE)NPTEL) Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 2 [5]. A SMALL SIZE WIND GENERATION SYSTEM FOR BATTERY CHARGING, Isaac R. Machado [6]. Optimization of a Wind Turbine using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), Jan Vergauwe [7]. STAND-ALONE WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CONTROL, Miguel Lopez

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5.Anexe.
Anexe.1.

29

Anexe.2.

30

31

Anexe.3.

32

33

Anexe.4.

34

35

Anexe.5.

36

37

38