CRC 5SBOTBDUJPOT, Vo.

30, 2006
407
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ABSTRACT
Tle main incenlives loi use ol iemole sensing in geolleimal
exloialion aie cosl-ellecliveness and laige-aiea coveiage. We
analyzed saceLoine lleimal inliaied (T!R) imageiy liom
lle saceLoine ASTLR insliumenl in seaicl loi lleimal
anomalies associaled will geolleimal iesouices in lle cenlial
ail ol easlein Caliloinia. We iesenl iesulls liom lle lnown
geolleimal aiea ol lle Coso Geolleimal Powei Piojecl, will
emlasis on coiieclion ol lleimal ellecls caused Ly loog-
ialy and alLedo. Taling llese ellecls inlo accounl ieduces
noise and ieveals lleimal anomalies wlicl aie weal oi nol
dislinguislaLle in lle uncoiiecled imageiy. !n luluie woil, we
will lool loi similai anomalies in unexloied aieas and will
seel lo validale lle iemole sensing oLseivalions will leld
measuiemenls.
Background
Remole sensing dala can Le used as a cosl-elleclive lool
lo exloie laige aieas loi geolleimal olenlial and inoinl
smallei laigel aieas loi luillei exloialion using moie exensive
aiiLoine oi giound-Lased suiveys. Recenl advances in lleimal
inliaied (T!R) iemole sensing oen new ooilunilies loi geo-
lleimal exloialion. We iocess and analyze images collecled
Ly lle Advanced SaceLoine Tleimal Lmission and Reeclion
Radiomelei (ASTLR), locusing on lle iegion Lelween lle
Coso Geolleimal Powei Piojecl (Monasleio, 2002) and lle
Mammoll Geolleimal Powei Piojecl localed in lle cenlial
ail ol easlein Caliloinia (!iguie 1). Tlis iegion ol easl cenlial
Caliloinia is susecled lo lave signilcanl geolleimal iesouices;
lowevei, due lo lle lacl ol access inliasliucluie, lleie las Leen
lillle geolleimal exloialion conducled in lle iegion. Tle ui-
ose ol oui sludy las Leen lo idenlily lle lleimal signaluies
ol lnown geolleimal siles and suLsequenlly seaicl loi similai
lealuies in Lasically unexloied aieas. Tlis is imoilanl in view
ol lle incieasing inleiesl in elecliicily geneialion liom ienew-
aLle iesouices and, in ailiculai, laing inlo lle olenlial
4,000 megawalls ol addilional owei liom geolleimal eneigy
in Caliloinia (Sass and Piiesl, 2002).
CcothcrmaI PotcntiaI in thc Wcstcrn U.S.
Based on cuiienl iojeclions, lle \.S. will need lo in-
ciease ils cuiienl elecliical owei geneialing caacily Ly 40/
(~300,000 MWe) ovei lle nexl 15 yeais (Williams, 2002). Tle
AppIication of SatcIIitc ThcrmaI lnfrarcd lmagcry
to CcothcrmaI fxpIoration in fast CcntraI CaIifornia
Mariana fncva
1
, Mark CooIbaugh
2
, and |im Combs
3
1
lmagcair, lnc., San Dicgo, CA - mcncva"imagcair-inc.com)
2
Crcat Basin Ccntcr for CcothcrmaI fncrgy, Univcrsity of Ncvada, Rcno, NV mfc"unr.ncvada.cdu)
3
Cco HiIIs Associatcs, Rcno, NV - gcohiIIs"mac.com)
figurc 1. Mup ol geothermu resources n eustern Culornu. Known
geothermu resources ureus (KCRAs) ure shown n pnk. 1wo producton
ureus (n Coso und Mummoth) ure shown n yeow n the mdst ol the
KCRAs. Poygon outned n red s study regon.
408
\.S. Geological Suivey las eslimaled llal lleie is a olen-
lial loi aLoul 22,000 MWe ol elecliical owei geneialion in
lle weslein \.S. liom idenliled ligl-lemeialuie (>150
o
C)
geolleimal syslems al dells less llan 3 lm. Lslimales ol
olenlial geolleimal owei ioduclion liom undiscoveied
iesouices iange Lelween 72,000 and 127,000 MWe. SaceLoine
iemole sensing is ailiculaily cosl-elleclive in lle seaicl loi
new geolleimal iesouices, as long as alliiLules associaled will
geolleimal lelds can Le idenliled.
Rcmotc Scnsing Studics in CcothcrmaI ficIds
AlliiLules lo seaicl loi will T!R iemole sensing aie ie-
laled lo ligl leal ow anomalies, excess veilical lemeialuie
giadienls, and suilace lleimal manileslalions. Some suilace
lealuies aLove geolleimal ieseivoiis aie oLviously lol, sucl as
geyseis, lol siings, lumaioles, and mud ools. Iess oLvious
suilace alliiLules ol geolleimal lelds amenaLle lo T!R iemole
sensing include locally elevaled lemeialuies, geoLolanical
claiacleiislics (e.g., lleimally sliessed vegelalion), Laie alleied
giound, losl iocl eimeaLilily and loogialic ieliel, and lle
iesence ol ceilain iocl lyes and mineials.
Pievious alicalions ol olical and inliaied iemole sens-
ing lo geolleimal lelds, Loll aiiLoine and saceLoine, lave
sougll lo claiacleiize lle associaled liacluie syslems and lo
caluie secilc suilace exiessions ol lle undeilying geo-
lleimal ieseivoiis. Mulliseclial and lyeiseclial airborne
iemole sensing las Leen long used ovei geolleimal aieas,
including T!R scanning (e.g., Piclles el al., 2001; Allis el al.,
1999; CoolLaugl el al., 2000; Mailini el al., 2000). Lailiei
examles ol spaceborne iemole sensing include alicalions ol
dala liom Iandsal TM, SPOT XS, and SPOT PA imageiy,
al 30-m, 20-m, and 10-m salial iesolulion (e.g., Cocliane el
al., 1994). Calvin el al. (2002) used day/nigll ASTLR scenes
ovei lle Biady Hol Siings geolleimal aiea (evada), wleie
lley idenliled a lleimal anomaly associaled will a neaiLy
laull. Coiieclions loi loogialic sloe oiienlalion, alLedo,
and lleimal ineilia (CoolLaugl el al., 2000; CoolLaugl, 2003)
lave Leen slown lo inciease lle numLei ol iemolely sensed
lleimal anomalies Ly an oidei ol magnilude comaied will
iemole sensing willoul sucl coiieclions.
ASTfR Data
Comaied will ievious T!R iemole sensing, ASTLR
(lll://asleiweL.jl.nasa.gov/) iovides signilcanlly moie os-
siLililies. !l is a unique 1aanese insliumenl mounled on lle
\.S. Teiia salellile launcled in DecemLei 1999. Tle minimum
ievisil lime inleival ovei any given sile is 16 days. ASTLR ac-
quiies dala ovei a 60-lm wide swall and iovides mulliseclial
images ol lle Laill`s suilace in 14 dilleienl Lands: (1) lliee
visiLle and neai-inliaied (V!R) clannels, will wavelenglls
Lelween 0.5 and 0.9 Pm, al 15-m iesolulion; (2) six sloil-wave
inliaied (SW!R) clannels, 1.6 lo 2.43 Pm, al 30-m iesolulion;
and (3) lve lleimal inliaied (T!R) clannels, 8 lo 12 Pm,
al 90-m iesolulion. Tle mosl used ASTLR dala ioducl is
Ievel 1B (iadiance al sensoi). Higlei-level dala ioducls aie
ioduced on demand and include suilace iadiance coiiecled
loi almosleiic ellecls AST_09, ieeclance AST_07, emis-
sivily AST_05, and suilace linelic lemeialuie AST_08.
SuLsequenl lguies (!iguies 2 5) slow iesulls liom Ievel
1B and AST_08 dala llal weie oideied liom lle LOS Dala
Galeway (lll://edcimswww.ci.usgs.gov) ol lle Iand Piocesses
DisliiLuled Aclive Aiclive Cenlei (IPDAAC).
RcIcvancc of TlR Rcmotc Scnsing to
Cround-Bascd Mcasurcmcnts
Wlen woiling will salellile T!R dala, il is necessaiy lo
veiily llal lley coiiesond lo giound-Lased measuiemenls,
and llus meaninglully ieecl suilace and suLsuilace iocesses.
Allis el al. (1999) comaied slallow soil lemeialuie measuie-
menls (al <1-m dell) in lle Dixie Valley Geolleimal Powei
Piojecl (evada) will aiiLoine T!R imageiy, Loll lalen iioi
lo dawn in oidei lo minimize solai lealing ellecls liom lle
ievious day. Alllougl lle aiiLoine T!R lemeialuies weie
on aveiage coolei llan lle soil measuiemenls, good coiiela-
lion was oLseived Lelween lle lwo lyes ol lemeialuies,
indicaling llal anomalies in soil lemeialuie would lilely coi-
iesond lo dislincl anomalies ol similai magnilude in lle T!R
measuiemenls. !l iemains lo Le seen il sucl coiiesondence
will lold loi saceLoine dala. !n lle summei ol 2006, we will
collecl giound-Lased measuiemenls al lle Coso Geolleimal
Powei Piojecl, concuiienlly will lle colleclion ol ASTLR
T!R images.
fffccts of AIbcdo, Topography, and ThcrmaI lncrtia
AlLedo and loogialy aie liealed logellei in leims ol
lleii inuence on lle oveiall amounl ol eneigy availaLle loi
lealing. Higl alLedo is ielaled lo liglei ieeclance and less
eneigy iemaining loi lealing. Toogialic sloe oiienlalion
is also veiy imoilanl in llal soullein sloes ieceive moie ol
lle ux ol solai iiiadiance llan lle noillein sloes. !oi llis
ieason, we calculaled so-called sladed ieliel liom a digilal
elevalion model (DLM); il is a numLei Lelween 0 and 1, will
1 indicaling maximum ossiLle leal ux. Tleimal ineilia
indicales low lasl a maleiial gels lealed and cools oll and is
signilcanlly allecled Ly oiosily. Iow values mean cooling
oll quiclly al nigll, so lleimal ineilia can Le aioximalely
eslimaled liom day/nigll aiis ol lleimal salellile images.
Hcat fncrgy ModcI
A simliled leal eneigy model Lased on nel suilace iadia-
lion ux Q was used lo coiiecl loi alLedo and loogialic
sloe, lollowing lle mellodology desciiLed Ly CoolLaugl
(2003):
Q ~ (1-A)*M(Z)*cosZc , (1)
wleie Q is lle nel iadialion ux al lle suilace, A is lle giound
alLedo, cosZc is lle cosine ol lle angle Lelween lle suilace
noimal and lle sun`s iays (calculaled as sladed ieliel), Z is
lle zenill angle, and M(Z) is lle almosleiic liansmission
deending on Z. Tle sladed ieliel can Le calculaled liom lle
sun`s elevalion and declinalion loi any given dale and lime ol
Lnevu,FUBM
409
a salellile assage. Tle alLedo A can Le oLlained liom:
R = K*A*cosZc + b , (2)
wleie R is lalen liom lle AST_07 ioducl (suilace ieeclance)
and cosZc is lle sladed ieliel calculaled loi lle momenl ol
salellile assage. Tle conslanls K and L can Le eslimaled
liom leld measuiemenls, wlicl aie aLsenl al lle momenl, so
lleii values weie lalen lo Le 1 and 0, ieseclively (as would
Le lle case il lle AST_07 imageiy weie eileclly coiiecled loi
almosleiic aLsoilion and scalleiing ellecls).
Tle leal ux equalion (1) was inlegialed ovei lime lo model
clanges in lle inlensily ol ligll and lle osilion ol lle sun
ielalive lo lle loogialic sloes
ovei lle couise ol a day:
E ~ (1-A)*6
t
[M(Z)
t
*
cosZc
t
*D
t
|*At
t
, (3)
wleie L is lle solai eneigy aL-
soiLed ei unil aiea ovei lle
couise ol a day; Al
l
is lle lime
inleival loi eacl comonenl ol
lle sum; D
l
is a lime decay lac-
loi ianging liom 0 lo 1, wlicl is
inveisely iooilional lo lle lime
ga Lelween a given osilion ol
lle sun and lle lime lle imageiy
was acquiied.
Tlis simlilied model ac-
counls aioximalely loi leal
dissialion and can Le used lo
calculale seudo-lemeialuie
images lo Le suLliacled liom lle
AST_08 (suilace lemeialuie)
daylime and niglllime images. ole llal desile
cooling oll allei sunsel, lle niglllime scenes
would Le slill allecled Ly dilleienlial lealing
duiing lle day. Tlis is esecially liue Lecause lle
Teiia salellile asses only seveial louis allei sun-
sel in Caliloinia, and nol in lle ie-dawn louis.
Tle ellecl ol lleimal ineilia can Le accounled
loi Ly summing lle coiiecled day and nigll
AST_08 images, using weigling coellcienls ol
0.25 loi lle daylime image and 0.75 loi lle nigll-
lime image (CoolLaugl, 2003), wlicl luins oul
lo Le a good aioximalion ol lle aveiage ovei
lle diuinal cycle.
All images lave Leen oilloiecliled, using a
digilal elevalion model (DLM) liom lll://seam-
less.usgs.gov. Oilloieclilcalion is imoilanl in
llis case Lecause lle suilace elevalions in lle
Coso aiea vaiy iallei signilcanlly, liom 720 m
lo 1550 m.
To evaluale lle ellecl ol lleimal ineilia, il is
necessaiy lo use a comLinalion ol day- and nigll-
lime scenes llal san as sloil lime as ossiLle.
!n Caliloinia, lle Teiia salellile asses aiound 11
.m. and 10 a.m. slandaid Pacilc lime. Tle Lesl
ossiLle nigll/day aii dala aie seaialed Ly aLoul 36 louis.
Sucl aiis aie veiy iaie in lle exisling colleclion ol ASTLR
dala, unless lanned in advance, Lul a suilaLle day/nigll aii
laened lo exisl ovei lle Coso Geolleimal Powei Piojecl.
Moie ol llese aiis will Le collecled in lle summei ol 2006
ovei lle wlole iegion ol inleiesl.
Corrcction of Surfacc Tcmpcraturc (AST_08) Data
!n !iguie 2, T!R scenes ol size ~60 lm x 60 lm aie slown
loi lle day/nigll aii, ailially coveiing lle Coso Geolleimal
Powei Piojecl. Tle daylime scene was lalen on 08/24/2001,
figurc 2. Leve l 1lR bund l4, duytme (08/24/200l) und nghttme (08/22/200l) see text. Coso KCRA und
producton ureu ure outned n red und green, respectvey.
figurc 3. Leve l VNlR rudunce n RC (red-green-bue) lor the ureu ol overup between the
duytme und nghttme 1lR scenes lrom lg. 2. R=bund 3, C=bund 2, und =bund l. Yeow
crces ndcute lumuroes und yeow trunge shows u hot sprng. ue squures murk leutures
ol nterest: l- two lumuroes und un open pt mne n between, 2, 3, und 5 rhyote domes,
4 dry uke.
Lnevu,FUBM
4l0
al 11:52 a.m. dayligll-saving lime (i.e., 10:52 a.m. slandaid
Pacilc lime). Tle niglllime scene was lalen iioi lo lle
daylime scene, on 08/22/2001, al 11:06 .m. dayligll-saving
lime (i.e., 10:06 .m. slandaid Pacilc lime and 6:06 a.m. on
08/23/2001 GMT lime, lence lle lille ol lle niglllime scene
in !iguie 2). A suLsel ol lle V!R scene coveiing lle aiea
ol oveila Lelween lle daylime and lle niglllime scenes in
!iguie 2 is slown in !iguie 3.
Tle imoilance ol laling inlo accounl lle clanging
amounl ol leal lliougl lle couise ol a day is demonslialed
in !iguie 4. Tle scenes in !iguie 4 zoom in on an aiea aiound
a small loogialic lealuie, a Qualeinaiy ilyolile dome (di-
amelei < 1 lm), slowing sladed ieliel al dilleienl limes. !l is
evidenl llal loi any given ixel, deending on ils localion in
iesecl lo lle local loogialy, lle amounl ol solai lealing
could Le dilleienl liom llal ieceived Ly adjacenl ixels, and
wlal is moie, il clanges duiing lle day.
Tle simliled model desciiLed aLove aioximalely ac-
counls loi leal dissialion and was used lo calculale seudo-
lemeialuie images lo Le suLliacled liom lle AST_08 (suilace
lemeialuie) images collecled on 08/24/2001 (daylime) and
08/22/2001 (niglllime). Tle uncoiiecled and coiiecled nigll-
lime AST_08 (suilace lemeialuie) images aie comaied
in !iguie 5. Tle wlole aiea is lnown lo conlain suilace
manileslalions ol geolleimal eneigy, so il is nol suiiising
llal ied (i.e., lol) aieas aie seen lliougloul lle images.
Howevei, noise ieduclion is oLseived allei coiieclion and
seveial lealuies aeai llal aie nol seen in lle uncoiiecled
image (see calion lo !iguie 5). Tlese iesulls slow llal al-
llougl simliled, lle model alied leie is olenlially veiy
elleclive in ievealing and/oi enlancing some
lleimal anomalies and suiessing lalse lleimal
anomalies.
One addilional coiieclion, loi lleimal ineilia,
was also eiloimed (nol slown). !n llis inslance,
lle dilleience did nol aeai lo Le signilcanl,
Lul in iincile, lleie may Le cases wlen sucl
coiieclions aie veiy imoilanl.
futurc Work
Ollei llan lle issues ol ellecls ol loog-
ialy, alLedo, and lleimal ineilia, lwo ollei
majoi ellecls need lo Le undeislood, llose due
lo vegelalion (e.g., Ciien and Blom, 2001)
and almosleiic condilions (!inlayson-Pills
and Pills, 1999; Tonoola, 2001). We aie in lle
iocess ol evalualing llese ellecls and execl lo
develo a slialegy lo lale llem inlo accounl in
lle neai luluie.
!n addilion lo lle limiled dala sel ol exisling
ASTLR dala, moslly collecled in lle daylime, we
lave made aiiangemenls loi luluie dala collec-
lions ovei lle nexl lwo yeais. Tlese new dala will
emlasize niglllime T!R llal aie moie suilaLle
loi lle iesenl lye ol sludies. Seveial images
will Le collecled ei season, so llal any salially
eisislenl lleimal anomalies aie ieliaLly idenli-
led on lle Laclgiound ol naluial vaiiaLilily in
lle lleimal dala.
!n lle summei ol 2006, we will caiiy oul
giound-Lased measuiemenls, concuiienlly will
lle colleclion ol a nigll/day aii ol ASTLR im-
ages ovei lle Coso Geolleimal Powei Piojecl.
We inlend lo also collecl measuiemenls liom a
lleimal inliaied giound-Lased cameia (!I!R),
seclial measuiemenls ol alLedo, and iadiosonde
measuiemenls ol almosleiic lemeialuies, wa-
lei vaoi and iessuie, needed loi almosleiic
coiieclions. Tlis leld exeiimenl is Leing oiga-
nized will lle ailicialion ol eisonnel liom
lle 1el Pioulsion IaLoialoiy and lle \. S. avy
Geolleimal Piogiam Ollce.
figurc 4. Lxumpe ol chunges n sour rruduton n the course ol u duy. Crcuur leuture
(rhyote dome) s wth u dumeter :l km. lrom elt to rght - shuded reel one hour ulter
sunrse, 6 hours ulter sunrse/7 hours belore sunset, und 4 hours belore sunset.
figurc S. Compurson ol the nghttme uncorrected und corrected AS1_08 muges (surluce
temperuture). \hte squures ure the sume us bue squures n lg. 3. Note dllerences,
especuy uround the two lumuroes und the dry uke, where eevuted temperutures ure ony
seen n the corrected muge.
Lnevu,FUBM
4ll
!uilleimoie, duiing lle leld exeiimenl and using AS-
TLR ioducls in lle olical iange, we will alleml mineial
maing in oidei lo iovide indeendenl oi comlemenlaiy
maileis loi ossiLle geolleimal iesouices.
!inally, we will analyze lle lew exisling aiiLoine MASTLR
dala collecled ovei lle iegion ol inleiesl in easl cenlial Caliloinia
and will endeavoi lo collecl a moie comlele sel ol MASTLR
dala in lle luluie. Tle MASTLR insliumenl was develoed lo
simulale ASTLR and anollei insliumenl on Teiia, MOD!S
(Modeiale Resolulion !maging Seclioiadiomelei). MASTLR
measuies iadiance in 50 clannels Lelween 0.4 and 13 m, 10
ol wlicl aie T!R, will vaiying giound salial iesolulion (5-20
meleis) and swall (3.5-14 lm), deending on igll allilude.
Summary
A iaie day/nigll ASTLR aii (1.5 day aail) coveiing
ailially lle Coso KGRA was idenliled and analyzed loi
lleimal anomalies associaled will suilace geolleimal
manileslalions.
Taling inlo accounl alLedo, loogialic and lleimal in-
eilia ellecls is veiy imoilanl in eliminaling lalse lleimal
anomalies and ievealing lleimal signals nol seen in lle
uncoiiecled imageiy.
iglllime images and daylime aiis aie cuiienlly Leing
collecled ovei lle wlole iegion ol inleiesl in easl cenlial
Caliloinia. Tlis will male il ossiLle lo ielne lle leal
model alied lo lle Coso images.
!uluie analysis will Le suoiled will leld measuiemenls
ol lemeialuie and alLedo al lle Coso Geolleimal Powei
Piojecl.
AcknowIcdgcmcnts
Tlis iojecl is lunded Ly lle Caliloinia Lneigy Commis-
sion (CLC) and is ailially malcled Ly a ASA gianl. Di.
William Glassely liom CLC las iovided conlinuous guidance
and encouiagemenl. A numLei ol scienlisls al lle 1el Pioul-
sion IaLoialoiy lave Leen veiy lellul answeiing iemole
sensing queslions (Dave Pieii, Mile ALiams, Gieg Vauglan,
Simon Hool, !ianl Palluconi, Llsa ALLoll) and maling suie
llal luluie dala aie collecled as inlended (Ieon Maldonado).
IPDAAC slall las answeied numeious queslions ielaled lo
lle ASTLR dala.
Rcfcrcnccs
Allis, R.G., G.D. asl, and S.D. 1olnson, 1999. Conveision ol Tleimal
!nliaied Suiveys lo Heal !low: Comaiison liom Dixie Valley, e-
vada, and Waiialei, ew Zealand. Geolleimal Resouices Council
Tiansaclions, v. 23, . 499-504.
Calvin, W., M. CoolLaugl, and R.G. Vauglan, 2002. Geolleimal Sile
Claiacleiizalion \sing Mulli- and Hyeiseclial !mageiy. Geollei-
mal Resouices Council Tiansaclions, v. 26, . 483-484.
Cocliane, G.R., M.A. Mongillo, P.R.I. Biowne, and 1.P. Deioin, 1994.
Salellile Sludies ol lle Waimangu and Waiolau Geolleimal Aieas,
TVZ. !n Pioceed. 16
ll
Z Geolleimal Woilslo, . 181-198.
CoolLaugl, M.!., 2003. Tle Piediclion and Deleclion ol Geolleimal
Syslems al Regional and Iocal Scales in evada using a Geogialic
!nloimalion Syslem, Salial Slalislics, and Tleimal !nliaied !mag-
eiy. Pl.D. Tlesis, \niveisily ol evada Reno.
CoolLaugl, M.!., 1.V. Taianil, and !.A. Kiuse, 2000. Maing ol
Suilace Geolleimal Anomalies al SleamLoal Siings, V using
ASA Tleimal !nliaied !maging Secliomelei (T!MS) and Ad-
vanced VisiLle and !nliaied !maging Secliomelei (AV!R!S) Dala.
!n Pioceed. 14
ll
Tlemalic Conl. Al. Geologic Remole Sensing,
Ann AiLoi, M!, . 623-630.
Ciien, R., and R. Blom, 2001. \nveiling lle Iillology ol Vegelaled
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Lnevu,FUBM