8 1

2003 2

JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

Vol.8 No.1
February, 2003

1007-0249 (2003) 0 1-0007-05

OFDM *

100876

OFDM - PAPR

Reed-Muller

AWGN

OFDM PAPR 3dB OFDM

AWGN 11dB BER 10- 6 20dB
BER 10-3

Sequences

Reed-Muller

RM

TN911.21

OFDM

DFT

PAPR

IDFT

Complementary

BER

OFDM

OFDM PAPR
A/D D/A
PAPR OFDM
OFDM PAPR [1-5]
OFDM OFDM PAPR
BER [2-5]

PAPR PAPR
PAPR[6][7] PAPR
PAPR [8][9][10]
OFDM PAPR 3dB
[10] RM
OFDM
Complementary Sequences

AWGN

OFDM PAPR

OFDM

x(t) =

N 1

k=0

X ke

j 2 k t / T

t [0, T ]

OFDM

X [ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N 1 ] QAM PSK

[ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N 1 ] [ e j 0 , e j 1 ,..., e j N 1 ] OFDM PAPR
PAPR = Ppeak / Pav

Ppeak

2001-12-05 2002-04-28
863 2001AA121031

max x (t )

Pav

t[ 0 ,T ]

Pav

[ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N 1 ]

1 T
2
x (t ) dt

0
T

PAPR = max x(t ) / N

(1)

t[ 0,T ]

OFDM

N 1

= N + 2 R X ( n ) e j 2 nt / T
n =1

j 0
j1
j N 1
]
R X (n) [ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N 1 ] [ e , e ,..., e
x (t )

(1)(2)

k=0

k k + n )

AN = [a0 , a1 ,..., aN 1 ] B N = [b0 , b1 ,..., bN 1 ]

R A N (n) + R BN (n) = 2N ( n),

R X N (n ) =

4.1

k =0

PAPR

N 1 n

OFDM X

N 1 n

X k X k*+n = e j (

R X ( n) =

(2)

n = 0,1,... N 1
N 1 n

xi xi*+n
i= 0

AN B N

( n) = 1 N = 0
0

PAPR 3dB[11]

PAPR

RM

OFDM PAPR RM RM
r m ( m > r ) 2m RM 2m
T
r RM G 0
G 1 G 2 ... G r G = [G0 G1 .....G r ]
G 0
1 G 1 m 2m i 2m i 0 2m i 1
2i 1 i = 1, 2,..., m
G l G 1 l
n

2m

G l 2m
l

k = 1 + m + m + ...+ m
1 2

G0

m = 4 , n = 2m = 16 , r = 2 , 2 RM
0000000000001111 x1 x 2

0000000000110011 x1 x 3
0000000001010101 x1 x 4
G2 =

=
0000001100000011 x 2 x3
0000010100000101 x x

2 4
0001000100
010001

x3 x 4

[10]

(3) 2m
{1,2,3,..., m} {ci } {0,1}
m 1

i =1

i =0

x (i ) x( i+1) + ci xi

[1111111111111111] = [x0 ] ;

0000000011111111 x1
0000111100001111 x
= 2 ;
G1 =
0011001100110011 x3

0101010101010101 x4

m +1

r RM

()

(3)

(3) m! / 2
2m m!

OFDM

RM (1, m) m! / 2

RM

2, m

m +1

RM

2, m

d min 2

2
m +1
log2 ( m!/ 2) m! / 2 (m + 1) 2
{log2 ( m!/ 2) + m + 1}/ 2 m
m 2

4.2

m 2

m = 4

m=4

(3) 12

8 8 RM(1,4) 8 3 5
(3) 2m +1 = 24 +1 = 32 8/16

I.

(3)
[c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 , c7 ] [c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 ] G ' = [G 0 G 1 ] G 0 , G 1

II.

12

12 8

m = 4 (3) 12
(3) 3 8
6 7
x1 x2
x2 x3
x1 x3 x2 x4
x1 x4
x2 x4
x1 x2
x1 x3

8
x3 x4
x3 x4
x2 x3
x3 x4

[c 5 , c6 , c7 ]
(000)
(010)
(100)
(110)

x1 x2

x2 x4

x3 x4

x1 x3

x2 x3

x2 x4

x1 x4

x2 x3

x3 x4

x1 x2

x1 x4

x3 x4

(001)
(011)
(101)
(111)

(4)

4 x1 x3 x2 x3 x1 x4
x1 x4
x2 x4
x1 x3
x1 x2
x1 x4
x2 x3 [c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 , c7 ]

x1 x3

x1 x2

x2 x4

[c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 ] G '

[c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c 4 , 0,0,0]

[c 5 , c6 , c7 ] (4) (3)
RM
[c 0 , c1 , c2 , c3, c4 ,100101]

G '' = [G 0 G 1G 2 ]
T

[c 0 , c1 , c2 , c3, c4 ,100101] [c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c 4 , 0,0,0]

RM [c 5 , c6 , c7 ] RM
[000] [100101]
[001] [100011]
[010] [010011]
[011] [010110]
[100] [001110]
[101] [001101]
[110] [110001]
[111] [101001]
(5)
2m m! RM( 2, m )
RM

Reed
11 11
6 (5)
8
8

11
(5) [c 5 , c6 , c7 ] (4)

1

RM

RM(1,4)

10

[c 0 , c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 ]

RM

(16,8)

PAPR MATLAB 1 2
OFDM PAPR 3dB RM 2
RM(1

4)(16,8)

OFDM

AWGN

OFDM

OFDM BRE
AWGN

( 16)

d 1
t = min

()

6
10

128
128

BPSK k
n(= 2 m )
1 n n i
(6)
Pb
i p (1 p ) ( n i )
n i = t + 1 i
p = Q ( 2R

Eb
)
N0

R=

BER

log 2 (m! / 2) + m + 1
2m

5 AWGN OFDM BER

MATLAB BER 5 SNR
SNR

OFDM

AWGN
6 OFDM
BER

OFDM

OFDM
AWGN
BER
1
2

OFDM

BER

2
PAPR 3dB
OFDM AWGN 11dB BER 10-6
20dB BER 10-3

PAPR PAPR
PAPR PAPR
PAPR PAPR
PAPR a1
PAPR a2 a2 > a1

OFDM

11

PAPR

[1]

Wulich D, Nati Dinur, Alex Glinowiecki. Level Clipped High-Order OFDM [J]. IEEE Trans. Comm, 2000-06, 48 (6).

[2]

Buml R W, Fischer R F H, Huber J B. Reducing the Peak-to-average Power ratio of multi-carrier modulation by selected mapping [J].

[3]

P Van Eetvelt, Wade G, Tomlinson M. Peak to average power reduction for OFDM schemes by selective scrambling [J]. Electronic Letters,

[4]

Mller S H, Huber J B. OFDM with reduced peak-to-average power ratio by optimum combination of partial transmit sequences [J]. Electronic

[5]

Narahashi S, Nojima T. New phasing scheme of N-multiple carriers for reducing PAPR [J]. Electronic Letters, 1994, 30 (17): 1382-1383.

[6]

Jones A E, Wilkinson T A, Barton S K. Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multi-carrier transmission

[7]

Wulich D. Reduction of peak to mean ratio of multi-carrier modulation using cyclic coding [J]. Electronic Letters, 1996-02, 32 (5): 432-433.

[8]

Golay M J E. Complementary series[J]. IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, 1961-04, IT.7: 82-87.

[9]

Sivaswamy R. Multiphase Complementary codes [J]. IEEE Trans. On Inform. Theory, 1978-09, IT.24 (5).

Electronic Letters, 1996-10, 32 (22): 2056-2057.

1996-10, 32 (21): 1963-1964.
Letters, 1997-02, 33(5): 368-369.

scheme[J]. Electronic Letters, 1994-12, 30(25): 2098-2099.

[10] Davis J A, Jebwab J. Peak to mean power control and error correction for OFDM transmission using Golay sequences and Reed-Muller codes[J].
Electronic Letters, 1997, 33 (4): 267-268.
[11] Hideki Ochiai, Hideki Imai. MDPSK-OFDM with Highly Power-Efficient Block Codes for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels [J]. IEEE
Trans. Vehi. Tech., 2000-01, 49 (1): 74-82.
[12] Proakis J G. Digital Communication [M]. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Third Edition.
[13] . [M].

, 1992.

TD-SCDMA
OFDM MC-CDMA

Performance Analysis and Simulation of OFDM Systems

with Complementary Sequences Based Blocking Coding
DING Min-hua,

LIU Yuan-an

School of Telecommunication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Abstract: To reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM signals, detailed complementary sequences based
blocking coding scheme is presented. The system performances with such a coding scheme, both in AWGN channels and in
frequency-selective fading channels, are analyzed and simulated. It is shown from the simulation results that the PAPR of socoded OFDM signals is less than 3 dB. With such a coding scheme, a BER of 10-6 can be achieved when SNR is around 11 dB
in AWGN channels. And in frequency selective fading channels, a BER of 10 -3 can be achieved when SNR is around 20 dB.
Key words: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM); peak-to-average power reduction (PAPR); Reed-Muller
code (RM); Complementary Sequences; BER ; SNR