Networking & Internet Concepts

2002elias@canada.
com
Module 1
Networking & Internet Concepts

Internet
2002DigiComm 1-613-723-8231
Networking & Internet Concepts 1-1
DIGIC OMM
TECHNOLOGIES
Building The Minds of The Future!
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Topics Covered - Module 1

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2002elias@canada.com
Network Definitions & Concepts

Basic Internet Services
Connecting to The Internet
History of the Internet
Internet Classes & Addressing
Internet Resources
Modern Network Types
Modern Network Hardware
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What is a Network?
LAN, WAN, MAN,...
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Network Definition
A System of Telephones, Terminals,

Computers and Databases Connected
by Communication Lines
WE
B ST
ER
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Past Vs. Present Networks
INTERNET
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The Ubiquitous Internet
It is Here Now
It Really Works
It is THE Hot Topic
It Fills a Need
It is Not Expensive
It Can be Useful
...and much more...
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WWW
Users
WWW
Servers
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The Web Model

Telnet
WWW
FTP
Archie
Gopher
Local &
Remote
Files
HyperText
HTML
WAIS
Application
Gateways
SMTP
Usenet
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Basic Services on the Internet
SMTP
FTP
TELNET
USENET
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Basic Services Defined
SMTP = Using a protocol called Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol allows users all over the world to exchange
Electronic mail
e.g., my email: ezaydan@geotrain.com
FTP = File Transfer Protocol is used to move files among
computers
e.g., ftp hacker.hacku.uk
TELNET is used to remotely logon to computers on the
Internet
e.g., telnet freenet.carleton.ca
USENET News lets you read and post messages that
have been sent to public Newsgroups
e.g., news alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot
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Data Services on The Internet
ARCHIE
GOPHER
WAIS (Wide Area Information Service)
WWW (World Wide Wait!)
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Archie & Gopher on The Internet
ARCHIE is a service that allows searching

of file indexes. More than 800 million files
are available today.
GOPHER is a lookup tool that allows you
to browse the vast information on the
Internet using menus. A gopher server is
like hiring a librarian to create a card
subject catalog.
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WAIS on The Internet
WAIS , Wide Area Information Servers

helps you to search indexed material using
particular words or phrases. Think of
WAIS databases as private libraries
devoted to a particular topic. WAIS, in
addition to finding out information, will
display the located documents for you.
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WWW on The Internet
WWW , World Wide Web is really an extended

version of gopher. WWW has advanced
features such as a graphic based interface and
hypertext documents.
HTML HyperText Markup Language allows
selected words or links in a document to be
expanded at any time. These words are really
links to other documents which may be text,
files, pictures or other HTML documents.
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Other Services on The Internet
DNS, Domain Name System Servers look up

DNS Names and convert them to IP
addresses, e.g., www.apple.com >>
192.53.212.7
Finger, allows you to find about someone.
You can also find out who is logged on to a
particular computer, e.g.,
finger@geotrain.com
NTP, Network Time Protocol. Every main
computer/server must have accurate time
Internet Talk Radio, and Live Multimedia,
Videos & TVs
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Standard Internet Activities
PC
HOST A
HOST B
File Transfer
z Program - Program
z Job transfer
z Remote login
z Electronic mail
z
Terminal
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The Internet Security Problem
Widespread use of the Internet brings

many benefits, but...
The more Information we handle by the
Internet, the more it becomes vulnerable
Internet vulnerabilities can be exploited
accidentally or deliberately
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Modern Network Types
Token Ring
Thinnet (RG-58U Coax Cable)
Ethernet (UTP or Coax Cable)
Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)
Fiber Optics (OC-n)
Ethernet
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Internet Interfaces & Addresses
Each device connected to an Internet

network must have a network interface.
Each network interface has a name for the
device and an IP address.
Terminal
192.1.2.4
Token Ring
192.1.2.3
192.1.1.3
Minicomputer
Fiber
Desktop
Computer
192.1.1.1
Computer
System
192.1.1.2
PC
192.1.2.2
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Internet Users
1999 stats
USA 76.5 million
Japan 9.75 million
UK 8.10 million
Germany 7.14 million
Canada 6.49 million
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Needle in a Haystack
800,000,000+ million indexable pages

180+ million images
-NEC Research Institute, Feb 1999

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Search Coverage 1999
300,000,000 pages
Hotbot indexed over 1/3 of the web
Altavista covered only 28%
-Windows Magazine, July 1999

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Internet Users
1999 stats
USA 76.5 million
Japan 9.75 million
UK 8.10 million
Germany 7.14 million
Canada 6.49 million
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Needle in a Haystack
800,000,000+ million indexable pages

180+ million images

2002DigiComm 1-613-723-8231
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300,000,000 pages
Hotbot indexed over 1/3 of the web
Altavista covered only 28%
-Windows Magazine, July 1999

2002DigiComm 1-613-723-8231
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Northern Light: 16%
165 million
AltaVista: 15.5%
150 million
Snap: 15.5%
HotBot: 11.3%
MSN Search: 8.5%
Infoseek: 8.0%
Google: 7.8%
Yahoo: 7.4%
Excite: 5.6%
Lycos: 2.5%
Euroseek: 2.2%

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Internet Advantages
Worldwide High Speed Connectivity

The multimedia equivalent to the phone
Common Functions & Processing Objects
Browsers, protection, directories, databases
Universal Languages & Data Formats
Syntax's, semantics, knowledge
Distribution of Control
Multi-party, multi-price, multi-context, etc...
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Origins of the Internet
In the 1960s the US government started to fund

an experimental computer network called the
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network)
This project was responsible for the
development of the TCP/IP Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
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A Brief History of The Internet
Originally Called ARPANET

Funded by the US military
Built to withstand partial outages like bomb
attacks (atomic)
Internet really means a network of networks
Concept was to use one network language or
protocol TCP/IP so that various computers from
different vendors could communicate
Original network used 56 kbps links (T-1)
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TCP/IP Original Application
The TCP/IP protocol was developed mainly for

military application
Allowed the network to remain operational even
if parts of it were down
This would ensure nuclear strike capability even
if the pentagon was destroyed
It is so effective that during the gulf war the US
forces were unable to bring down Sadams
computer communications systems using the
Internet
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World Wide Web Origins
Also Called The Web, WWW, www, W3, w3

An Internet Resource Tool that Permits you to Browse
for Information using HyperText
Research at CERN (The European lab for Particle
Physics) in 1989 Initiated the www UNIX-Based
Browser to Help Physicists Share Information
That Made Surfing the Net a Click Away!
WWW was Made Available to the Internet Community in
1991 and Won Widespread Acclaim
Much of the Webs Recent Growth is Attributable to the
1993 Release of Mosaic, a WWW Browser Created by
NCSA
WWW Traffic Increased 300,000 % in 1994 Alone!!
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The WWW Consortium Home Page
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The First Nation in Cyberspace
National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet)

was later formed to link 5 major supercomputer
centers together
This network used much faster T1 links
(T1=1.544 Mbps)
Today, the core of the Internet uses high speed
OC-1 (52Mbps) and OC-12 (622 Mbps) fiber
links
Internet is run by a group of invited volunteers
called the Internet Architecture Board
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Browsers and Servers
The W3C at MIT Maintains an up-to-date List of

the Known WWW Browsers and Servers at the
Following URL:
http://www.w3.org/
The Webs Most Popular UNIX-Based Server is
the one Developed at NCSA Located at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
It is Called the NCSA httpd, is Powerful, Flexible,
Portable and FREE!
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Numbers, Names and Rules
Each Machine (Host) on The Internet is

Identified by an address, e.g., [205.208.10.12]
Most Hosts also have Names, which have
multiple parts separated by dots, e.g.,
[nssdc.jpl.nasa.gov]
Some Hosts may have more than one Name
The Host Number is called an IP address
The Host Name is called a DNS address
Domain Name Servers convert a DNS address
into an IP address
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IP Address Numbers
Each Machine (Host) on The Internet is

Identified by a 32-bit IP Address
Similar to a Phone Number: 1.613.723.8231
To Make it Easier to use, Host Numbers are
Grouped in Four Parts, eight bits each, written in
decimals
IP address = [205.208.10.12] = 32-bit =
[11001101.11010000.00001010.00001100]
New IPv6 address = 128-bit
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Network Numbers and Classes
Networks are Divided into 4 Class Sizes

Large (A), Medium (B), Small (C) & Multicast (D)
Class
First No.
Net No.
Hosts (Max)
A
B
C
D
1-126
128-191
192-223
--
1
2
3
--
16,387,064
64,516
254
Conferencing
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Domain Name System - DNS
Host Domain Names are a String of Words

Separated by Dots: e.g., [whitehouse.gov], or
[sprint.ca]
The Rightmost Part of a name is Called its Zone
Three-letter Zones Indicate an organization,
e.g., gov=government, com=commercial,
edu=education, org=any other organization
Two-letter Zones indicate countries, e.g.,
ca=Canada, fr=France, it=Italy, uk=UK, ...
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Subnet Addressing
A Network can be divided into pieces

called Subnets
Our Host IP Address [191.208.10.12]
The Net Number is [191.208]
The Subnet Number is [10]
The Host Number is [12]
To the Outside World, There is only the Single
Net Address to Worry about, i.e., [191.208]
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Internet Protocols
All Computers (nodes, workstations) use Internet

Protocol (IP)
Some services, in addition to Internet Protocol,
use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
UDP
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Modern Networks Hardware
Repeater
Modem
Bridge
Router
Gateway
Packet Filter
Firewall
WE
B ST
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Repeater
Connects two distant network segments

Both use same physical level protocol
Operates at the OSI layer 1 (physical layer)
Network
Network
Repeater
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Modem
Converts digital signals from computers to

analog tones used by telephone services.
Operates at the OSI layer 1 (physical layer)
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
PSTN
Teleworker
Modem
Internet
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Bridge
Connects two Local Area Networks (LANs) that

use the same LAN protocol.
Acts as an address filter for packets
Operates at the OSI layer 2 (data link layer)
LAN 2
LAN 1
Bridge
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Router
Connects two LAN segments that may or may

not use the same LAN protocol.
Has filtering capabilities (packet filter)
Operates at the OSI layer 3 (network layer)
Makes routing decisions based on the
destination network address (Internet IP)
LAN 2
Banyan
LAN 1
Novel
Router
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Gateway
Interconnects two LAN segments which utilize

different design architectures.
Maps or Translates data from one application to
another application.
Operates at the OSI layer 7 (network layer)
LAN 2
Canadian
Architecture
LAN 1
European
Architecture
Gateway
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Packet Filter
A capability usually added to routers, but can be

implemented in a host or a Firewall.
Applies a set of filters to all packets entering or
leaving the filtering mechanism.
Decides whether a packet should be forwarded
or disregarded.
LAN 2
Banyan
LAN 1
Novel
Packet Filter
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Firewall
A system that acts as a barrier between two

network segments.
Used to provide a barrier between an internal
network and the Internet.
A Firewall can be considered the technical
implementation of a security policy.
SECURE
CORPORATE
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
INTERNET
Hacker
Internet Server
www.digicomm.com
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