BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO

TRNG I HC A LAT

TS. LU THE VINH

KY THUAT IEN

a Lat 2006

LI NOI AU
Giao trnh ky thuat ien nham trang b cho ngi hoc nhng kien thc c ban ve ng dung nang lng ien trong san xuat va i song. So vi cac dang nang lng khac nang lng ien co nhng u iem het sc to ln sau ay: ien nang c san xuat tap trung vi nguon cong suat rat ln De dang bien oi va truyen tai i xa nh may bien the De dang bien oi sang cac dang nang lng khac. Nh ien nang co the t ong hoa toan bo qua trnh san xuat cung nh cac dch vu ky thuat khac. Viet Nam co tiem nang het sc to ln ve cac nguon nang lng, nhng do hau qua chien tranh keo dai, anh hng c che quan lieu bao cap lam cho nen san xuat con kha lac hau. San lng ien nam 1975 ca nc ch co 1,5 ty kWh. Sau giai phong chung ta a cung co va xay dng them nhieu nha may ien ln, Thuy ien Hoa Bnh vi cong suat 1.920 MW, thuy ien Tr an (440MW), Nhiet ien Pha lai I (440MW), Nhiet ien Pha Lai II (600MW), thuy ien Ialy (720MW) , Hien nay ang trien khai xay dng nha may Thuy ien Sn la , d an nha may ien nguyen t Bnh Thuan. Nam 2003 san lng ien ca nc a at 41 ty kWh bnh quan 500kW/ au ngi nam. Theo lo trnh phat trien ti nam 2010 se at 70 tykWh, nam 2020 at 170 ty kWh. e ap ng nhu cau phu tai ien en nam 2015 Viet nam se xay dng 61 nha may ien vi tong cong suat 21.658 MW, trong o co 32 nha may thuy ien vi tong cong suat 7.975 MW, 17 nha may ien tuabin kh vi tong cong suat 9.783 MW va 12 nha may nhiet ien than vi tong cong suat 3.900 MW. Hien nay ng truyen tai ien sieu cao ap 500 kV Bac Nam c xem la huyet mach chnh cua nang lng ien Quoc gia. Tuyen 500 kV th hai ang c xay dng. Toc o tang trng ien nang giai oan 2003 2010 la 15%. Von au t trung bnh 2,16 ty USD moi nam. Nganh san xuat thiet b ien ang c au t phat trien. Cac may bien ap 110 kV, 25MVA va 63 MVA a va ang c san xuat hang loat. May bien ap 220 kV, 125 MVA au tien i vao san xuat t nam 2004 tai cong ty thiet b ien ong Anh. Cac ong c ien cong suat ti 1000 kW a c che tao tai cong ty che tao Viet Hung, cong ty che tao ien c Ha Noi, Thu c,

KY THUAT IEN

Giao trnh ky thuat ien c bien soan theo chng trnh khung ao tao c nhan Vat ly cua Trng ai hoc a Lat bat au thc hien t nam 2001. Tai lieu c bien soan tren c s ngi hoc a hoc xong mon ien t hoc, do o khong i sau vao mat ly luan cac hien tng ma chu yeu nghien cu cac phng phap tnh toan va cac ng dung ky thuat cua cac hien tng ien t. Giao trnh c chia lam 2 phan vi 9 chng, trong o phan 1 cung cap cac kien thc ve c s ly thuyet va cac phng phap tnh toan mach ien. Phan th 2 cung cap cac kien thc ve nguyen ly, cau tao, ac tnh va ng dung cac loai may ien c ban. Tac gia bay to long biet n chan thanh en tap the bo mon ien t t ong hoa, can bo Khoa Vat Ly a tao ieu kien e tai lieu c hoan thanh. V la tai lieu bien soan lan au nen chac chan con nhieu thieu sot, rat mong nhan c y kien ong gop t oc gia va cac ban ong nghiep. TAC GIA

TS. Lu The Vinh

Phan th nhat

C S LY THUYET
& CAC PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU

MACH IEN
A E 20V R1 B a) b) A A R E th
2

Jn R th B c)

th

KY THUAT IEN

Chng 1. NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE MACH IEN

1.1. MACH IEN VA CAC PHAN T MACH. 1.1.1. Mach ien: Mach ien la to hp cac thiet b ien bao gom nguon, phu tai c noi vi nhau bang day dan theo mot cach thc nhat nh thong qua cac thiet b phu tr (hnh 1-1).
NGUO N IEN Thiet b phu tr Hnh 1-1 PHU TAI

* Nguon ien: Ni san sinh ra nang lng ien e cung cap cho mach. Nguon ien co the la nguon mot chieu hoac xoay chieu. Nguon mot chieu: Pin, acquy, may phat ien mot chieu... Nguon xoay chieu: Lay t li ien, may phat ien xoay chieu. Cac nguon ien cong suat ln thng c truyen tai t cac nha may ien (nhiet ien, thuy ien, ien nguyen t...). Cac nguon ien mot chieu thng c ac trng bang suat ien ong E, ien tr noi r. Vi nguon xoay chieu thng bieu dien bang cong suat P (cong suat may phat) va hieu ien the loi ra U. * Phu tai: La cac thiet b s dung ien nang e chuyen hoa thanh mot dang nang lng khac, nh dung e thap sang (quang nang), chay cac ong c ien (c nang), dung e chay cac lo ien (nhiet nang)... . Cac thiet b tieu thu ien thng c goi la phu tai (hoac tai) va ky hieu bang ien tr R hoac bang tr khang Z. * Day dan: Co nhiem vu lien ket va truyen dan dong ien t nguon ien en ni tieu thu.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

* Cac thiet b phu tr: nh cac thiet b ong cat (cau dao, cong tac...), cac may o (ampeke, von ke, oat ke ), cac thiet b bao ve (cau ch, aptomat ... ). 1.1.2. Ket cau hnh hoc cua mach ien. Mot mach ien phc tap bao gom nhieu nhanh ket noi vi nhau tao thanh cac mach vong khep kn (mat) giao ket tai cac nut.
A
R 1 e 3 I 3 R 3

I1 e R Nhanh: la mot phan cua mach 2 5 I2 e1 ien, trong o cac phan t mach R 2 mac noi tiep vi nhau sao cho co 1 cung mot dong ien chay qua. B I D 4 R4 e4 Nut: la cho giao nhau cua cac nhanh. Hnh 1-2 Mat: la mot mach vong khep kn lien ket nh cac nhanh. V du: ach ien tren hnh 1-2 gom 5 nhanh AB, AC, CB, CD va BD ket noi vi nhau tao thanh 4 nut A, B, C va D. Cac mach vong khep kn tao thanh cac mat (ACBA), (BCDB) va (ACDBA).

1.1.3. Cac ai lng ac trng qua trnh nang lng trong mach ien. Nang lng ien tac dung trong mach c ac trng bang cac ai lng la dong ien i va ien ap u hoac bang cong suat tac dung p =ui. * Dong ien. Dong ien i chay trong mach co tr so bang toc o bien thien cua ien tch qua tiet dien ngang cua vat dan.

i =
A

dq dt
B
S uAB

(1-1)

Hnh 1-3

Chieu dong ien c quy c ngc vi chieu chuyen ong cua cac electron (hnh 1-3).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

* ien ap u. Tai moi iem trong mach ien co mot ien the . Hieu ien the gia hai iem goi la ien ap u. Chang han hieu ien the gia hai iem A va B tren hnh 1.3 c goi la ien ap uAB. uAB = A - B (1-2) Chieu ien ap c quy c la chieu t iem co ien the cao en iem co ien the thap. * Cong suat p. Tren cac oan mach ien, cac phan t co the nhan hoac phat nang lng. Khi chon chieu dong ien va ien ap tren nhanh trung nhau (hnh 1.3) ta co cac qua trnh nang lng sau: Neu p = ui > 0 - nhanh nhan nang lng. Neu p = ui < 0 - nhanh phat nang lng. Khi chon chieu cua dong ien va ien ap ngc nhau ta se co cac ket luan ngc lai. Trong he n v SI n v dong ien la ampe (A), n v ien ap la von (V), n v cua cong suat la oat (W). 1.2. MO HNH MACH IEN e tien li khi tnh toan thiet ke va khao sat cac qua trnh ien t xay ra trong mach ien ngi ta s dung phng phap mo hnh. Mach ien thc te vi cac thiet b ien c thay the bang mo hnh mach vi cac phan t ly tng ac trng cho mot qua trnh nao o. Mo hnh mach cha cac phan t tch cc (active): nguon ap u(t), nguon dong i(t) va cac phan t thu ong (passive): ien tr R, ien cam L va ien dung C. 1.2.1. Nguon ap u(t). Nguon ap u(t) hay may phat ien ap con c goi la nguon sc ien ong e(t) ac trng cho kha nang tao nen va duy tr mot ien ap khong oi tren hai cc cua nguon. ac tnh quan trong cua nguon ap la co ien tr noi r = 0, hieu ien the tren hai cc cua nguon la khong oi va khong phu thuoc vao gia tr cua phu tai. Ky hieu quy c cua nguon ap nh hnh 1-4, a. Ta co gia tr cua nguon ap: u(t) = - e(t) 1.2.2. Nguon dong ien i(t).
TS. Lu The Vinh

(1-3)

KY THUAT IEN

Nguon dong ien i(t) hay may phat dong ac trng cho kha nang tao nen va duy tr mot dong ien khong oi trong mach. ac tnh quan trong cua nguon dong la co noi tr r = va gia tr cua dong ien trong mach khong phu thuoc vao phu tai. Ky hieu quy c cua nguon dong ch ra tren hnh 1-4, b. Trong thc te, cac bo nguon eu co mot ien tr noi hu han nao o. Do vay, khi thay the trong mo hnh mach chung c bieu dien dang mot nguon sc ien ong e(t) mac noi tiep vi mot mot ien tr r (hnh 1-4, c), hoac dang mot nguon dong ien i (t) mac song song vi mot ien tr r (hnh 1-4, d).

r e(t) u(t) i(t) e(t) i(t) r

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 1- 4 . Ky hieu quy c nguon ap va nguon dong a, b Nguon ap va nguon dong ly tng. c, d Nguon ap va nguon dong thc te

1.2.3. ien tr R. ien tr R ac trng cho vat dan ve mat can tr dong ien. Ve mat nang lng ien tr R ac trng cho qua trnh tieu thu ien nang va bien ien nang thanh cac dang nang lng khac nh nhiet nang, quang nang, c nang, Quan he gia dong ien va ien ap tren ien tr la: uR = R.i Cong suat thoat ra tren ien tr: p = R.i2 Trong he n v SI n v ien tr la om (). 1.2.4. ien cam L.
TS. Lu The Vinh

(1-4) (1-5)

KY THUAT IEN

Mot cuon day co dong ien i chay qua se sinh ra t trng. T thong gi qua n vong cua cuon day la = n.. ien cam cua cuon day c nh ngha la: n. = L = (1-6) i i Khi dong ien bien thien trong cuon day xuat hien mot sc ien ong t cam eL. d di = L (1-7) eL = dt dt Quan he gia dong ien va ien ap tren cuon cam: di 1 (1-8) u L = eL = L ; i = u L dt dt L Cong suat tren cuon day: di pL = u Li = L i (1-9) dt Nang lng t trng tch luy trong cuon day:

W =

pL dt =

Lidi =

1 2 LI 2

(1-10)

Trong he n v SI n v ien cam la henri (H). 1.2.5. ien dung C. Khi noi hai au cua mot tu ien co ien dung C vao nguon ien ap u, tu ien se c tch ien. o ln cua ien tch q: q = Cu Quan he gia dong ien va ien ap tren tu ien la: (1-11) (1-12)

dq d du = (Cu ) = C dt dt dt 1 va: u = i dt C Nang lng tch luy tren tu ien: i =

W =

C u du =

1 C u2 2

(1-13)

Trong he n v SI n v ien dung la fara (F). 1.2.6. Mo hnh mach.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

Mo hnh mach la s o thay the tng ng cac phan t mach bang cac phan t mo hnh ly tng e, i, R, L, C sao cho ket cau hnh hoc va cac qua trnh nang lng xay ra trong mach giong nh mach ien thc. e thiet lap mo hnh mach ta phan tch cac qua trnh nang lng xay ra trong tng phan t mach va thay the chung bang cac phan t tng ng. Khi phan tch can chu y rang, tuy thuoc vao ieu kien lam viec cua mach ien, ac biet la dai tan cong tac ma s o thay the se khac nhau. V du. Ta hay xet mot mach ien thc te gom mot may phat cung cap ien cho phu tai la mot bong en mac song song vi mot cuon day theo s o hnh 1-5, a. Khi chuyen sang s o thay the oi vi dong ien xoay chieu, may phat ien c thay the bang (Ef ,Lf ,Rf). Phu tai la bong en thay the bang Rz, con cuon day bang (Ld , Rd) (hnh 1-5, b). Tuy nhien khi chuyen sang s o thay the oi vi ien mot chieu, do cac phan t khang bang khong nen s o thay the co dang n gian hn (hnh 1-5, c).

1.3. PHAN LOAI VA CAC CHE O LAM VIEC CUA MACH IEN.
TS. Lu The Vinh

10

KY THUAT IEN

1.3.1. Phan loai theo tnh chat cua dong ien trong mach. Theo tnh chat cua dong ien trong mach ngi ta chia ra 2 loai mach ien mot chieu va mach ien xoay chieu. Mach ien mot chieu la mach ien c tac dung bi nguon ien ap mot chieu trong mach. Dong ien chay trong mach co tr so va chieu khong oi theo thi gian. Mach ien xoay chieu la mach ien c tac dung bi nguon ien ap xoay chieu trong mach, thng la cac nguon ien ap bien thien theo quy luat hnh sin. Dong ien chay trong mach co tr so va chieu thay oi tuan hoan theo thi gian. 1.3.2. Phan loai theo tnh chat cac thong so R, L, C cua mach. Theo tnh chat cac thong so R, L, C cua mach ngi ta chia ra 2 loai mach ien tuyen tnh va mach ien phi tuyen.

Mach ien tuyen tnh khi tat ca cac phan t mach la tuyen tnh. Ngha la gia tr cua cac phan t R, L, C khong thay oi va khong phu thuoc vao dong ien va ien ap tren chung. Mach ien phi tuyen khi co cha cac phan t phi tuyen. Ngha la gia tr cua cac phan t R, L, C cua cac phan t phi tuyen thay oi phu thuoc vao dong ien va ien ap tren chung.
Trong giao trnh nay chu yeu chung ta nghien cu va khao sat mach ien tuyen tnh. 1.3.3. Phan loai theo qua trnh nang lng trong mach. Theo qua trnh nang lng trong mach ngi ta chia ra 2 loai che o xac lap va che o qua o.

Che o xac lap xay ra oi vi cac qua trnh a on nh. che o xac lap dong ien va ien ap tren cac nhanh cua mach ien bien thien theo cung mot quy luat cua nguon cung cap. oi vi mach ien mot chieu: dong va ien ap tren cac phan t mach a on nh (khong oi). oi vi mach ien xoay chieu: dong va ien ap tren cac nhanh bien thien theo quy luat sin vi thi gian.

Che o qua o la qua trnh chuyen tiep t trang thai xac lap nay

sang trang thai xac lap khac. Che o qua o xay ra trong cac mach ien co cha cac phan t khang L, C cac thi iem ong mach
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

11

va ngat mach. Thi gian qua o thng rat ngan va phu thuoc vao gia tr ien khang cua mach. 1.3.4. Phan loai cac bai toan ve mach ien. Khi nghien cu ve mach ien co hai dang bai toan c ban la bai toan phan tch va bai toan tong hp.

Bai toan phan tch. Cho trc ket cau hnh hoc va cac thong so cua mach ien. Can phai tm dong ien, ien ap va cong suat tren cac nhanh va cac phan t mach.

Bai toan tong hp. La bai toan ngc lai can phai tm cach thiet

ke mot s o mach thch hp e thoa man cac yeu cau at ra ve dong, ien ap va cong suat.

Trong giao trnh nay chu yeu chung ta khao sat bai toan phan tch cac mach ien tuyen tnh che o xac lap.

TS. Lu The Vinh

Chng 2.

DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU HNH SIN

Dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin la dong ien xoay chieu bien thien ieu hoa theo quy luat ham sin vi thi gian I = I0 sin (t + ) . Dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin c ng dung rong rai trong nhieu lnh vc khac nhau cua ien ky thuat. Nang lng ien trong hau het cac trng hp eu c san xuat, phan phoi va tieu thu di dang ien xoay chieu. ieu o c giai thch bi nhng u iem cua dong xoay chieu la de dang truyen tai, de dang bien oi va kinh te.

KY THUAT IEN

13

2.1. CAC AI LNG AC TRNG CUA DONG IEN HNH SIN. Dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin la dong ien bien thien ieu hoa theo quy luat ham sin: (2-1) i = I0 sin (t + i) (2-2) u = U0sin (t + u) Trong o: i, u la gia tr tc thi cua dong ien va ien ap I0, U0 la tr cc ai (bien o) cua dong ien va ien ap. (t + i), (t + u) la goc pha (hay goi tat la pha) cua dong ien va ien ap, cho phep xac nh tr so cua dong ien va ien ap thi iem t. i va u la pha ban au (t = 0). Co gia tr phu thuoc vao goc thi gian ma ta chon. la tan so goc cua dong ien hnh sin, n v la rad/s. Chu ky T la khoang thi gian ngan nhat e dong ien lap lai tr so va chieu bien thien. Ngha la trong khoang thi gian T goc pha bien thien mot lng la T = 2. So chu ky cua dong ien trong mot giay goi la tan so f. 1 f = = T 2 n v tan so la hec (Hz). 2 Nh vay, co the viet: (2-3) = = 2 f T Trong cong nghiep, dong xoay chieu co tan so f = 50Hz. 2.2. TR HIEU DUNG CUA DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU HNH SIN

oi vi dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin, do gia tr tc thi bien thien mot cach lien tuc, nen trong thc te ngi ta quan tam en gia tr hieu dung cua no. Gia s xet tac dung cua dong ien xoay chieu i tren mot ien tr R. Cong suat tac dung c tnh:
1 P= T

1 i R dt = R T
2

i dt
2 0

(2-4)

Vi dong ien mot chieu cong suat tieu tan tren ien tr R la: P = R I2
TS. Lu The Vinh

(2-5)

14

KY THUAT IEN

Neu trong cung mot thi gian, cong suat tac dung nhiet tren ien tr R oi vi ca hai dong ien la nh nhau ta co: 1 P= R T T o:

i dt
2 0

= R I2

I=

1 T

i dt
2 0

(2-6)

Gia tr I tnh theo (2.6) c goi la tr hieu dung cua dong ien xoay chieu. Neu thay i = I0 sin t vao (2.6) ta co: I= 1 T
T T

2 I0 sin 2

tdt =

2 I0 I (1 cos2t )dt = 0 2T 0 2

(2.7)

Tng t, ta c tr so hieu dung cua ien ap va sc ien ong:

U= E=

U0 2 E0 2

(2.7,a) (2.7,b)

Nh vay, co the viet lai (2.1) va (2.2) nh sau: i = I 2 sin (t + i) u = U 2 sin (t + u) (2.8)
(2.9)

Tr hieu dung thng c ghi tren cac dung cu va cac thiet b tieu thu ien, cho ta biet cap ien ap s dung va dong ien cho phep. V du (220V-10A).
2.3. BIEU DIEN DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU HNH SIN

e bieu dien dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin co the s dung cac phng phap toan hoc khac nhau: Bieu dien bang phng trnh lng giac thong qua cac ai lng ac trng: tr tc thi, tr bien o, tr hieu dung, tan so, chu ky, goc pha. (cac phng trnh (2.1), (2.2) va (2.8)(2.9)).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

15

Phng phap o th dang song: bieu dien o th cua cac phng trnh (2.1) va (2.2). Phng phap gian o vec t quay: bieu dien thong qua tr hieu dung (hoac bien o) va goc pha . Bieu dien bang phng phap so phc.
2.3.1. Phng phap gian o vec t.

e tien li trong viec tnh toan cac ai lng hnh sin cung tan so, ngi ta thng s dung phng phap gian o vec t Fresnel. Theo phng phap nay cac ai lng hnh sin co cung tan so c bieu dien bang cac vec t co o ln (moun) bang tr hieu dung va goc pha ban au xac nh o lech gia vec t vi truc nam ngang Ox. V du. Hnh ve (2-1, a) la gian o vec t bieu dien dong ien va ien ap tren mot oan mach co phng trnh sau:

i = I 2 sin (t + i ) u = U 2 sin (t - u )

Sau khi a bieu dien cac ai lng dong ien va ien ap bang vec t, hai nh luat Kirchhoff c viet lai di dang vec t nh sau: uu r Ik = 0 (2.10) uu r uu r U = E

Da vao gian o vec t va cac nh luat Kirchhoff ta co the giai mach ien xoay chieu mot cach thuan tien.
TS. Lu The Vinh

16
2.3.2. Phng phap so phc.

KY THUAT IEN

a) oi vi cac mach ien phc tap, phng phap vec t co nhieu han che. e giai mach ien hnh sin che o xac lap ngi ta thng dung phng phap so phc. Bieu dien phc cua ai lng hnh sin co c khi thay truc Ox tren gian o vec t (hnh 2-1, a) bang truc thc +1, thay truc Oy bang truc ao +j. Nh vay ta a thc hien viec bieu dien ai lng hnh sin bang so phc trong toa o phc (hnh 2-1, b). So phc bieu dien cac ai lng hnh sin c ky hieu bang cac ch cai in hoa co dau cham tren au. Bieu dien phc co the di dang ham mu, dang lng giac hay ai so. V du. Viet cac dang bieu dien phc cua dong ien i = 10 2 sin (t300) va ien ap u = 200 2 sin (t + 600). 0 & = I e ji = 10 e j 30 Dang ham mu: I (2-11)
&= Ue U
ju

= 200 e

j 60 0

Dang ham mu con c viet di dang: & = I = 10 30o I i & = U = 20060o U

u

(2-12)

Dang lng giac hay ai so: & = I cos i + j I sin i = 10 cos (-300) + j 10 sin (-300) I & =5 3 -j5 I & = U cos u+ j U sin u = 200 cos 600 + j 200 sin 600 U & = 100 + j 100 3 U trong o: I cos i, U cos u la phan thc cua so phc j I sin i, j U sin u la phan ao cua so phc.
b) Nhac lai mot so phep tnh oi vi so phc.

(2-13)

1. Cong, tr. Bien oi cac so phc ve dang ai so, sau o cong (tr) phan thc vi phan thc, phan ao vi phan ao. V du: (2 + j 6) + ( 3 j 2) = (2 + 3) + j (6 2) = 5 + j 4 ( 4 + j 5) ( 2 +j 3g = (4 2) + j (5 3) = 2 +j 2 2. Nhan, chia. Khi nhan chia hai so phc ta nen a ve dang mu.

V du:

5e

j 600

.10 e

j 450

= 5.10 e

j (60 0 + 450 )

= 50 e j105

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

17
j 450
0

200 e

5 e j 30 4. Nhan so phc vi e j.

200 e 5

j (450 30 0 )

= 40 e

j150

A e j . e j = A e j ( ) Ngha la khi nhan so phc vi e j ta quay vec t bieu dien so phc ay i mot goc ngc chieu chieu kim ong ho, khi nhan vi e - j ta quay vec t i mot goc cung chieu kim ong ho.

5. Nhan so phc vi j . Theo cong thc le :

e
e

j2
j2

= cos

+ j sin

= j

= cos ( ) + j sin ( ) = j 2 2 Nh vay, khi nhan mot so phc vi j ta quay vec t bieu dien so phc o i mot goc /2 ngc chieu kim ong ho, neu nhan vi j ta quay vec t cung chieu kim ong ho mot goc /2.

c) Tong tr phc. Tong tr phc c nh ngha theo bieu thc nh luat Ohm di dang phc: & U e ju U j ( ) U Z= = e u i = Z e j = (2-14) ji & I Ie I ay la dang ham mu cua tong tr phc. Ta co:

Z = Ze

= Z (cos + j sin ) = Z cos + jZ sin

Z X R Hnh 2-2

T tam giac tong tr tren hnh 2-2 ta co: Z cos = R la ien tr hoat ong cua mach Z sin = X la ien khang cua mach. Do o:
Z = Ze
j

= R + j X = R + j ( L
j0

1 ) C

(2-15) (2-16)

oi vi nhanh thuan tr: Z = R = Re

oi vi nhanh thuan cam: X = XL , do o:

TS. Lu The Vinh

18
Z = j X = j XL = XL e

KY THUAT IEN
j / 2

(2-17) (2-18)

oi vi nhanh thuan ien dung: X = XC , do o:

Z = j X = j XC = XC e j / 2
d) Tong dan phc.

Tong dan phc c nh ngha la:

Y =

1 1 j = e = Y e j Z Z

(2-19)

Hoac:

Y=

1 R jX R X = = 2 j R + j X ( R + jX )( R jX ) R + X 2 R2 + X 2 R = g = ien dan tac dung cua mach R + X2

2

(2-20)

Trong o:

X = b = ien dan phan khang cua mach R2 + X 2

Nh vay:

Y = g jb

(2-21)

e) Cong suat phc. nh ngha: Tch cua phc ien ap nhanh vi lng lien hp cua phc %: dong ien nhanh goi la phc cong suat, ky hieu S
% = U & I & = U e j u I e j i = UI e j (u i ) = S e j S

(2-22)

oi ve dang ai so: % = UI e j = UI (cos + j sin ) S % = UI cos + jUI sin = P + jQ S

(2-23)

Cong suat phc co phan thc la cong suat tac dung P, phan ao la cong suat phan khang Q cua mach.

f) Bieu dien ao ham

di . dt

& = I e j i Xet dong ien i = I 2 sin( t + i ) co bieu dien phc la I

Lay ao ham :
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

19

di = I 2 cos( t + i ) = I 2 sin( t + i + ) 2 dt
Bieu dien phc tng ng cua i :

I ' = I e
Biet e j / 2 = j , do o:

j (i + / 2)

= e

j / 2

I e j i
(2-24)

& ' = j I e j i = j I & I

Nh vay, ao ham theo thi gian cua dong ien tng ng vi phep nhan dang phc vi tha so j. &, th di j I & Neu i I (2-25) dt g) Bieu dien tch phan i dt .
& = I e j i Xet dong ien i = I 2 sin( t + i ) co bieu dien phc la I

Lay tch phan:

1 i dt = I 2 sin(t + i ) dt = I 2 cos(t + i ) 1 = I 2 sin(t + i ) 2

Bieu dien phc tng ng cua tch phan nay la: & 1 1 I i dt I e j (i / 2) = e j / 2 I e j i = j

Nh vay, Tch phan theo thi gian cua dong ien tng ng vi vi phep chia dang phc cho j. & &, th i dt I Neu i I (2-26) j

2.4. PHAN NG CUA CAC PHAN T MACH R,L,C OI VI DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU. 2.4.1. Mach thuan tr R.

Xet mach thuan ien tr R. khi cho dong ien i = I0 sin t chay qua, (hnh 2-3, a) . Hieu ien the gia hai au mach se la:

uR = Ri = R I 0 sin t = U 0 R sin t
TS. Lu The Vinh

20 Trong o: U0 R = R I 0 UR = U0 R = RI 2
UR R

KY THUAT IEN

T o quan he gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien va ien ap la:

U R = R I hoac I =

(2-27)

Dong ien va ien ap co cung tan so va cung pha vi nhau. o th vec t dong ien va ien ap cho tren hnh 2-3, b.

Cong suat tc thi thoat ra tren ien tr la: PR (t) = uR i = U0R I0 sin 2 t = UR I (1- cos 2t) (2-28) o th bieu dien gia tr tc thi cua dong ien i, ien ap uR va cong suat pR cho tren hnh 2-3, c. Ta thay gia tr pR(t) 0, ngha la ien tr R lien tuc tieu thu ien nang cua nguon va bien oi sang dang nang lng khac.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

21

V cong suat tc thi khong co y ngha thc tien nen ta dung khai niem cong suat trung bnh P, la gia tr trung bnh cua cong suat tc thi trong mot chu ky:
1 P= T
T

1 pR (t ) dt = T

UR I (1 cos2t) dt = UR I = R I
0

(2-29)

2.4.2. Mach thuan ien cam L .

Khi cho dong ien i = I0 sin t chay qua oan mach thuan cam L (hnh 2-4, a) . Hieu ien the gia hai au mach se la:

uL (t ) = L

di d = L ( I 0 sin t ) = LI 0 cos t = LI 0 sin(t + ) dt dt 2

uL (t ) = U0 L sin(t + trong o:

) U 0 L = LI 0 = X L I 0 U UL = 0 L = XL I 2

XL = L co th nguyen cua ien tr, o bang goi la cam khang cua cuon day. T o quan he gia tr hieu dung cua ien ap va dong ien la: U L = X L I hoac I = UL XL (2-30)

Dong ien va ien ap co cung tan so song ien ap nhanh pha hn dong ien mot goc la /2. Cong suat tc thi tren ien cam L: pL = uL i = U0 L I 0 sin(t + / 2)sin t = 1 U0 L I 0 sin 2t = U L I sin 2t 2
T

(2-31)

Cong suat trung bnh:

1 PL = T

1 pL (t ) dt = U L I sin 2 t dt = 0 T0

(2-32)

TS. Lu The Vinh

22

KY THUAT IEN

UL
L i uL a) b)

uL

pL

i 2 t

/2

c)

Hnh 2 - 4

Tren hnh 2-4, c la gian o dang song cua cac ng cong dong ien, ien ap va cong suat tren cuon day L. Ta co nhan xet sau: Trong nhanh thuan ien cam dong ien va ien ap co cung tan so song ien ap nhanh pha hn dong ien mot goc la /2. Co hien tng trao oi nang lng trong mach. Trong khoang t t = 0 en t = / 2 , cong suat pL(t) > 0, ien cam nhan nang lng va tch luy trong t trng. Trong khoang tiep theo t = / 2 en t = , cong suat

pL(t) < 0 nang lng tch luy tra lai nguon va mach. Qua trnh c tuan hoan xay ra lien tiep, do o cong suat tac dung trung bnh trong mach bang khong. Cuon cam khong tieu thu nang lng.
e ac trng cho qua trnh trao oi nang lng trong mach, ngi ta a ra khai niem cong suat phan khang QL cua ien cam:

QL = UL I = XL I 2
2.4.3. Mach thuan ien dung C .

(2-32)

n v cua cong suat phan khang la VAR hoac kVAR = 103 VAR Khi cho dong ien i = I0 sin t chay qua oan mach thuan ien dung C (hnh 2-5, a) . Hieu ien the gia hai au mach se la:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

23

uC (t ) =

1 1 i dt = C C

I 0 sin t dt = C I 0 cost

uC (t ) = U 0C sin(t ) 2
Trong o:

U 0C =

U 1 I 0 = XC I 0 ; UC = 0C = XC I C 2

(2-33)

XC = 1/ C co th nguyen cua ien tr, o bang va goi la dung khang cua tu ien.
Quan he gia tr so hieu dung cua dong ien va ien ap la:

UC = XC I , hoac I =
Cong suat tc thi tren ien dung:

UC XC

(2-34)

pC (t ) = uC i = U 0C I 0 sin t sin(t / 2) = UC I sin 2t

Cong suat trung bnh: 1 PC = T
T

(2-35)

1 pC (t )dt = UC I sin 2 tdt = 0 T0

(2-36)

o th bieu dien cac gia tr tc thi cua dong ien, ien ap va cong suat tren ien dung C bieu dien tren hnh 2-5, c. Ta co nhan xet sau: Trong mach thuan ien dung C, dong ien va ien ap co cung tan so, song dong ien nhanh pha hn ien ap mot goc la /2. Trong mach co hien tng trao oi nang lng gia ien dung vi cac phan mach con lai, do o cong suat tac dung trung bnh trong mach la bang khong. ien dung khong tieu thu nang lng. e bieu dien qua trnh trao oi nang lng trong mach ngi ta a ra khai niem cong suat phan khang QC cua ien dung:

QC = - UC I = - XC I 2

(2-37)

n v cua cong suat phan khang la VAR hoac kVAR = 103 VAR.

TS. Lu The Vinh

24

KY THUAT IEN

C uC a) pC i uC 2 uuur UC

ur I

b)

/2

c)
Hnh 2 - 5

2.4.4. Mach R, L, C mac noi tiep.

Khi cho dong ien i = I0 sin t chay qua oan mach R, L, C mac noi tiep (hnh 2-6, a). Phan ng cua cac phan t mach nh a xet tren, tc la hieu ien the tren cac phan t R, L, C lan lt la:

uR = U 0 R sin t = U R 2 sin t; UR = R I uL (t ) = U0 L sin(t + UL

2 = XL I ; XL = L

) = U L 2 sin(t +

uC (t ) = U 0C sin(t ) = UC 2 sin(t ) 2 2 1 UC = XC I ; XC = C
Hieu ien the hai au mach se la:

u = uR + uL + uC = U 2 sin( t + )

(2-38)

Trong o gia tr cua U va c xac nh bang phng phap vec t: uu r uuu r uuu r uuu r U = U R + U L + UC
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN
UL
A
R L C

25

B C

UC U UL UC UR
Z

uR u

uL
AB

X R

a)

b)

c)

T o th vec t ta co:
U= U R 2 + (U L UC )2 = I R 2 + ( X L XC ) 2 = I Z

(2-39)

Trong o: Z = R 2 + ( X L XC )2 = R 2 + X 2 = tong tr cua mach.

X = X L XC = ien khang cua mach.

(2-40)

T cong thc (1-40), ta thay: ien tr R, ien khang X va tong tr Z hp thanh ba canh cua mot tam giac vuong (hnh 2-6, c) goi la tam giac tong tr. Nh tam giac tong tr ta de dang xac nh c moi lien he gia cac ai lng R, L, Z, goc lech pha .

tg =

U L UC X XC X = L = R UR R

(2-41)

Phu thuoc vao o ln va dau cua goc lech pha ta co cac trng hp sau: Khi > 0, U L > UC , X L > XC , mach co ac tnh cam khang. Dong ien cham pha hn ien ap mot goc (hnh 2-7, a). Khi < 0, U L < UC , X L < XC , mach co ac tnh dung khang. Dong ien nhanh pha hn ien ap mot goc (hnh 2-7, b). Khi = 0, U L = UC , X L = XC , tg = 1. Tong tr cua mach luc nay cc tieu: Z =R = Zmin . Dong trong mach at gia tr cc ai, trong mach xay ra hien tng cong hng noi tiep (hnh 2-7, c).

I =
TS. Lu The Vinh

U = I max R

(2-42)

26

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 2-7

Khi xay ra hien tng cong hng, dong trong mach trung pha vi ien ap hai au oan mach. Neu XL = XC >> R th tr hieu dung cua ien ap tren cac phan t L va C co the ln hn ien ap U nhieu lan, do o cong hng con goi la cong hng ien ap. ieu kien xay ra cong hng ien ap la: 1 1 (2-43) , tan so = L = = 0 C LC

0 goi la tan so dao ong rieng cua mach.

2.5. CONG SUAT CUA DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU.

Trong trng hp tong quat, khi tai cua mach ien xoay chieu bao gom cac phan t R, L, C, trong mach se xay ra hai qua trnh nang lng sau: Qua trnh tieu thu ien nang va bien oi sang cac dang nang lng khac (chu yeu la nhiet nang) tren cac phan t ien tr hoat ong R cua mach. Qua trnh nay c ac trng bang cong suat tac dung P. Qua trnh trao oi, tch luy va giai phong nang lng ien t trng tren cac phan t ien cam L va ien dung C cua mach. Qua trnh nay c ac trng bang cong suat phan khang Q. 2.5.1. Cong suat tac dung P. Cong suat tac dung P la cong suat tieu thu tren ien tr R cua mach. Theo (2-29) P co gia tr bang cong suat tieu thu trung bnh trong mot chu ky: 1 P= T
T

p
0

(t ) dt = U R I = R I 2

(2-44)
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

27

Theo gian o vec t (hnh 2-5, b) ta co: UR = Ucos, do o ta co: P = R I 2 = UI cos (2-45) Trng hp mach co nhieu ien tr hoat ong th cong suat tac dung tren toan mach bang tong cac cong suat tieu thu rieng re tren tng ien tr: P =

PR = Rk I k2
k
k

(2-46)

2.5.2. Cong suat phan khang Q.

Cong suat phan khang Q dung e ac trng cho qua trnh trao oi, tch luy nang lng ien t trng tren cac phan t ien cam L va ien dung C cua mach. Q = X I 2 = ( XL XC) I 2 Theo (2-32) va (2-37) ta co the viet: Q = XLI 2 XCI 2 = QL + QC (2-48) Trng hp mach gom nhieu phan t L va C th cong suat phan khang cua mach bang tong cong suat phan khang tren cac phan t rieng re: Q = (2-47)

QL + QC
m
m

XL
m

2 I m m

XC I n2
n
n

(2-49)

Theo hnh (2-5, c) ta co X = ( XL XC) =Z sin , do o ta co the viet: Q = I 2 Z sin = UI sin

2.5.3. Cong suat bieu kien S.

(2-50)

e ac trng cho kha nang cua thiet b va nguon thc hien hai qua trnh nang lng noi tren ngi ta a ra khai niem cong suat toan phan hay cong suat bieu kien S :
S = UI = P 2 + Q2

(2-51)

Nh vay, co the viet lai (2-45) va (2-50) nh sau: P = UI cos = S cos Q = UI sin = S sin cos = 1) co gia Ta thay cc ai cua cong suat tac dung P (khi tr bang cong suat bieu kien S. Cc ai cua cong suat phan khang Q (khi sin = 1) bang cong suat bieu kien S. Nh vay S cho biet kha nang cua thiet
TS. Lu The Vinh

28

KY THUAT IEN

b ien. Gia tr nh mc cua cong suat bieu kien S thng c ghi tren nhan cua cac may ien. Moi quan he gia P, Q va S c the hien bang ba canh cua mot tam giac vuong (hnh 2-8), goi la tam giac cong suat. P, Q va S co cung th nguyen, nhng e phan biet ngi ta dung cac n v khac nhau: n v cua P: W, kW, MW. n v cua Q: VAR,kVAR, MVAR. n v cua S: VA, kVA, MVA.
2.5.4. Nang cao he so cong suat cos.

Trong bieu thc cong suat tac dung P = UI cos , cos c goi la he so cong suat. Gia tr cua cos phu thuoc vao cac thong so cua mach ien. Trong mach RLC mac noi tiep ta co: R R cos = = (2-52) Z R 2 + ( X X )2
L C

hoac :

cos =

P P +Q
2 2

P S

(2-53)

He so cong suat la ch tieu rat quan trong, co y ngha rat ln ve kinh te nh sau: Nang cao he so cong suat se tang c kha nang s dung cong suat cua nguon (may phat ien, may bien ap ) cung cap cho phu tai. Chang han, mot may phat ien co cong suat nh mc la Sm = 10000kVA, neu he so cong suat cua tai cos = 0,5 th cong suat tac dung cua may phat cho tai P = Sm cos = 10000.0,5 = 5000 kW. Neu cos = 0,9 th cong suat tac dung P = 10000.0,9 = 9000 kW. Nh vay khi cos cang cao, cong suat phat ra cang nhieu hn. Khi can truyen tai mot cong suat P nhat nh tren ng day, dong ien chay tren day la: P I = UI cos Neu cos cang cao th dong I cang nho, lam giam ton that ien nang tren day.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

29

Trong cong nghiep va ien dan dung tai thng co ac tnh cam khang (cuon day ong c ien, may bien ap, ) do vay cos thap. e nang cao he so cong suat cos ngi thng mac song song vi tai mot tu ien bu (hnh 2-8, a).

Hnh 2-8

Khi cha mac tu ien bu, dong chay tren ng day la I1, he so cong suat cua mach la cos1. Khi mac them tu ien bu song song vi tai, dong chay tren ng day la I, he so cong suat cua ma cos .r u rch la uuu r uuu I = I1+IC T o th hnh (2-7, b) ta thay dong ien I giam cos tang len: I < I1 ; < 1 va cos > cos1 Gia tr ien dung cua tu bu c tnh nh sau: V cong suat tac dung cua tai la khong oi nen cong suat phan khang cua mach la: Khi cha bu: T o: Q1 = P tg 1 QC = - P (tg 1 tg ) . QC = - UC IC = -U.U.C = - U2 C So sanh (2-54) va (2-55) ta co: C =
TS. Lu The Vinh

Khi mac tu bu: Q = Q1 + QC = P tg 1 + QC = P tg (2-54) (2-55) Mat khac, cong suat QC cua tu ien c tnh:

P (tg1 tg ) U2

(2-56)

Chng 3.

CAC PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH

VA GIAI MACH IEN

e phan tch va giai mach ien co nhieu phng phap khac nhau. Viec la chon phng phap nao la tuy thuoc vao tng s o mach cu the. oi vi cac oan mach n gian co the ap dung nh luat Ohm e tnh toan. Vi cac mach ien phc tap th hai nh luat Kirchhoff la c s e giai quyet bai toan. Trong phan ln cac trng hp, e phan tch mach chung ta phai tien hanh cac phep bien oi tng ng can thiet e a s o mach phc tap ve cac s o n gian hn. Trong chng nay chung ta se khao sat cac phep bien oi tng ng nh: bien oi tr khang song song, noi tiep, bien oi sao tam giac. Ngoai ra, trong mot so trng hp chung ta se dung cac nh ly Thevenin, nh ly Norton e thc hien cac phep bien oi mach. Khi nghien cu mach ien xoay chieu hnh sin ta s dung phng phap vec t va bieu dien phc e viet cac phng trnh mach. oi vi cac mach ien mot chieu che o xac lap, co the xem nh trng hp rieng cua dong ien hnh sin (vi tan so = 0). Khi o cac phan t ien khang cua mach se khong co tac dung lam cho s o mach se n gian hn nhieu.

KY THUAT IEN 3.1. CAC PHEP BIEN OI TNG NG. 3.1.1. Tong tr mac noi tiep.

31

Gia s co cac tr khang Z1 , Z2 ,..., Z n mac noi tiep vi nhau, tong

tr tng ng cua mach se la:

Z t = Z1 + Z2 + ... + Zi + ... + Z n =

Z
i =1

(3-1)

Trong o cac tr khang Zi co the la ien tr hoat ong R, cam khang XL hoac dung khang XC. Nh vay co the viet di dang: (3-2) Z t = Rt + jXt Trong o:
Rt =

R; X = X X
t L

(3-3)

V du: Tnh tong tr tng ng cua oan mach sau (hnh 3-1).
R1 L1 R3 C R2 L2 Z

td

Hnh 3-1

Ap dung cac cong thc (2.2) va (2.3)cho mach hnh 3.1 ta co:
Z t =

R + j ( X X
L

C)

= (4 + 3 + 1) + j(2 5 + 6) = (8 + j3)

3.1.2. Tong tr mac song song.

Tong tr tng ng cua cac nhanh mac song song co gia tr: n 1 1 1 1 1 (3-4) = + + ... + = Zt Z1 Z2 Z n i=1 Zi

Hoac tong dan tng ng: Yt = Y1 + Y2 + ... + Yn =

Y
i

(3-5)

Vi trng hp co 2 nhanh:
Zt = Z1Z2 Z1 + Z2

(3-6)

V du. Tnh tong tr tng ng cua mach ien hnh 3-2, trong o:
TS. Lu The Vinh

32
Z1 = 1+j1; Z2 = 1+j1.
Z1

KY THUAT IEN

td

Hnh 3-2

Ta co:

Zt =

Z1Z2 (1 + j1)(1 j1) = = 1 Z1 + Z2 (1 + j1 + 1 j1)

3.1.3. Bien oi tng ng sao tam giac. (hnh 3-3)

Goi: Z1 , Z2 , Z3 la tong tr cua cac nhanh noi hnh sao. Z12 , Z23 , Z31 la tong tr cua cac nhanh tam giac tng ng, ta co cac cong thc bien oi sau: a) T sao sang tam giac: ZZ Z12 = Z1 + Z2 + 1 2 Z3
Z23 = Z2 + Z3 + Z31 = Z3 + Z1 +
1

Z 2 Z3 Z1 Z3 Z1 Z2
1

(3-7)

.
I 1 Z31 Z3 Z2 Z1

I 1 Z12

.
I 3

.
3 I 3

a)

I 2

b)

Z23

I 2 2

Hnh 3-3. Bien oi sao tam giac

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

33

b) T tam giac sang sao. Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = Z12 Z31 Z12 + Z23 + Z 31 Z23 Z12 Z12 + Z23 + Z 31 Z31Z23 Z12 + Z23 + Z 31

(3-8)

Ta co the chng minh lai cac cong thc (3-7) va (3-8) cua phep bien oi tng ng. That vay, phep bien oi phai thoa man ieu kien la khong c lam thay oi dong ien va ien ap tai cac iem noi vi mach hnh sao hoac tam giac. Ngha la cac dong ien I 1 , I 2 , I 3 va cac ien ap U 12 ,U 23 ,U 31 trong ca hai s o phai bang nhau . Gia s I 1 = 0 , theo s o hnh sao (3-3, a) ta co:

U 23 = I 2 ( Z 2 + Z 3 ) Theo s o hnh tam giac (2-3, b) ta co:

U 23 = I 2 [( Z 12 + Z 31 ) // Z 23 ]
Suy ra:

Z2 + Z3 =

( Z 12 + Z 31 ) Z 23 Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31

(a)

Tng t, neu cho I 2 = 0 , theo hnh sao ta co:

U 31 = I 3 ( Z 3 + Z 1 )
Theo s o tam giac: Suy ra:

U 31 = I 3[( Z 12 + Z 23 ) // Z 31 ] Z 3 + Z1 = ( Z 12 + Z 23 ) Z 31 Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
(b)

Neu cho I 3 = 0 , theo hnh sao ta co:

U 12 = I1 ( Z 1 + Z 2 )
Theo s o tam giac: Suy ra:
TS. Lu The Vinh

U 12 = I1[( Z 31 + Z 23 ) // Z 12 ] Z1 + Z 2 = ( Z 23 + Z 31 ) Z 12 Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
(c)

34 Cong (a)+(b)+(c) ve vi ve, roi chia oi ta co:

KY THUAT IEN

Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 =

Z 12 Z 23 + Z 23 Z 31 + Z 31 Z 12 Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31

(d)

Thay (d) lan lt tr ve (a),(b),(c) ta se tm lai c cac cong thc bien oi (3-8) va (3-7) tng ng.
V du: Tnh dong ien I chay qua nguon cua mach cau hnh (3-4, a), biet rang R1 =12, R2 = R3 = 6, R4 = 21, R0 = 8, E = 240V, Rn = 2.

a)

b)

Hnh 3-4

Bai giai:

Bien oi tam giac ABC (R1,R2,R0) t hnh (3-4, a) thanh hnh sao RA,RB,RC (hnh 3-5) R1 R2 12 6 Ta co: RA = = =2 R1 + R2 + R0 12 + 6 + 18 R1 R0 12 18 RB = = =6 R1 + R2 + R0 12 + 6 + 18 R0 R2 18 6 RC = = =3 R1 + R2 + R0 12 + 6 + 18 ien tr tng ng cua 2 nhanh song song la:

ROD =

( RB + R3 ) ( RC + R4 ) (6 + 6) (3 + 21) = =8 RB + R3 + RC + R4 6 + 6 + 3 + 21

ien tr tng ng toan mach la:

Rt = Rn + RA + ROD = 2 + 2 + 8 = 12 Dong ien chay qua nguon la:

I = E 240 = = 20 A Rt 12
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 3.1.4. Mang hai cc Phep bien oi nguon ien tng ng. a) Mang hai cc.

35

Khi can khao sat mot nhanh nao o cua mot mach ien phc tap, ta tach nhanh o ra khoi mach. Phan con lai cua mach ien tao thanh mot mang hai cc, v co hai cc e noi ti nhanh va tach ra. May phat ien, accu, mot ien tr eu co the coi nh mot mang hai cc. Mang hai cc co cha nguon ien, tc kha nang cung cap mot dong ien cho phu tai mac vao hai cc cua mang c goi la mang hai cc co nguon. Ngc lai, neu mang hai cc khong co kha nang cung cap dong ien cho phu tai mac vao hai cc cua no goi la mang hai cc khong co nguon. b) nh ly Thevenin. oi vi mang hai cc khong co nguon, ta ap dung cac phng phap bien oi tr khang tng ng (noi tiep, song song, sao tam giac) e a mang ve dang mot ien tr tng ng Rt goi la ien tr tng ng thay the cua mang hai cc. oi vi mang hai cc co nguon ta co the ap dung phep thay the tng ng Thevenin (hay nh ly Thevenin) sau: Mot mang hai cc phc tap co nguon gia hai iem A va B co the c thay the bang mot mach ien hai cc n gian gom mot nguon sc ien ong Eth noi tiep vi mot ien tr Rth , trong o gia tr cua sc ien ong Eth bang ien ap gia hai cc UAB khi h mach ngoai, Rth la ien tr tng ng gia hai cc cua mang khi sc ien ong cua mang bang khong (hnh 3-5).
A A

MAN G 2 CC CO NGU ON

E th

R th B B

Hnh 3-5. Phep bien oi Thevenin

TS. Lu The Vinh

36 c) nh ly Norton.

KY THUAT IEN

Mang 2 cc co nguon co the c thay the bang nguon dong tng ng theo nh ly Norton: Mot mang hai cc phc tap co nguon gia hai iem A va B co the c thay the bang mot mach ien hai cc n gian gom mot nguon dong ien JN mac song song vi mot ien tr Rth, trong o JN bang dong ien ngan mach gia hai cc A va B, con Rth la ien tr tng ng gia hai cc khi cac sc ien ong cua mang bang khong (giong ien tr Thevenin).(hnh 3-6)
A A

MAN G 2 CC CO NGUON

Jn

th

Hnh 3-6. Phep bien oi Norton.

V du: Cho mang hai cc nh s o hnh (3-7, a), trong o E = 20V, R1 = 2, R2 = 8. Hay thay the mang 2 cc tren bang s o Thevenin va bang s o Norton.
A E 20V R1 B a) b) A A

E th
2

Jn R th B c)

th

Hnh 3-7.

S o thay the Thevenin nh hnh (3-7, b), trong o: Eth = U AB = Rth = RAB = E 20 R2 = 8 = 16 V R1 + R2 2+8 R1R2 28 = = 1,6 R1 + R2 2+8

S o thay the Norton nh hnh (3-7, c), trong o:

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

37 E 20 = = 10 A R1 2

J N = Jngan mach AB = Rth = RAB =

R1R2 28 = = 1,6 R1 + R2 2+8

3.2. PHNG PHAP DONG IEN NHANH

Phng phap dong ien nhanh s dung hai nh luat Kirchhoff e thiet lap he phng trnh giai mach ien. So nhanh cua mach ien bang so an so phai tm. Neu mach co n nhanh tc la ng vi n an so ta phai thiet lap t nhat n phng trnh oc lap. Gia s mach co m nut ta se thiet lap c m1 phng trnh oc lap cho nut, con lai n-(m-1) phng trnh viet cho mat. Cac bc e giai bai toan nh sau: Bc 1. at cho dong ien chay tren cac nhanh mot mot chieu tuy y. Bc 2. Dung nh luat Kirchhoff 1 viet m-1 phng trnh cho nut. Bc 3. Chon n - (m-1) mat vi chieu dng tuy y va dung nh luat Kirchhoff 2 e viet cac phng trnh cho mat. Bc 4. Giai he n phng trnh e tm ra ap so la cac dong ien nhanh. Neu dong ien tm c co gia tr am ngha la chieu thc te cua dong ien ngc vi chieu a chon ban au. ac iem cua phng phap nay la co the giai c cac mach ien phc tap, nhieu nguon, nhieu nhanh. Do so phng trnh can thiet lap bang so nhanh cua mach, nen khi mach phc tap so lng phng trnh se tang len. Tuy nhien viec giai he vi mot so lng ln cac phng trnh tuyen tnh co the s dung phng phap matran va cac chng trnh may tnh tr giup. V du. Cho mach ien nh hnh 3-7, trong o e1 = e3 = 120 2 sin t (V);
Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 2 + j 2 .
I1 A I2 E1 a Z Z
1 2

I3

E3 b Z
3

Hay tm dong ien chay trong cac nhanh.

Hnh 3-7

TS. Lu The Vinh

38 Bai giai:

KY THUAT IEN

Mach co m = 2 nut A,B va n = 3 nhanh . Nh vay so phng trnh can phai viet la n = 3. Chon chieu dong ien chay trong cac nhanh nh hnh ve. Viet phng trnh cho nut A: & I & I & =0 I 1 2 3 Chon 2 mat a va b vi chieu dng la chieu kim ong ho nh hnh ve. Viet phng trnh nh luat Kirchhoff 2 cho 2 mat ta co: & + Z 2I & = E & Z 1I
1 2 1

& & + Z 3I & =E Z 2 I 3 2 3

& = 120 e j 0 ; E & = 120 e j 0 va Z & =Z & =Z & = 2 + j 2 vao Thay gia tr E 1 3 1 2 3 he phng trnh tren. Sau khi giai ta c: & = 10 j 10 I 1
I1 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A & = 20 j 20 I
2

I 2 = 202 + 202 = 20 2 A & = 10 + j 10 I

3

I 3 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A
3.3. PHNG PHAP DONG IEN VONG.

oi vi cac mach ien phc tap, khi so nhanh ln, viec ap dung cac nh luat Kirchhoff se mat nhieu thi gian do phai giai mot so lng ln cac phng trnh. Bai toan se n gian ang ke khi ap dung phng phap dong mach vong. Phng phap nay s dung nh luat 2 Kirchhoff vi cac quy c ve dong ien vong nh sau : 1. Trong moi mat co mot dong ien vong chay khep kn. 2. Tong ai so ien ap ri (sut ap) tren cac tong tr cua vong do cac dong ien vong gay ra bang tong ai so cac s.. cua vong. Dau cua dong ien va s... lay dau dng khi tac ong cung chieu vong va ngc lai lay dau am. V du : Xet bai toan trong v du hnh 3-7 theo phng phap dong ien vong.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

39

Bai giai: Mach ien co 2 mat a va b. Goi dong ien vong chay trong cac mat tng ng la Ia va Ib. (hnh 3-8). Viet phng trnh nh luat Kirchhoff 2 cho 2 mach vong ta co :
I1 A I2 E1 Ia Z
1

I3

E3 Ib
2

(Z (Z

1 2

& Z I & & + Z2 I a 2 b = E1

3 b

) & + Z )I

& & = E Z2 I 3 a

(a)
B

Thay cac gia tr & =E & = 120 e j 0 ta co: Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 2 + j 2 , E 1 3 j ( 4 + j 4 ) I&a ( 2 + j2 ) I&b = 120e 0 (b) ( 4 + j 4 ) I&b ( 2 + j2 ) I&a = 120e j 0
Giai he (b) ta co :

Hnh 3-8

& = 10 j 10 I a & = 10 + j 10 I
b

T o, dong ien cac nhanh se la: & =I & = 10 j 10 A I

1 a

& =I & I & = 20 j 20 A I 2 a b & =I & = 10 + j 10 A I

3 b

Hay ve o ln:

I1 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A
I 2 = 202 + 202 = 20 2 A I 3 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A

3.4. PHNG PHAP IEN AP NUT 3.4.1. nh luat Ohm cho oan mach cha nguon.

Cho oan mach nh hnh 3-9,a. Gia s ien ap at vao hai au & , dong chay qua mach c xac nh theo nh luat Ohm: mach la U AB
TS. Lu The Vinh

40
& & & & = U AB + E1 E2 I Z1 + Z 2
A I . U AB . E1 Z1 . E2 Z2

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 3.9a

& lay dau dng, ngc &, E & tac ong cung chieu I Quy c dau: U

lai lay dau am. Trng hp tong quat, neu oan mach co nhieu phan t mac noi tiep ta co: & + & U E AB k k & (3-9) I= Zk

3.4.2. Phng phap ien ap 2 nut. Phng phap ien ap 2 nut ap dung cho mach ien co nhieu nhanh nhng ch co 2 nut. Phng phap nay da tren c s thiet lap phng trnh ien ap gia 2 nut cua mach cho phep giam so phng trnh can thiet. V du: xet lai bai toan co s o tren hnh 3-7. Ta hay chon chieu & ,I & & cua cac dong ien I 1 2 , I 3 nh hnh ve. Neu gia 2 nut A va B at mot & a biet th dong qua cac nhanh se c tnh theo hieu ien the U
AB

phng trnh (3-9).

& & & = ( E1 U AB ) = ( E & U & ) Y1 I 1 1 AB Z1 & & = U AB = U & Y2 I AB 2 Z2 & & & = ( E3 U AB ) = ( E & U & ) Y3 I 3 3 AB Z3 Theo nh luat Kircchoff 1 ta co: & +I & +I & =0 I 1 2 3 & & & Y 2 + (E & U & )Y 3 =0 ( E1 U AB )Y 1 U AB 3 AB & Y1 + E & Y3 = U & (Y 1 + Y 2 + Y 3 ) E
1 3 AB

(3-10)

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

41
. I1 A . I2 . I3 . E3

& U AB

& Y1 + E & Y3 E 1 3 = Y1 + Y 2 + Y 3

. U

AB

. E1

Trong trng hp tong quat, neu gia 2 nut A va B co k nhanh mac song song th bieu thc ien ap 2 nut co dang:
& Y E Y
k k k k k

Hnh 3-9

& = U AB

(3-11)

Ap dung cho bai toan tren hnh 3-9 ta co:

& U AB

1 1 120e j 0 + & Y1 + E & Y3 2 + j2 2 + j2 E = 80e j 0 = 80 V 1 3 = = 1 1 1 Y1 + Y 2 + Y 3 + + 2 + j2 2 + j2 2 + j2

& = (E & U & ) Y 1 = 120 80 = (10 j10) A; I = 10 2 A I 1 1 1 AB 2 + j2

& = U & )Y 2 = 80 = (20 j 20) A; I = 20 2 A I 2 2 AB 2 + j2

& = (E & U & ) Y 3 = 120 80 = (10 j10) A; I = 10 2 A I 3 3 3 AB 2 + j2

Ket qua ta thay so vi phng phap dong nhanh, dong mach vong th phng phap ien ap 2 nut cho ket qua nhanh hn.
3.5. PHNG PHAP XEP CHONG

Phng phap xep chong c ap dung e xac nh dong ien trong mach co nhieu nguon ien tac ong. Phng phap nay rut ra t tnh chat c ban cua he phng trnh tuyen tnh. Neu trong mot nhanh co nhieu dong ien do cac nguon khac nhau cung cap, th dong ien tong bang tong ai so cac dong ien qua nhanh do tac dung rieng re cua tng sc ien ong (luc o cac sc ien ong khac c coi nh bang khong). ien ap tren moi nhanh cung bang tong ai so cac ien ap gay nen do tac dung rieng re cua tng sc ien ong.
TS. Lu The Vinh

42

KY THUAT IEN

V du. Xet mach ien tren hnh 3-10, a: R=2, L = ien chay trong cac nhanh oi vi 2 trng hp sau: b) Cac nguon ien mot chieu : E1 = E2 = 60 V.
I1 e A I3 I2
1

2 H. Tnh dong 100

a) Cac nguon ien xoay chieu : e1= e2 = 120 2 sin 314 t (V)

I'1 E R R

A I'2 R

I'3

I"

A I" 2

I" 3

e2

E2

R R L L L B

R L L L L L B L

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 3-10

Bai giai. Ap dung phng phap xep chong, ta co 2 s o tng ng vi s tac ong rieng re cua moi sc ien ong (3-10, b,c). a) Khi e1= e2 = 120 2 sin 314 t (V). Ta co: Cam khang X L = L = 314. 2 = 2 314 Tong tr: Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 2 + j 2

Giai mach hnh 3-10,b . Dung phep bien oi tng ng ta co tong tr tng ng cua hai nhanh 2 va 3 la: 2 + j2 =1+ j1 Z t = 2 & E 120 1 Dong ien: I '1 = = = 20 j 20 A Z1 + Z t (2 + j 2) + (1 + j1)

I '1 = 10 j10 A 2 Mot cach tng t, oi vi mach hnh 3-10,c ta co: I "2 = 20 j 20 A I '2 = I '3 = I "1 = I "3 = 10 j10 A Dung nguyen ly chong chat ta co:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

43

I 1 = I '1 I "1 = (20 j 20) (10 j10) = 10 j10 A I1 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A

I 2 = I '2 I "2 = (10 j10) (20 j 20) = 10 + j10 A I 2 = 102 + 102 = 10 2 A I 3 = I '3 + I "3 = (10 j10) + (10 j10) = 20 j 20 A I1 = 202 + 202 = 20 2 A b) Trng hp nguon mot chieu E1 = E2 = 60 V Khi giai mach oi vi dong mot chieu che o xac lap ta ch can chu y rang cac thanh phan khang bang khong, tong tr cua moi nhanh ch co thanh phan ien tr hoat ong R. Cac ai lng khac c bieu dien bang so thc. ien tr tng ng cua 2 nhanh 2 va 3 (Hnh 3-10,c) : R Rt = =1 2 E1 60 I '1 = = = 20 A Cac dong ien: R1 + Rt 2 + 1 I' I '2 = I '3 = 1 = 10 A 2 Tng t, vi s o hnh 3-10, c ta co: I2 = 20 A I' I "1 = I "3 = 2 = 10 A 2 Xep chong ket qua ta co: I1 = I1 I1 = 20 10 = 10 A I2 = I2 I2 = 10 20 = -10 A I3 = I3 + I3 = 10 + 10 = 20 A Ket qua tnh toan cho gia tr dong I2 < 0, nh vay dong thc te ngc vi chieu a chon.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

Chng 4.

MACH IEN BA PHA

He thong ien 3 pha la tap hp ba he thong ien mot pha c noi vi nhau tao thanh mot he thong nang lng ien t chung, trong o sc ien ong moi mach eu co dang hnh sin, cung tan so, lech pha nhau mot phan ba chu ky.

KY THUAT IEN

45

4.1. HE THONG IEN 3 PHA 4.1.1. nh ngha. He thong ien 3 pha la tap hp ba he thong ien mot pha c noi vi nhau tao thanh mot he thong nang lng ien t chung, trong o sc ien ong moi mach eu co dang hnh sin, cung tan so, lech pha nhau mot phan ba chu ky. He thong ien 3 pha co nhieu u iem hn han he thong ien mot pha. e truyen tai ien mot pha ta can dung 2 day dan, nhng e truyen tai he thong 3 pha ch can dung 3 hoac 4 day dan do vay tiet kiem va kinh te hn. He 3 pha de dang tao ra t trng quay, lam cho viec che tao ong c ien n gian. Cac ong c cong suat ln eu phai s dung nguon ien 3 pha. 4.1.2. Nguyen ly may phat ien ba pha. He thong ien ba pha uc tao ra t may phat ien ong bo ba pha, hoat ong da tren nguyen ly cam ng ien t. Cau tao nguyen ly cua may phat ien 3 pha gom hai phan: a) Stator (phan tnh). Gom ba cuon day giong nhau (goi la cac cuon day pha) at lech nhau 1200 trong cac ranh cua loi thep stator. Cac cuon day ba pha thng ky hieu tng ng la AX, BY, CZ. b) Rotor (phan quay). La mot nam cham ien N-S (hnh 4-1) Khi rotor quay, t trng cua no lan lt quet qua cac cuon day pha, gay ra cac sc ien ong hnh sin co cung bien o, cung tan so, nhng lech pha nhau 1200. Neu chon pha ban au cua sc ien ong eA trong cuon day AX bang khong ta co bieu thc cac sc ien ong trong cac pha la:

Hnh 4-1

eA = E 2 sin t 2 ) 3 4 2 ec = E 2 sin ( t ) = E 2 sin( t + ) 3 3 eB = E 2 sin( t

TS. Lu The Vinh

(4-1)

46 Hoac bieu dien di dang phc:

KY THUAT IEN

& = E e j0 E A & = Ee E B & = Ee E C

j j 2 3 2 3

(4-2)

o th hnh sin va gian o vec t sc ien ong 3 pha c the hien tren hnh 4-2.

a)

Hnh 4-2

b)

oi vi nguon 3 pha oi xng ta co: eA + eB + eC = 0 Hoac di dang phc: & +E & +E & = 0 E A B C Neu noi rieng re tng pha vi tai ta c 3 he thong mot pha oc lap, hay he thong 3 pha khong lien he vi nhau (hnh 4-3). He thong nay t s dung trong thc te do khong kinh te v can ti 6 day dan. Thong thng 3 pha nguon c noi vi nhau, 3 pha tai cung c noi vi nhau va co ng day 3 pha noi gia nguon va tai. Co 2 phng phap noi mach 3 pha thng s dung trong cong nghiep la noi hnh sao (Y) va noi hnh tam giac ().

(4-3,a) (4-3,b)

Hnh 4-3

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 4.2. PHNG PHAP NOI HNH SAO 4.2.1. Nguyen tac noi.

47

Moi pha cua nguon va tai eu co iem au va iem cuoi. Ta thng ky hieu cac iem au pha la A,B,C, cac iem cuoi pha la X,Y,Z. e noi hnh sao ngi ta noi 3 iem cuoi cua cac pha lai vi nhau tao thanh iem trung tnh. oi vi nguon, 3 iem cuoi X, Y, Z cua cac cuon day may phat ien c noi lai vi nhau tao thanh iem trung tnh O. oi vi tai, 3 iem cuoi X, Y, Z c noi lai vi nhau tao thanh iem trung tnh O (hnh 4-4, a). Ba day noi cac iem au cua nguon va tai AA, BB, CC goi la cac day pha. Day dan noi cac iem trung tnh OO goi la day trung tnh.

a)

b)

Hnh 4-4

4.2.2. Quan he gia cac ai lng day - pha.

a) Quan he gia dong ien day Id va dong ien pha Ip.

Dong ien pha Ip la dong ien chay trong moi pha cua nguon (hoac tai). Dong ien day Id la dong chay trong cac day pha noi gia nguon va tai. T hnh (4-4, a) ta thay dong ien day Id co gia tr bang dong ien chay trong cac pha Ip.

Id = I p

(4-4)

TS. Lu The Vinh

48

KY THUAT IEN

b) Quan he gia ien ap day va ien ap pha.

ien ap pha Up la ien ap gia iem au va iem cuoi cua moi pha (hoac gia day pha va day trung tnh). ien ap day Ud la ien ap gia 2 day pha:

& & =U & U U AB A B & & =U & U U BC B C & =U & U & U

CA C A

(4-5)

e ve o th vec t ien ap day, trc het ta ve o th vec t ien ap pha UA, UB, UC , sau o da vao cong thc (4-5) ta dng o th vec t ien ap day nh tren hnh (4-4, b), hoac hnh (4-5). Ta co: Ve tr so, ien ap day Ud ln hn ien ap pha Up la 3 lan. That vay, xet tam giac OAB t o th hnh (4-4, b) ta co:
Hnh 4-5

AB = 2 AH = 2 OA cos 300 = 2 OA
Ud = 3Up

3 = 2

3 OA

(4-6)

De thay rang, khi ien ap pha oi xng, th ien ap day oi xng. Ve pha, cac ien ap day UAB, UBC, UCA lech pha nhau mot goc 120 va vt trc ien ap pha tng ng mot goc 300.
0

Khi tai oi xng, dong ien qua day trung tnh bang khong: & = I & +I & +I & = 0 I
0 A B C

(4-7)

Trong trng hp nay co the khong can day trung tnh, ta co mach ba pha ba day. V du, ong c ien ba pha la tai oi xng, ch can a ba day pha noi en ong c. Thong thng trong thc te, tai ba pha la khong can bang, khi o dong ien qua day trung tnh la khac khong, do o bat buoc phai co day trung tnh.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 4.3. PHNG PHAP NOI HNH TAM GIAC. 4.3.1. Nguyen tac noi.

49

e noi hnh tam giac ngi ta noi au pha nay vi cuoi pha kia, v du A noi vi Z, B noi vi X, C noi vi Y (hnh 4-6).

a) Hnh 4-6

b)

4.3.2. Quan he gia cac ai lng day pha.

Ky hieu cac ai lng day, pha nh tren hnh 4-6, a. a) Quan he gia ien ap day va ien ap pha. T hnh ve ta thay khi noi tam giac th ien ap gia hai day chnh la ien ap pha: Ud = UP b) Quan he gia dong ien day Id va dong ien pha Ip. Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff 1 cho cac nut, ta co: & = I & I & Tai nut A: I
A AB CA

(4-8)

Tai nut B: Tai nut C:

& = I & I & I B BC AB & = I & I & I C CA BC

(4-9)

o th vec t cac dong ien day IA, IB, IC va dong ien pha IAB, IBC, ICA ve tren hnh (4-6, b). Ta co: Ve tr so, dong ien day ln gap 3 lan dong ien pha. That vay, xet tam giac OEF t o th hnh (4-6, b) ta co:
TS. Lu The Vinh

50

KY THUAT IEN

EF = 2 OE cos30o = 2 OE t o: I
d

3 = 2
p

3 OE

3I

(4-10)

Ve pha, cac dong ien day IA, IB, IC lech pha nhau mot goc 1200 va cham pha sau dong ien pha tng ng mot goc 300.
4.4. CONG SUAT IEN BA PHA 4.4.1. Cong suat tac dung P.

Goi PA, PB, PC tng ng la cong suat tac dung cua cac pha A, B, C, ta co cong suat tac dung cua mach ba pha bang tong cac cong suat tac dung cua tng pha:

P = PA + PB + PC = U A I A cos A + U B I B cos B + UC IC cosC

Khi mach ba pha oi xng ta co:

U A = U B = UC = U P I A = I B = IC = I P

cos A = cos B = cosC = cos

T o: Hoac : P = 3U p I p cos P = 3 R pI 2 p (4-11) (4-12)

Trong o Rp la ien tr pha. Neu thay ai lng pha bang ai lng day: Trong cach noi hnh sao: I p = I d ; Up = Trong cach noi hnh tam giac: U p = Ud ; I p = Id 3 Ud 3

Ta co cong suat tac dung trong mach ba pha viet theo ai lng day ap dung cho ca hai trng hp noi hnh sao va tam giac oi xng:
P= 3 Ud I d cos (4-13)
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

51

Trong o la goc lech pha gia ien ap pha va dong ien pha tng ng:
cos =
4.4.2. Cong suat phan khang Q.

RP Rp2 + X p2

Cong suat phan khang cua mach ba pha la: Q = QA + QB + QC = U A I A sin A + U B I B sin B + UC IC sin C Khi mach oi xng ta co: Q = 3 U p I p sin Hoac: Q = 3 X pI 2 p (4-14) (4-15)

Trong o Xp la ien khang cua pha. Neu bieu dien theo cac ai lng day ta cung co: Q = 3 Ud I d sin
4.4.2. Cong suat bieu kien.

(4-16)

Khi oi xng, cong suat bieu kien ba pha la: S = P 2 + Q2 = 3 U p I p = 3 Ud I d (4-17)

4.5. GIAI MACH IEN BA PHA OI XNG.

oi vi mach ien ba pha oi xng, dong ien va ien ap cac pha co tr so bang nhau va lech pha nhau mot goc 1200. Khi giai mach ba pha ta ch can tnh cho mot pha, sau o suy ra cac pha con lai. Khi noi vao nguon co ien ap Ud, bo qua tong tr cua ng day, neu biet tong tr tai, cac bc tnh toan se thc hien nh sau: Bc 1. Xac nh cach noi phu tai : hnh sao hay tam giac? Bc 2. Xac nh ien ap pha cua tai: + Neu noi hnh sao: Up = Ud 3

+ Neu tai noi tam giac: Ud = Up

TS. Lu The Vinh

52

KY THUAT IEN

Bc 3. Xac nh tong tr pha va he so cong suat cua tai.

Zp =
He so cong suat : cos =

Rp2 + X p2 Rp Zp
=

Rp Rp2 + X p2

Bc 4. Tnh dong ien Ip cua phu tai.

+ Neu tai noi sao: + Neu tai noi tam giac:

Id = Ip I d = 3I p

Bc 5. Tnh cong suat tieu thu tren phu tai.

2 P = 3 Rp I p = 3U p I pc os = 3 U d I d cos 2 Q = 3 X pI p = 3U p I p sin = 3 Ud I d sin 2 S = 3 Z pI p = 3U p I p = 3 U d I d

V du 1. Mot tai 3 pha co ien tr pha Rp = 20, ien khang pha Xp = 15, noi hnh tam giac va au vao li ien 3 pha co ien ap day Ud = 220V. (hnh 4-7, a). Tnh dong ien pha Ip, dong ien day Id, cong suat tai tieu thu va ve o th vec t ien ap day va dong ien pha phu tai.

a) Hnh 4-7

b)

Bai giai. Theo s o au day (hnh 4-7) tai noi tam giac, do o ien ap pha cua tai la: Ud = Up = 220 V
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

53

Tong tr pha cua tai:

Zp = Dong ien pha cua tai:

Ip = Dong ien day cua tai: Id = Cong suat tai tieu thu:

R p 2 + X p 2 = 202 + 152 = 25
Up Zp = 220 = 8,8 A 25 3 8,8 = 15,24 A

3 Ip =

2 P = 3 Rp I p = 3.20.8,82 = 4646,4 W 2 Q = 3 X pI p = 3.15.8,82 = 3484,8 VAR

S=

3 Ud I d =

3 .220.15,24 = 5870,21VA

He so cong suat: cos =

Rp Zp

20 = 0,8 , = 36,87o 25

Dong ien cham pha hn ien ap mot goc la = 36,87o . o th vec t dong ien va ien ap pha ve tren hnh (4-7, b). V du 2, Mot tai 3 pha la 3 cuon day c au vao li ien 3 pha co ien ap day la 380 V. Cuon day co ien tr R = 2, ien khang X = 8 va c thiet ke lam viec ien ap nh mc la 220V. 2) Xac nh cach noi cac cuon day thanh tai 3 pha. Tnh cong suat P, Q va cos cua tai. 2)

Hnh 4-8

TS. Lu The Vinh

54 Bai giai.

KY THUAT IEN

a) Cac cuon day phai noi hnh sao (hnh 4-8. a), v khi au vao li ien 3 pha th ien ap pha at len moi cuon day bang ien ap nh mc: U 380 Up = d = = 220 V . 3 3 Neu tai noi tam giac, ien ap pha at len cuon day (hnh 4-8, b): Up = Ud = 380 V Gia tr ien ap 380 V ln hn ien ap nh mc cua cuon day, nen cuon day se b hong. b) Tong tr pha cua tai la: Zp = R p 2 + X p 2 = 22 + 82 = 8,24 Rp Zp Xp Zp Up Zp = =

He so cong suat: cos = sin = Dong ien pha Ip cua tai:

Ip =

2 = 0,242 8,24 8 = 0,97 8,24 220 = 26,7 A 8,24

Dong ien day:

Id = Ip = 26,7 A Cong suat tac dung cua tai: P = 3 Ud I d cos = 3.380.26,7.0,242 = 4252,6 W Q = 3 U d I d sin = 3.380.26,7.0,97 = 17045,7 VAR

Cong suat phan khang cua tai: Cong suat bieu kien:

S = 3 Ud I d =

3.380.26,7 = 17572,8 VA

4.6. GIAI MACH IEN BA PHA KHONG OI XNG

Mang ien ba pha cung cap ien cho cac khu dan c la mang ien 3 pha 4 day. Nang lng ien cung cap cho sinh hoat c lay t mot pha va day trung tnh, do o cap ien ap nh mc cua cac thiet b tieu thu ien la ien ap pha Up. Do tai cua cac pha la khong ong nhat va thay
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

55

oi nhieu nen mang ien cua he thong la mang 3 pha khong oi xng (hnh 4-9).

a) Hnh 4-9

b)

c)

Neu bo qua tr khang cua day trung tnh tc la bo qua sut ap tren ng day th ien the iem trung tnh cua tai O xem nh trung vi ien the iem trung tnh cua nguon O. Khi tai cac pha thay oi ien ap pha Up tren tai van gi gia tr bnh thng (hnh 4-9, b) khong vt qua ien ap 3 pha. ay la tac dung cua day trung tnh. Neu khong co day trung tnh, hoac day trung tnh b t th trong trng hp tai cac pha thay oi iem trung tnh O cua tai se lech khoi iem trung tnh O cua nguon lam cho ien ap cac pha tai UA, UB, UC thay oi rat nhieu (hnh 4-9, c) so vi ien ap pha nh mc, dan ti qua ap hoac thieu ap cho cac dung cu tieu thu ien. oi vi mach 3 pha noi hnh sao khong co day trung tnh, khi tai khong oi xng ta tien hanh giai bai toan oi vi tng pha rieng re.
V du. Mang ien 3 pha 380 / 220V co day trung tnh cung cap ien cho tai 3 pha gom 90 bong en si ot loai 220V-60W, moi pha 30 bong. a) Ve s o mach ien. b) Tnh IA, IB, IC, I0, P khi tat ca cac bong eu bat sang. c) Tnh IA, IB, I0, P khi pha A co 10 bong en bat sang, pha B co 20 bong bat sang, pha C cat ien. d) Tnh ien ap at len cac en pha A va pha B trong cau c, khi pha C cat ien va day trung tnh b t. Bai giai.
TS. Lu The Vinh

56

KY THUAT IEN

a) Mach ien 3 pha 380/220V la mang 3 pha 4 day: 3 day pha va day trung tnh. ien ap day Ud = 380 V. ien ap pha Up = 220 V. Cac bong en co ien ap nh mc la 220V nen phai s dung ien ap pha. S o mac mach nh hnh 4-10.

Hnh 4-10

b)V ien ap at vao cac bong en bang ien ap nh mc, nen cong suat tieu thu tren moi bong en se bang cong suat nh mc 60W. Tat ca cac bong eu bat sang, mach tai 3 pha la oi xng, cong suat cac pha la bang nhau:
PA = PB = PC = Pp = 30.60 = 1800 W.

Cong suat 3 pha:

P = 3 Pp = 3. 1800 = 5400 W.

Tai la cac bong en, xem nh thuan tr R nen goc lech pha = 0, cos = 1. T o ta co dong ien chay trong cac pha tai la:
I A = I B = IC = I p = Pp U p cos = 1800 8,18 A 220.1

V nguon va tai oi xng nen: uu r uu r uu r uu r I 0 = I A + I B + IC = 0 o th vec t ve tren hnh 4-11, a, trong o dong ien trung pha vi ien ap c) Khi pha C cat ien, IC = 0, cac pha khac van bnh thng, ien ap tren cac bong en van gia tr nh mc:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

57 IA = PA 10.60 = = 2,73 A U A cos 220.1

IB =

PB 20.60 = = 5,45 A U B cos 220.1

P = PA + PB = 10.60 + 20.60 = 1800 W o th vec t cho tren hnh 4-11, b.

uu r uu r uu r I 0 = I A + IC I 0 = I A 2 + I B 2 + 2 I A I B cos120o = 4,72 A
d) Khi pha C cat ien, ong thi neu day trung tnh b t mach ien con lai nh hnh 4-12, a. Cac bong en pha A va pha B mac noi tiep va noi vao ien ap day UAB. Ta co ien tr moi bong en:
2 Um 2202 R = = = 806,6 Pm 60

ien tr tng ng cua 10 bong en mac song song pha A: RA = R 806,6 = = 80,66 10 10 R 806,6 = = 40,33 20 20

ien tr tng ng cua 20 bong en pha B: RB =

Mach ien tng ng ve tren hnh 4-12, b.

TS. Lu The Vinh

58 Dong ien I chay trong mach la: I =

KY THUAT IEN

U AB 380 = = 3,14 A 80,66 + 30,33 RA + RB

ien ap at len cac bong en pha A la: UA = RA.I = 80,66. 3,14 = 253,27 V

a) Hnh 4-12

b)

Ta thay UA = 253,27 V > 220 V = Um , en pha A qua ap nen co the b chay ien ap at len cac bong en pha B la: UB = RB.I = 40,33. 3,14 = 126,63 V V UB = 126,63 < 220V = Um , nen en pha B kem ap nen khong sang bnh thng. Nh vay ta thay, neu day trung tnh b t se rat nguy hiem cho phu tai v co the b qua ap hoac kem ien ap.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

Phn th 2.

MAY IEN

Chng 5 KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE MAY IEN

May ien la thiet b ien t, nguyen ly lam viec da vao hien tng cam ng ien t va tng tac gia t trng va dong ien, dung e bien oi cac dang nang lng khac nhau thanh ien nang (may phat ien), hoac ngc lai bien oi ien nang thanh c nang (ong c ien), hoac dung e bien oi cac thong so ien nang nh ien ap, dong ien , tan so, v.v. May ien co rat nhieu loai khac nhau, s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep, giao thong van tai, trong san xuat va i song.

60

KY THUAT IEN

5.1. NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI 5.1.1. nh ngha. May ien la thiet b ien t, nguyen ly lam viec da vao hien tng cam ng ien t va tng tac gia t trng va dong ien, dung e bien oi cac dang nang lng khac nhau thanh ien nang (may phat ien), hoac ngc lai bien oi ien nang thanh c nang (ong c ien), hoac dung e bien oi cac thong so ien nang nh ien ap, dong ien , tan so, v.v. May ien co rat nhieu loai khac nhau, s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep, giao thong van tai, trong san xuat va i song. 5.1.2. Phan loai. Co the phan loai theo cac tieu ch khac nhau: theo cong suat, theo cau tao, theo loai dong ien, theo nguyen ly lam viec, . Theo nguyen ly bien oi nang lng ta co 2 loai may ien: may ien tnh va may ien quay. 1) May ien tnh. May ien tnh lam viec theo nguyen ly cam ng ien t gia nhng cuon day khong co chuyen ong tng oi vi nhau. Loai may ien tnh thong dung la may bien ap. Cac may ien tnh c dung e bien oi cac thong so ien nang, qua trnh co tnh chat thuan nghch. V du, may bien ap bien oi ien nang au vao cac thong so la U1, I1, f (s cap) thanh ien nang loi ra co cac thong so tng ng la U2, I2, f (th cap). Ngc lai, neu au vao la U2, I2, f th au ra se laU1, I1, f (hnh 5-1).

a) Hnh 5-1

b)

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 2) May ien quay.

61

La loai may ien lam viec theo nguyen ly cam ng ien t va tng tac ien t gia t trng va dong ien trong cac cuon day co chuyen ong tng oi vi nhau. Loai may ien quay thng dung e bien oi c nang thanh ien nang (may phat ien) hoac bien oi ien nang thanh c nang (ong c). Qua trnh bien oi cung co tnh thuan nghch (hnh 5-1, b). Tren hnh 5-2 la s o phan loai cac may ien thong dung.

MAY IEN

May ien tnh

May ien quay

May ien xoay chieu

May ien mot chieu

May ien ong bo

May ien Khong ong bo

May Bien ap

ong c ong bo

May phat ong bo

. C khong ong bo Hnh 5-2

M.P khong ong

bo

ong c mot chieu

May phat mot chieu

TS. Lu The Vinh

62

KY THUAT IEN 5.2. CAC NH LUAT IEN T C BAN DUNG TRONG MAY IEN

Nguyen ly c ban cua moi may ien eu da tren c s hai nh luat cam ng ien t la lc ien t. Khi tnh toan mach t thng s dung nh luat dong toan phan. 5.2.1. nh luat cam ng ien t. Moi khi t thong gi qua mot khung day dan kn bien thien th trong khung day se xuat hien mot sc ien ong cam ng. Theo nh luat Faraday va quy tac Lenx th sc ien ong cam ng xuat hien trong mach co gia tr bang va ngc dau vi toc o bien thien cua t thong:

e =

d dt

(5-1)

Trng hp mach ien h, chang han mot thanh day dan chuyen ong trong t trng, trong thanh day dan se xuat hien mot sc ien ong cam ng. V du tren hnh 5-3, a, khi thanh day dan chuyen ong thang goc vi cac ng sc t, sc ien ong cam ng xuat hien trong thanh la:

e = Blv

(5-2)

Trong o: B : cam ng t (T) l : chieu dai hieu dung cua thanh dan (m) v : toc o chuyen ong cua thanh dan (m/s) Chieu cua sc ien ong cam ng xac nh theo quy tac ban tay phai (hnh 5-3, a). 5.2.2. nh luat lc t Khi cho r mot thanh dan co dong ien I chay qua at trong mot t uu trng eu B , thanh dan se chu tac dung cua mot lc ien t xac nh theo bieu thc:

uu r r ur u F = I [l .B ]

(5-3)

Neu thanh dan chuyen ong thang goc vi t trng, lc ien t se co gia tr:

F = I Bl

(5-4)
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

63

Chieu cua lc ien t c xac nh theo quy tac ban tay trai (hnh 5-3,b)

a)

Hnh 5-3

b)

5.3. NGUYEN LY VA TNH THUAN NGHCH CUA MAY IEN Cac may ien eu lam viec theo nguyen ly cam ng ien t nen eu co tnh thuan nghch, ngha la co the lam viec hai che o: che o may phat va che o ong c. 5.3.1. Che o may phat ien. Che o may phat ien la che o c nang c bien oi thanh ien nang. Ta hay xet nguyen tac nay nh sau: dung c nang t mot ong c s cap tac dung vao mot thanh dan mot lc c hoc Fc lam cho no chuyen ong vi mot van toc v trong t trng cua mot nam cham N-S. Trong thanh dan se xuat hien mot sc ien ong cam ng co o ln xac nh theo (5-2). Neu noi hai au thanh dan vao ien tr tai R, qua R se co dong ien i. Neu bo qua sut ap tren thanh dan ta co the viet: u=e Cong suat may phat ien cung cap cho tai la: P = ui = ei Dong ien i nam trong t trng lai chu tac dung cua mot t lc Ft = iBl co chieu nh hnh ve (hnh 54).
TS. Lu The Vinh

64

KY THUAT IEN

Khi may quay vi mot toc o khong oi th lc ien t se can bang vi lc c cua ong c s cap: Fc = Ft. Nhan hai ve vi van toc v ta co: Fc .v = Ft..v = iBlv = ei.

Nh vay, cong suat c cua ong c s cap Pc = Fc.v a c bien oi thanh cong suat ien Pt = ei. Noi cach khac, c nang a c chuyen hoa thanh ien nang.
5.3.2. Che o ong c ien. Dong ien at trong t trng se chu tac dung cua t lc. Ta hay cung cap mot ien ap u cho thanh dan at trong t trng eu cua mot nam cham N-S, qua thanh se co dong ien i. Theo nh luat lc t thanh dan se chu tac dung cua mot t lc Ft = ilB va lam thanh dan chuyen ong vi van toc v (hnh 5-5). Nh vay cong suat ien a vao ong c la Pt = ui a c bien oi thanh cong suat c Pc = Ft v . ien nang c bien oi thanh c nang. Ta thay, cung mot thiet b ien t (thanh dan at trong t trng) tuy thuoc vao nang lng a vao ma may ien co the lam viec che o ong c hoac che o may phat. ay la ac tnh thuan nghch cua may ien, mot ac tnh het sc quan trong va quy bau lam cho may ien co u the hn han so vi cac bo bien oi nang lng khac (tua bin hi nc, ong c diezel, ong c phan lc ) 5.4. TNH TOAN MACH T. 5.4.1. nh ly mach t. nh ly mach t chnh la nh ly dong toan phan ap dung cho mach t. Trong cac may ien, loi thep la mach t cua may dung e tap trung t trng va dan t thong. Ta hay xet mot mach t n gian nh tren hnh (5-6, a). ay la mach t khong phan nhanh ong nhat bang thep ky thuat va co mot cuon day co dong i chay qua. Ap dung nh ly dong toan phan ta co:

H dl = i cho mach t tren

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

65

H l = wi
Trong o:

(5-5)

H t trng trong mach t (A/m) l chieu dai trung bnh cua mach t (m) w so vong day cua cuon day.
Tch so wi goi la sc t ong, Hl c goi la t ap ri trong mach t.

Trong trng hp mach t khong ong nhat va co nhieu cuon day, v du mach t hnh (5-6, b) th cong thc (5-5) co dang:

H1l1 + H2l2 = w1i1 w2i2

Trong o: H1, H2 cng o t trng trong cac oan mach t 1, 2. L1, l2 chieu dai cac oan t 1, 2. H1l1, H2l2 t ap tren cac oan 1, 2. w1i1, w2i2 sc t ong cua cac cuon day w1va w2. Dau (-) trc w2i2 v chieu dong i2 khong thuan vi chieu cua t thong a chon theo quy tac van nut chai. Mot cach tong quat, oi vi mach t co n oan va co m cuon day, phng trnh (5-5) c viet :

Hk lk = w ji j
k =1 j =1

(5-6)

Dau cua dong ij >0 neu thuan chieu vi chieu cua t thong a chon theo quy tac van nut chai, ngc lai lay dau am. 5.4.2. Tnh toan mach t.
TS. Lu The Vinh

66

KY THUAT IEN

Khi tnh toan mach t thng gap 2 bai toan sau: Bai toan thuan. Cho biet trc t thong, can phai tnh dong t hoa (hoac so vong day) e sinh ra t thong o. Bai toan ngc. Cho dong ien, can tnh t thong ng vi mot mach t xac nh. V du. Cho mach t khong phan nhanh nh hnh 5-7, b. Cho t thong trong mach t la . Hay tnh dong trong cac cuon day. Ta co, cam ng t tng ng trong cac oan mach 1, 2 la:

B1 =

, B2 = S1 S2

S1, S2 tng ng la tiet dien cac oan mach 1, 2. oi vi oan mach 2 la khe khong kh, cng o t trng trong khe la: B H2 = 2 vi 0 = 4.10 H/m la hang so t. oi vi oan mach 1 la vat lieu sat t, ta phai tra bang ng cong t hoa cua vat lieu sat t tng ng B = f(H) (hnh 5-7). Biet B1 ta tm c H1 bang o th. Tiep theo, ap dung nh luat mach t e tnh tong:
7

Hk lk
k

= H1l1 + H 2l2

Sau o ap dung (5-5) e tnh dong t hoa (hoac so vong day ).

Hnh 5-7

oi vi bai toan ngc. Cho biet dong ien, can tnh t thong. ay la bai toan phc tap hn phai ap dung phng phap do, hoac cac phng phap o th, phng phap so dung cho mach phi tuyen. Trong pham vi giao trnh ta ch gii han xet bai toan thuan.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

67

Chng 6. MAY BIEN AP

May bien ap la mot thiet b ien t tnh dung e bien oi dong ien xoay chieu t ien ap nay sang ien ap khac vi cung mot tan so. May bien ap c s dung rong rai trong cac he thong truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang, trong cac cac lo ien, trong may han, cac bo chnh lu, trong cac thiet b vo tuyen ien, trong ky thuat truyen ong, ieu khien va t ong hoa.

TS. Lu The Vinh

68

KY THUAT IEN

6.1. NGUYEN LY CAU TAO CUA MAY BIEN AP. 6.1.1. nh ngha. May bien ap (MBA) la mot thiet b ien t tnh dung e bien oi dong ien xoay chieu t ien ap nay sang ien ap khac vi cung mot tan so. 6.1.2. Nguyen ly cau tao: Cau tao cua MBA gom 2 bo phan chnh la: loi sat t va cac cuon day quan (Hnh 6-1). - Cuon day W1 noi vi nguon ien goi la cuon s cap - Cuon day W2 noi vi tai c goi la cuon th cap

I1

I2

U1

U2

Hnh 6-1. Nguyen ly cau tao may bien the

a) Loi thep : Loi thep la phan mach t cua may bien ap dung e dan t thong chnh trong may, no c ghep t cac la thep ky thuat ien. Loi thep c chia lam hai phan : + Tru : la ni e at day quan. + Gong : la phan khep kn mach t gia cac tru. b) Day quan: Day quan may bien ap thng c che tao t day ong hoac nhom, co tiet dien tron hoac ch nhat, ben ngoai day co boc lp cach ien. Day quan c quan thanh nhieu vong va long vao tru loi thep. Gia cac vong day quan co cach ien vi nhau va cach ien vi loi thep. May bien ap mot pha co hai cuon day: mot cuon day noi vi nguon xoay chieu goi la cuon s cap , con cuon day noi vi tai goi la cuon th cap.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

69

Loi thep ong vai tro mach t c ghep bang cac la thep ky thuat day 0,35 - 0,5mm. Cac la thep c sn cach ien e chong hieu ng Fuco. Loi thep co tiet dien dang vuong hoac ch thap. Cac MBA cong suat ln tiet dien tru c lam thanh nhieu bac e dang tiet dien gan tron (Hnh 6-2).

Hnh 6-2. Hnh dang tiet dien loi thep MBA

Theo hnh dang cua mach t, MBA c chia lam kieu boc va kieu tru. Trong kieu tru, mach t khong phan nhanh co dang ch O. Cac cuon day cua MBA quan thanh hnh tru. e tao lien he t tot va giam ton hao t tan cuon s cap va th cap c at long vao nhau, cuon day ien ap thap at ben trong va cuon day ien ap cao at ngoai. Thng moi cuon day c chia lam hai phan quan tren hai tru cua mach t (hnh 6-3), tren moi tru co mot phan cua cuon s va mot phan cua cuon th. Hai phan cua moi cuon day c noi vi nhau sao cho t thong do chung sinh ra cung chieu.

Hnh 6-3. May bien ap kieu tru

Loai MBA kieu boc, hai cuon day s cap va th cap c cuon tren cung mot tru, hai cuon c cach ien vi nhau (Hnh 6-4).
TS. Lu The Vinh

70

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 6-4. MBA kieu boc

Cac MBA cong suat ln thng phai lam mat bang dau, toan bo loi thep va cac cuon day c ngam trong thung dau, cac au day c a ra ngoai qua s xuyen bat chat tren nap thung (hnh 6-5).

Hnh 6-5. May bien ap ien lc 1- Cac cuon day, 2- Gong mach t 3- au s cao ap, 4- au s ha ap 5- Thung dau, 6- Ong dau oi lu toa nhiet

6.2. NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG Nguyen ly hoat ong cua MBA da tren nh luat cam ng ien t. Gia s at vao 2 au cuon s cap mot the hieu xoay chieu u1, dong xoay chieu i1 tren cuon s cap se tao ra mot t thong bien thien . Do mach t khep kn nen t thong nay se moc vong qua cac cuon day s cap va th cap (hnh 6-6).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

71

Hnh 6-6

Theo nh luat cam ng ien t tren cac cuon day s cap va th cap se phat sinh cac suat ien ong cam ng e1 va e2. d Trong cuon s cap : e1 = - W1 dt d Trong cuon th cap : e2 = - W2 dt Neu = m sin t vi = 2 f th ta co:

d ( m sin t ) = W1 m cos t = E1m sin ( t ) dt 2 d e2 = W2 ( m sin t ) = W2 m cos t = E2 m sin ( t ) dt 2 e1 = W1

6-1)

Nh vay, s.. e1 va e2 cham pha hn so vi t thong mot phan t chu ky la 2. Ta co, tr hieu dung cua suat ien ong tren hai cuon day la:

E1 =

E1m 2 f W1 m = 4,44 f W1 m = 2 2 E2 = 4,44 f W2 m

(6-2)

Khi MBA khong tai, dong th cap I2 = 0, dong khong tai s cap rat nho. Neu bo qua ien tr day quan va t thong tan ra ngoai khong kh co the xem gan ung s trong cuon s gan bang hieu ien the s cap : E1 U1 va s trong cuon th bang ien ap th cap : E2 = U2 . Lap ty so :

k =
TS. Lu The Vinh

E1 U 1 E2 U2

W1 W2

(6-3)

72

KY THUAT IEN

k goi la he so bien ap . oi vi may tang ap ta co: U1 < U2 , W1 < W2 , k < 1 oi vi may ha ap ta co: U1 > U2 , W1 > W2 , k > 1. Neu bo qua ton hao trong MBA co the coi gan ung quan he gia cac lng s cap va th cap nh sau: U1I1 = U 2 I 2 U1 I Hoac: = 2 = k (6-4) U2 I1 6.3. MO HNH TOAN HOC CUA MAY BIEN AP e bieu dien cac qua trnh ien t xay ra trong MBA ngi ta s dung cac phng trnh can bang ien t gia 2 mach s cap va th cap. Xet MBA mot pha co 2 cuon day quan nh hnh 6-7, trong o mach s cap noi vi nguon ien ap U1. Mach th cap noi vi tai co tong tr Zt.

Hnh 6-7

e thiet lap cac phng trnh, trc het ta chon chieu dong i1 nh hnh 6-7. Chieu cua t thong chnh phai thuan chieu i1 theo quy tac van nut chai. Tiep theo chieu cua e1 va e2 phai phu hp vi , ngha la e1 va i1 trung chieu, con dong i2 ngc vi chieu e2 (theo ung ng luat cam ng ien t). Trong mach ngoai t thong chnh moc vong qua ca hai cuon day ong vai tro truyen nang lng ien t con co cac t thong tan. Cac t thong tan ch moc vong rieng re vi moi cuon day quan va tan ra ngoai khong kh. T thong tan do dong s cap i1 gay ra ky hieu la t1, t thong tan do dong th cap gay ra ky hieu la t2. Gia tr cua t thong tan c ac trng bi ien cam tan L1 va L2 tren cac day quan s cap va th cap tng ng: L1 = t1 , L2 = t 2 (6-5) i1 i2
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 6.3.1. Phng trnh can bang ien ap s cap.

73

Trong mach s cap gom co cac ai lng: nguon ien ap u1, sc ien ong e1, ien tr day quan s cap R1, ien cam tan L1. S o mach tng ng co the bieu dien nh hnh (6-8) Theo nh luat Kirchhoff 2 ta co: di R1i1 + L1 1 = u1 + e1 dt hay:

L1

R1

i1 U1 e 1

Hnh 6-8

u1 = R1i1 + L1

di1 e1 dt

(6-6) (6-7)

Neu chuyen sang dang phc ta co: & =R I & & & & & & & U 1 1 1+ j X 1 I 1 E 1 = ( R 1+ j X 1) I 1 E 1 = Z 1 I 1 E 1 trong o Z 1= R 1+ j X 1 tan cua day quan s cap.
6.3.2. Phng trnh can bang ien ap th cap.

la tong tr phc vi X 1= L 1 la ien khang

Mach th cap gom sc ien ong e2, ien tr day quan R2, ien cam tan th cap L2, ien ap a ra tai u2, tong tr tai Zt. S o mach tng ng nh hnh 6-9. R2 L2 Theo nh luat Kircchoff 2 ta co: di i2 R2 i2 + L2 2 + u2 = e2 U2 e2 dt di hay: u2 = e2 R2 i2 L2 2 (6-8) dt Khi chuyen sang dang phc ta co: Hnh 6-9 & = E & R I jX I & U 2 2 2 2 2 2 & ( R + jX )I & = E 2 2 2 2 & Z I & = E 2 2 2 trong o: Z 2 = R 2 + j X 2 la tong tr phc vi X 2 = L 2 la ien khang tan cua day quan s cap. ien ap th cap U2 chnh la ien ap at len tai: & =Z I & U
2 t 2

Zt

(6-9)

(6-10)

TS. Lu The Vinh

74
6.3.3. Phng trnh can bang sc t ong.

KY THUAT IEN

& =Z I & & Trong phng trnh can bang ien s cap (6-7): U 1 1 1 E 1 & thng rat nho, nen gan ung co the coi U & E & , ien ap ri Z 1 I 1 1 1

hay U1 E1. Do ien ap li at vao MBA la U1 khong oi nen gia tr E1 se khong oi va do o t thong m se cung khong oi. che o khong tai (I2= 0) t thong chnh do sc t ong cua day quan s cap W1i0 sinh ra, con khi co tai (I2 0) t thong chnh do sc t ong cua ca 2 cuon day quan s cap va th cap sinh ra. Sc t ong khi co tai la: i1W1 i2W2. (dau trc i2 do chieu i2 khong phu hp vi chieu t thong theo quy tac van nut chai). V gia tr m khong oi, nen sc t ong khi khong tai bang sc t ong luc co tai. Phng trnh can bang sc t ong tc thi co dang: i0W1 = i1W1 i2W2 Chia hai ve cho W1 ta co: W i i i0 = i1 i2 2 = i1 2 = i1 2 = i1 i ' 2 W1 W1 k W2

i1 = i0 + i2' (6-11) trong o: k = W1/W2 la he so bien ap, i2 = i2/k goi la dong th cap a quy oi ve pha s cap. Khi viet di dang phc, phng trnh (6-11) se co dang: & =I & +I &' I (6-12) 1 0 2 He cac phng trnh (6-6, 6-8, 6-11) hoac (6-7, 6-9, 6-12) c goi la mo hnh toan hoc cua MBA.
hay
6.4. S O THAY THE CUA MAY BIEN AP 6.4.1. Quy oi cac ai lng th cap ve s cap.

e tien li khi nghien cu cac qua trnh ien t trong MBA, cac ai lng th cap thng c quy oi ve s cap. Phep quy oi phai thoa man ieu kien bao toan nang lng. Khi quy oi ngi ta gia thiet so vong W2 cua cuon th bang so vong W1 cua cuon s. Trong trng hp nay, s.., dong ien va tong tr cuon th eu thay oi, nhng cong suat, goc pha trong MBA van gi nguyen tr so cu. Cac ai lng quy oi c & '; I & ' ; R ' ; X ; Z 2' ky hieu bang ch cai co dau phay, v du E
2 2 2 2

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

75

& ' ta phai nhan E2 vi ty so bien ap k=W1/W2: e co E 2 & ' = W1 E & =kE & =E & E (6-13) 2 2 1 2 W2 & ' , ta phai xuat phat t ieu kien Muon co dong th cap quy oi I
& 'I &' & & bao toan cong suat bieu kien tren cuon th cap: E 2 2 = E2 I 2 , tc la: & & ' = E2 I & = 1 I & (6-14) I 2 2 2 ' & k E2
Tng t, t ieu kien ton hao cong suat khong oi ta rut ra:
R2' = k 2 R2 ; X2' = k 2 X2 ; Z 2 = k 2 Z 2 Rt ' = k 2 Rt ; Xt ' = k 2 Xt ; Z t = k 2 Zt
' '

(6-15) (6-16)

6.4.2. Thiet lap s o thay the MBA.

T mo hnh toan hoc cua MBA: & = Z I & E & U

1 1 1

(6-17) (6-18) (6-19)

& = E & Z I & U 2 2 2 2 & =I & +I &' I

1 0 2

Ta se xay dng c mo hnh mach tren c s 3 phng trnh tren, mo hnh phan anh ay u cac qua trnh nang lng xay ra trong MBA va c goi la mo hnh thay the cua MBA. Trc het ta hay quy oi cac ai lng th cap ve s cap. Nhan hai ve phng trnh (6-18) vi k ta co: & & = k E & k Z I & = k E & k 2 Z I2 k U 2 2 2 2 2 2 k ' ' ' ' & & = E & Z I U tc la: 2 2 2
2

hay:

&' = U 2

& Z 2' E 1

&' I 2

(6-20,a)

Mat khac theo (6-10) ta co:

Hay: Phng trnh (6-20) goi la phng trnh can bang ien ap th cap a quy oi ve s cap. He phng trnh mo hnh toan hoc cua MBA sau quy oi se la:
TS. Lu The Vinh

& & = kZ I & = k 2 Z I 2 = Z ' I ' & =Z I & kU U t 2 2 t 2 2 t 2 t k & ' = Z t' I &' U (6-20,b) 2 2

76

KY THUAT IEN

& = Z I & & U 1 1 1 E1 & ' = E & Z 2' I & ' = Z t' I &' U 2 2 1 2 ' & =I & +I & I
1 0 2

(6-21) (6-22)

(6-23) & la Trong phng trnh (6-21) ta co, ve phai phng trnh gom Z 1 I 1 & la do t thong chnh gay ien ap ri tren tong tr day quan Z 1 , con E 1 & ) ra, ma t thong chnh do dong khong tai I0 tao ra. Do o co the xem ( E
1

nh mot ien ap ri tren mot tong tr t hoa Z th nao o do dong ien & gay ra. Tc la: khong tai I 0

& ) = ( R + jX )I & & ( E 1 th th 0 = Z th I 0

(6-24)

trong o: Z th = Rth + jXth la tong tr t hoa ac trng cho mach t, Rth la ien tr t hoa ac trng cho ton hao sat t, Xth la ien khang t hoa ac trng cho t thong chnh . Thay (6-24) vao cac phng trnh MBA ta c:

& = Z I & & U 1 1 1 + Z th I 0

& ' = Z th I & Z 2' I & ' = Z t' I &' U 2 2 0 2 ' & =I & +I & I 1 0 2

(6-25) (6-26)

(6-27) He 3 phng trnh tren chnh la cac phng trnh cua nh luat Kircchoff 2 va 1 viet cho s o mach ien tng ng tren hnh 6-10,a. Trong o nhanh co Z th c goi la nhanh t hoa. Thong thng tong tr cua nhanh t hoa rat ln, nen dong I0 nho, do o s o tng ng thay the n gian co the bo qua nhanh t hoa nh hnh 6-10, b, trong o Rn = R1+R2; Xn =X1+X2 la ien tr va ien khang ngan mach cua MBA.

Hnh 6-10 TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN 6.5. CHE O KHONG TAI CUA MAY BIEN AP 6.5.1. Phng trnh va s o thay the MBA khong tai.

77

Che o khong tai cua MBA la che o h mach th cap (I2=0), con cuon s cap noi vao nguon xoay chieu u1. Phng trnh can bang ien ap: & =Z I & & & & U 1 1 0 E 1= I 0 ( Z 1+ Z th ) = I 0 Z 0
trong o: Z 0 = ( Z 1+ Z th ) la tong tr MBA khong tai.
S o thay the MBA khong tai ve tren hnh 6-11
6.5.2. Cac ac iem cua MBA khong tai. a) Dong khong tai.
R1 X1

(6-28)

T phng trnh (6-28) ta co dong khong tai I0: U U1 I0 = 1 = Z0 (R1 + Rth )2 + ( X1 + Xth )2

i0 U1

th

X th

Tong tr Z0 thng rat ln, nen dong khong tai I0 ch nho bang 2% - 10% dong ien nh mc. b) Cong suat khong tai.

Hnh 6-11

che o khong tai, cong suat a ra pha th cap bang khong, nhng MBA van tieu thu mot cong suat P0 . Cong suat nay bao gom ton hao nhiet jun-lenx tren ien tr day quan s cap PR1 va cong suat ton hao sat t Pst tren loi sat. V dong khong tai nho nen ton hao nhiet junlenx khong ang ke, va co xem gan ung: (6-29) P0 Pst c) He so cong suat khong tai. che o khong tai cong suat phan khang Q0 rat ln so vi cong suat tac dung P0, do o he so cong suat luc nay rat thap: cos = R0 R0 + X 0
2 2

P0 P0 + Q0
2 2

= 0,1 0,3

(6-30)

T o ta thay rang, khi s dung khong nen e MBA che o khong tai hoac non tai.
TS. Lu The Vinh

78
6.5.3. Th nghiem khong tai MBA .

KY THUAT IEN

Th nghiem khong tai nham xac nh cac tham so cua MBA nh he so bien ap k, ton hao sat t va cac thong so cua may che o khong tai. S o th nghiem nh tren hnh 6-12.
I Nguon u~ ap ieu chnh U1 V1 0 * A W U20 V2 * P0

Hnh 6-12

at ien ap nh mc vao cuon s cap, th cap h mach, cac dung cu o cho ta cac so lieu sau: Oat ke ch cong suat khong tai P0 Pst . Ampeke ch dong khong tai I0. Cac von ke ch gia tr U1, U20.. T o ta tnh c: a) He so bien ap k k = b) Dong ien khong tai I0% = c) ien tr khong tai W1 E U = 1 1 W2 E2 U20 I0 100% = 3% 10%

I1m

R0 =
V R th

P0 I2 0

R0 = R1 + Rth R 1 nen co the lay gan ung: R th R 0 d) Tong tr khong tai. Z0 = U 1m I0

TS. Lu The Vinh

Cung nh tren tong tr khong tai lay gan ung la:

KY THUAT IEN

79

Zth Z 0 e) ien khang khong tai.

X0 = Z 0 2 R0 2

ien khang t hoa lay gan ung la:

Xth X 0 f) He so cong suat khong tai.

cos 0 = P0 U1m .I 0 = 0,1 0,3

6.6. CHE O NGAN MACH CUA MAY BIEN AP

Che o ngan mach cua MBA la che o ma cuon th cap b noi tat, trong khi cuon s cap van noi vi nguon cung cap. Trong qua trnh van hanh, do nhieu nguyen nhan co the xay ra s co ngan mach cua MBA nh 2 au day cuon th cap co the b chap, ri xuong at hoac b noi tat bang mot day dan co tong tr thap.
6.6.1. Phng trnh va s o thay the cua MBA ngan mach.

S o thay the cua MBA ngan mach ve tren hnh 6-13. Do tong tr Z2 rat nho so vi nhanh t hoa Zth nen Rn Xn mot cach gan ung co the bo qua nhanh t hoa. Dong ien s cap luc nay la dong i 1n ien ngan mach I1n. U1 Phng trnh can bang ien ap:

& =I & (Z + Z ' ) = I &Z U n 2 n n 1 1

trong o:

(6-31)
Hnh 6-13

R n = R 1+ R '2 la ien tr ngan mach cua MBA

Z n = Z 1+ Z '2= ( R 1+ R '2) + j( X 1+ X '2) = R n + jX n = Z ne j n

X n = X 1+ X '2 la ien khang ngan mach cua MBA

2 2 Z n = Rn + Xn la tong tr ngan mach cua MBA

Z n la tong tr phc ngan mach cua MBA

TS. Lu The Vinh

80
6.6.2. Cac ac iem cua che o ngan mach. a) Dong ien ngan mach.

KY THUAT IEN

& & & = U1 = U1 , hay ve gia T (6-31) ta co dong ngan mach la: I n Z n Z 1+ Z '2

tr ta co:

In =

U1m ( R 1+ R
' 2 2)

+ ( X 1+ X

' 2 2)

U1m Zn

(6-32)

V tong tr ngan mach Zn rat nho nen dong ien ngan mach In thng ln gap 1025 lan dong ien nh mc, gay nguy hiem cho MBA ang van hanh va cac phu tai. b) ien ap ngan mach. Khi ngan mach ien ap th cap U2 = 0, do o ien ap ngan mach Un chnh la ien ap ri tren tong tr day quan th cap. V dong ngan mach rat ln nen de dan en chay no cuon day quan th cap cua MBA. e tranh nguy hiem cho MBA phai co bien phap bao ve bang cac thiet b t ong ngat mach ca 2 pha cua MBA khi xay ra s co ngan mach.
6.6.3.Th nghiem ngan mach MBA.

e xac nh cac thong so ngan mach va ton hao tren cac ien tr day quan cua MBA ngi ta thc hien cac th nghiem ngan mach MBA theo s o thc nghiem sau ay (hnh 6-14).
I Nguon u~ ap ieu chnh 1m * * W I2 V 1 Un
m

Pm

A1

A2

Hnh 6-14

Day quan th cap c noi tat qua ampeke A2. Day quan s cap c noi vi mot bo nguon co the ieu chnh mc ien ap sao cho dong ngan mach nam trong gii han nh mc. Gia tr ien ap cho phep at vao cuon s cap goi la ien ap ngan mach Un c xac nh vao khoang 35% ien ap nh mc U1m.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

81 Un 100% = (3 10)% U1m (6-33)

U n (%) =

V ien ap ngan mach nho nen t thong nho, do o ton hao sat t khong ang ke. Cong suat o c trong th nghiem ngan mach Pn chnh la cong suat ton hao tren ien tr day quan s cap va th cap. T o ta tnh c cac thong so trong s o thay the: a) Tong tr ngan mach Zn.
Zn = Un I 1m

(6-34)

b) ien tr ngan mach. Rn = c) ien khang ngan mach

I2 1m

Pn

(6-35)

2 2 Xn = Zn Rn

(6-36)

e tnh cac thong so day quan cua MBA ta co the s dung cac cong thc gan ung sau ay: R ' R1 R2 n (6-37) 2 X ' X1 X2 n (6-38) 2 T o, khi biet he so bien ap k ta tnh c cac thong so cua MBA cha quy oi. ' ' R2 X2 R2 2 ; va X2 2 ; (6-39) k k a) ien ap ngan mach Un . ien ap ngan mach Un co the chia lam 2 thanh phan: thanh phan tren ien tr tac dung Rn goi la ien ap tac dung ngan mach UnR va thanh phan tren ien khang ngan mach Xn goi la ien ap ngan mach phan khang UnX . Moi lien he gia cac thanh phan tac dung va phan khang c bieu dien tren cac tam giac ien ap ngan mach va tam giac tong tr ngan mach (hnh 6-15). ien ap ngan mach tac dung. U nR (%) =
TS. Lu The Vinh

Rn I1m 100% = U n %cosn U1m

(6-40)

82 ien ap ngan mach phan khang U nX (%) =

KY THUAT IEN

X n I1m 100% = Un %sin n U1m

Zn

(6-41)

Un UnX

Xn

n
UnR a) Hnh 6-15 b)

n
Rn

f) He so cong suat ngan mach. cosn = Pn Pn = Un I n Un I1m (6-42)

Cac cong thc tren cho phep ta tnh c cac gia tr Rn, Xn, Zn theo tr so cua Un%, UnR%, UnX% thng c ghi trong ly lch may. V du: Cho MBA mot pha 2 day quan co cac tham so Sm=6637 kVA; U1/U2=35/10 kV; Pn = 53500W; Un% = 8%. Hay xac nh a) Zn; Rn;Xn; Un b) R1;X1; R2; X2 neu coi R1 = R2; X1 = X2. Bai giai. a) Ap dung cong thc: U U n (%) = n 100% ta co: U1m U n% .U1m 8,35.103 Un = = = 2800 V 100 100 Un Tong tr ngan mach: Z n = . I 1m Ta biet: Sm = U1m I1m I1m T o: Z n = Sm 6637.103 = = = 189,6 A U1m 35.103

Un 2800 = = 14,77 I 1m 189,6

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

83
2 I1 m

Suy ra:

Rn =

Pn

53500 = 1,45 189,62

2 2 Xn = Zn Rn = 14,772 1,452 = 14,7

b) Ta co: Rn = R1 + R2. Theo gia thiet R1 = R2 nen

Rn 1,45 = = 0,725 2 2 X 14,7 ' = n= = 7,35 Tng t: X1 = X2 2 2 e tnh R2, X2 ta biet rang he so bien ap la: k = U1/U2=35/10=3,5 T o: ' 0,725 R2 R2 = 2 = = 0,06 3,52 k ' 7,35 X2 X2 = 2 = = 0,6 3,52 k
' R1 = R2 =

6.7. CHE O CO TAI CUA MAY BIEN AP

Che o co tai la che hoat ong cua MBA khi cuon s cap noi vi li ien xoay chieu, cuon th cap noi vi phu tai. Che o mang tai c anh gia bang he so tai kt kt = I 2 m I2 I 1m I1 (6-43)

kt = 1 : tai nh mc kt < 1 : che o non tai kt > 1 : che o qua tai. Ta se nghien cu cac ac tnh cua MBA khi mang tai.
6.7.1. Bien thien ien ap th cap theo tai, ng ac tnh ngoai. a) Bien thien ien ap th cap theo tai.

Trong che o mang tai cua MBA, cuon s cap at vao ien ap nh mc U1m . Neu tai thay oi, ien ap th cap U2 se thay oi. S bien thien ien ap th cap theo phu tai c xac nh theo phan tram: U2% = U2 m U2 100% U2 m (6-44)

khi nhan t va mau so vi he so bien ap k = W1/W2 ta co:

TS. Lu The Vinh

84

KY THUAT IEN
' kU2 m kU2 U1m U2 U2% = 100% = 100% kU2 m U1m

(6-45)

Ta co the xac nh U2 da vao mach ien thay the n gian nh tren hnh 6-16, a. T s o thay the ta ve c o th vec t cua MBA nh tren hnh 6-16, b.
I1Zn U1 O I1=I2 a) Hnh 6-16 A B I1Xn C

U2 I1R n b)

n H t
K

T o th vec t chieu U1 len phng U2, do goc lech gia U1 va U2 nho nen co the coi gan ung: U1m = OB OC U1m U2 AC = AH + HC AH = AK cost = I1Rn cost HC = KB sint = I1Xn sint
' U1m U2 I R cost + I1 X n sin t U2% = 100% = 1 n 100% U1m U1m

Nhan ve phai cua bieu thc vi I1m / I1m va bien oi ta c:

U2% = I1 I1m Rn cost I1m X n sin t + 100% I1m U1m U1m

Ap dung (6-40), (6-41) va (6-43) ta co: I1m Rn cost 100% = U nR (%)cost U1m I1m X n sin t 100% = UnX (%)sin t U1m

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

85 I1 = kt

I 1m T o:

U2% = kt (UnR% cost + U nX % sin t )

(6-46)

o th phu bieu dien s bien thien cua U2% t le bac nhat vi kt va phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua cac loai tai khi cost = const, ch ra tren hnh 6-17, a.
U2 %
t

L
>0

U2
t

<0

U2 m R
t

O
t

>0

=0

0,5

1,0

kt

L
1.0

<0

0,5

I2

C a) b) Hnh 6 -17. a) Bien thien ien ap th cap theo tai b) ng ac tnh ngoai cua MBA

b) ng ac tnh ngoai cua MBA.

ng ac tnh ngoai cua MBA bieu dien moi quan he U2 = f(I2) khi U1 = U1m va cos 1 = const . Theo (6-44) ta co: U2% =
U2 m U2 100% U2 m U2% ) Suy ra: U2 = U2 m (1 100 Ket hp (6-43) va (6-46) ta c: I2 U2 = U2 m 1 (UnR% cost + U nX % sin t ) 100 I 2 m

(6-47,a)

(6-47,b)

T phng trnh (6-47,b) ta co: Khi I2 = 0, U2 = U2m. Khi I2 > 0, U2 tang hoac giam phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua phu tai. Ta xet cac trng hp sau ay: - Khi tai cam khang, t > 0, cost , sint > 0 , khi I2 tang, U2 giam. - Khi tai dung khang, t < 0, cost > 0, sint < 0 , bnh thng gia tr
TS. Lu The Vinh

86

KY THUAT IEN

U nX % > U nR% , bieu thc trong ngoac cua (6-47,b) am, do o khi I2 tang, U2

se tang. - Khi tai thuan tr t = 0, cost =1, sint = 0 , khi I2 tang, U2 giam o th bieu dien ac tnh ngoai cua MBA ch ra tren hnh (6-17,b). Trong thc te tai thng co tnh cam khang (t > 0). Do o khi dong tai I2 tang, U2 giam. ieu o giai thch hien tng sut ap li ien thng xay ra vao cac gi cao iem. e co the ieu chnh gia tr cua ien ap U2 tren tai theo yeu cau ngi ta thay oi so vong day cua MBA trong khoang 5% (thng thay oi so vong cuon cao ap v day dong nho de thc hien).
6.7.2. Ton hao va hieu suat cua may bien ap.

Khi MBA lam viec co cac ton hao sau:

1. Ton hao ien P . ay la ton hao tren ien tr day quan s cap P1 va th cap P1 . Gia tr ton hao ien phu thuoc vao dong tai. T s o thay the MBA tren hnh 6-18, a ta co:
'2 ' 2 2 2 ' P = P1 + P 2 = I1 R 1+I2 R2 = I1 R 1 + I1 R2 2 ' 2 2 = I1 R n = k t2 I 1 R ( R 1 + R2 ) = I1 m n
' la ien tr ngan mach cua MBA Trong o: Rn = R 1 + R2

(6-48) (6-49)

P = kt2 Pn

kt = I1 / I1m la he so tai. Pn = cong suat o c trong th nghiem ngan mach. 2. Ton hao t Pst . ay la ton hao trong loi thep do dong ien xoay va t tre sinh ra. Ton hao sat t khong phu thuoc vao tai ma ch phu thuoc vao t thong chnh, c xac nh bang cong suat o c trong th nghiem khong tai: (6-50) Pst = P0 Xet ve qua trnh truyen nang lng trong MBA ta co gian o nang lng nh hnh 6-18, b.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

87

3. Hieu suat cua MBA:

P2 P2 kt Sm cost = = P 1 P2 + Pst + P kt Sm cost + P0 + kt2 Pn I2 S2 I 1 la he so tai. S2 m I1m

(6-51)

trong o: P2 = S2 cost = kt Sm cost la cong suat tac dung loi ra, kt = I 2 m =

Ta thay khi phu tai MBA tang, ton that ien P trong day quan s cap va th cap cua MBA tang, nhng ton hao t khong thay oi, do o hieu suat tang len. Khi cost = const hieu suat cc ai khi ao ham d Ta co: Sm cost ( P0 kt2 Pn ) = =0 kt (kt Sm cost + P0 + kt2 Pn )2 P0 kt2 Pn = 0 dkt =0.

Suy ra:

kt =

P0 Pn

Thong thng cac MBA cong suat ln va cong suat trung bnh, ty so P0/Pn = 0,250,5, nen hieu suat cua MBA se cc ai khi lam viec vi he so tai kt = 0,5 0,75 . Do o cac MBA se lam viec tot nhat khi no mang tai bang 5075% phu tai nh mc. ng ac tnh = f(kt) ng vi cos = const ve tren hnh 6-19.

TS. Lu The Vinh

88

KY THUAT IEN

max

0,5 Hnh 6 -19

kt

6.8. MAY BIEN AP BA PHA. 6.8.1. Cau tao cua MBA 3 pha.

e bien oi ien ap trong he thong mach ien 3 pha, co the s dung cac MBA mot pha. Hnh 6-20 neu len s o noi day 3 MBA mot pha dung trong mang ien 3 pha. Khi s dung MBA 1 pha, he thong 3 MBA co mach t oc lap vi nhau, cac cuon day s cap va th cap cua 3 MBA c au ghep vi nhau theo nhng quy tac xac nh e tao ra hieu ng mach 3 pha.

Hnh 6-20. Noi 3 MBA 1 pha thanh MBA 3 pha

oi vi MBA 3 pha c che tao co mach t chung (hnh 6-20, b). Mach t c cau tao t 3 tru t tren o quan cac cuon day pha. Day quan s cap c ky hieu bang cac ch cai in hoa: AX, BY, CZ. Day quan th cap c ky hieu bang cac ch cai thng: ax, by, cz.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN Day quan Pha Ky hieu au cuon day A B C a b c Ky hieu cuoi cuon day X Y Z x y z

89

S CAP

TH CAP

A B C a b c

Hnh 6-21. Cau tao MBA 3 pha

6.8.2. Cac kieu au day cua MBA 3 pha.

Cac cuon day quan s cap va th cap cua MBA co the au hnh sao (Y) hoac tam giac () (hnh 6-22)
A B C A B C A B C A B C O

X o a

Y b

Z c

Z c

Z c

X a

Y b

Z c

a) Y/Y0-12

b) /-12

c)/Y-11 Hnh 6-22

d)Y0/-12

Tren hnh (6-22) ta co cac kieu au day sau ay:

TS. Lu The Vinh

90

KY THUAT IEN

a) S cap au sao, th cap au sao co iem trung tnh: ky hieu Y/Y0 b) S cap au tam giac, th cap au tam giac: ky hieu / c) S cap au tam giac, th cap au hnh sao: ky hieu /Y d) S cap au sao co trung tnh, th cap au tam giac: ky hieu Y0 / Tuy thuoc vao cach au day ma he so bien oi ien ap cua cac s o se khac nhau. Goi W1 , W2 tng ng la so vong 1 pha s cap va th cap ta se co: + He so bien ap pha, ky hieu la kp:
kp = U p1 U p2 U d1 Ud 2 = W1 W2

(6-52)

+ He so bien ap day, ky hieu kd:

kd =

(6-53)

Gia tr cua kd khong nhng ch phu thuoc vao ty so vong day ma con phu thuoc vao cach noi hnh sao hay tam giac.
V du: a) Tren s o (6-22, a) noi Y/Y ta co: kp =
kd =

U p1 U p2

W1 W2

3U p1 W1 Ud1 = = = kp Ud 2 3U p 2 W2

b)Tren s o (6-22, b) noi / ta co: U W k p = p1 = 1 U p2 W2 kd = Ud1 U p1 W1 = = = kp Ud 2 W p2 2

c) Tren s o (6-22, c) noi /Y ta co: U W k p = p1 = 1 U p 2 W2 kd = U p1 k Ud1 W1 = = = p Ud 2 3U p 2 3W2 3

TS. Lu The Vinh

d) Tren s o (6-22, d) noi Y/ ta co:

KY THUAT IEN

91 U p1 U p2 = W1 W2

kp =

kd =

3U p1 Ud1 W = = 3 1 = 3k p Ud 2 U p2 W2

Trong thc te lam viec, khi can phai ghep song song cac MBA vi nhau, ngi ta can phai chu y ti mot tham so na cua MBA o la goc lech pha gia ien ap day s cap va th cap. Do vay, ngoai ky hieu to au day cua MBA (hnh sao, tam giac), can ghi them ky hieu e ch goc lech pha nay. Goc lech pha nay phu thuoc vao chieu quan day, cach au day va no khong ghi trc tiep bang o ma dung ky hieu tng t gi tren ong ho e tnh. Cach ghi nh sau: cho vec t ien ap day s cap trung vi v tr kim phut cua ong ho v tr so 12, vec t ien ap day th cap ng vi kim gi cua ong ho. V tr kim gi cho ky hieu goc lech pha tng ng. Goc lech gia kim phut va kim gi tnh theo chieu kim ong ho ch goc lech pha. Nh vay moi mot khoang 5 tren ong ho se ng vi 300. V du. + Ky hieu Y/ Y0 12 (s o 6-22, a) cho biet goc lech pha gia ien ap day s cap va th cap la 12 x 300 = 3600. + Ky hieu Y/ - 11 s o (6-22, c) cho biet goc lech pha gia ien ap day s cap va th cap la 11 x 300 = 3300.

Hnh 6-23

oi vi MBA mot pha neu chieu quan s va th cap nh nhau, cach ky hieu cac au day quan khac nhau, th ien ap day s cap va th cap phai trung pha nhau, luc o kim ngan ong ho va kim dai phai trung nhau v tr 12, ta co to au day 12 gi (hnh 6-23, b). Neu chieu quan s cap va th cap khac nhau th ien ap th cap ngc pha vi ien ap s
TS. Lu The Vinh

92 cap. sau:

KY THUAT IEN

e xac nh to au day va goc lech pha ta thc hien theo cac bc Ve o th vec t ien ap day s cap va th cap, a vec t ien ap day s cap ve v tr kim phut 12 gi, a vec t ien ap day th cap ve v tr kim gi tng ng, V tr cua kim gi ch ky hieu goc lech pha tng ng.

Hnh 6-24

+ V du. Xet to au day cua MBA 3 pha co s o au day Y/ nh hnh (6-24, a), chieu quan day s cap va th cap giong nhau. - Ve gian o vec t ien ap day s cap va th cap (hnh 6-24, b, c) - Dch chuyen vec t ien ap day s cap UAB ve v tr 12, vec t ien ap day th cap Uab ve v tr tng ng 11 gi (hnh 6-24, d). Nh vay ta co to au day: Y/ - 11. Goc lech pha tng ng la:

= 11 x 300 = 3300
6.9. CHE O LAM VIEC SONG SONG CUA CAC MAY BIEN AP

Trong he thong ien nang, cac MBA thng lam viec che o ghep song song vi nhau. Day quan s cap cung noi ti mot li ien chung, con cac day quan th cap cung a ra mot he thong li ien chung (hnh 6-25, a). Nh lam viec song song, cong suat li ien ln hn nhieu lan cong suat cua moi may, lam tang hieu nang s dung MBA va am bao hieu qua kinh te cua he thong, am bao an toan va s lien tuc cung cap ien cho cac phu tai.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

93

a) Hnh 6-25 a) Hai MBA 3 pha lam viec song song b) S o thay the tng ng

Cac ieu kien e cac MBA co the lam viec song song vi nhau: 1) ien ap nh mc s cap va th cap tng ng phai bang nhau, ngha la he so bien ap phai bang nhau: U1I = U1 II U2I = U2II U U k1 = 1I = k2 = 1II = k U2 I U2 II

Tc la

(6-54)

Trong thc te cho phep he so bien ap k cua cac may khac nhau khong qua 0,5%. 2) Cac may phai co cung to au day. ieu kien th 2 nay va ieu kien th nhat am bao cho mc ien ap s cap va th cap cua cac may phai bang nhau ve tr so va trung pha vi nhau. 3) ien ap ngan mach cua cac MBA phai bang nhau. UnI % = UnII % = ... (6-55) ieu kien nay am bao e tai phan bo tren cac may ty le vi cong suat nh mc cua chung. Thc vay. Ta goi I1m I, I1m II tng ng la dong ien s cap nh mc cua may I va may II. Ky hieu I 1 I, I1 II tng ng la dong ien s cap cua may I va may II khi chung lam viec song song vi nhau. S o thay the tng ng cua 2 MBA lam viec song song nh hnh 6-25, b.
TS. Lu The Vinh

94 T s o ta co: I1I Z ng II = I1II Z ng I

KY THUAT IEN

(6-56)

Neu 2 MBA co ien ap ngan mach bang nhau th: I1m I Z ng I = I1m II Z ng II I1m I I1m II = Z ng II Z ng I (6-57)

Nhan t so va mau so ve trai bieu thc (6-57) vi U1m I va U1m II (v U1m I = U1m II ) ta co: U1m I I1m I U1m II I1m II I1 I I1 II = Sm I Sm II Sm I Sm II = Z ng II Z ng I (6-58)

So sanh (6-58) vi (6-56) ta rut ra: = (6-59)

Nh vay, khi ien ap ngan mach cua cac may bang nhau th dong ien phu tai qua moi may ty le vi cong suat nh mc cua chung, ieu nay tranh c cac s co do qua tai hoac non tai cua MBA.
6.10. CAC MAY BIEN AP AC BIET 6.10.1. May bien ap t ngau.

May bien ap t ngau hay con goi la may t bien ap la MBA co cong suat nho thng c dung trong cac phong th nghiem e lam nguon co kha nang ieu chnh mc ien ap loi ra lien tuc theo yeu cau. May t bien ap 3 pha thng c dung khi m may cac ong c ien xoay chieu 3 pha.

Hnh 6-26

Khac vi MBA thong thng, cau tao cua may t bien ap co mot phan chung gia 2 cuon s cap va th cap, nh vay gia 2 cuon day quan khong ch co lien he ve t ma ca lien he ve ien.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

95

Tren hnh (6-26) la s o ien cua mot MBA t ngau, trong o cuon day s cap AX co W1 vong day noi vi ien ap U1. Cuon th cap ax co so vong W2 c lay t mot phan cua cuon s cap e lay ra ien ap U2. U1 W Ta co: = 1 U2 W2 W U1 = U2 1 hay: W2 Khi thay oi v tr tiep iem trt a ta se thay oi c so vong day W2 va do o thay oi c ien ap lay ra U2. Do o MBA t ngau c dung e ieu chnh lien tuc mc ien ap loi ra. ac iem c ban cua MBA t ngau la s truyen tai nang lng t s cap qua th cap thc hien qua 2 con ng: ien va t. - Lien he ve t qua mach t chung. - Lien he trc tiep ve ien gia day quan s cap va th cap. Do MBA t ngau ch co mot cuon day nen tiet kiem c vat lieu va giam toi a ton hao. So vi mot MBA thong thng co cung cong suat, tnh toan ly thuyet cho thay rang loi thep cua MBA t ngau nho hn (1-1/k) lan. Hoac neu 2 MBA cung tiet dien loi thep th MBA t ngau cho phep tang cong suat len 1020%. Nhc iem c ban cua MBA t ngau la khong an toan ve ien, do 2 cuon day s cap va th cap chung nhau. Do vay can chu y ac biet khi s dung.
6.10.2. May bien ap o lng.

Trong mach ien xoay chieu, e m rong gii ban o cua cac dung cu ngi ta s dung cac may bien ap o lng. Nhiem vu cua cac may bien ap va bien dong la chuyen cac gia tr ien ap va dong ien ln ve cac gia tr nho hn e phu hp vi mach o. Cac may bien dong va may bien ap o lng con co tac dung cach ly mach ien cao ap vi dung cu o e bao am an toan cho ngi s dung. Ve nguyen ly cau tao, cac may bien dong va may bien ap o lng giong nh cac bien ap ong lc.
TS. Lu The Vinh

96 1. May bien dong TI.

KY THUAT IEN

May bien dong TI c ap dung e m rong gii han o dong cho cac dung cu o. S o nguyen ly cua bien dong TI va cach mac trong mach o nh hnh ve 6-27. Cuon s cap W1 cua TI mac noi tiep vi tai Z. Cuon th cap W2 c khep kn bang ampemet hoac cuon dong cua woatmet ien ong, hoac cuon dong cua cong t ien. V ien tr cua cuon th cap rat nho nen co the coi ieu kien lam viec bnh Hnh 6-27 thng cua may bien dong la che o ngan mach cuon th cap. Cuon s cap cua bien dong can phai c cach ien tot vi cuon th va vi vo may. e am bao an toan cho ngi s dung ngi ta noi at vo may va mot au cuon th cap. ien ap th cap cua bien dong thng t 16V. Dong s cap thay oi theo tai, con dong th cap cua moi may bien dong c thiet lap che o nh mc la 5 A hoac 1A. Thong so c ban cua bien dong la he so bien dong nh mc: I kI = 1m (6-60) I 2 m Trong o I1m va I2m la tr so dong ien nh mc s cap va th cap cua may bien dong TI. He so bien dong nh mc kI khac vi he so bien ap k21 = W2/W1 mot lng khong ang ke, trong thc te vi o chnh xac cho phep thng lay k = k21. Khi o, dung cu o c mac vao cuon th cap cua TI. Gia tr cua dong can o se bang so ch cua dung au noi at cu nhan vi he so bien dong nh mc ghi tren dung cu. May bien dong cau tao theo nhieu dang khac nhau, nh loai co nh, loai xach tay. e tien li khi s Hnh 6-28. Ampemet km dung ngi ta thiet ke to hp bien
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

97

dong vi dung cu o trong cung mot dung cu o hp bo nh ampemet km (hnh 6-28). Chu y. Che o lam viec nh mc cua may bien dong TI la che o ngan mach cuon th cap. Do o neu thao g ampemet ra khoi bien dong TI can noi tat 2 au day cuon th, tranh anh hng cua dong t hoa I0 lam ton hao t ot nong TI. 2. May bien ap o lng TU. May bien ap o lng c dung e m rong thang o cho cac dung cu khi lam viec vi li ien cao the. Cau tao va cach mac bien ap vao mach o nh tren hnh 6-29. Cuon s cap W1 mac vao li ien can o, con cuon th cap W2 c mac vi ong ho o von ke. Gia tr ien ap nh mc oi vi Hnh 6-29. May bien ap TU cuon s cap cua TU theo t 380 V 500kV. Vi cac ien ap nh mc nho hn 3kV ap dung chat cach ien kho, con khi ien ap cao hn 3kV phai s dung chat cach ien la dau. Khi ien ap nh mc cuon s la 35kV dung may bien ap mot cap, vi cac ien ap 110kV va cao hn phai s dung cac may bien ap t 2 cap tr len. Gia tr ien ap th cap U2 nh mc vi cac bien ap TU la 100V hoac 100 3 V. Bnh thng TU lam viec che o gan nh h mach v ien tr cua von ke vo cung ln. ieu kien lam viec bnh thng cua TU rat khac vi TI. oi vi TI dong s cap I1 co the bien thien trong pham vi kha rong, tuy theo phu tai. Con vi TU thong thng lam viec vi ien ap ben s cap bien oi khong nhieu. Thong so c ban cua TU la he so bien ap nh mc:
kU = U 1n U 2n

(6-61)

Trong thc te cac may bien ap o lng TU c san suat vi cac cap chnh xac 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1 va 3.
6.10.3. May bien ap han Khi dong ien phong qua chat kh b ion hoa se phat sinh ho quang. ac iem cua ho quang la phat nhiet rat cao tren 30000C. Ngi ta li dung tnh chat nay e han kim loai. May bien ap chuyen dung e e tao
TS. Lu The Vinh

98

KY THUAT IEN

ho quang ien khi han c goi la MBA han. S o nguyen ly cau tao cua MBA han tren hnh 6-30, a.

Hnh 6-30

Muon han phai noi vat han vao mot au cuon th cap cua MBA, au kia cua cuon th cap noi vi que han. Bat au han phai cham que han vao vat han e lam ngan mach MBA. Dong ien ngan mach chay qua iem tiep xuc co ien tr ln se phat nhiet rat mach. Sau o nhac que han ra mot khoang cach ngan, vung khong kh iem tiep xuc do co nhiet o cao b ion hoa se cho dong ien phong qua tao thanh ho quang gia que han va vat han. May bien ap han co cac ac iem sau ay: 1. Dong th cap phai ln e cung cap u nhiet lng cho ho quang khi han. ien ap th cap phai thap e am bao an toan (thng khoang 6070V). Do vay cuon th cap thng rat t vong vi tiet dien day ln. 2. Phai cho phep tao dong ien ngan mach khong ln lam trong thi gian ngan luc moi ho quang. Do vay ac tnh ngoai cua MBA phai doc e han che dong ngan mach (hnh 6-30, b). Muon co ac tuyen nay MBA han c che tao co t thong tan ln, hoac them cuon ien khang ngoai (hnh 6-30, a). Khi han muon ieu chnh dong ien han ngui ta ieu chnh loi thep cua cuon ien khang.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

99

Chng 7. MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO 7.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG. May ien khong ong bo la may ien xoay chieu lam viec theo nguyen ly cam ng ien t co toc o quay cua rotor n khac vi toc o quay cua t trng n1. Trong san xuat, may ien khong ong bo (asynchronous motor) chu yeu c dung lam ong c e bien oi nang lng dong ien xoay chieu thanh c nang. Hien nay a so cac ong c ien dung trong cong nghiep, nong nghiep, lam nghiep, eu la ong c ien khong ong bo v no co cau tao n gian, de van hanh, gia thanh re. May ien khong ong bo cung co tnh thuan nghch, tc la co the lam viec 2 che o: ong c va may phat, nhng chu yeu dung che o ong c v che o may phat may ien khong ong bo co ac tnh lam viec khong tot lam so vi may ien ong bo. Tuy theo cau tao day quan phan quay, may ien khong ong bo chia ra lam hai loai: loai may ien khong ong bo rotor day quan va loai may ien khong ong bo rotor long soc. Loai long soc lai chia ra long soc n, long soc kep, long soc ranh sau. May ien khong ong bo con chia ra lam may ien khong ong bo co vanh oi chieu va khong co vanh oi chieu. Loai may ien khong co vanh oi chieu co u iem la cau tao va van hanh n gian, re tien. Nhng co nhc iem la kho ieu chnh toc o, he so cos thap. Loai may ien co vanh oi chieu khac phuc c cac nhc iem tren, nhng cau tao phc tap, at tien va hieu suat thap nen han che s dung. Tuy thuoc vao cong suat ma may ien khong ong bo co cac loai; 3 pha, 2 pha va 1 pha. Loai ong c co cong suat P>600W thng la loai 3 pha co 3 day quan lam viec, truc cac day quan lech pha nhau 1200 ien trong khong gian. Cac ong c cong suat P<600W thng la loai 2 pha hoac 1 pha. ong c 2 pha co 2 day quan lam viec, truc cua 2 day quan at lech nhau trong khong gian mot goc 900 ien. ong c ien mot pha ch co mot day quan lam viec.
TS. Lu The Vinh

100

KY THUAT IEN

7.2. CAU TAO CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO Cau tao cua may ien khong ong bo 3 pha c ch ra tren hnh ve 7-1, a gom 2 bo phan chnh la roto (a) va stator (b). Ngoai ra con co vo may (e), nap may (c). Hnh 7-1, b la mat cat ngang cua may cho thay ro cac la thep cua stator (a) va roto (b). 7.2.1. Stator (phan tnh) Stator hay phan tnh gom cac bo phan chnh la loi thep, day quan va vo may. a) Loi thep. Loi thep stator do nhieu la thep ky thuat ien a dap san nh hnh 7-1, b ghep cach ien vi nhau, chieu day cac la thep c 0,5mm, pha ben trong co ranh e at day quan. b) Day quan. Day quan 3 pha stator at trong ranh loi thep, xung quanh day quan boc lp cach ien e cach ien vi loi thep. Cac pha day quan at cach nhau 1200.

a)

Hnh 7-1

b)

c) Vo may. Vo may dung e bao ve va gi chat loi thep satator va co nh may tren be. Vo may c lam bang nhom (loai cong suat nho), hoac bang gang hay thep uc (loai cong suat ln). Hai au vo may co nap may e truc rotor va bao ve day quan. 7.2.2. Rotor (phan quay). Rotor la phan quay cua may ien gom loi thep, truc va day quan. a) Loi thep. Loi thep cua rotor cung gom cac la thep ky thuat ien ghep lai. Cac la thep nay lay t phan ruot ben trong khi rap la thep stator va rap thanh nh hnh (7-1,b). Mat ngoai loi thep co cac ranh e at day quan, gia co lo e lap truc. b) Truc may. Truc may gan vi loi thep rotor va lam bang thep tot. Truc
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN c tren nap may nh o truc.

101

c) Day quan. Day quan rotor cua may ien khong ong bo co 2 loai: rotor ngan mach (hay rotor long soc) va rotor day quan. Loai rotor long soc dung cho cac may co cong suat tren 100kW, trong cac ranh cua loi thep rotor at cac thanh ong, hai au noi ngan mach bang 2 vong ong, tao thanh long soc (hnh 7-2, b).

Hnh 7-2

oi vi cac ong c cong suat nho, long soc c che tao bang cach uc nhom vao cac ranh loi thep rotor, tao thanh thanh nhom, hai au uc vong ngan mach va canh quat lam mat (hnh 7-2,c). ong c ien co rotor long soc goi la ong c khong ong bo long soc va c ky hieu nh hnh 7-2,d. oi vi loai rotor day quan, trong ranh thep rotor at day quan 3 pha. Day quan 3 pha thng noi sao, ba au ra noi vi 3 vong tiep xuc bang ong, co nh tren truc rotor va c cach ien vi truc (hnh 7-3).

Hnh 7-3

Nh 3 choi than t sat vao 3 vong tiep xuc, day quan rotor c noi vi 3 bien tr ben ngoai e thc hien viec m may va ieu chnh toc o (hnh 7-3,b). Loai ong c nay goi la ong c khong ong bo rotor day quan va ky hieu nh hnh 7-3,c.
TS. Lu The Vinh

102

KY THUAT IEN

Gia phan tnh va phan quay la khe h khong kh co kch thc t 0,351,5mm. Mach t ong khep kn t stator sang rotor qua khe h. 7.3. DAY QUAN CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO 7.3.1. Cac nh ngha c ban. Day quan cua may ien khong ong bo co cau tao rat phc tap, trong pham vi giao trnh nay ta ch khao sat loai n gian nhat e hieu khai quat cach bo tr day quan. Day quan stator cua ong c 3 pha gom 3 cuon day quan, moi cuon day gom nhieu phan t ghep noi tiep vi nhau va at trong cac ranh stator. Moi phan t gom co mot so vong day, hai canh tac dung cua phan t at vao hai ranh. Khoang cach gia 2 canh tac dung cua mot phan t goi la bc cua day quan y. Tren hnh 7-4 ve cau truc cua mot day quan gom 3 phan t, moi phan t co 3 vong day, moi canh tac dung cua phan t gom 3 thanh dan.

Hnh 7-4

Khi cau tao day quan, ta can c vao cong suat, toc o quay va mot so ac tnh ky thuat khac cua may e xac nh so ranh Z va so cap cc p cua stator. T o ta xac nh cac so lieu c ban sau cua day quan 3 pha: 1. So ranh moi pha Q. La so ranh tren stator ng vi moi pha. Z Q = 3

(7-1)

2. So ranh moi pha di mot cc t q. Biet so cc t la 2p, moi pha co Q ranh, t o so ranh moi pha di mot cc t se la: Q Z q = = (7-2) 2p 6p
3. Bc cc . La khoang cach stator di moi cc t, tnh bang so ranh tren stator. Z (7-3) = 2p

4.4. Goc o ien ng vi mot ranh. La ai lng dung e xac nh v tr at bo day cua tng pha trong stator (hay rotor), cung nh dung chung e
TS. Lu The Vinh

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

KY THUAT IEN

103

xac nh s o hnh tia sc ien ong ranh trong viec xac nh vung pha cua bo day quan va xac nh he so quan day cua bo day quan. p.360o = (7-4) Z 5.5. Bc day quan y. Day quan co y = goi la day quan bc u. Day quan co y < goi la day quan bc ngan. Loai day quan bc ngan c dung nhieu hn v tiet kiem c day dan va co ieu kien cai thien cho t trng cua may gan hnh sin hn.
7.3.2. V du.

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

Xet v du day quan 3 pha lp n, bc u, so oi cc 2p = 4, so ranh Z = 12. 1) Xac nh cac tham so. Z 12 - So ranh moi pha : Q= = = 4 ranh 3 3 - So ranh moi pha di mot cc t q. Q 4 q = = = 1 ranh 2p 4 Z 12 - Bc cc . = = = 3 ranh 2p 4 - Day quan bc u : y = = 3 ranh - Goc ien gia 2 ranh ke nhau: p.360o 2.360o = = = 60o Z 12 Q - So phan t cua moi day quan la: = 2 phan t. 2 2) ach at day quan. Theo so lieu tnh toan tren ta hay thiet lap gian o hnh tia sc ien ong tng ng vi Z = 12 vec t (hnh 7-5).

Pha A: 1 4 7 10 Pha B: 3 6 9 12 Pha C: 5 8 11 2 au tien at day quan pha A. Canh th nhat cua phan t th nhat at vao ranh so 1, canh th 2 cua phan t th nhat at
TS. Lu The Vinh
C

A
1,7

Y
12,6
600 2,8

11,5 4,10

3,9

B X Hnh 7-5

104

KY THUAT IEN

vao ranh so 4 (v day quan bc u y=3). Tiep theo noi vi phan t th hai co canh th nhat at tai ranh th 7, canh th 2 at ranh so 10. Nh vay day quan pha A se at vao cac ranh 1-4-7-10 (hnh 7-6, a). Tiep theo at day quan pha B. Theo tnh toan tren goc ien gia 2 ranh lien nhau la = 60o , do o khoang cach gia cac pha la 1200 se ng vi hai ranh. T o, bat au day quan pha B se at ranh so 3 (cach pha A 2 ranh). Cac canh tiep theo cua day quan pha B se at cac ranh 6, 9, 12. Tng t, day quan pha C se bat au ranh 5 va tiep tuc qua cac ranh 8, 11, 2. Neu cat doc gia ranh 1 va so 12 va trai ra ta co s o khai trien cua day quan 3 pha sstator nh hnh 7-6, b.

Hnh 7-6

7.4. T TRNG CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO 7.4.1. T trng ap mach cua day quan mot pha.

Theo ly thuyet ien t, ta biet rang t trng do dong xoay chieu hnh sin tao ra co tr so va chieu bien oi theo quy luat hnh sin, goi la t trng ap mach. Gia s day quan mot pha at trong 4 ranh stator nh hnh 7-7 (vi so cap cc p =1) va hnh 7-8 ( vi p = 2). Khi cho dong ien mot pha i = I0 sin t chay qua, chieu cua dong ien mot thi iem ky hieu bang cac dau quy c: ky hieu ch dong ien i vao, ky hieu ch dong ien i ra. Theo quy tac van nut chai ta xac nh c chieu t trng. Tren hnh ve ng cham cham ch chieu t trng mot na chu ky cua dong ien, na chu ky sau dong ien oi chieu va do o t trng co co hng ngc lai. Tren hnh 7-8 la t trng sinh ra vi 2 oi cc (p=2).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

105

Hnh 7-7. T trng cua dong mot pha ng vi p=1

Hnh 7-8. T trng cua dong mot pha ng vi p=2

Nh vay dong mot pha ch tao ra t trng ap mach ma khong tao c momen quay.
7.4.1. S tao thanh t trng quay cua dong ien ba pha.

Dong ien 3 pha co u iem ln la de tao ra t trng quay trong cac may ien 3 pha. e khao sat ta hay xet trng hp n gian nhat cua may ien khong ong bo vi stator co cau truc gom 6 ranh, trong o at 3 cuon day quan 3 pha oi xng AX, BY va CZ. Truc cac cuon day quan at lech nhau trong khong gian mot goc 1200 , moi cuon day co mot phan t, moi phan t co mot vong day.
TS. Lu The Vinh

106

KY THUAT IEN

Gia s dong ien 3 pha a vao 3 cuon day quan cua may ien co bieu thc: iA = I 2 sin t iB = I 2 sin (t 120o ) iC = I 2 sin(t 240 )
o

(7-5)

e thay s hnh thanh t trng quay ta quy c ve chieu dong ien tren cac cuon day 3 pha nh sau: Dong ien pha nao dng co chieu t au pha en cuoi pha, au ky hieu bang vong tron co dau nhan gia , con cuoi ky hieu bang
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

107 .

vong tron co dau cham gia

Dong ien pha nao am co chieu va ky hieu ngc lai: au ky hieu , cuoi ky hieu . Xet t trng tai ba thi iem khac nhau sau: - Thi iem t= 900. thi iem nay, dong pha A dng va co gia tr cc ai, dong pha B va pha C am va co gia tr bang mot na gia tr cc ai. Theo quy c va tren, au A ky hieu , cuoi X ky hieu ; cac au B, C ky hieu cuoi Y, Z ky hieu . Dung quy tac van nut chai, xac nh chieu ng sc t trng do dong ien trong cac cuon day sinh ra (hnh 7-9,a). Ta thay t trng tong co mot cc S va mot cc N ta goi la t trng mot oi cc (p=1). Truc cua t trng tong trung vi truc day quan pha A la pha co dong ien cc ai. - Thi iem t= 900+ 1200. thi iem nay, dong pha B dng va co gia tr cc ai, dong pha C va pha A am va co gia tr bang mot na gia tr cc ai. Dung quy tac van nut chai xac nh chieu t trng ta thay rang t trng tong a quay i mot goc 1200 so vi thi iem trc. Truc cua t trng tong trung vi truc cua day quan pha B la pha co dong cc ai ra (hnh 7-9,b). - Thi iem t= 900+ 2400. Luc nay dong pha C dng va co gia tr cc ai, dong pha A va pha B am va co gia tr bang mot na gia tr cc ai. T trng tong a quay i mot goc 2400 so vi thi iem ban au. Truc cua t trng tong trung vi truc cua day quan pha C la pha co dong cc ai ra (hnh 7-9,c). Qua phan tch tren ta thay rang t trng tong cua dong 3 pha la t trng quay. T trng quay moc vong qua day quan cua stator va cua ca day quan rotor. ay la t trng chnh tao ra cac qua trnh bien oi nang lng trong may ien.
7.4.2. ac iem cua t trng quay. a) Toc o t trng quay.

Toc o t trng quay phu thuoc vao tan so dong ien stator f va so oi cc p. That vay, trong v du tren, khi dong ien bien thien mot chu
TS. Lu The Vinh

108

KY THUAT IEN

ky, t trng quay c mot vong, do o trong mot phut dong ien stator bien thien 60f chu ky, t trng quay c 60f vong. Nh vay, khi t trng co mot oi cc, toc o t trng quay la n1 = 60f vong/phut. Khi t trng co 2 oi cc, dong ien bien thien mot chu ky, t trng quay c vong, do o toc o t trng quay la n1 = 60f/2. Mot cach tong quat, khi t trng quay co p oi cc, toc o quay cua t trng (goi la toc o ong bo) la: 60 f (7-6) n1 = (vong / phut ) p b) Bien o cua t trng quay. u r Theo ly thuyet ve mach t, o ln cua vec t cam ng t B xac nh theo bieu thc: oWI B = (7-7) l Trong o : - 0 = 4.10 7 H/m hang so t - = o t tham cua moi trng - I = cng o dong ien - W = so vong day - l = chieu dai ong day. Vi cac gia tr khong oi cua W, l, cam ng t B phu thuoc tuyen tnh vao gia tr va chieu cua dong ien I. Khi dong cc ai B at cc ai, khi dong at u gia tr cc ai, B cung at gia tr cc ai. Chieu vec t r cam ng t B cung phu thuoc vao chieu dong ien. T hnh ve (7-9) moi thi iem ta luon co:u r u r u r u r B = B A + B B + BC uur r 3u Suy ra: (7-8) B = B max 2 T thong xuyen qua moi day quan = B.S . Nh vay, ve tr so t thong tong trong may la: 3 max = max (7-9) 2 trong o max la t thong cc ai cua mot pha.
Mot cach tong quat, neu dong ien mot pha bien thien theo quy luat hnh sin i = I 0 sin t , th t thong cua t trng quay xuyen qua day quan co dang:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN
= max sin t = b) Chieu quay cua t trng. Chieu quay cua t trng phu thuoc vao th t pha cua he thong dong 3 pha. T hnh (7-9) ta thay rang, neu th t dong ien cac pha cc ai lan lt la pha A, pha B, roi en pha C mot cach chu ky th t trng quay t truc day quan pha A en pha B roi en pha C tng ng. Nh vay, neu thay oi th t hai pha cho nhau, v du, dong iB a vao day quan CZ, dong iC a vao day quan BY, t trng quay se i t truc day quan AX en CZ roi en BY, ngha la quay theo chieu ngc lai (hnh 7-10). 3 max sin t 2

109 (7-10)

Hnh 7-10

7.5. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO 7.5.1. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo ba pha.
Khi cho dong ien 3 pha tan so f1 vao 3 cuon day quan stator, se tao ra t trng quay p oi cc, quay vi toc o: n1 = 60 f1 (vong / phut ) p

T trng quay cat cac thanh dan rotor sinh ra trong day quan rotor cac s.. cam ng. V cac thanh dan rotor c noi ngan mach nen s.. cam ng se sinh ra dong ien trong cac thanh dan rotor. Dong ien nay at trong t trng quay nen se chu tac dung cua lc t lam rotor quay cung chieu t trng vi toc o n <n1 . e minh hoa, tren hnh 7-11 ve t trng quay toc o n1 co chieu thuan chieu kim ong ho, chieu s.. va dong cam ng trong thanh dan rotor, chieu cua lc t Ft. Khi xac nh chieu s.. cam ng theo quy tac ban tay phai, ta phai can c vao chieu chuyen ong tng oi cua thanh dan oi vi t trng. Neu coi t trng la ng yen th chieu chuyen ong tng oi cua thanh dan theo chieu ngc lai vi chieu n1. T o chieu cua s.. cam ng xac nh theo quy tac ban tay phai co chieu nh hnh ve. Chieu
TS. Lu The Vinh

110

KY THUAT IEN

cua lc ien t xac nh theo quy tac ban tay trai co cung chieu vi chieu quay n1.

a) Hnh 7-11

b)

7.5.2. o trt s.
Toc o quay cua may n luon luon nho hn toc o t trng quay n1, v neu n = n1 th se khong co s chuyen ong tng oi, s.. cam ng va do o dong cam ng se triet tieu, lc t se bang khong. ong c do o c goi la ong c khong ong bo. e ac trng cho che o lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo ngi ta a ra khai niem o trt s. Goi n1 la toc o quay cua t trng: 60 f1 n1 = ; n la toc o cua rotor. o chenh lech gia toc o t trng p quay va toc o may goi la toc o trt n2. n2 = n 1 n o trt hay he so trt s c nh ngha: n n n s= 2 = 1 n1 n1 (7-12) (7-11)

Khi ong c lam viec, neu tan so f1=const th n1=const, con n phu thuoc vao momen can tren truc ong c, do o o trt s se thay oi. o trt la mot ai lng ac trng cho qua trnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo. - Khi bat au m may (rotor ng yen): n = 0 , s = 1. - Khi toc o ong c bang toc o t trng: n = n1 , s = 0. Nh vay, gii han cua o trt nam trong khoang: 0 < s 1. Bnh thng rotor quay che o nh mc s = 0,02 0,06.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN
T bieu thc s =

111

n 1 n ta co toc o quay cua ong c la: n1 60 f (7-13) n = n1 (1 s) = (1 s) vong/phut p 7.5.3. Nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien khong ong bo ba pha.
Neu stator van noi vi li ien, truc cua rotor khong noi vi tai ma noi vi mot ong c s cap. Dung ong c s cap keo rotor quay cung chieu n1 vi toc o n > n1. Luc nay chieu cua dong ien I2 trong rotor ngc lai vi che o ong c, do o lc ien t se oi chieu tac ong len rotor gay ra momen ham can bang vi momen quay cua ong c s cap (hnh 7-11, b). May ien lam viec che o may phat. He so trt luc nay la: n n s = 1 < 0 (7-14) n1

Nh t trng quay, c nang ong c s cap a vao c bien thanh ien nang stator. e tao ra t trng quay, li ien phai cung cap cho may phat khong ong bo cong suat phan khang Q, v the lam giam he so cong suat cos cua li ien. Khi may lam viec rieng le, ta phai dung tu ien noi au cc may e kch t cho may. o chnh la nhc iem c ban cua may phat khong ong bo, v vay no t c s dung trong thc te.
7.6. CACPHNG TRNH CAN BANG IEN T CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO. 7.6.1. Phng trnh can bang ien mach stator.

Day quan stator cua ong c ien tng t day quan s cap MBA, do o ta co phng trnh can bang ien ap la: & =Z I & E & (7-15) U
1 1 1 1

Trong o Z 1= R 1 + jX 1 la tong tr day quan stator.

R1 la ien tr day quan stator. X1 = 2f L1 la ien khang tan day quan stator, E1 la sc ien ong pha stator do t thong cua t trng quay sinh ra, co tr so la: (7-16) E1 = 4,44 f W1k1 m Vi W1, k1 la so vong day va he so day quan cua mot pha stator.
TS. Lu The Vinh

112

KY THUAT IEN

m la bien o t thong cua t trng quay. He so day quan k1<1 noi len s giam s... cua moi pha day quan stator do quan rai tren cac ranh va bc rut ngan, so vi quan tap trung trong may bien the.
7.6.2. Phng trnh can bang ien mach rotor. Day quan rotor cua may ien khong ong bo tng t day quan th cap cua MBA. Gia thiet e h mach rotor va cho dong ien ba pha i vao mach stator. Trng hp nay tng t nh may bien ap khong tai. V mach rotor h nen dong ien rotor I2 = 0 . Rotor ng yen v khong co lc ien t, khong co momen.

Tng t MBA, ta co s... mot pha cua mach rotor E20 luc ng yen theo cong thc:

E20 = 4,44 k2 f20 W2 m

trong o:

(7-17)

day.

k2 la he so day quan rotor cua ong c k2 <1. f20 la tan so xac nh toc o bien oi cua t thong qua cuon
V rotor ng yen cho nen:

f20 =

p n1 = f1 60

(7-18)

Bay gi ong mach cho ong c quay bnh thng. Gia s rotor quay vi toc o n. Luc nay s.. va dong ien trong day quan rotor se co tan so phu thuoc vao toc o tng oi gia rotor va t trng (n1 n):

f2 s =

p(n1 n) p n1 (n1 n) = = f1 s n1 60 60

(7-19)

Nh vay, tan so dong ien rotor luc quay bang tan so dong ien stator nhan vi o trt. Sc ien ong pha day quan rotor luc quay la:

E2 s = 4,44k2W2 f2 m = 4,44 k2W2 f1 m s = E20 s

Trong o: E20 = 4,44k2 f1W2 m

(7-20)

Nh vay, sc ien ong trong mach rotor luc quay bang sc ien ong trong mach rotor ng yen nhan vi o trt.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

113

Neu biet c tong tr pha mach rotor Z2 ta de dang xac nh c dong ien pha mach rotor I2 theo cong thc:
I2 = E2 s = Z2 E2 s
2 R2 2 + X2 s

(7-21)

Trong o: R2 la ien tr pha mach rotor X2s la ien khang pha mach rotor do t thong tan mach rotor sinh ra: X2s = 2f2sL2. ay L2 la he so t cam mach rotor. Neu X20 la ien khang pha mach rotor ng yen th X20 = 2f20L2. So sanh X2s va X20 ta co:
X2 s f2 s f20 s = = =s X20 f20 f20

(7-22)

Nh vay, ien khang pha mach rotor luc quay bang ien khang pha mach rotor ng yen nhan vi o trt. T (7-16) va (7-17) ta co:
ke = E1 W1k1 = E20 W2 k2

(7-23)
E 2s

R2

s X2

I2

ong.

ke goi la he so quy oi sc ien

e bieu dien s o tng ng ta chon chieu E2s va I2 nh hnh ve (7-12). V day quan rotor ngan mach, nen phng trnh can bang ien ap luc rotor quay se co dang: & =I & ( R + jX ) E
2s 2 2 2s

Hnh 7-12

(7-24,a)

hay:

& I ( R + jsX ) 0 = sE 2 2 2 2

(7-24,b)

Trong phng trnh (7-24) dong ien rotor co tan so f2 = sf1 va co tr so hieu dung la: I2 = E2 s = Z2 sE2
2 R2 + (sX2 )2

(7-25)

7.6.3. Phng trnh can bang t cua ong c khong ong bo.
TS. Lu The Vinh

114

KY THUAT IEN

Khi ong c lam viec, t trng quay trong may sinh ra ong thi do dong ien cua ca hai day quan stator va rotor. Dong ien trong day quan stator sinh ra t trng quay stator quay vi toc o n1 oi vi stator. Dong ien trong day quan rotor sinh ra t trng quay rotor, quay vi toc o n2 :

n2 =

60 f2 60 f1 = s = s n1 p p

(7-26)

V toc o quay cua rotor so vi stator la n, cho nen t trng quay cua rotor se quay so vi stator vi toc o la:

n2 + n = sn1 + n = sn1 + n1 (1 s) = n1 (7-27) Nh vay, t trng quay stator va t trng quay rotor khong chuyen ong tng oi oi vi nhau. T trng tong hp cua may se la t trng quay vi toc o n1. Ly luan tng t nh MBA, do t thong max luc khong tai va co tai la khong oi, nen ta viet c phng trnh can bang sc t ong cua ong c khong ong bo: & m W k I & =mWk I & mWk I (7-28)
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0

Trong o: & la dong ien ststor luc khong tai I 0 & & la dong ien ststor va rotor luc co tai I ,I
1 2

m1, m2 la so pha day quan stator va rotor. Cac he so m1W1k1 , m2W2 k2 noi len t trng quay do ong thi m1 pha stator va m2 pha rotor sinh ra, tnh en so vong day va cach quan & cho biet dong I & khong thuan vi chieu t thong day. Dau tr trc I 2 2 theo quy tac van nut chai. Chia hai ve cua (7-28) cho m1W1k1 ta c:

& m2W2 k2 I & =I & I 1 2 0 m1W1k1

hay:

& I 1

& & I 2 & I2 = I & I ' =I & =I 1 1 2 0 m1W1k1 ki m2W2 k2

& =I & +I &' I 1 0 2

(7-29)
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN
Trong o:

115

& ' la dong ien rotor quy oi ve stator, I 2 mWk ki = 1 1 1 goi la he so quy oi dong ien. m2W2 k2

7.7. S O THAY THE CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO

Tng t nh khi nghien cu MBA, da vao cac phng trnh can bang ien t ta se thiet lap c s o mach ien goi la s o thay the ong c khong ong bo. T cac phng trnh (7-15), (7-24) va (7-29) ta co he phng trnh toan hoc mo ta ong c ien khong ong bo la: & =I & ( R + jX ) E & U (7-30)
1 1 1 1 1

& I ( R + jsX ) 0 = sE 2 2 2 2 ' & =I & +I & I

1 0 2

(7-31) (7-32)

T (7-31) la phng trnh can bang ien cua mach ien rotor luc rotor quay vi tan so f2 = s f1 . Chia hai ve phng trnh cho s ta co: & I ( R2 + jX ) 0=E 2 2 2 s (7-33)

Cac thong so E2, X2 la s... va ien khang tan luc rotor ng yen vi tan so f1. Nh vay phng trnh (7-33) la phng trnh can bang ien rotor a quy oi t trang thai rotor quay ve trang thai ng yen. Ta goi ay la phng trnh can bang ien rotor quy oi ve tan so stator f1. Bay gi hay nhan (7-33) vi he so quy oi s.. ke, nhan va chia cho he so quy oi dong ien ki ta c: & I 2 ( R2 k k + jX k k ) 0 = ke E e i 2 2 e i ki s (7-34)

& = E la s... pha rotor quy oi ve stator. Goi: E2' = ke E 2 1 I I 2' = 2 la dong ien rotor quy oi ve stator. ki

R2' = R2 ke ki la ien tr day quan rotor quy oi ve stator.

X2' = X2 ke ki la ien khang day quan rotor quy oi ve stator

kZ = ke ki la he so quy oi tong tr. Phng trnh (7-34) tr thanh:

TS. Lu The Vinh

116

KY THUAT IEN

R2' + jX2' ) (7-35) s Tng t MBA E1 va E2 la ien ap ri tren tong tr t hoa:

& ' I ' ( 0=E 2 2
& ' = I ' ( R + jX ) E1 = E th th 2 0 (7-36) Cuoi cung ta c he phng trnh ong c ien a quy oi sau: & =I & ( R + jX )+ I & ( R + jX ) (7-37) U
1 1 1

th

th

0 = I 0 ( Rth + jXth ) I 2' (

R2' s

+ jX2' )

(7-38)

& =I & +I &' (7-39) I 1 0 2 He 3 phng trnh (7-37, 38, 39) la he phng trnh Kirchhoff viet cho mach ien co s o tren hnh (7-13). Mach ien tren goi la s o thay the ong c khong ong bo. e thuan tien cho viec tnh toan, thng s dung s o gan ung tng ng hnh (7-13,b), trong o: R0 = R1 + Rth X 0 = X1 + Xth

Hnh 7-13

e the hien cong suat c tren truc ong c s o thay the, ta thc hien phep bien oi sau: R2' R ' (1 s) = R2' + 2 (7-40) s s R2' ac trng cho cong suat ien t Pt: s R' 2 R2 (7-41) Pt = m1I 2' 2 2 = m2 I 2 s s R2 ac trng cho ton hao ong trong rotor. 2 P 2 = m1I 2' 2 R2' = m2 I 2 R2 (7-42)
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

117

1 s 1 s 2 (7-43) = m2 I 2 R2 s s S o thay the ong c khong ong bo co the ve nh hnh (7-14):

Pc = m1I 2' 2 R2'

R2' (1 s) s

ac trng cho cong suat c tren truc tren truc:

Hnh 7-14

7.8. MO MEN QUAY CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA.

che o ong c ien, momen ien t ong vai tro momen quay. Da vao bieu thc cong suat ien t va quan he gia cong suat nay vi ton hao trong mach rotor, ta rut ra bieu thc cua momen quay la ham so cua o trt s nh sau: P M = M t = t (7-44)

Pt la cong suat ien t tnh theo (7-41): R' Pt = 3I 2' 2 2 s

1 la tan so goc cua t trng quay : 1 =

(7-45)

p la tan so goc dong ien stator, p la so cap cc t. T s o thay the (7-13,b) ta co: 1 I 2' = ' R ( R1 + 2 )2 + ( X1 + X2' )2 s 2 ' 3 pU1 R2 Nh vay: M= ' R s ( R1 + 2 )2 + ( X 1 + X2' )2 s
TS. Lu The Vinh

(7-46)

(7-47)

(7-48)

118

KY THUAT IEN

o th bieu dien quan he momen quay theo o trt M = f(s) tren hnh (7-15,a). Neu thay s = (n1-n)/n1 ta co quan he n = f(M), o la ng ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo (hnh 7-15,b).

a) Hnh 7-15

b)

Cac ac iem cua momen quay cua ong c khong ong bo: 1.1. Momen quay ty le vi bnh phng ien ap. Tren hnh (7-16,b) ve ng cong M = f(s) vi cac ien ap khac nhau: U1 < U1.
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

a) Hnh 7-16

b)

2.2. Momen co tr so cc ai Mmax ng vi ti han sth lam cho ao M ham = 0 . Sau khi ao ham ta tnh c tr so sth va Mmax la: s R2' sth = 2 R1 + ( X1 + X2' )2
dau (+) ng vi che o ong c va che o ham dau (-) ng vi che o may phat (hnh 7-17)
TS. Lu The Vinh

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

KY THUAT IEN

119

Hnh 7-17
2 2 << ( X1 + X2' )2 nen co the bo qua R1 , ta co Xet gia tr trong can, R1

bieu thc gan ung:

sth

R2' X1 + X2'

Mmax =

2 3 pU1 2 + ( X1 + X2' )2 2[ R1 + R1

2 3 pU1 2 ( R1 + X1 + X2' )

(7-49)

He so trt ti han sth ty le thuan vi ien tr rotor, con Mmax khong phu thuoc vao ien tr rotor. Khi cho them ien tr phu Rp vao rotor, ng ac tnh M=f(s) thay oi nh hnh (7-16,a). Tnh chat nay c s dung e ieu chnh toc o va m may ong c rotor day quan. Quan he gia M, Mmax va sth co the viet gan ung nh sau:
M=

2 Mmax s sth + sth s

2 ' 3 pU1 R2

(7-50)

Thay s = 1 vao (7-48) ta co mo men m may cua ong c la:

M=
' 2 ' 2 ( R1 + R2 ) + ( X 1 + X2 )

(7-51)

oi vi ong c long soc thng cho cac tr so sau:

Mm M = 1,1 1,7 ; max = 1,6 2,5 Mm Mm

7.9. M MAY ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA.
TS. Lu The Vinh

(7-52)

120
7.9.1. ac iem.

KY THUAT IEN

Qua trnh m may tnh t luc ong mach cho dong ien vao ong c ng yen (n = 0) cho en luc ong c quay vi toc o on nh n. ong c khong ong bo 3 pha co momen m may. e m may momen cua ong c phai u ln e thang momen can cua phu tai at len truc ong c (Mc) va momen quan tnh cua cac phan t chuyen ong quy ve truc ong c (J). Ngoai ra momen ong c phai u ln e thi gian m may nam trong gii han cho phep. Phng trnh momen cua ong c la: d M = Mc + J (7-53) dt Khi m may he so trt s = 1, t s o thay the n gian gan ung (7-13,b) ta co dong ien pha luc m may la: U1 U1 I m = = (7-54) ' ' 2 ' 2 ( R1 + R2 ) + ( X 1 + X2 ) R ( R1 + 2 )2 + ( X 1 + X2' )2 s Trong qua trnh m may dong cap cho ong c kha ln, thng bang 5 7 lan dong nh mc. oi vi li ien cong suat nho dong tai tang se lam sut ap li mang gay anh hng nghiem trong ti nguon va anh hng en che o cong tac cua cac thiet b ien khac. Do vay can phai co cac bien phap khac phuc. Di ay ta se xet cac phng phap m may cho tng loai ong c.
7.9.1. M may ong c rotor long soc. a) M may trc tiep. Ap dung cho cac ong c cong suat nho. Thao tac m may ch n gian la ong ien trc tiep cho ong c nh cau dao 3 pha, aptomat hoac khi ong t.

Do trong thi gian khi ong dong m may ln gay sut sap nguon, nen neu momen quan tnh cua ong c ln, thi gian m may se dai co the gay s co cho mach ien. Do o phng phap nay ch ap dung oi vi cac ong c nho khi cong suat li ien ln hn nhieu lan cong suat cua ong c. b) Giam ien ap stator khi m may. Trong thi gian m may ta giam ien ap at vao stator nham giam dong ien m may. Tuy nhien he qua la lam giam momen m may, do
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

121

o phng phap nay ch ap dung cho cac ong c khong yeu cau momen m may ln. Co cac bien phap thc hien giam ien ap stator nh sau: 1. Dung ien khang mac noi tiep vao mach stator. S o khi ong ong c ch ra tren hnh 7-18. Qua trnh m may c thc hien nh sau: Ban au ong cau dao D1, m cau dao D2. ien ap li at vao ong c qua cac ien khang mac noi tiep vi day quan stator. Khi toc o ong c gan at mc on nh ong cau dao D2, m cau dao D1. Nh sut ap tren cac ien khang nen ien ap at vao ong c se giam i, dan en giam dong m may. Neu ien ap giam i k lan, dong m may cung se gianm i k lan, tuy nhien momen m may cung se giam i k2 lan tng ng.

Hnh 7-18

2. Dung bien ap t ngau 3 pha mac noi tiep vao mach stator Dung MBA t ngau co the ieu chnh tuy y mc ien ap at vao day quan stator cua ong c (hnh 7-19). Thay oi v tr cua cua chiet ap sao cho luc m may ien ap at vao ong c nho, sau o tang dan len bang gia tr nh mc. Goi k la he so bien ap, U1 la ien ap pha cua li, Zn la tong tr cua ong c , U2 la ien ap pha at vao ong c luc m may, ta co: U U2 = 1 (7-55) k Dong ien chay vao ong c luc dung MBA la:

TS. Lu The Vinh

122

KY THUAT IEN

I2 =

U2 U = 1 Zn kZ n

(7-56)

Dong ien li cung cap cho ong c luc co MBA la: I U (7-57) I1 = 2 = 2 1 k k Zn Neu m may trc tiep khong dung MBA th dong ien li luc m may se la: I10 = U1 Zn (7-58)
Hnh 7-19

So sanh (7-57) va (7-58) ta thay viec dung MBA a cho phep giam dong ien m may i k2 lan. ay la mot trong nhng u iem cua viec dung MBA so vi phng phap dung ien khang. ien ap at vao ong c giam i k lan nen momen quay giam i k2 lan. Phng phap nay c ap dung cho cac ong c cong suat ln.
7.9.2. M may ong c rotor day quan.

e m may ong c rotor day quan ngi ta dung bien tr m may mac noi tiep vi day quan rotor (hnh 7-20). Qua trnh m may c thc hien nh sau: Ban au e bien tr ln nhat, sau o giam dan bien tr ve khong. ng ac tnh momen ng vi cac gia tr Rm ch ra tren hnh 7-20,b. Muon co momen m may cc ai, he so trt ti han phai bang 1: ' R ' + Rm (7-59) sth = 2 =1 X1 + X2'

T o xac nh c gia tr ien tr m may Rm can thiet . Khi co Rm dong ien m may la: U1 (7-60) I m = ( R1 + R '2 + R 'm )2 + ( X1 + X '2 )2 Nh co Rm, dong ien m may giam xuong, nhng momen m may van at cc ai. o la u iem c ban cua ong c khong ong bo rotor day quan. Do o nhng phu tai yeu cau momen m may ln thng
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

123

dung ong c rotor day quan.

Hnh 7-20. M may ong c rotor day quan

7.10. IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA.

7.10.1. Toc o ong c khong ong bo 3 pha.

60 f (7-61,a) (1 s) p Ta thay toc o quay cua ong c la ham cua 3 bien p, f va s. n = F ( p, f , s ) (7-61,b) Nh vay, co the ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cach thay oi so cap cc p, thay oi tan so dong ien stator f, hoac bang cach thay oi ien ap at vao stator e ieu chnh he so trt s.

T cong thc 7-13:

n = n1 (1 s) =

7.10.2. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi so oi cc.

So oi cc p cua t trng quay phu thuoc vao cach mac cac cuon day quan stator. Trng hp day quan 1 pha. Tren cac hnh (7-7) va (7-8) cho ta khai niem ve s hnh thanh so oi cc khi mac song song cac cuon day (p=1) va khi mac noi tiep (p=2) oi vi day quan 1 pha. Trng hp day quan 3 pha. oi vi day quan 3 pha khi chuyen t cach mac noi tiep sang cach mac song song ta a thay oi s o au day t s o hnh tam giac sang s o hnh sao (hnh 7-21)

TS. Lu The Vinh

124

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 7-21. Chuyen t mac noi tiep sang cach mac song song

ong c khong ong bo co cau tao day quan e thay oi so oi cc c goi la ong c nhieu cap toc o. Phng phap ieu chnh nay ch ap dung cho loai ong c co rotor long soc.
7.10.3. ieu chnh toc o bang cach ieu chnh ien tr mach rotor.

oi vi cac ong c rotor day quan co the s dung s o ieu chnh ien tr mach rotor e ieu chnh toc o. S o tng t s o m may (hnh 7-3. b). That vay, ta co cong suat t trng quay, tc cong suat ien t la: Pt = M.1 1 la toc o goc t trng quay. Cong suat tren truc ong c: P2 = M.2 2 la toc o cua rotor . Ton hao trong mach rotor: 2 P = Pt P2 = M (1 2 ) = 3 I 2 r2 Lap ty so:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

125

Pt P2 M (1 2 ) 1 2 = = =s Pt M1 1
2 r2 Hay: Pt s = 3 I 2 T o:

s =

2 2 3 I2 r2 3 I2 r2 = Pt M1

(7-62)

Theo (7-26) ro rang khi r2 tang o trt s se tang va lam cho 1 se giam va ngc lai, neu r2 giam, s giam va 1 se tang len.
7.10.4. ieu chnh toc o bang cach ieu chnh tan so.

T (7-61) ta thay toc o cua ong c phu thuoc tuyen tnh vao tan so f. Trong cac he thong truyen ong ien ngi ta thng s dung phng phap bien tan e ieu chnh toc o cua ong c, trong o tan so cua dong ien stator c ieu che bang mot bo bien tan cong nghiep (thng la bien tan trc tiep ). Nh vay co the ieu chnh toc o quay cua t trng mot cach trc tiep nh bien tan (hnh 7-22).

Hnh 7-22. Bien tan ieu chnh toc o

7.7. CAC AC TNH LAM VIEC CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO Moi ong c khi che tao eu c th nghiem che o lam viec nh mc e xac nh cac ai lng ac trng sau:

- Cong suat c hu ch tren truc nh mc Pm - ien ap day nh mc Um - Dong ien day nh mc Im - Toc o quay nh mc nm - He so cong suat nh mc cosm - Hieu suat nh mc m Tuy nhien, khi lam viec vi phu tai thay oi can phai xac nh cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c. o la s phu thuoc va moi quan he gia cac ai lng toc o quay rotor n, he so cos , hieu suat , momen quay
TS. Lu The Vinh

126

KY THUAT IEN

M, va dong ien stator I1 vi cong suat hu ch tren truc ong c P2 khi ien ap U va tan so f stator khong oi. Tren hnh (7-23) ve cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c, trong o hieu suat , cos la cac ch tieu kinh te, con cac ac tnh khac la cac ch tieu ky thuat.

Hnh 7-23. ac tnh lam viec cua ong c

7.7.1. Toc o quay n = f(P2). Toc o quay cua ong c co lien he vi he so trc s theo bieu thc: n = n1 (1 s) = 60 f (1 s) p (7-63)

Khi tai tang, cong suat P2 tren truc ong c tang, momen can tang len, t ng ac tnh momen ta thay he so s tang len lam toc o n cua ong c giam xuong. 7.7.2. Hieu suat = f(P2). Hieu suat cua ong c c nh ngha la: P2 P2 = P1 P2 + P

(7-64)

P2 la cong suat c hu ch tren truc ong c. Trong thiet ke ngi ta thng tnh toan sao cho hieu suat at cc ai khi he so tai kt 0,7. Trong khoang kt = 0,1 1 hieu suat hau nh khong oi. Cac ong c cong nghiep co hieu suat nam trong khoang 0,75 0,95. 7.7.3. He so cong suat cos = f(P2). He so cong suat cua ong c c nh ngha la ty so gia cong
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

127

suat tac dung P1 va cong suat toan phan S.

cos =

P1 = S

P1 P12 + Q12

(7-65)

Trong o: P1 la cong suat tac dung ien ong c dung e bien oi sang cong suat c P2. Q1 la cong suat phan khang ma ong c tieu thu e tao ra t trng quay. Khi chay khong tai, cong suat P1 nho, cos0 thap khoang t 0,2 en 0,3. Khi chay co tai, neu tai tang P1 tang, cos tang va at gia tr nh mc cosm = 0,8 0,9 . Khi qua tai dong ien vt nh mc, t thong tan tang, Q1 tang lam cos lai giam xuong. T ac tnh cos ta thay khong nen cho may lam viec khong tai hoac non tai. Ngoai ra khi cong suat P2 tang momen quay M va dong I1 eu tang.
7.8. ONG C KHONG ONG BO MOT PHA. 7.8.1. ac tnh chung.

Cac ong c cong suat nho t vai tram oat en di mot kilo oat thng c che tao di dang 1 pha. Do day quan mot pha ch tao ra t trng ap mach nen ong c 1 pha khong the t khi ong c. e khi ong ong c mot pha can phai tao ra momen m may bang cac bien phap khac nhau sau ay: - Dung vong ngan mach; - Dung day quan phu ket hp vi tu ien hoac ien cam.
7.8.2. Cau tao. Cung giong nh cac loai ong c khong ong bo, ong c 1 pha co 2 phan chnh : stator va rotor - Stator gom vo may, loi thep va day quan. Loi thep stator c lam t cac la thep ky thuat ghep lai, pha ben trong co ranh e at day quan 1 pha. oi vi loai ong c 1 pha co vong ngan mach, loi thep stator khong co ranh ma co cc t loi, tren cc t ngi ta xe ranh va gan mot vong ong goi la vong ngan mach e tao momen m may. Day quan stator quan xung quanh cc t (hnh 7-24).

TS. Lu The Vinh

128

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 7-24. Cau tao ong c 1 pha co vong ngan mach

Ngoai day quan chnh, oi vi ong c 1 pha khi ong bang tu (hoac bang ien cam L, ien tr R) con co day quan phu e m may (hnh 7-25). ~ ~ ~
S1 S1 S1

Common

Running C

Common

Running

Common XL

Running

Rotor Starting

Rotor Starting

Rotor Starting

a)

b)
Hnh 7-25. Khi ong bang cuon day quan phu

c)

- Rotor cua ong c khong ong bo 1 pha thng la rotor long soc.
7.8.3. Nguyen ly lam viec. Khi at ien ap xoay chieu mot pha vao cuon day quan chnh, dong ien xoay chieu se sinh ra t trng ap mach . T trng nay co phng khong oi, gia tr thay oi theo quy luat hnh sin (hnh 7-26)

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

129

Hnh 7-26.

V la t trng ap mach nen khong the tao momen quay va rotor se ng yen. Tuy nhien neu ta ay rotor theo mot chieu nao ay rotor se tiep tuc quay va ong c se lam viec. That vay, ta hay phan tch t trng ap mach thanh 2 thanh phan A va B co bien o bang nhau, quay vi cung toc o goc nhng theo 2 chieu ngc nhau (hnh 7-27): = A + B A = B = 2

A B

A B
Hnh 7-27

A B A

Tac dung cua hai t trng nay sinh ra 2 momen MA va MB tac dung len rotor theo hai chieu ngc nhau. Momen tong M = MA + MB se quyet nh chieu quay cua rotor. o th bieu dien s phu thuoc cua momen quay theo he so trt s bieu dien tren hnh 7-28.

TS. Lu The Vinh

130

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 7-28

T ac tnh momen quay ta thay khi s = 1 (luc m may) M = 0, nen ong c khong t m may c. Neu ta dung tay ay rotor theo chieu quay t trng A momen tac dung len rotor se khac khong, va rotor se tiep tuc quay theo chieu quay cua t trng A. Ngc lai, neu ta ay rotor theo chieu B, ong c se quay theo chieu ngc lai.
7.8.4. M may ong c khong ong bo mot pha.

V ong c 1 pha khong the t khi ong, nen can phai tao ra momen m may bang cac bien phap khac nhau: dung day quan phu ket hp vi tu ien hoac ien cam, dung vong ngan mach. a) Dung cuon day phu m may (starting bobbin). S o bo tr 2 cuon day nh hnh ~ 7-29. Cuon day chnh con goi la cuon S1 day chay (running bobbin) la cuon day co tiet dien ln, khi quan at vao S trc. Cuon day phu con goi la cuon e (starting bobbin), lam bang day be at ben ngoai va c bo tr lech 900 Common Running C so vi cuon chnh e sao cho t thong do no sinh ra vuong gocvi t thong chnh. Rotor Starting e tao s lech pha 900 gia dong ien trong 2 cuon day, ngi ta Hnh 7-29 mac noi tiep vi cuon day phu mot tu ien C. Do cach bo tr 2 cuon day lech nhau 900 va cac dong IR va IS lech pha nhau 1/4 chu ky, nen t trng tong hp do chung tao ra la mot t trng quay (hnh 7-30).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

131

Hnh 7-30. S hnh thanh t trng quay

b) Tu ien trong mach khi ong. Tu ien c gan trong cuon day khi ong co 2 dang sau: + Dang thng trc (running capacitor): Gan thng trc trong mach e, mach khong can khoa S . Tu C phai la loai tu dau. + Dang khi ong (statting capacitor): Tu ch c noi vao mach trong thi gian khi ong, sau khi mo t a quay on nh toc o (~ 75% toc o nh mc) tu c ngat ra khoi mach bang ngat t ong S. c) Cac kieu ngat ien dung cho mach khi ong. Ngat ien co nhiem vu ong, cat mach e trong thi gian m may. Trong thc te, tuy thuoc vao loai ong c ma co cac kieu ngat sau: - Ngat t ong kieu ly tam - Ngat t ong kieu r le the (Potential Relay), - Ngat t ong kieu r le dong ( Current Relay). 1. Ngat t ong kieu ly tam. Loai ngat nay ap dung pho bien trong cac ong c dung cho may bm hi, bm nc, may mai, cac loai mot keo. Hoat ong cua ngat da tren nguyen tac ly tam. Bo phan ngat c gan tren truc quay co oi trong 2 pha. Khi mot quay, lc ly tam keo cac oi trong vang ra pha ngoai keo theo ma vt bach kim ngat mach ien gan tu C (hnh 7-31).
TS. Lu The Vinh

132

KY THUAT IEN

Rotor

Ma vt bach kim

Hnh 7-31. Ngat kieu ly tam

2. Ngat ien kieu rle the (Potential Relay). Cuon day relay mac song song vi mach ien li. Khi khi ong, khoa K (tiep iem thng ong NC norman closed cua relay) ong noi tu C vao mach e tao t trng quay lam mot quay. Trong thi gian m may, dong khi ong ln lam sut ap au nguon ln nen t trng cua cuon relay yeu khong u sc ngat khoa K (hnh 7-32, a).

~
S1

~
S1

RL 2 1 3 4 K Common Running C Common Running 4 2 1

RL 3 K

Rotor Starting

Rotor Starting

a) Potential Relay

b) Current Relay

Hnh 7-32

Khi toc o ong c a on nh, dong khi dong giam dan lam ien ap au nguon tr lai gia tr nh mc, cuon day relay u ien ap tac ong hut lay ngat khoa K, Tu C b ngat khoi mach e. Loai ngat nay c dung nhieu trong cac ong c may lanh, tu lanh, tu a.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

133

1. Ngat ien kieu rle dong (Current Relay). Cuon day relay mac noi tiep vi mach ien tai. Khoa K la tiep thng m NO (norman open) cua relay (hnh 7-32, b). Khi ong ien, dong khi ong ln lam cuon day relay u sc hut tiep iem ong khoa K noi tu C vao mach e. Khi toc o ong c a on nh, dong khi ong giam dan, cuon day relay khong u lc tac ong ngat khoa K nha mach tu C ra khoi mach e. 2. Cach xac nh cac cuon day va cac au day cua ong c. ong c co 2 cuon day c au lai e a ra 3 moi day chnh: - Moi day chung Common (C) - Moi day chnh Running (R) - Moi day phu Starting (S) Dung ong ho Om ke tien hanh o luan phien tng cap 3 au day, neu 2 moi day nao co ien tr nho nhat se la 2 day chung (C) va day chnh (R), moi con lai se la day e (S). o gia au day e (S) vi 2 moi day con lai, moi nao co ien tr nho hn se la day chung (C), moi kia se la day chnh (R). 3. V du ve ong c 1 pha khi ong bang tu. Tren hnh 7-33 la s o cua mot ong c 1 pha, 2 cc, dung ien 110V/220V vi 2 cap toc o 2800 va 3600 vg/ph. ac iem, ong c co 2 lp day, moi lp day co 2 cuon day. Lp day e thng mac co nh noi tiep 2 cuon day S1 va S2. Lp day chnh gom 2 cuon day A va B c au noi ra khoa chuyen mach 110/220V. e ao chieu quay cua ong c ch can ao ngc 2 au cuon day e.

~
SW

220V

110V

C B A

S1 Rotor

S2

ao chieu quay

Hnh 7-33

TS. Lu The Vinh

134
d) ieu chnh toc o ong c.

KY THUAT IEN

e ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo 1 pha ngi ta s dung phng phap chu yeu la thay oi cach au noi cac cuon day stator e ieu chnh so cap cc p theo cong thc: n = 60 f p

Cach au chu yeu la mac noi tiep : au vi au, cuoi vi cuoi hay la au cung n v. V du. Tren s o hnh 7-34 cho 3 trng hp ng vi cac toc o 3000, 1500 va 1000 vg/ph.
*
A 1

*
B

a) 2 cc , p = 1 , n = 3000 vg/ph *
A 1 2

*
B

b) 4 cc , p = 2, n = 1500 vg/ph
1 2 3 4 5 6

*
A

*
B

c) 6 cc , p = 3, n = 1000 vg/ph

Hnh 7-34. au noi ie u chnh toc o o ng c

7.9. AU VAN HANH ONG C 3 PHA LAM VIEC TRONG LI IEN 1 PHA 7.9.1. ac iem.

Trong thc te nhieu trng hp chung ta phai x ly cac s co do mat ien 1 pha hoac 2 pha khi ang van hanh ong c 3 pha, hoac n gian muon s dung ong c 3 pha trong li ien 1 pha e san xuat. Khi ong c 3 pha ang van hanh ma mat ien mot pha, neu tai nhe khoang 30% Pm th ong c van co the lam viec bnh thng. Nhng tnh trang nay ong c se khong the t khi ong c.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

135

Muon s dung ong c 3 pha e lam viec trong li ien 1 pha chung ta phai s dung 1 cuon pha (hoac 2 cuon pha) lam cuon chay (running), pha con lai mac noi tiep vi tu ien e lam cuon e (starting). Khi au lai nh vay ong c se co cac ac tnh can lu y sau: - Cong suat cua ong c at toi a (70 80) % Pm - Cng o dong ien chay trong 3 cuon day pha khong can bang. - Khi chay khong tai, dong IC qua tu cao hn bnh thng va at khoang (120 140)% Im nhng khi chay co tai dong nay se giam xuong.
7.9.2. Mot so s o mac.
A A A Z Z

C Y C1 C2 B

~
C

~
B C

B C1 C2

C1 S C2 S

c) b) Hnh 7-35. au van hanh ong c 3 pha trong li ien 1 pha a) ong c 3 pha 220/380V mac vao li 220V (au tam giac) b) ong c 3 pha 127/220V mac vao li ien 220V (au hnh sao). c) ong c 127/220V au vao li ien 220V.

a)

TS. Lu The Vinh

136

KY THUAT IEN

Chng 8. MAY IEN ONG BO 8.1. CAC KHAI NIEM CHUNG. 8.1.1. nh ngha, phan loai. May ien ong bo la cac may ien xoay chieu co toc o quay n cua rotor khong oi bang toc o quay cua t trng, c xac nh theo so cap cc p va tan so f cua dong ien:

n =

60 f p

(8-1)

Theo nguyen ly thuan nghch, may ien ong bo co the van hanh theo che o may phat ien hoac che o ong c. May ien ong bo chu yeu c s dung e lam may phat ien. Hien nay, tuyet ai bo phan ien nang s dung trong cong nghiep va i song la nang lng ien t do cac may phat ien ong bo cung cap trong o ong c s cap la cac tuyc bin hi, tuyc bin kh hoac tuyc bin nc. Trong truyen ong ien cong suat ln t vai tram kW tr len ngi ta s dung ong c ien khong ong bo. Trong cong nghiep luyen kim, khai khoang, thiet b lanh ong c ong bo c s dung e truyen ong cac may bm, nen kh, quat gio, vi toc o khong oi. Cac ong c ong bo cong suat nho c s dung trong cac ong ho ien, thiet b t ghi, thiet b lap trnh, v.v Trong cac he thong ien, may ien ong bo dung lam may phat cong suat phan khang e bu va nang cao he so cong suat cho li ien.
8.1.2. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien ong bo.

May phat ien ong bo c cau tao t 3 bo phan chnh la phan cam, phan ng va phan kch t. a)Phan cam. Thng at tren rotor cua may ien, tren rotor co he thong day quan co dong ien mot chieu chay qua e tao thanh mot nam cham ien. T thong cua phan cam sinh ra phai u manh va on nh. So cc t cua phan cam se quy nh toc o quay cua rotor va tan so cua dong ien. Vi dong ien cong nghiep tan so 50Hz, theo (8-1) ta thay: p = 1 (2 cc) n = 3000 vg/ph
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

137

p = 2 ( 4 cc) n = 1500 vg/ph p = 3 (6 cc) n = 1000 vg/ph v.v. Vi cac may phat 2 cc (p = 1) toc o cao, rotor phai lam dang cc an, loi thep rotor co xe ranh e at day quan (hnh 8-1, a).

a)

b)

Hnh 8.1. Phan cam cua may phat ien ong bo. Cac may phat ien ong bo nhieu cc (p > 2) co toc o quay thap thng lam dang cc loi. Moi cc la mot loi thep c che tao co hnh dang ac trng e at day quan sao cho t trng tao ra co phan bo au cc dang hnh sin (hnh 8-1, b). b) Phan ng. Phan ng cua may phat ien xoay chieu gom 3 cuon day at lech nhau 1200 trong khong gian co nh tren cac ranh cua mach t tren stator. Cau tao cua mach t va cach bo tr cac cuon day tng t nh may ien khong ong bo (hnh 8-2). c) Phan kch t. Co nhiem vu tao ra dong ien mot chieu cung cap cho day quan phan cam e tao ra t trng kch t.

TS. Lu The Vinh

138

KY THUAT IEN

Loi thep stator Day quan stator

Choi than

Loi thep rotor Day quan rotor

Hnh 8-2. Mat cat ngang loi thep cua may ien ong bo

Phan ln cac may phat ien xoay chieu cong suat ln hien nay th phan kch t la mot may phat ien mot chieu at ong truc vi may phat xoay chieu. Dong mot chieu t may kch t qua 2 choi than tiep xuc vi vong trt at tren truc noi vao day quan phan cam. Toan bo cau tao cua mot may phat ien ong bo rotor cc loi ve tren hnh 8-3.

Hnh 8-3. Cac bo phan chnh cua may phat ien rotor cc loi 1 - Than may, 2 - Loi thep stator, 3 - Cuon day stator, 4 - Rotor, 5 - Quat gio, 7 - au day ra, 8 - Choi than, 9 - May kch t

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

139

8.2. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO

Tren hnh 8-4 minh hoa s o nguyen tac lam viec cua to hp may phat ien ong bo.
A B C

ONG C S CAP

NGUON IEN KCH T + -

Hnh 8-4. S o nguyen tac lam viec cua may phat ien

To hp 3 may: ong c s cap, may phat kch t va ro to may phat c noi ong truc vi nhau. ong c s cap dung e quay may phat ien va nguon kch t. cac nha may thuy ien ong c s cap la cac tuycbin nc, con nha may nhiet ien la cac tuycbin hi. ong c s cap co the la cac ong c iezen hoac tuycbin kh. Nguon kch t thng la mot may phat ien mot chieu cung cap dong mot chieu cho cuon day kch t cua may phat. oi vi cac may phat cong suat nho nguon kch t la mot bo chnh lu lay dong xoay chieu t phan ng qua bo chnh lu ban dan e cap dong cho cuon day phan cam. Cac may phat loai nay goi la may phat xoay chieu t kch. Khi ong c s cap quay rotor, cuon kch t cua phan cam co dong mot chieu se bien thanh mot nam cham ien quay vi toc o n. T trng cua rotor quet qua day quan phan ng tren stator va cam ng tren no sc ien ong xoay chieu hnh sin. Neu phan cam co p cap cc, toc o quay cua rotor la n th dong cam ng se co tan so:

f =

pn 60

(8-2)

Tng t nh may ien khong ong bo, s... cam ng trong moi pha day quan co tr hieu dung: Eo = 4,44 f W kdq o
TS. Lu The Vinh

(8-3)

Trong o o la t thong di moi cc t, W la so vong day mot

140

KY THUAT IEN

pha, kdq la he so day quan. Neu may phat ien ong bo la may 3 pha, trong day quan phan ng se co sc ien ong 3 pha. Khi may phat mang tai, dong ien 3 pha trong day quan phan ng se sinh ra t trng quay vi toc o: n1 = 60 f p (8-4)

Ta thay toc o t trng quay n1 bang toc o quay rotor n. Do o may phat goi la may phat ong bo.
8.3. PHAN NG PHAN NG CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO

Khi may phat ien lam viec, rotor quay lam cho t trng kch t 0 cua phan cam cat day quan stator va tao ra trong moi pha cua day quan stator mot s.. cam ng E0. Day quan stator noi vi tai cung cap dong tai I lai tao ra t trng phan ng . T thong phan ng luon quay ong bo vi t thong phan cam o. Tac dung cua t trng phan ng len t trng cua cc t phan cam o c goi la phan ng phan ng. Trong moi trng hp o luon co phng trung vi truc rotor, co chieu i ra t cc bac N. Sc ien ong E0 luon cham pha so vi 0 mot goc 900, con t thong phan ng do dong ien tai I sinh ra luon cung pha vi I. Nh vay goc lech pha gia E0 va I se phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua phu tai.

Trng hp tai thuan tr (hnh 8-4, a). E0 va I cung pha, tac dung cua
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

141

len 0 trong trng hp nay goi la phan ng phan ng ngang truc. Phan ng nay lam meo dang t trng 0 lam cho s phan bo cua t trng 0 trong khe khong con dang sin na. Trng hp tai thuan cam (hnh 8-4, b), I cham pha sau E0 mot goc 900. Luc nay cung pha vi I va ngc chieu vi 0 . Tac dung cua len 0 c goi la phan ng phan ng doc truc kh t, co tac dung lam giam t trng tong. Trng hp tai ien dung (hnh 8-4, c), I vt trc E0 mot goc 900. Luc nay cung pha vi I va 0 . Tac dung cua len 0 trong trng hp nay goi la phan ng phan ng doc truc tr t. Phan ng nay lam tang t trng tong. Trong trng hp tai bat ky (hnh 8-4, d), dong I lech pha so vi E0 mot goc . Ta co the phan tch I thanh hai thanh phan: - Thanh phan ngang truc Iq = I cos tao ra t thong phan ng ngang truc q vuong goc vi 0 co tac dung lam meo dang t thong chnh. - Thanh phan doc truc Id = I sin tao ra t thong doc truc d ngc chieu hoac cung chieu vi 0 tuy thuoc tnh chat phu tai la ien cam hay ien dung. Khi phu tai co tnh ien cam > 0, d ngc chieu vi 0. Khi phu tai co tnh ien dung < 0, d cung chieu vi 0 va lam tang t trng cua may ien.
8.4. MO HNH TOAN HOC CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO 8.4.1. Phng trnh ien ap cua may phat ien ong bo cc loi.

Khi may phat lam viec, t trng kch t 0 sinh ra s.. E0 trong day quan stator. Khi may co tai se co dong I va ien ap U tren tai. oi vi may phat rotor cc loi do khe h doc truc va ngang truc khac nhau, nen phan ng phan ng theo hai hng se khac nhau. & q : T trng chnh phan ng ngang truc tao ra s... ngang truc E & q = jI &q Xq E Trong o Xq la ien khang phan ng phan ng ngang truc. & d : T trng phan ng phan ng doc truc E & d = jI &d Xd E Trong o Xd la ien khang phan ng phan ng doc truc. Ngoai ra trong may con co t thong tan cua day quan stator c ac trng bang ien khang tan Xt khong phu thuoc hng doc truc hay ngang truc
TS. Lu The Vinh

142
&t : lam xuat hien s.. E

KY THUAT IEN

& t = jIX & t = jI d Xt jI q Xt E

Ta co phng trnh can bang ien ap cua may phat ien cc loi: & =E & 0 jI &d Xd jI &q Xq jI &d Xt jI &q Xt IR & U

&0 =E &0 =E

&d ( Xd + Xt ) jI &q ( Xq + Xt ) IR & jI &d X d jI &q X q IR & jI

Trong o: X d = Xd + Xt la ien khang ong bo doc truc

X q = Xq + Xt la ien khang ong bo ngang truc

Neu bo qua ien ap ri tren day quan phan ng IR, ta co: & =E & 0 jI &d X d jI &q X q U o th vec t bieu dien tren hnh (8-5, a). (8-5)

Hnh 8-5

8.4.2. Phng trnh ien ap cua may phat ien ong bo cc an.

oi vi may phat ien cc an la trng hp ac biet cua may ien cc loi, khi o Xd = Xq = Xb goi la ien khang ong bo. Phng trnh ien ap cua may ien se la: & =E & 0 jI &d X b I & R (8-6) U Bo qua ien ap ri tren day quan phan ng ta co: & =E & 0 jI &d X b U o th vec t tren hnh (8-5, b)
8.5. CONG SUAT IEN T CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO 8.5.1. Cong suat tac dung cua may phat ien.
TS. Lu The Vinh

(8-7)

KY THUAT IEN

143 (8-8)

Cong suat tac dung cua may phat cung cap cho phu tai la: P = mUI cos

Trong o: U, I la ien ap va dong ien pha m la so pha cua may phat T o th vec t hnh (8-5, a) ta co : = , do o : P = mUI cos( ) = mUI (cos cos + sin sin ) = mUI cos cos + mUI sin sin Mat khac I cos = I q , I sin = I d , t o th vec t hnh (8-5, a) ta co:

Iq =
T o ta rut ra:
P = mU = mU Va :

U sin E U cos , va I d = 0 Xd Xd

(8-9)

U sin E U cos cos + mU 0 sin Xq Xq

E0 1 1 sin + mU 2 ( )sin cos Xd Xq Xd

(8-10)

E0 U2 1 1 P = mU sin + m ( )sin 2 Xd 2 Xq Xd

Ta thay cong suat ien t gom 2 thanh phan: E - Thanh phan th nhat : P1 = mU 0 sin ty le vi sin va phu thuoc Xd vao dong ien kch t (v E0 do dong kch t tao nen). ay la thanh phan cong suat chu yeu cua may phat. U2 1 1 - Thanh phan th hai: P2 = m ( )sin 2 khong cha E0 nen 2 Xq Xd

khong phu thuoc vao dong ien kch t va ch co may phat ien rotor cc loi (v Xd Xq). oi vi may ien cc an, Xd = Xq nen thanh phan nay bang khong. Nh vay oi vi may phat rotor cc loi cong suat ien t gom ca 2 thanh phan P1 va P2, con oi vi may phat rotor cc an cong suat ien t ch co thanh phan th nhat. o th bieu dien P = P() goi la ac tnh goc cong suat (hnh 8-6). May phat lam viec on nh vi gia tr cua nam trong khoang t 0 /2. Khi tai nh mc = 200 300.

TS. Lu The Vinh

144

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 8-6. ac tnh goc cong suat.

8.5.2. Cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien.

Cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien ong bo la: Q = mUI sin = mUI sin( ) = m[UI sin cos UI cos sin ] (8-11) T o th vec t hnh (8-5, b) ta co: IX b sin = AB = OA OB = E0 U cos E U cos I sin = 0 hay X b

va hay T o:

IX b cos = BC = U sin U sin I cos = X b E U cos U sin Q = m U ( 0 )cos U ( ) sin X b X b 2 UE U Q = m 0 cos m (cos2 + sin 2 ) X b X b

mUE0 cos mU 2 mU Q= = ( E0 cos U ) X b X b X b

(8-12)

Bieu thc (8-12) la cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien ong bo.
8.5.3. ieu chnh cong suat tac dung va cong suat phan khang cua may ien a) ieu chnh cong suat tac dung.

May phat bien oi c nang thanh ien nang, v vay muon ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P ta phai ieu chnh cong suat c cua ong c s cap (tuycbin hi hoac tuycbin kh, v.v.).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

145

b) ieu chnh cong suat phan khang.

Ta co:

Q=

mU ( E0 cos U ) X b

(8-13)

Khi gi cho U, f va P khong oi th co the xay ra cac trng hp sau:

Neu E0 cos > U, th Q > 0, may phat cong suat phan khang cho tai, may phat qua kch t. Neu E0 cos = U, th Q = 0, may khong phat cong suat phan khang. Neu E0 cos < U, th Q < 0, may nhan cong suat phan khang t li e tao ra t trng, may thieu kch t.

Nh vay, muon thay oi cong suat phan khang, phai thay oi E0, ngha la phai ieu chnh dong kch t. Muon tang cong suat phan khang phai tang dong kch t, v tang dong kch t th E0 se tang, cos tang (v E0sin=const) do o Q tang.
8.6. CAC AC TNH CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO 8.6.1. ac tnh khong tai.

La ng bieu dien quan he gia sc ien ong E0 va dong ien kch t Ikt khi gi nguyen toc o cua rotor. Khi khong tai ien ap h mach hai au moi pha U0 co gia tr bang sc ien ong pha E0. Nh vay ac trng khong tai la ng bieu dien:
U0 = E0 = f(Ikt) khi n = const

(8-14)

T nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ta co E0 = 4,44 fWkdq0. Khi n=const th f khong oi, do o E0 0 con 0 phu thuoc vao Ikt theo ng cong t hoa cua may phat. Do o ac trng khong tai co dang nh ng cong t hoa (hnh 8-7). Khi tang Ikt gia tr E0 se tang len. o doc cua ng ac trng phu thuoc vao mach t cua may phat. Khi Ikt tang en mot gia tr nao o mach t b bao hoa luc o E0 se khong tang na.
TS. Lu The Vinh

146

KY THUAT IEN

8.6.2. ac tnh ngoai cua may phat. La s phu thuoc gia ien ap pha U vi dong ien tai khi tnh chat cua phu tai khong oi (cost = const), tan so va dong kch t khong oi (E0 =const). T phng trnh ien ap (8-5), ta ve o th vec t cua may phat ng vi cac loai tai khac nhau. Ta thay khi tai tang, vi tai ien cam va ien tr, ien ap giam (tai ien cam ien ap giam nhieu hn), tai ien dung ien ap tang. Bang o th ta thay ien ap may phat phu thuoc vao dong ien va ac tnh cua tai. Hnh 8-8, a la ac tnh ngoai cua may phat khi Ikt = const (E0 = const) va cost khong oi, ng vi cac tai thuan R, L, C.

Khi tai co tnh ien cam, phan ng phan ng doc truc kh t lam t thong tong giam, do o ac tnh ngoai doc hn tai ien tr. e gi cho ien ap U bang nh mc, phai thay oi E0 bang cach ieu chnh dong kch t. ng ac tnh ngoai ng vi ieu chnh kch t sao cho I = Im co U = Um ve tren hnh 8-8, b. o bien thien ien ap au cc cua may phat khi lam viec nh mc so vi khi khong tai c xac nh nh sau:
U % = U 0 U m E Um 100% = 0 100% Um Um

(8-15)

o bien thien U% cua may phat ong bo co the at en vai chuc phan tram v ien khang ong bo Xb kha ln.
8.6.3. ac tnh ieu chnh cua may phat.

ac tnh ieu chnh la ng bieu dien quan he gia dong ien kch t va dong tai khi ien ap U khong oi bang ien ap nh mcUm
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

147

va tnh chat phu tai khong oi (cost = const). Noi cach khac ac trng nay bieu dien ham so: Ikt = f(I). khi U = Um = const va cos t = const Hnh 8-9 ve ac tnh ieu chnh cua may phat vi cac he so cong suat khac nhau.

Phan ln cac may phat ien ong bo eu co bo t ong ieu chnh dong kch t e gi cho ien ap ra khong oi.
8.7. HOA MANG CAC MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO

e am bao cong suat ong thi nang cao tnh on nh cua nguon ien li, cac may phat ien thng c ghep song song vi nhau va cung hoa vao li ien chung. Muon ong mach e cac may phat ien ong bo lam viec song song vi nhau phai thoa man cac ieu kien sau ay: 1. ien ap cua may phat ien phai bang va trung pha vi ien ap cua mang ien. 2. Tan so cua may phat ien phai bang tan so cua mang ien. 3. Th t pha cua may phat phai giong th t pha cua li ien. Ba ieu kien tren ay goi la 3 ieu kien hoa ong bo, neu khong am bao se co dong ien ln chay quan trong may, pha hong va gay roi loan he thong. e ong may phat ien vao li ta dung thiet b hoa ong bo. Hoat ong cua he thong nh sau: Trc het ong mach cho ong c s cap van hanh va ieu chnh toc o cua no sao cho gan bang toc o nh mc. Tiep en cho kch t may ien va quan sat so o ien ap loi ra may phat tren von met, ieu chnh ien ap bang bien tr mach kch t cho ti khi ien ap loi ra
TS. Lu The Vinh

148

KY THUAT IEN

may phat bang ien ap cua mang. Da vao bo ieu toc tren ong c s cap quan sat va ieu chnh that chnh xac tan so cua may phat tren ong ho o. e thc hien ieu kien th ba ong thi can bang hoan toan tan so ta co the s dung bo en ch th pha ong bo. Khi may phat ien ong bo van hanh song song vi mang th toc o quay khong thay oi va bang toc o ong bo cua mang. Hien nay, viec hoa ien ong bo c thc hien bang phng phap t ong bo nh sau: Cho ong c s cap quay may phat ien va ieu chnh toc o sao cho gan bang toc o ong bo. Noi cuon day kch t bang mot ien tr phu co gia tr ln hn ien tr cuon kch t 3 5 lan. ong cau dao cho may phat noi vao mang, sau o chuyen cuon kch t vao nguon kch t, may phat se t hoa ong bo vao li ien. Viet Nam hien nay, ng day 500kV Bac Nam la li ien hoa mang chung tat ca ien nang cua cac nha may ien ln nho tren toan quoc.
8.8. ONG C IEN ONG BO 8.8.1. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien ong bo.

May ien ong bo co the lam viec che o ong c, nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien ong bo nh sau: Dong ien 3 pha iA, iB, iC a vao day quan stator se tao ra t trng quay vi toc o n1 (ve bang ng cham cham tren hnh 8-10, a):
n1 =

60 f p

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

149

Dong ien kch t a vao day quan rotor bien rotor thanh nam cham ien NS. Tac dung gia t trng stator va t trng rotor se tao ra t lc keo rotor quay vi toc o ong bo n = n1. Neu f = 50Hz, p = 2 th toc o quay cua rotor se la n = 1500 vg/ph. Neu noi truc rotor vi may cong cu th may cong cu cung se quay vi toc o n khong oi. Phng trnh can bang ien ap cua ong c: & =E & o + jI &d X b + IR & U (8-16) Bo qua ien tr day quan stator R ta co: & =E & o + jI &d X b U (8-17)

Phng trnh (8-17) bieu dien bang s o thay the va gian o vec t tren hnh (8-10, b, c).
8.8.2. ieu chnh he so cong suat cua ong c ien ong bo.

o th vec t tren hnh (8-10, c) ng vi trng hp cos > 0, may ien thieu kch t, dong ien I cham pha sau ien ap U. Khi s dung khong nen e ong c lam viec che o nay, v ong c tieu thu cong suat phan khang cua li ien lam cho he so cong suat cua li ien giam xuong. Trong cong nghiep, ngi ta cho ong c lam viec che o qua kch t, dong I vt trc pha ien ap U, ong c va tao ra c nang va phat cong suat phan khang vao li ien lam tang he so cong suat cos. o la u iem rat ln cua ong c ien ong bo. Tren hnh 8-11, a la gian o vec t mo ta s ieu chnh he so cong suat ng vi 2 trng hp: Khi cos =1 ( = 0), ng vi Eo va I. Khi qua kch t cos = 0,9 ( < 0), ng vi Eo va I. V U, f va P khong oi, nen I cos = const, Eo sin = const, khi ve can lu y cuoi vec t I va E o chay tren ng va .

TS. Lu The Vinh

150
8.8.3. M may ong c ien ong bo.

KY THUAT IEN

ong c khong ong bo khong the t m may. Muon ong c lam viec phai tao ra momen m may e quay rotor ong bo vi t trng quay stator. That vay, khi cho dong 3 pha vao day quan stator, dong kch t vao day quan rotor, t trng quay keo rotor quay (hnh 8-12). Nhng rotor co quan tnh ln nen van ng yen, do o lc tac dung tng ho gia t trng quay stator va t trng cc t oi chieu, rotor khong the quay c.

e tao momen m may, tren cac mat cc t rotor ngi ta at cac thanh dan va noi ngan mach nh long soc rotor ong c khong ong bo (hnh 8-12, b). Khi m may, nh co day quan m may rotor ong c se lam viec nh ong c khong ong bo. Trong cong nghiep, cac ong c khong ong bo c che tao co he so m may Mm/ Mm = 0,8 1,0. Trong qua trnh m may, day quan kch t se cam ng ien ap rat ln, co the pha v day quan kch t, v the ngi ta khep kn mach kch t bang ien tr phong ien co gia tr c 6 10 lan ien tr day quan. Khi rotor at toc o quay gan bang toc o ong bo n1 ong nguon ien mot chieu vao day quan kch t, ong c se lam viec ong bo. Vi ong c cong suat nho, khi m may co the ong trc tiep day quan stator vao li ien. Vi ong c cong suat ln t 3 5MW, phai han che dong m may bang cach giam ien ap at vao stator bang cach dung ien khang hoac t bien ap noi vao mach stator. Nhc iem cua ong c ien ong bo la qua trnh m may va cau tao phc tap nen gia thanh at so vi ong c khong ong bo.

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

151

Chng 9. MAY IEN MOT CHIEU

May ien mot chieu la loai may ien s dung vi mang ien mot chieu, may co the van hanh che o may phat hoac che o ong c. Ngay nay, mac du ky thuat ien t va ban dan cho phep tao cac bo chnh lu dong ien xoay chieu cong suat ln e tao nguon mot chieu, nhng may phat ien mot chieu van chiem mot so lng quan trong trong ky thuat va i song. Viec cung cap ien mot chieu e phuc vu cac nganh cong nghiep hoa hoc nh ien phan, uc ien, ma ien, nap ien cho accu. ong c ien mot chieu co u iem noi bat ve ieu chnh toc o nen c s dung rong rai trong cac may cong cu nh may mai, may doa trong cac xng c kh, cac may xuc, may ao trong xay dng va khai thac mo, cac ong c ien mot chieu chuyen dung s dung trong oto, tau hoa, tau thuy, may bay v.v trong giao thong van tai. Trong cac thiet b ieu khien va t ong, cac may ien khuech ai, cac ong c chap hanh ong c ien mot chieu la thiet b het sc quan trong. Nhc iem chu yeu cua may ien mot chieu la co co gop ien lam cho cau tao phc tap, at tien va kem tin cay, nguy hiem trong moi trng de chay no. 9.1. CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY MAY IEN MOT CHIEU 9.1.1. Cau tao. S o bo doc cua mot may ien mot chieu tren hnh 9-1. Cac bo phan chnh ch ra tren hnh 9-2. Cau tao cua may gom 3 bo phan chnh: phan cam, phan ng va co gop ien (vanh oi chieu). 1) Phan cam. La stator (phan tnh) cua may bao gom loi thep uc co cc t chnh va cac cc t phu e at day quan kch t (hnh 9-2). 2) Phan ng. La rotor cua may ien, gom loi thep va day quan phan ng. Loi thep hnh tru c ghep t cac la thep ky thuat day 0,5mm cach ien vi nhau. Cac la thep c dap co lo thong gio va ranh e at day quan phan ng (hnh 9-2).
TS. Lu The Vinh

152

KY THUAT IEN

Hnh 9-2. Cac bo phan chnh cua may ien mot chieu

Moi phan t cua day quan phan ng co nhieu vong day, hai au noi vi 2 phien gop, hai canh tac dung cua phan t day quan at trong 2 ranh di 2 cc khac ten. Tren hnh 9-3, a, b ve 4 phan t day quan xep 2 lp. Moi phan t ch co mot vong day, cac phan t c noi thanh mach vong khep kn. day quan xep so nhanh song song bang so cc t. Day quan tren hnh ve co 2 cc t va co 2 nhanh song song (hnh 9-3, c).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

153

a)

b)

3) Co gop ien va choi than. Co gop ien hay vanh oi chieu c cau tao t cac phien gop bang ong ghep cach ien vi nhau tren loi hnh tru. Sau khi lap co gop c tien tinh va mai nhan sao cho mat ngoai co dang hnh tru (hnh 9-4, a). Choi than lam bang grapht c lap vao trong mot gia hnh ch nhat (hnh 9-4, b). Choi than khi at trong gia co the di chuyen doc theo truc cua no va c lo xo ep vao be mat vanh oi chieu khi gan tren nap o truc. 9.1.2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien mot chieu. e mo ta nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien mot chieu ta dung mo hnh n gian tren hnh 9-5. Trong mo hnh nay, day quan phan ng mo ta n gian bang mot phan t la khung day abcd.
TS. Lu The Vinh

154

KY THUAT IEN

Khi ong c s cap quay phan ng, khung day quay vi van toc khong oi. Cac thanh dan cua khung se lan lt cat t trng gia 2 cc t, trong cac thanh dan se xuat hien cac sc ien ong cam ng, co chieu xac nh theo quay tac ban tay phai. Tren hnh ve chieu t trng hng t tren xuong di, chieu quay khung ngc chieu kim ong ho, do o thanh dan pha tren s co chieu t b en a. thanh dan pha di s co chieu t d en c. S cua phan t bang hai lan s cua thanh dan. Neu noi 2 choi ien A,B vi tai, qua tai se co dong ien mot chieu hng t A en B. Khi phan ng quay c na vong, v tr cua phan t thay oi, thanh ab pha cc S, thanh dc pha cc N, s trong cac thanh dan oi chieu. Nh hai choi ien A va B tng ng luon t len phien oi chieu cua thanh dan di cc t N va S, nen chieu dong ien mach ngoai van khong oi. Nh vay vanh oi chieu co tac dung chnh lu dong ien xoay chieu trong day quan phan ng thanh dong mot chieu chay qua tai. Dong ien va ien ap co dang ap mach (hnh 9-5, b). e ien ap t ap mach day quan phan ng phai co nhieu phan t, nhieu phien oi chieu. che o may phat, dong ien phan ng I cung chieu vi s phan ng E. Phng trnh can bang ien ap co dang: U = E I R (9-1) Trong o IR la ien ap ri trong day quan phan ng; R la ien tr cua day quan phan ng; U la ien ap au cc cua may phat; E la s phan ng. 9.1.3. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien mot chieu
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

155

Che lam viec cua ong c ien mot chieu c mo ta tren s o nguyen ly hnh 9-6.

Khi cho ien ap mot chieu vao hai au A,B qua choi ien, trong day quan phan ng se co dong ien. Cac thanh dan ab va cd co dong nam trong t trng se chu tac dung cua cac lc t F. Phng va chieu t lc c xac nh theo quy tac ban tay trai. Tren hnh ve de thay cac lc t F at vao cac canh ab va cd co cung o ln nhng hng ngc nhau nen se tao ra momen lam cho rotor quay. Khi phan ng quay c na vong, v tr cac thanh dan ab, va cd oi cho cho nhau nhng chieu dong ien trong chung c ao lai do co phien gop oi chieu nen chieu t lc tac dung len cac canh khung day van khong thay oi, nh vay chieu quay cua ong c la khong oi. Khi ong c quay, cac thanh dan cat t trng lam cam ng trong chung s E co chieu xac nh theo quay tac ban tay phai. ong c, chieu E ngc chieu vi chieu dong I, do o E c goi la sc phan ien ong. Phng trnh can bang ien ap co dang: U = E + I R (9-2)

9.2. T TRNG VA SC IEN ONG CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU 9.2.1. T trng cua may ien mot chieu. Khi chay khong tai, t trng trong may ch do dong ien kch t gay ra goi la t trng cc t. T trng cc t phan bo oi xng, trung tnh hnh hoc mn t trng bang 0 nen thanh dan khi v tr nay s cam ng se bang 0 (hnh 9-7, a).
TS. Lu The Vinh

156

KY THUAT IEN

Khi may ien chay co tai, dong cam ng I trong day quan phan ng se sinh ra t trng phan ng hng vuong goc vi t trng cc t (hnh 9-7, b). Tac dung cua t trng phan ng len t trng cc t goi la phan ng phan ng. T trng tong hp trong may la tong hp cua t trng cc t va t trng phan ng (hnh 9-7, c). Ket qua cho thay t trng trong may b bien dang: - ng trung tnh hnh hoc mn dch chuyen en v tr mi goi la trung tnh vat ly mn. Goc lech thng nho va lech theo chieu quay cua rotor khi may la may phat ien, va ngc chieu quay cua rotor khi may la ong c ien. v tr trung tnh hnh hoc t trng B 0, thanh dan chuyen ong qua o se cam ng s gay anh hng xau en viec oi chieu. - Khi tai ln, dong phan ng ln, t trng phan ng ln, phan mom cc t c tang cng se b bao hoa nen t cam B o tang len rat t. Ngc lai, mom cc kia, t trng giam i nhieu, ket qua la t thong cua may b giam xuong. T thong giam keo theo s phan ng E giam, dan en ien ap au cc cua may phat U giam. che o ong c, t thong giam lam cho momen quay giam nen toc o ong c thay oi. e khac phuc cac hau qua tren ngi ta at them cc t phu va day quan bu tren phan ng stator. T trng cc t phu va day quan bu ngc chieu vi t trng phan ng. e kp thi khac phuc t trng phan ng khi tai thay oi, day quan cc t phu va day quan bu au noi tiep vi mach phan ng (hnh 9-8).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

157

9.2.2. Sc ien ong phan ng cua may ien mot chieu. a) Sc ien ong thanh dan. Khi phan ng quay trong t trng vi van toc v, cac thanh dan se cat ng sc t trng sinh ra s cam ng e: e = Btb l v Trong o: Btb - la o ln cam ng t trung bnh di cc t l - la chieu dai hieu dung cua thanh dan b) Sc ien ong phan ng E. Mat o t thong tai cac iem khac nhau tren chu vi phan ng co tr so khac nhau, do o s sinh ra tren tng day dan cua day quan phan ng cung khac nhau. Sc ien ong cua may ien bang tong cac s sinh ra trong day dan cua mot mach nhanh mac song song cua day quan phan ng. Neu t thong cua mot cc t la , so cc t la 2p, dien tch mat ngoai phan ng la S th tr trung bnh cua mat o t thong di moi cc t (hay t cam trung bnh) se la: .2 p .2 p Btb = = (9-4) Dl S (9-3)

Trong o: D ng knh phan ng (m) l la chieu dai hieu dung cua thanh dan (m). Neu so thanh dan phan ng la N, so nhanh song song la 2a (a la so oi nhanh), so thanh dan cua mot nhanh se la N/2a, va s phan ng se la:
TS. Lu The Vinh

158 E = N N e= Btbl v 2a 2a

KY THUAT IEN

(9-5)

Goi n la toc o quay cua rotor (vg/ph) ta co: v =

Dn
60

(9-6)

Thay (9-4) va (9-6) vao (9-5) ta c: E = Ky hieu: kE = Ta c: N 2 p Dn pN l = n 2 a Dl 60 60 a (9-7,a)

pN - he so phu thuoc vao cau tao phan ng. 60 a

E = kE n

(9-7,b)

Nh vay: Sc ien ong cua may ien ty le vi t thong va toc o quay phan ng. V du. Tnh s cua mot may phat ien, biet t thong di mot cc t =0,0368 Wb. So day dan phan ng N=500, toc o quay n = 750vg/ph. May co so oi cc 2p=6, so mach nhanh song song 2a=6. Giai. Ta co: E = pN 3 500 n = 0,0368 750 = 230V 60a 60 3

9.3. MO MEN QUAY VA CONG SUAT CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU

Trong qua trnh lam viec cua may ien mot chieu du che o may phat hay che o ong c trong may luon xay ra qua trnh tac dung tng ho gia dong ien phan ng va t trng do dong kch t tao ra. Lc t tac dung la : F = Btb Il = 2 p I p l = I Dl 2a Da D p = I 2 2 a

Momen trung bnh mot thanh dan: Md = F

Momen do toan bo N day dan tac dung len truc rotor tong hp lai chnh la momen cua may ien:
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

159 Np I 2 a (9-8,a)

M = N Md = at kM =

Np - he so phu thuoc vao ket cau day quan ta co: 2 a

M = kM I

(9-8,b)

Nh vay: Momen cua may ien, tc momen quay cua ong c, momen ham cua may phat ien, ty le vi dong ien phan ng va t thong.
9.4. HIEN TNG PHONG TIA LA IN TREN CO GOP

Khi may ien lam viec, thi iem chuyen mach tren vanh oi chieu thng gay ra tia la ien cho tiep xuc gia choi than va co gop. Qua trnh phong ien lau ngay se pha hong choi ien va co gop gay ton hao nang lng, sinh nhieu cho cac thiet b ien t khac. Tia la ien sinh ra co the do cac nguyen nhan c kh va nguyen nhan ien t: 1. Nguyen nhan c kh. Hien tng tiep xuc xau gia choi than va cac phien oi chieu tao ra nguyen nhan c kh. Khi van hanh may ien, tia la xuat hien cho tiep xuc chu yeu do nguyen nhan c kh. Tiep xuc xau trc het co the do be mat cac phen oi chieu b han r. Lp oxyt tren be mat phien oi chieu ngan tr s tiep xuc vi choi than. Cung co the do choi than b mon hoac do lo xo ep b mat lc an hoi, do co gop khong tron nhan v.v Khi van hanh xuat hien s phong ien qua cho tiep xuc xau, tia la ien lai tiep tuc lam mon ro be mat va cang ngay cang pha hong co gop ien va choi than. Trong qua trnh van hanh can chu y gi gn sach se be mat tiep xuc. Neu co hien tng mai mon tren vanh oi chieu phai cho sa cha tien trn lang va e. Cac khe cach ien cua lp mica gia cac phien phai rach thap hn be mat va khong e bui ong hay bui than lap ban cac khe. Choi than khong c e gay, v, mon vet va lo xo ep phai u o an hoi va on nh. 2. Nguyen nhan ien t. Hien tng oi chieu dong ien trong cac boi day phan ng goi la nguyen nhan ien t. Qua trnh oi chieu xay ra khi mot boi day do phan ng quay c chuyen t mach nhanh nay sang mach nhanh khac. Trong qua trnh oi chieu boi day chuyen mach se co hien tng oi chieu va b choi than
TS. Lu The Vinh

160 lam ngan mach (hnh 9-9).

KY THUAT IEN

toc o quay bnh thng, s thay oi nhanh dong ien trong boi day ngan mach dan ti s thay oi nhanh t thong lam xuat hien trong boi day mot s t cam goi la s phan khang (epk). Chieu cua s nay trung vi chieu dong ien trong boi day khi dong ien giam trong na au chu ky oi chieu, va ngc chieu dong ien trong boi day trong na sau chu ky oi chieu. V co s phan khang gay ra trong boi day mot dong ien phu ip nen mat o dong ien pha au vao cua choi tang va mat o dong ien pha au ra giam (hnh 9-10). Khi boi day c m ra th gia boi day va phien oi chieu i ra co tia la ien xuat hien v s epk co khuynh hng duy tr dong ien gia choi vi phien nay. e khac phuc tnh trang phong ien trong qua trnh oi chieu ngi ta s dung cac ien cc phu va cuon day bu (hnh 9-8).
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

161

Nh cac ien cc phu at gia cac ien cc chnh, tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc nen co the tao ra mot t trng phu e khi boi day ngan mach chuyen ong trong o se sinh ra mot s oi chieu ec bang va ngc chieu vi s phan ien epk e kh no i. Cac may ien mot chieu cong suat ln eu so ien cc phu. Day quan ien cc phu au noi tiep vi day quan phan ng (hnh 9-8).
9.5. MAY PHAT IEN MOT CHIEU 9.5.1. Phan loai may phat ien mot chieu.

May phat ien mot chieu thng phan loai theo kieu kch t. Dong kch t cho may co the lay t nguon rieng (accu hay may phat ien khac) goi la may ien kch t oc lap, hoac c lay ngay t ban than may ien goi la may t kch t. Da vao phng phap noi day may phat ien mot chieu t kch t lai chia ra cac loai sau: May phat ien kch t song song May phat ien kch t noi tiep May phat ien kch t hon hp.
9.5.2. May phat ien kch t oc lap.

S o may phat ien kch t oc lap ve tren hnh 9-11. au cuon day kch t noi vao nguon accu, co mac mot bien tr ieu chnh dong kch t va mot ampemet e o. au phan ng noi vao tai co mac ampemet va volmet e o dong va ien ap. Dong ien phan ng I bang dong tai I. Phng trnh dong ien : I = I (9-9) Phng trnh ien ap mach phan ng: U = e I R (9-10) Phng trnh ien ap mach kch t: Ukt = Ikt(Rkt + Rc) (9-11) Trong o: R ien tr day quan phan ng Rkt ien tr day quan mach kch t Rc ien tr ieu chnh.

TS. Lu The Vinh

162

KY THUAT IEN

Khi dong tai tang, dong ien phan ng tang, ien ap U giam xuong do hai nguyen nhan sau: Tac dung t trng phan ng lam cho t thong giam, keo theo sc ien ong E giam. ien ap ri trong mach phan ng IR tang. ng ac tnh ngoai U=f(I) khi toc o va dong ien kch t khong oi ve tren hnh 9-11, b. e gi cho ien ap may phat khong oi phai tang dong kch t. ng ac tnh ieu chnh Ikt = f(I) ve tren hnh 9-11, c. May phat ien kch t oc lap co u iem la de ieu chnh ien ap, thng c s dung trong cac he thong may phat ong c e truyen ong may can, may cat kim loai, thiet b t ong tren tau thuy, may bay, v.v Nhc iem la can co nguon kch t rieng.
9.5.3. May phat ien kch t song song.

S o nguyen tac may phat ien kch t song song ch ra tren hnh 9-12, a. Cuon day kch t au song song vi mach phan ng.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

163

V khong co nguon kch t nen luc au dong kch t bang 0. Khi quay phan ng, trong day quan phan ng se co s cam ng do t thong d sinh ra. S nay khep qua mach day quan kch t (ien tr ieu chnh e v tr nho nhat) sinh ra dong ien kch t lam tang t trng cua may. Qua trnh tiep tuc cho en khi at ien ap on nh. e may co the thanh lap ien ap, can phai co t d va chieu t trng day quan kch t phai cung chieu t trng t d. Neu khong con t d ta phai moi e tao t d. Neu chieu hai t trng ngc nhau ta phai oi cc tnh day quan kch t hoac oi chieu quay phan ng. Phng trnh can bang ien ap la mach phan ng: U = E IR Mach kch t: U = Ikt (Rkt + Rc) Phng trnh dong ien: I = I + Ikt (9-12) (9-13) (9-14)

Khi dong tai tang, dong ien phan ng tang, ngoai hai nguyen nhan lam ien ap au cc giam, nh may phat kch t oc lap, may phat kch t song song con co them mot nguyen nhan na la khi U giam, dong kch t giam, t thong va s cang giam, nen ng ac tnh ngoai doc hn so vi may phat kch t oc lap (hnh 9-12, b). T ng ac tnh ta thay, khi ngan mach, ien ap U = 0 dong kch t bang 0, s trong may ch do t d sinh ra, v the dong ien ngan mach In nho so vi dong nh mc. ng ac tnh ieu chnh ch ra tren hnh 9-12, c.
TS. Lu The Vinh

164
9.5.4. May phat ien kch t noi tiep.

KY THUAT IEN

S o noi day nh tren hnh 9-13. Cuon day kch t co cung c vi ien tr phan ng. Tiet dien day quan cuon kch t ln v dong ien kch t chnh la dong tai. Do o khi tai thay oi ien ap thay oi rat nhieu, trong thc te khong s dung may phat kch t noi tiep.

ng ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) ve tren hnh 9-13, b. Dang ac tnh c giai thch nh sau: Khi tai tang, dong ng I tang, t thong va E tang, do o U tang. Khi I = (22,5) Im may bao hoa nen I tang U se giam.
9.5.5. May phat ien kch t hon hp

S o may phat ien kch t hon hp trnh bay tren hnh 9-14. Cuon day kch t c ban la cuon kch t song song. Cuon day kch t phu la cuon noi tiep mac noi tiep vi tai. Ca hai cuon day eu quan chung tren mot loi sat cua cc t va c noi vi phan ng sao cho sc t ong cua chung cong lai vi nhau. ac tnh khong tai cua may phat ien kch t hon hp khong khac so vi may phat ien kch t song song v khi khong tai khong co dong kch t chay vao cuon noi tiep (hnh 9-14, b). T ng ac tnh ta thay ien ap au may phat hau nh khong thay oi khi tai thay oi t khong ti nh mc. o la do khi phu tai tang, do tnh chat cua may phat ien kch t song song, ien ap giam c bu bang s tang s nh s tang t thong trong cuon day noi tiep. o la u iem rat ln cua may phat ien kch t hon hp.
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

165

Khi noi ngc chieu cuon day kch t noi tiep, t trng trong 2 cuon day quan ngc nhau, khi tang tai, ien ap giam rat nhanh, ung ac tuyen co dang rat doc (ng t net tren hnh 9-14). Ngi ta li dung tnh chat nay e lam cac may phat ien han.
9.6. ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU

Ta a xet en tnh chat cua may ien mot chieu che o ong c. Khi cho dong ien mot chieu vao cuon kch t va dong ien vao phan ng th se co momen quay tac dung len truc may ien theo (9-8): Np M= I = k M I (9-15) 2 a Momen nay la momen quay cua ong c cung chieu vi toc o quay n. e xac nh chieu quay cua ong c ta co the s dung quy tac ban tay trai e xac nh chieu cua t lc. De thay muon thay oi chieu quay ta ch can thay oi chieu dong ien i vao phan ng, hay dong ien vao cuon kch t. Phng trnh ien ap at vao ong c la: U = E + IR (9-16) Trong o E la s phan ng cua ong c ien theo (9-7) co gia tr: pN E = n = kE n (9-17) 60 a oi vi ong c, dong ien I ngc chieu vi s, nen E con goi la sc phan ien.
TS. Lu The Vinh

166
9.6.1. M may ong c ien mot chieu.

KY THUAT IEN

T phng trnh (9-16) ta co :

I =

U E R

(9-18)

Khi m may, toc o ong c n = 0, sc phan ien E = KEn = 0, dong ien phan ng luc m may se la : U I = (9-19) R V R rat nho, nen dong phan ng luc m may rat ln, khoang (2030)Im lam hong co gop va choi than. Dong ien phan ng ln keo theo dong ien m may Im ln, lam anh hng en li ien. e giam dong m may at (1,5 2)Im ngi ta dung cac bien phap sau :

1) Dung bien tr m may Rm. Mac bien tr m may vao mach phan ng (hnh 9-15). Dong m may luc co bien tr se la : U I m = (9-20) R + Rm
Ban au e bien tr Rm co gia tr ln nhat, trong qua trnh m may, toc o tang len, E tang, ta giam dan ien tr m may ve 0, luc o ong c se lam viec ung ien ap nh mc.

2) Giam ien ap at vao phan ng. Phng phap nay c ap dung khi co nguon ien mot chieu ieu chnh c ien ap, v du trong he thong may phat ong c, hoac nguon mot chieu chnh lu. Chu y rang e co momen m may ln, luc m may phai co t thong ln nhat, v the phai ieu chnh cac thong so mach kch t sao cho dong kch t luc m may la ln nhat.
9.6.2. ieu chnh toc o ong c ien mot chieu.

T phng trnh (9-16) ta co : E = U IR Thay E = KE n ta co phng trnh toc o:

n =

U I R kE

(9-21)

TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

167

T (9-21) ta thay muon ieu chnh toc o ong c co the ap dung cac bien phap sau : 1) Mac ien tr ieu chnh vao phan mach ng. Khi mac them ien tr vao phan mach ng toc o giam. V dong toan phan ln nen ton hao cong suat ln. Phng phap nay ch s dung cho cac ong c cong suat nho. 2) Thay oi ien ap U Dung nguon ien ap ieu chnh c e cap ien cho ong c. Phng phap nay c s dung nhieu 3) Thay oi t thong. Thay oi t thong bang cach thay oi dong kch t. Khi ieu chnh toc o ong c ta ket hp cac phng phap tren, chang han phng phap thay oi t thong ket hp vi phng phap thay oi ien ap th pham vi ieu chnh rat rong. ay la u iem ln cua ong c ien mot chieu.
9.6.3. ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song.
U

A R R m c

S o noi day ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song nh hnh (9-16,a). e m may ta dung bien tr m may Rm. e ieu chnh toc o ong c ta dung bien tr ieu chnh Rc ieu chnh dong kch t Ikt.

1) ng ac tnh c n = f(M).
Bieu dien quan he gia toc o quay n va momen quay M khi ien ap U=const, ien tr mach phan ng R =const, ien tr mach kch t Rkt=const. T phng trnh (9-21) ta co :

n=

U R I kE kE M kM

(9-22)

T bieu thc momen ien t (9-8b) ta co :

I =
TS. Lu The Vinh

168 Do o :

KY THUAT IEN

n=

U R M kE kE k M 2
R + Rp U M kE kE k M 2

(9-23,a)

Neu co mac ien tr Rp vao mach phan ng ta co

n=

(9-23,b)

Quan he n = f(M) ve tren hnh (9-16,b) trong o ng 1 la ng ac tnh c t nhien (Rp=0) ng vi (9-23,a) con ng 2 vi Rp0 ng vi (9-23,b).
+ U -

V A

I R m R M c

I kt

2) ac tnh lam viec.

ng ac tnh lam viec c xac nh khi ien ap va dong ien kch t khong oi. o la cac ng bieu dien quan he gia toc o n, momen M, dong ien phan ng I, va hieu suat theo cong suat c tren truc P2 (hnh 9-16,c). Ta nhan thay rang ong c ien kch t song song co ac tnh c cng, va toc o hau nh khong thay oi khi cong suat tren truc P2 thay
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN

169

oi. Chung c s dung nhieu trong cac may cat kim loai, cac may cong cu, v.v Khi co yeu cau cao ve ieu chnh toc o ngi ta s dung may ien kch t noi tiep.
9.6.4. ong c ien mot chieu kch t noi tiep.

S o noi day ong c ien kch t noi tiep tren hnh 9-17,a. e m may ta dung bien tr Rm. e ieu chnh toc o ta dung cac phng phap a trnh bay tren, song can chu y rang e ieu chnh t thong, ta mac bien tr ieu chnh song song vi day quan kch t noi tiep.
+ -

n b)

V A

O
R m

n, M I,

M n gh I

c) a)

P2

Hnh 9-17. a) S o ong c kch t noi tiep b) ac tnh c c) ac tnh lam viec

P2

1) ng ac tnh c. Khi may khong bao hoa, dong ien phan ng I va t thong ty le vi nhau, ngha la : I = kI (9-24)
Do o : Hay : Trong o :

M = k M I = kM kI 2 = k 2 2
=
k =

M k
k M kI

(9-25)

Thay (9-24) va (9-25) vao (9-21) ta co :

TS. Lu The Vinh

170

KY THUAT IEN

n=

kU kR aU I = bR kE kE M M

(9-26)

Trong o a = k/kE va b = kI/kE. T (9-26) ta thay rang ng ac tnh c co dang hypecbol (hnh 917,b). ng ac tnh c mem, momen tang th toc o ong c giam. Khi khong tai hoac tai nho, dong ien va t thong nho, toc o ong c tang co the gay hong ong c ve mat c kh, v the khong cho phep ong c kch t noi tiep chay khong tai hoac tai nho.

2) ng ac tnh lam viec.

Tren hnh (9-17,c) ve cac ng ac tnh lam viec. ong c cho phep lam viec vi toc o nho hn toc o gii han ngh (mien gach cheo). V khi cha bao hoa momen quay cua ong c ty le vi bnh phng dong ien, toc o giam theo tai, ong c kch t noi tiep thch hp cho cac trng hp tai nang c dung nhieu trong giao thong van tai hoac trong cac thiet b can truc, cau nang, v.v
9.6.5. ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon hp.

S o noi day tren hnh (9-18,a). Cac day quan kch t co the noi thuant (t trng hai day quan cung chieu) lam tang t thong, hoac noi ngc (t trng 2 day quan ngc nhau) lam giam t thong. ac tnh c ong c kch t hon hp khi noi thuan (ng 1) se la trung bnh gia ac tnh c ong c kch t song song (ng 2) va noi tiep (ng 3) (hnh 9-18,b). Cac ong c thng xuyen lam viec trong che o tai nang ne co day quan kch t noi tiep la day quan kch t chnh, con day song song la day quan kch t phu va 2 cuon noi thuan. Day quan kch t song song am bao cho toc o ong c khong tang qua ln khi momen nho. ong c kch t hon hp co day quan kch t noi tiep la kch t phu va noi ngc co ac tnh c rat cng (ng 4 tren hnh 9-18,b), ngha la toc o quay hau nh khong oi khi momen thay oi. That vay, khi momen quay tang, dong phan ng tang, day kch t song song lam toc o giam i mot chut, nhng v day quan kch t noi tiep mac ngc lam giam t thong trong may nen lam tang toc o ong c len nh cu. Ngc lai khi noi thuan, se lam cho ac tnh c cua ong c mem hn, momen m may ln hn, thch hp trong cac may cong cu dung e ep, bm, nghien, can, v.v
TS. Lu The Vinh

KY THUAT IEN
+ -

171

V A

R c I M A I kt

9.6.5. ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon hp.

S o noi day tren hnh (9-18,a). Cac day quan kch t co the noi thuant (t trng hai day quan cung chieu) lam tang t thong, hoac noi ngc (t trng 2 day quan ngc nhau) lam giam t thong. ac tnh c ong c kch t hon hp khi noi thuan (ng 1) se la trung bnh gia ac tnh c ong c kch t song song (ng 2) va noi tiep (ng 3).

MUC LUC
M au
TS. Lu The Vinh

172
Phan th 1 Chng 1.

KY THUAT IEN
C S LY THUYET VA CAC PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU MACH IEN Nhng khai niem c ban ve mach ien 1.1. Mach ien va cac phan t mach. 1.2. Mo hnh mach ien 1.3. Phan loai va cac che o lam viec cua mach ien 3 4 4 6 10 12 13 13 14 19 26 30 31 37 38 39 41 44 45 47 49 50 51 54 59 59 60 62 63 64 67 68
TS. Lu The Vinh

Chng 2.

Dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin 2.1. cac ai lng ac trng cua dong ien hnh sin 2.2. Tr hieu dung cua dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin 2.3. Bieu dien dong ien xoay chieu hnh sin 2.4. Phan ng cua cac phan t mach R,L,C oi vi dong 2.5. Cong suat cua dong xoay chieu

Chng 3.

Cac phng phap phan tch va giai mach ien 3.1. Cac phep bien oi tng ng 3.2. Phng phap dong ien nhanh 3.3. Phng phap dong ien vong 3.4. Phng phap ien ap nut 3.5. Phng phap xep chong

Chng 4.

Mach ien 3 pha 4.1. He thong ien 3 pha 4.2. Phng phap noi hnh sao 4.3. Phng phap noi hnh tam giac. 4.4. Cong suat ien ba pha 4.5. Giai mach ien 3 pha oi xng 4.6. Giai mach ien 3 pha khong oi xng

Phn th 2. Chng 5

MAY IEN Khai niem chung ve may ien 5.1. nh ngha va phan loai 5.2. Cac nh luat ien t c ban dung trong may ien 5.3. Nguyen ly va tnh thuan nghch cua may ien 5.4. Tnh toan mach t

Chng 6

May bien ap 6.1. Nguyen ly cau tao cua may bien ap

KY THUAT IEN
6.2. Nguyen ly hoat ong 6.3. Mo hnh toan hoc cua may bien ap 6.4. S o thay the cua may bien ap 6.5. Che o khong tai cua may bien ap 6.6. Che o ngan mach cua may bien ap 6.7. Che o co tai cua may bien ap 6.8. May bien ap ba pha. 6.9. Che o lam viec song song cua cac may bien ap 6.10. Cac may bien ap ac biet Chng 7. May ien khong ong bo 7.1. Khai niem chung 7.2. Cau tao cua may ien khong ong bo 7.3. Day quan cua may ien khong ong bo 7.4. T trng cua may ien khong ong bo 7.5. Nguyen ly lam viec cua may ien khong ong bo 7.6. Cac phng trnh can bang ien t cua may ien khong ong bo 7.7. S o thay the cua ong c khong ong bo 7.8. Momen quay cua ong c khong ong bo 7.9. M may ong c khong ong bo 3 pha 7.10. ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo 3 pha 7.7. Cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo 3 7.8. ong c khong ong bo 1 pha 7.9. au van hanh ong c 3 pha lam viec trong li ien May ien ong bo 8.1. Cac khai niem chung 8.2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien ong bo 8.3. Phan ng phan ng cua may phat ien ong bo 8.4. Mo hnh toan hoc cua may phat ien ong bo 8.5. Cong suat ien t cua may phat ien ong bo 8.6. Cac ac tnh cua may phat ien ong bo 8.7. Hoa mang cac may phat ien ong bo 8.8. ong c ien ong bo Chng 9. May ien mot chieu
TS. Lu The Vinh

173
70 71 74 77 78 82 88 92 93 99 99 100 102 104 109 111 115 117 120 123 125 127 134 136 136 139 140 141 143 145 147 148 151

Chng 8.

174

KY THUAT IEN
9.1. Cau tao va nguyen ly may ien mot chieu 9.2. T trng va sc ien ong cua may ien mot chieu 9.3. Momen quay va cong suat cua may ien mot chieu 9.4. Hien tng phong ien tren co gop 9.5. May phat ien mot chieu 9.6. ong c ien mot chieu Muc luc Tai lieu tham khao 151 155 158 159 161 165 172 174

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. .. . -1986. .

2. ang Van ao, Le Van Doanh. Ky thuat ien. Nxb. Giao duc 1997 3. Trng Tr Ngo, Le Nho Boi, Ky thuat ien. Nxb, Khoa hoc ky thuat 2001 4. Hoang Hu Than. C s ky thuat ien . Nxb. Giao thong van tai 2000. 5. Nguyen Van Tue. Ky thuat ien c. Nxb a nang 2003

TS. Lu The Vinh