Chapter#11:TriumphsandTravailsoftheJeffersonianRepublicBigPictureThemes 1.Jeffersonselectionwasconsideredarevolutionbecauseherepresentedthecommonpeoplefor thefirsttime. 2.TroublesinNorthAfricaandbetweenEnglandandFranceemerged.Jeffersonsactionswere sluggish. 3.TryingtoagainavoidwarwithEnglandorFrance,Jeffersonbumbledaroundwithanembargo. HistheorywasthattheonlywaytoavoidwarwastostopinteractionbetweenU.S.shipsand Europe.TheoveralleffectwastokillU.S.tradeandenragethemerchantsandbusinessmenup North. 4.TheLouisianaPurchasecameasacompletesurpriseandquicklydoubledthesizeoftheU.S. 5.JamesMadisonpickedupwhereJeffersonleftoffwiththeembargointryingtoavoidwar.But, youngwesternCongressmenwantedwartopossiblygainnewland,tosquelchIndiantroubles,and defendthefreeseas.TheydeclaredtheWarof1812withEngland. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marburyv.

Madison JamesMadison,thesecretaryofstateduringJeffersonspresidency,hadcutjudgeWilliam Marburyssalary.MarburysuedMadisonforhispay.ThecourtruledthatMarburyhadtherightto hispay,butthecourtdidnothavetheauthoritytoforceMadisontogiveMarburyhispay.Most importantly,thisdecisionshowedthatthesupremecourthadthefinalauthorityindeterminingthe meaningoftheConstitution. HenryClay AWhigpoliticianhewasoneoftheWarHawkswhonegotiatedtheTreatyofGhenttoendthe Warof1812.HecreatedanddrovethroughtheMissouriCompromise. EssexJunto ExtremeFederalistsfearedashiftfromindustrytofarming.TheythoughtNewEnglandshouldsecede fromtheUnion. BurrConspiracy AaronBurr,Jeffersonsformervicepresident,joinedwithagroupofFederalistextremiststoplotthe secessionofNewEnglandandNewYork.AfterkillingHamilton,Burrturnedhisdisunionistplottings tothetransMississippiwestwherehestruckupanallegiancewithGeneralJamesWilkinson.Heand WilkinsonplannedtoseparatethewesternpartoftheUnitedstatesbutwerefoiledbyJefferson. Burrwasarrestedandtriedfortreason.ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallinsistedthataguiltyverdict requiredproofoftheactsoftreason,notjustconspiracies.BurrwasacquittedandfledtoEurope wherehereasonedwithNapoleontolaunchaninvasiontoAmericaalongsideBritain.

Impressment BritishandFrenchNavykidnappedAmericansailorsandmadethemworkfortheBritishNavy. Chesapeake/LeopardIncident TheBritishship,theLeopold,bombedandplunderedtheAmericanfrigate,theChesapeake,justa fewmilesoffthecoastofVirginia. NonintercourseAct LiftedallAmericanembargoesexceptthoseboundforBritishorFrenchports.Mostlyineffective, andseriouslydamagedtheAmericaneconomy.Despitehurtingtheeconomy,itmadetheUnited Statesmoremanufacturedependentthanitwasbefore. MaconsBillNo.2 RestoredAmericantradewiththerestoftheworldbutstatedthatifeitherBritainorFrancerepealed itscommercerestrictions,AmericawouldrevivetheEmbargoActagainstthecountrythatdidnt repealitsrestrictions.OnNovember1810,AmericabegananonimportationpolicyagainstBritain becauseNapoleonsidhewouldrepealFrancesowncommercialrestrictions.Ledtothewarof 1812. WilliamHenryHarrisonandtheBattleofTippecanoe GovernoroftheIndianaterritory.DefeatedtheShawneeattheBattleofTippecanoe.Thebattle madeHarrisonanationalhero.ItalsodiscreditedtheProphetanddroveTecumsehintoanalliance withtheBritish. WarHawks YoungRepublicanhotheadsfromtheSouthandWestthatwantedtogotowaragainstBritainand eliminatetheIndianthreadonthefrontiers.TheWarHawkspushedforactionagainstthewestern IndiantribesledtoTecumsehweldingaconfederacyofallthetribeseastofMississippi. BattleofHorseshoebend FoughtduringtheWarof1812incentralAlabama.OnMarch27,1814,Unitedstatesforcesand IndianalliesunderGeneralAndrewJacksondefeatedtheRedSticks,apartoftheCreekIndiantribe inspiredbytheShawneeleaderTecumseh,effectivelyendingtheCreekWar. HartfordConvention MeetingoftheFederalistsneartheendoftheWarof1812inwhichthepartylisteditscomplaints againsttherulingRepublicanParty.Theseactionswerelargelyviewedastraitoroustothecountry andlosttheFederalistmuchinfluence. TreatyofGhent TreatythatendedtheWarof1812andmaintainedprewarconditions.

TreatyofGreenville1795 TreatyofGreenville,1795isapeacetreatybetweentheusandvariousIndianTribes.Includedare theWyandots,Delaware,Miamis,ElRiversWeas,Kickapoos,Piankeshaws,andKaskaskias.Used toplaceaboundarybetweenthelandsforawhitesettlementandtheIndianlands.Itwassignedby GeneralAnthonyWayneandtheleadersoftheIndians. BattleofNewOrleans January1815,alargeBritishinvasionforcewasrepelledbyAndrewJacksonstroopsatNew Orleans.JacksonhadbeengiventhedetailsoftheBritisharmysbattleplansbytheFrenchpirate, JeanLaffite.About2500Britishsoldierswerekilledorcaptured,whiletheAmericanarmyonly suffered8deaths.NeithersideknewthattheTreatyhadendedtheWarof1812twoweeksbefore thebattle.ThisvictoryinspiredAmericannationalism. GUIDEDREADINGQUESTIONS: FederalistandRepublicanMudslingers Know: JohnAdams,ThomasJefferson,WhisperingCampaign 1. WhatpoliticalliabilitiesexistedforAdamsandforJeffersonin1800? They had opposing political beliefs about the role and nature of government. Adams was for a strong centralgovernment(Federalist).Jeffersonwasforaweakerone(DemocraticRepublican). TheJeffersonian"Revolutionof1800" Know: AaronBurr 2. Wasthe1800electionmoreorlessimportantthanthe1796election?Explain. It was more important than the 1796 election because it became what Jefferson called a peaceful revolution. Solely because power in the government transferred from one political party to another peacefully. 3. IftheFederalistshadpowerforsuchashorttime,weretheyreallythatimportant?Explain.

They were important because a lot of theideologiesthattheyhadtranslatedintosomeofthenewideas of Republicanism after Jefferson became president. The ideas were still there, but the label The Federalistsdiedout. ResponsibilityBreedsModeration Know: Pellmell 4. Howrevolutionarywasthe"Revolutionof1800?" Pretty revolutionary, man. Though Jefferson was a strictconstructionalist, he flipped most of his views because he saw that some of the ideas put into action by the Federalists was helping the new country. Also the fact that there was no blood spilt when a Republican was voted into presidency after a Federalistpresident.

JeffersonianRestraint Know: AlbertGallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican."Assess. Jefferson kept most of Hamiltons economic policies, which surprisingly included the National Bank of America. He also keptmostof theFederalistgovernmentworkersbecausehesawthattheyweregood attheirjob. The"DeadClutch"oftheJudiciary Know: JudiciaryActof1801,MidnightJudges,JohnMarshall,Marburyv.Madison,SamuelChase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marburyv.Madisondecision? With John Marshall as Chief Justice, the Federalists still had some power in the government. The Marbury v. Madison decision proved that the Supreme Court had the final authority indeterminingthe meaningoftheConstitution. Jefferson,aReluctantWarrior Know: BarbaryStates,ShoresofTripoli,Gunboats 7. HowdidJeffersondealwiththeextortionoftheBarbaryStates? JeffersondecidedtogotowarwiththeBarbarystatesinsteadofpayingthebullytostopbullyingyou. TheLouisianaGodsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to theUnitedStates. The French wouldhave eventuallybeenathreattotheAmericas.TheyavoidedwarwithFranceandan alliancewithBritain. LouisianaintheLongView Know: LewisandClark,Sacagawea,ZebulunPike 9. WhatpositiveconsequencesresultedfromtheLouisianaPurchase? It doubled the size of the United States, theunionnowhadtheMississippi River,NewOrleansandthe access to the Gulf of Mexico. It ended the European threat ofexpansionandavoidedwarwithFrance andanalliancewithEngland.

America:ANutcrackedNeutral Know: OrdersinCouncil,Impressment,Chesapeake 10. InwhatwaydidthestrugglebetweenFranceandBritainaffecttheUnitedStates? England was the power of the seas and France had the power of land. England issued a series of Orders in Council in 1806. They closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping. The French ordered seizuring of all merchant ships that entered British ports. The British also stole American sailors and forcibly enlisted them into the British Navy. The British also bombed the U.S. frigate,theChesapeakeabouttenmilesoffthecoastofVirginia. TheHatedEmbargo Know: EmbargoAct,NonIntercourseAct 11. Whoopposedtheembargoandwhy? People who depended on the commerce between Britain and France and America. The embargo hurt the American economy because JeffersonunderestimatedthedependencyofEuropeantradetheStates had. MadisonsGamble Know: JamesMadison,Macon'sBillNo.2 12. HowdidNapoleontakeadvantageofAmericanpolicy? Since 1806 Britain had justified its Orders in Council as retaliation for Napoleons actionsimplying, without promising outright, thattraderestrictions would beliftediftheFrenchdecreesdisappeared. The French held out the same halfpromise. Word went out that Napoleons decrees might be repealed if Britain did so also. Napoleon had no intention of permitting unrestricted trade between America and Britain. Rather he hoped to maneuver the United States into resuming its embargo against the British. Madison took a gamble and accepted the French offer in hopes that Britain would also lift its restrictions. TecumsehandtheProphet Know: WarHawks,HenryClay,Tecumseh,TheProphet,WilliamHenryHarrison 13. WhatconsiderationsmotivatedthewarhawkstocallforwarwithGreatBritain? The War Hawks advocated going to war against related to the interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping, which the War Hawks believed hurt the American economy and injured American prestige. "Mr.Madison'sWar" Know: Warof1812 14. HowandwhydidNewEnglandFederalistsopposetheWarof1812? TheysupportedBritainandopposedtheacquisitionofCanada.

Chapter#12:TheSecondWarforIndependenceandtheUpsurgeofNationalism 1.TheU.S.vs.Englandfightinghadafewthemes:(a)U.S.lostinCanada,(b)U.S.surprisinglywonat sea,(c)thetwosplitintheChesapeake,and(d)theU.S.wonthebigbattleatNewOrleans. 2.Thewarwasnotuniversallysupported.Mostly,theNorthopposedthewarsinceitwasbadfor trade.TheSouthandWestgenerallyfavoredthewar. 3.Afterthewar,theU.S.couldfocusonherself,aswiththeAmericanSystemtobuildupthe economy. 4.Intermsofexpansion,afewthingshappened:(a)theMissouriCompromisedrewanEastWest linetoseparateslaveandfreestates,(b)OregonandFloridabecameAmericanlands,and(c)the MonroeDoctrinewarnedEuropetostayaway! IDENTIFICATIONS: RushBagotAgreement TheTreatydemilitarizedtheGreatLakesandLakeChamplain,wheremanyBritishnavalarmaments andfortsstillremained,andlaidthebasisforademilitarizedboundarybetweentheUSandBritish NorthAmerica.ThisagreementwasindicativeofimprovingrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesand BritainduringthistimeperiodfollowingtheendoftheWarof1812. SecondBankoftheUnitedStates In1816,duringtheadministrationofPresidentJamesMadison,theDemocraticRepublicans reversedcourseandsupporteditscreation.Itwaspatternedafterthefirstandquicklyestablished branchesthroughouttheUnion. FrancisCabotLowell AformerBostonimporterwhosmuggledBritishtextilefactorydesignsbacktoAmerica,andbuiltthe worldsfirstfactorycapableofconvertingrawcottonintoclothbypowermachineryunderoneroof. Createdaworkforcealmostentirelyofunmarriedwomen,inahealthy,wholesomeenvironment. EraofGoodFeelings ThisphrasewascoinedbyaBostonnewspaperthatwascommonlyassociatedwiththe administrationofJamesMonroe.Itrepresentedatimeofasenseofnationalisminthecountry,as wellasasoberexecutive. AdamsOnisTreaty Knownastranscontinentaltreaty,purchasedFloridafromSpain.Establishedwesternboundaryfor USandpreventedSeminolesfrominvadingGeorgia.

Panicof1819 ThiswasthefirstwidespreadeconomiccrisisintheUnitedStateswhichbroughtdeflation, depression,backrushes,bankfailures,unemploymentandsoupkitchens.Thissetbacknationalismto moresectionalismandhurtthepoorerclass,whichgavewaytoJacksonianDemocracy. TallmadgeAmendment ThiswasanattempttohavenomoreslavestobebroughttoMissouriandprovidedthegradual emancipationofthechildrenofslaves.InthemindoftheSouth,thiswasathreattothesectional balancebetweenNorthandSouth. MissouriCompromise Thiswasanagreementpassedin1820betweentheproslaveryandantislaveryfactionsinthe UnitedStates,involvingprimarilytheregulationofslaveryinthewesternterritories.TheSouthwon Missouriasaslavestate,andtheNorthwonMaineandtherighttoforbidslaveryintheremaining territories.Itshowedthatcompromiseagainpreventedbreakup.Alsoestablishedthe36*30line. JohnMarshall ThestrongwilledchiefofjusticeandcousinofJefferson.HedominatedtheSupremeCourtwithhis commandingpersonalityandpowerfulintellect.HeshapedtheAmericanlegaltraditionmore profoundlythananyothersinglefigure.HisdecisionregardingtheMarburyv.Madisonaffairspurred theJeffersonianstofightback. LatinAmericanRevolution AftertherebellionsinItalyandinSpain,therewasarumorthatRussia,Austria,PrussiaandFrance, actinginpartnership,wouldsendpowerfulfleetsandarmiestotherevoltedcoloniesofSpanish AmericaandthererestoretheautocraticSpanishkingtohisancestraldomains.Naturallysympathetic tothedemocraticrevolutions,AmericanshadcheeredwhentheLatinAmericanrepublicsrosefrom theruinsofmonarchy.AmericansfearedthatiftheEuropeanpowersintervenedintheNewWorld, thecauseofrepublicanismwouldsufferirreparableharm. MonroeDoctrine 1823,Monroe3principles:nomoreEuropeancolonizationoftheAmericas,USwouldstayoutof Europeanwars,EuropeanpowersmuststayoutofthenewlyindependentstatesofLatinAmerica. GUIDEDREADINGQUESTIONS: OntoCanadaoverLandandLakes Know: OliverHazardPerry,ThomasMacdonough 1. EvaluatethesuccessoftheUSnavyinthefightforCanada. The American Navy initially did better at sea than on land than anticipated. The victories also helped coverthereturnofAmericansailorstakenbyimpressment.

WashingtonBurnedandNewOrleansDefended Know: FrancisScottKey,AndrewJackson,BattleofNewOrleans 2. DidtheUnitedStatesfighttheWarof1812effectively?Explain. Albeit the United States winning a war again, the Americansfoughtthewarineffectively. Likelasttime, thereweremorevictorieslostthanwon,buttheAmericanspiritneverprevailed. TheTreatyofGhent Know: TreatyofGhent,JohnQuincyAdams,HenryClay 3. WastheTreatyofGhentadvantageoustotheUnitedStates?Explain. Not really. It basically ended the war as an armistice between the two nationsandtheBritishwereout oftheUnitedStatesonceagain. FederalistGrievancesandtheHartfordConvention Know: BlueLightFederalists,HartfordConvention 4. WhatdidtheHartfordConventiondo? This group of Blue Light Federalistsmetinsecrecytodiscusstheirgrievancesandsoughtredressforall of their wrongs. They demanded financial assistance fromWashingtontocompensateforlost tradeand proposed constitutional amendments requiring a twothirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. Sought to abolish the clause, and limited the presidency to a single term and wished to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the samestate. TheSecondWarforAmericanIndependence 5. WhatwerethelongtermeffectsoftheWarof1812? England couldnt makeclaimsonthecontinentalUSanylonger,theNativeAmericansareseveredfrom significant contact with outside nations. The economic world leaders recognized that the United States are a serious group of citizens and can handle a fight against a world power while still growing an economy and gave credibility to the Monroe Doctrine from sea to shining sea setting the goal for unbridledexpansiontothePacific. NascentNationalism Know: WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper,StephenDecatur 6. WhatevidenceofnationalismsurfacedaftertheWarof1812? The war of 1812 gave America sources of pride, namely: far superior naval warships, superior naval tactics, great naval victories (Great Lakes), land victories (Fort McHenry and New Orleans) and emergentleaders(MadisonandAndrewJackson).

"TheAmericanSystem" Know: Tariffof1816,HenryClay,TheAmericanSystem,ErieCanal 7. Inwhatwayscouldnationalismbeseeninthepoliticsandeconomicsofthepostwaryears? TheUnitedStatesgainedaselfconfidenceandfaithinitsmilitary.ResultedintheriseofUSpower. TheSoCalledEraofGoodFeelings Know: JamesMonroe,VirginiaDynasty,EraofGoodFeelings 8. TowhatextentwasJamesMonroe'spresidencyanEraofGoodFeelings? TheFederalistpartydyingout,onlyleavingtheDemocraticRepublicanstorule. ThePanicof1819andtheCurseofHardTimes Know: WildcatBanks,Panicof1819 9. ExplainthecausesandeffectsofthePanicof1819. Causes: Over speculation of paper money not backed by bullion reserves that caused high inflation. Jacksonsinsistencethatpurchaseofgovernmentlandtobepaidforingoldorsilveronly. Effects: Failure of much of the Banking system, mass unemployment and the first economicdepression intheUS. GrowingPainsoftheWest 10. WhatfactorsledtothesettlementoftheWestintheyearsfollowingtheWar? The land was cheap, the idea of expanding the US, the improvement of transportation (Steamboat, CumberlandRoad,andthelackoftheIndianthreat. SlaveryandtheSectionalBalance Know: TallmadgeAmendment,PeculiarInstitution 11 WhywasMissouri'srequestforstatehoodsoexplosive? Because Missouri was a slave state and allowing them to become a state would give the south a majorityofthevotes. TheUneasyMissouriCompromise Know: HenryClay,MissouriCompromise,"FirebellintheNight" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completelyhappy." Explain. The compromise was a temporary solution. They wanted to know what would happen if one territory would qualifyforstatehoodandanotherterritorywasntreadytoqualify.Theyfeareditwouldsetoffan inbalanceinthevotesinCongress.

JohnMarshallandJudicialNationalism Know: JohnMarshall,McCullochv.Maryland,LooseConstruction,Cohensv.Virginia, Gibbonsv.Ogden 13. ExplainMarshall'sstatement,"Lettheendbelegitimate,...areconstitutional."

His statement meant, let everythingbelawfulandrightandthatitmaybeinterpretedconstitutionally.He said that the Constitution was based on the consent of the people and its power is derived fromthem. Therefore,thegovernmentshouldbenefitthem. JudicialDikesAgainstDemocraticExcesses Know: Fletcherv.Peck,DartmouthCollegev.Woodward,DanielWebster 14. "JohnMarshallwasthemostimportantFederalistsinceGeorgeWashington."Assess. Marshalls final judgments gave the Supreme Court the power and this greatlystrengthenedthefederal governmentgivingthemthepowertooverrulegovernmentssometimes. SharingOregonandAcquiringFlorida Know: JohnQuincyAdams,Treatyof1818,AndrewJackson,AdamsOnisTreatof1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson orJohnQuincy Adams?Explain. Andrew Jackson was the one who went to the Florida border and hung two Indian chiefs. He also executed two British subjectsforassistingIndiansandseizedSt.MarksandPensacola.Jacksonhelped withremovingtheIndians. TheMenaceofMonarchyinAmerica Know: GeorgeCanning 16 HowdidGreatBritainhelpsupportAmericandesiresregardingLatinAmerica? The British secretary George Canning proposed to the American minister the idea of joining forces in acquiringLatinAmericanland. MonroeandHisDoctrine Know: JohnQuincyAdams,MonroeDoctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make suchaboldstatementordering EuropeannationstostayoutoftheAmericas? It was because John Quincy Adams knew something wasnt right about this proposal. In actuality, Great Britain feared that the Yankees would seize Spanish territory in the Americas which would jeopardize Britains possessions in the Caribbean. Adams knew this alliance was unnecessary andend up affecting American expansion. Thats why he made that bold statement knowing the British boats wouldneedtoguardSouthAmericatoprotecttheirmerchanttrade.

Monroe'sDoctrineAppraised 18. EvaluatetheimportanceoftheMonroeDoctrineinsubsequentAmericanhistory. TheMonroeDoctrine wasconcerningthesafetyofourcountry.Itwasneveralaworapledgeoreven an agreement, it was just to really emphasize the isolationism and it was expressed after the war US nationalism.