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av
L
f
L
o
L
o
-----------------
L
o
------ = =
A
B
L
o
L
f
A B
av
u
B
u
A
x
B
x
A
------------------ =
A
B
x
A
x
B
A
1
B
1
(x
A
+u
A
) (x
B
+u
B
)
L
f
L
o
L
0
x
B
x
A
=
L
f
x
B
u
B
+ ( ) x
A
u
A
+ ( ) L
o
u
B
u ( + = =
x
x
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-4
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C2.1 Due to the application of the forces in Fig. C2.1, the displace-
ment of the rigid plates in the x direction were observed as given below.
Determine the axial strains in rods in sections AB, BC, and CD.
Fig. C2.1
u
B
1.8 mm = u
C
0.7 mm = u
D
3.7 mm =
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
3
F
2
F
1
x
D C B A
1.5 m 2.5 m 2 m
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-5
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Average shear strain
.
Decreases in the angle ( < / 2) result in positive shear strain.
Increase in the angle ( > / 2) result in negative shear strain
Units of average shear strain
To differentiate average strain from strain at a point.
rad
prefix: = 10
-6
. 1000 rad is equal to a strain 0.001 rad
/2
A
B C
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
A
1
C
B
A
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
(a)
(b)
Undeformed grid Deformed grid
av
2
--- =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-6
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Small Strain Approximation
2.5
2.6
Small-strain approximation may be used for strains less than 0.01
Small normal strains are calculated by using the deformation compo-
nent in the original direction of the line element regardless of the ori-
entation of the deformed line element.
In small shear strain () calculations the following approximation may
be used for the trigonometric functions:
Small-strain calculations result in linear deformation analysis.
Drawing approximate deformed shape is very important in analysis of
small strains.
small
Eq. 2.6 Eq. 2.5 % error
1.0 1.23607 19.1
0.5 0.58114 14.0
0.1 0.10454 4.3
0.05 0.005119 2.32
0.01 0.01005 0.49
0.005 0.00501 0.25
L
f
L
o
2
D
2
2L
o
D cos + + =
L
f
L
o
1
D
L
o
-----
2
2
D
L
o
-----
cos + + =
D
P
P
2
P
1
A
L
0
L
f
L
f
L
o
L
o
----------------- 1
D
L
o
------
2
2
D
L
o
------
cos + + 1 = =
small
D cos
L
o
---------------- =
tan sin cos 1
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-7
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C2.2 A thin triangular plate ABC forms a right angle at point A.
During deformation, point A moves vertically down by
A
. Determine
the average shear strain at point A.
Fig. C2.2
A
0.008 in =
3
i
n
.
5 in.
A
A
B
C
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-8
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C2.3 A roller at P slides in a slot as shown. Determine the deforma-
tion in bar AP and bar BP by using small strain approximation.
Fig. C2.3
Class Problem 1
Draw an approximate exaggerated deformed shape.
Using small strain approximation write equations relating
AP
and
BP
to
P.
P
0.02 in
110
40
P
A
B
P
0.25 mm
75
30
A
P
B
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-9
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Strain Components
xx
u
x
------- =
yy
v
y
------- =
zz
w
z
-------- =
w
u
v
z
x
y
z
y
x
u
v
z
x
y
x
y
2
---
xy
xy
u
y
-------
v
x
------- + =
yx
v
x
-------
u
y
------- +
xy
= =
z
y
2
---
yz
y
z
x
yz
v
z
-------
w
y
-------- + =
zy
w
y
--------
v
z
------- +
yz
= =
v
w
2
---
zx
z
x
z
x
y
w
u
zx
w
x
--------
u
z
------- + =
xz
u
z
-------
w
x
-------- +
zx
= =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-10
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Engineering Strain
Engineering strain matrix
Plane strain matrix
Strain at a point
tensor normal strains = engineering normal strains
tensor shear strains = (engineering shear strains)/ 2
Strain at a Point on a Line
xx
xy
xz
yx
yy
yz
zx
zy
zz
xx
xy
0
yx
yy
0
0 0 0
xx
u
x
-------
x 0
lim
x
u
= =
yy
y
v
=
zz
z
w
=
xy
yx
u
y
-------
v
x
------- +
x 0
y 0
lim
y
u
x
v
+ = = =
yz
zy
z
v
y
w
+ = =
zx
xz
x
w
z
u
+ = =
xx
x d
du x ( )
=
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-11
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C2.4 Displacements u and v in the x and y directions respectively
were measured by Moire Interferometry method at many points on a
body. Displacements of four points on a body are given below. Determine
the average values of strain components at point A shown
in Fig. C2.4.
Fig. C2.4
xx
,
yy
, and
xy
x
y
0.0005 mm
0
.
0
0
0
5
m
m
A B
C D
u
A
0 =
u
B
0.625mm =
u
C
0.500 mm =
u
D
0.250mm =
v
A
0 =
v
B
0.3125mm =
v
C
0.5625 mm =
v
D
1.125 mm =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-12
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C2.5 The axial displacement in a quadratic one-dimensional finite
element is as given below.
Determine the strain at Node 2.
u x ( )
u
1
2a
2
--------- x a ( ) x 2a ( )
u
2
a
2
----- x ( ) x 2a ( )
u
3
2a
2
--------- x ( ) x a ( ) + =
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
x
x
2
= a
x
3
= 2a x
1
= 0