- Thm phn lch s pht trin ca mng wlan

I.1. Wireless LAN l g?

WLAN l mt loi mng my tnh nhng vic kt ni gia cc thnh phn trong mng khng s dng cc loi cp nh mt mng thng thng, mi trng truyn thng ca cc thnh phn trong mng l khng kh . Cc thnh phn trong mng s dng sng in t truyn thng vi nhau.

I.2. Lch s ra i:
Cng ngh WLAN ln u tin xut hin vo cui nm 1990, khi nhng nh sn xut gii thiu nhng sn phm hot ng trong bng tn 900Mhz. Nhng gii php ny (khng c thng nht gia cc nh sn xut) cung cp tc truyn d liu 1Mbps, thp hn nhiu so vi tc 10Mbps ca hu ht cc mng s dng cp hin thi. Nm 1992, nhng nh sn xut bt u bn nhng sn phm WLAN s dng bng tn 2.4Ghz. Mc du nhng sn phm ny c tc truyn d liu cao hn nhng chng vn l nhng gii php ring ca mi nh sn xut khng c cng b rng ri. S cn thit cho vic hot ng thng nht gia cc thit b nhng dy tn s khc nhau dn n mt s t chc bt u pht trin ra nhng chun mng khng dy chung. Nm 1997, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) ph chun s ra i ca chun 802.11, v cng c bit vi tn gi WIFI (Wireless Fidelity) cho cc mng WLAN. Chun 802.11 h tr ba phng php truyn tn hiu, trong c bao gm phng php truyn tn hiu v tuyn tn s 2.4Ghz. Nm 1999, IEEE thng qua hai s b sung cho chun 802.11 l cc chun 802.11a v 802.11b (nh ngha ra nhng phng php truyn tn hiu). V nhng thit b WLAN da trn chun 802.11b nhanh chng tr thnh cng ngh khng dy vt tri. Cc thit b WLAN 802.11b truyn pht tn s 2.4Ghz, cung cp tc truyn d liu c th ln ti 11Mbps. IEEE 802.11b c to ra nhm cung cp nhng c im v tnh hiu dng, thng lng (throughput) v bo mt so snh vi mng c dy. Nm 2003, IEEE cng b thm mt s ci tin l chun 802.11g m c th truyn nhn thng tin c hai dy tn 2.4Ghz v 5Ghz v c th nng tc truyn d liu ln n 54Mbps. Thm vo , nhng sn phm p dng 802.11g cng c th tng thch ngc vi cc thit b chun 802.11b. Hin nay chun 802.11g t n tc 108Mbps-300Mbps.

Tong ket nen cho phan uu nhuoc diem nay vao

1.2.4. u im ca WLAN: -S tin li: Mng khng dy cng nh h thng mng thng thng. N cho php ngi dng truy xut ti nguyn mng bt k ni u trong khu vc c trin khai(nh hay vn phng). Vi s gia tng s ngi s dng my tnh xch tay(laptop), l mt iu rt thun li. -Kh nng di ng: Vi s pht trin ca cc mng khng dy cng cng, ngi dng c th truy cp Internet bt c u. Chng hn cc qun Cafe, ngi dng c th truy cp Internet khng dy min ph.

-Hiu qu: Ngi dng c th duy tr kt ni mng khi h i t ni ny n ni khc. -Trin khai: Vic thit lp h thng mng khng dy ban u ch cn t nht 1 access point. Vi mng dng cp, phi tn thm chi ph v c th gp kh khn trong vic trin khai h thng cp nhiu ni trong ta nh. -Kh nng m rng: Mng khng dy c th p ng tc th khi gia tng s lng ngi dng. Vi h thng mng dng cp cn phi gn thm cp. 1.2.5. Nhc im ca WLAN: -Bo mt: Mi trng kt ni khng dy l khng kh nn kh nng b tn cng ca ngi dng l rt cao. -Phm vi: Mt mng chun 802.11g vi cc thit b chun ch c th hot ng tt trong phm vi vi chc mt. N ph hp trong 1 cn nh, nhngvi mt ta nh ln th khng p ng c nhu cu. p ng cn phi mua thm Repeater hay access point, dn n chi ph gia tng. - tin cy: V s dng sng v tuyn truyn thng nn vic b nhiu, tn hiu b gim do tc ng ca cc thit b khc(l vi sng,.) l khng trnh khi. Lm gim ng k hiu qu hot ng ca mng. -Tc : Tc ca mng khng dy (1- 300 Mbps) rt chm so vi mng s dng cp(100Mbps n hng Gbps).

- Cac tieu chuan mang hok day. Trinh bay bang de hieu hon
Tn s v tuyn c s dng truyn dn l yu t rt quan trng i vi mng WLAN. WLAN c cp pht bng tn ISM trong 3 dy tn s khng cn ng k s dng sau: 902 MHz, 2.4 GHz, v 5 GHz. Hin nay c mt s cc tiu chun WLAN ph bin trn th gii s dng 3 dy tn s.

Tiu chun ph bin nht hin nay l IEEE 802.11b v 802.11g, chun sau mi v nhanh hn. Tiu chun 802.11b c Hip hi k s in v in t (IEEE) a ra vo thng 9 nm 1999. Mng WLAN IEEE 802.11b tc cao hot ng bng tn 2.4 GHz v c th cung cp tc truyn dn ln ti 11 Mbps. IEE 802.11b ch xc nh hai lp cui ca m hnh tham chiu OSI: lp vt l (PHY) v lp lin kt s liu (phn lp iu khin truy nhp MAC) CC THIT B H TNG MNG KHNG DY im truy cp: AP(access point) Cung cp cho cc my khch(client) mt im truy cp vo mng. AP l mt thit b song cng(Full duplex) c mc thng minh tng ng vi mt chuyn mch Ethernet phc tp(Switch). Cc ch hot ng ca AP:

AP c th giao tip vi cc my khng dy, vi mng c dy truyn thng v vi cc AP khc. C 3 Mode hot ng chnh ca AP: Ch gc (Root mode): Root mode c s dng khi AP c kt ni vi mng backbone c dy thng qua giao din c dy (thng l Ethernet) ca n. Hu ht cc AP s h tr cc mode khc ngoi root mode, tuy nhin root mode l cu hnh mc nh. Khi mt AP c kt ni vi phn on c dy thng qua cng Ethernet ca n, n s c cu hnh hot ng trong root mode. Khi trong root mode, cc AP c kt ni vi cng mt h thng phn phi c dy c th ni chuyn c vi nhau thng qua phn on c dy. Cc client khng dy c th giao tip vi cc client khng dy khc nm trong nhng cell ( t bo, hay vng ph sng ca AP) khc nhau thng qua AP tng ng m chng kt ni vo, sau cc AP ny s giao tip vi nhau thng qua phn on c dy - Ch cu ni(bridge Mode): Trong Bridge mode, AP hot ng hon ton ging vi mt cu ni khng dy. AP s tr thnh mt cu ni khng dy khi c cu hnh theo cch ny. Ch mt s t cc AP trn th trng c h tr chc nng Bridge, iu ny s lm cho thit b c gi cao hn ng k. Chng ta s gii thch mt cch ngn gn cu ni khng dy hot ng nh th no, t hnh 2-3 Client khng kt ni vi cu ni, nhng thay vo , cu ni c s dng kt ni 2 hoc nhiu on mng c dy li vi nhau bng kt ni khng dy. Ch lp(repeater mode): AP c kh nng cung cp mt ng kt ni khng dy upstream vo mng c dy thay v mt kt ni c dy bnh thng. Mt AP hot ng nh l mt root AP v AP cn li hot ng nh l mt Repeater khng dy. AP trong repeater mode kt ni vi cc client nh l mt AP v kt ni vi upstream AP nh l mt client. - Cc thit b my khch trong WLAN: L nhng thit b WLAN c cc my khch s dng kt ni vo WLAN. Card PCI Wireless: L thnh phn ph bin nht trong WLAN. Dng kt ni cc my khch vo h thng mng khng dy. c cm vo khe PCI trn my tnh. Loi ny c s dng ph bin cho cc my tnh bn(desktop) kt ni vo mng khng dy. Card PCMCIA Wireless: Trc y c s dng trong cc my tnh xch tay(laptop) v ccthit b h tr c nhn s PDA(Personal Digital Associasion). Hin nay nh s pht trin ca cng ngh nn PCMCIA wireless t c s dng v my tnh xch tay v PDA,. u c tch hp sn Card Wireless bn trong thit b. Card USB Wireless: Loi rt c u chung hin nay dnh cho cc thit b kt ni vo mng khng dy v tnh nng di ng v nh gn . C chc nng tng t nh Card PCI Wireless, nhng h tr chun cm l USB (Universal Serial Bus). C th tho lp nhanh chng (khng cn phi cm c nh nh Card PCI Wireless) v h tr cm khi my tnh ang hot ng.

- II.CC M HNH WLAN:

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M HNH MNG AD HOC(Independent Basic Service sets (BSSs) ):

Cc nt di ng(my tnh c h tr card mng khng dy) tp trung li trong mt khng gian nh hnh thnh nn kt ni ngang cp (peer-to-peer) gia chng. Cc nt di ng c card mng wireless l chng c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau , khng cn phi qun tr mng. V cc mng ad-hoc ny c th thc hin nhanh v d dng nn chng thng c thit lp m khng cn mt cng c hay k nng c bit no v vy n rt thch hp s dng trong cc hi ngh thng mi hoc trong cc nhm lm vic tm thi. Tuy nhin chng c th c nhng nhc im v vng ph sng b gii hn, mi ngi s dng u phi nghe c ln nhau.

II.2. M HNH MNG C S (Basic service sets (BSSs) )

Bao gm cc im truy nhp AP (Access Point) gn vi mng ng trc hu tuyn v giao tip vi cc thit b di ng trong vng ph sng ca mt cell. AP ng vai tr iu khin cell v iu khin lu lng ti mng. Cc thit b di ng khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau m giao tip vi cc AP.Cc cell c th chng ln ln nhau khong 10-15 % cho php cc trm di ng c th di chuyn m khng b mt kt ni v tuyn v cung cp vng ph sng vi chi ph thp nht. Cc trm di ng s chn AP tt

nht kt ni. Mt im truy nhp nm trung tm c th iu khin v phn phi truy nhp cho cc nt tranh chp, cung cp truy nhp ph hp vi mng ng trc, n nh cc a ch v cc mc u tin, gim st lu lng mng, qun l chuyn i cc gi v duy tr theo di cu hnh mng. Tuy nhin giao thc a truy nhp tp trung khng cho php cc nt di ng truyn trc tip ti nt khc nm trong cng vng vi im truy nhp nh trong cu hnh mng WLAN c lp. Trong trng hp ny, mi gi s phi c pht i 2 ln (t nt pht gc v sau l im truy nhp) trc khi n ti nt ch, qu trnh ny s lm gim hiu qu truyn dn v tng tr truyn dn. II.3. M HNH MNG M RNG( Extended Service Set (ESSs)) Mng 802.11 m rng phm vi di ng ti mt phm vi bt k thng qua ESS. Mt ESSs l mt tp hp cc BSSs ni m cc Access Point giao tip vi nhau chuyn lu lng t mt BSS ny n mt BSS khc lm cho vic di chuyn d dng ca cc trm gia cc BSS, Access Point thc hin vic giao tip thng qua h thng phn phi. H thng phn phi l mt lp mng trong mi Access Point m n xc nh ch n cho mt lu lng c nhn t mt BSS. H thng phn phi c tip sng tr li mt ch trong cng mt BSS, chuyn tip trn h thng phn phi ti mt Access Point khc, hoc gi ti mt mng c dy ti ch khng nm trong ESS. Cc thng tin nhn bi Access Point t h thng phn phi c truyn ti BSS s c nhn bi trm ch. Thit b WLAN c bn bao gm cc card mng khng dy, cc im truy cp khng dy (Access Point), v WBridge (Bridge khng dy). Card mng khng dy

- H thng thit b WLAN

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Card mng khng dy giao tip my tnh vi mng khng dy bng cch iu ch tn hiu d liu vi chui tri ph v thc hin mt giao thc truy nhp cm ng sng mang. My tnh mun gi d liu ln trn mng, card mng khng dy s lng nghe cc truyn dn khc. Nu khng thy cc truyn dn khc, card mng s pht ra mt khung d liu. Trong khi , cc trm khc vn lin tc lng nghe d liu n, chim khung d liu pht v kim tra xem a ch ca n c ph hp vi a ch ch trong phn Header ca khung pht bn tin hay khng. Nu a ch trng vi a ch ca trm, th trm s nhn v x l khung d liu c, ngc li trm s thi hi khung d liu ny. Cc card mng khng dy khng khc nhiu so vi cc card mng c s dng trong mng LAN c dy. Card mng khng dy trao i thng tin vi h iu hnh mng thng qua mt b iu khin chuyn dng. Nh vy, bt k ng dng no cng c th s dng mng khng dy truyn d liu. Tuy nhin, khc vi cc card mng c dy, cc card mng khng dy l khng cn bt k dy ni no. Card mng c dy c th s dng khe cm ISA (hin nay t s dng) hoc khe cm PCI (s dng ph bin) trn my tnh bn hoc s dng khe cm PCMCIA trn cc laptop. Card mng khng dy thng c mt anten ngoi c th gn vo tng hoc mt v tr no trong phng.

Cc im truy cp khng dy (Access Point)

Cc im truy cp khng dy AP (Acsses Point) to ra cc vng ph sng, ni cc nt di ng ti cc c s h tng LAN c dy. V cc im truy cp cho php m rng vng ph sng nn cc mng khng dy WLAN c th trin khai trong c mt to nh hay mt khu trng i hc, to ra mt vng truy cp khng dy rng ln. Cc im truy cp ny khng ch cung cp trao i thng tin vi cc mng c dy m cn lc lu lng v thc hin chc nng cu ni vi cc tiu chun khc. Chc nng lc gip gi gn di thng trn cc knh v tuyn nh loi b cc lu lng tha. Do bng thng ghp i khng i xng gia thng tin v tuyn v hu tuyn nn cc im truy cp cn c b m thch hp v cc ti nguyn ca b nh. Cc b m c dng ch yu lu cc gi d liu im truy cp khi mt nt di ng c gng di chuyn khi vng ph sng hoc khi mt nt di ng hot ng ch cng sut thp. Cc im truy cp trao i vi nhau qua mng hu tuyn qun l cc nt di ng. Mt im truy cp khng cn iu khin truy cp t nhiu nt di ng (c ngha l c th hot ng vi mt giao thc ngu nhin phn tn nh CSMA). Tuy nhin, mt giao thc a truy cp tp trung c iu khin bi mt im truy cp c nhiu thun li. Cc la chn giao din mng hu tuyn chung vi im truy cp gm c 10Base2, 10BaseT, modem ADSL, ISDN. WBridge - Bridge khng dy

Cc WBridge (Bridge khng dy) tng t nh cc im truy cp khng dy tr trng hp chng c s dng cho cc knh bn ngoi. Ph thuc vo khong cch v vng m cn dng ti anten ngoi. WBridge c thit k ni cc mng vi nhau, c bit trong cc to nh c khong cch xa ti 32 km. WBridge cung cp mt phng php nhanh chng v r tin so vi vic s dng cp, hoc ng in thoi thu ring (lised-line) v thng c s dng khi cc kt ni c dy truyn thng khng th thc hin hoc kh khn nh qua sng, a hnh him tr, cc khu vc ring, ng cao tc... Khc vi cc lin kt cp v cc mch in thoi chuyn dng, WBridge c th lc lu lng v m bo rng cc h thng mng khng dy c kt ni tt m khng b mt lu lng cn thit.