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Higher Layers of LTE Part II
Mario GarciaLozano
mariogarcia@tsc.upc.edu mariogarcia@tsc.upc.edu
Agenda
Mobility Functions and Network Architecture.
Introduction to RRC states.
Mobility in RRC CONNECTED state. Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED state.
X2 Handover.
S1 Handover.
Seamless Handover.
Lossless Handover.
Automatic Neighbour Relation Function.
Mobility Measurements Mobility Measurements.
Mobility in RRC_IDLE state:
Paging and Cell reselection.
Random Access Procedure.
Admission Control
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Mobility Functions: Network Architecture
Anchor with
3GPP Idl St t M bilit H dli
Operators IP
services (e.g. IMS)
HSS
S1U
Mobility Anchor
LTE and other
3GPP techs.
Buffers DL data
while paging.
non3GPP. Idle State Mobility Handling.
Paging initiation.
HO decisions
Cellreselection
d
X2
HO decisions
Inter eNB HO
Forwarding +
Buffering
decisions.
Mobility
measurements.
Tracking Area
updates.
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NAS
Mobility Control: Protocols
RRC
UE
eNB
NAS
S1AP
EMM
ESM
S1 AP
MME
EMM
ESM
RRC
AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
S1AP
SCTP
IP
L2
PHY
S1AP
SCTP
IP
L2
PHY
n
t
r
o
l




P
l
a
n
e
S1MME
AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
LTEUu
C
o
n
eNB
X2AP
SCTP
IP
L2
PHY
eNB
X2AP
SCTP
IP
L2
PHY
X2
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HSPA in RNC.
PDCP only present
in PS user domain.

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Mobility Control: Protocols.

e
N
B
RRC
UE
eNB
NAS
RRC
36.331
l
a
n
e






U
E

AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
LTEUu
C
o
n
t
r
o
l





P
l
RRC is the main controlling function in the AS.
Responsible for:
Establishing the radio bearers
Configuring lower layers using RRC signaling.
Two possible states: RRC_CONNECTED and RRC_IDLE
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RRC States: RRC_CONNECTED
RRC_CONNECTED Network controlled mobility: Handover
IntraLTE: Intra/Interfrequency. Intra LTE: Intra/Inter frequency.
InterRAT.
UE has an RRC connection.
UE has context in EUTRAN.
Network can TX/RX data to/from UE.
UE Monitors PDCCH (it has CRNTI)
Network can instruct DRX Reduced
power consumption
RRC_IDLE
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RRC States: RRC_IDLE
RRC_CONNECTED
UE controlled mobility: Cell
(re)selection, update of tracking areas.
UE monitors paging messages.
UE performs radio channel quality
measurements (own cell + neighb.)
No RRC connection is established.
(No signaling radio bearer SRB) RRC_IDLE
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Simplified RRC as compared to UMTS
After reading webpage,
CS + PS domains ++ RRC overhead and complexity.
Recovering fast states takes undesired delays.
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL PCH
e
r

C
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
After reading webpage,
Click on link 23 s
delay
Continuous
Packet
Connectivity
CPCRel7
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
TX delay
P
o
w
e
IDLE_MODE
CPC Rel7
Battery Killer
Inactivity timeouts
state change.
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RRC States in LTE: Simpler and Faster
RRC_CONNECTED
DRX UE only listens at certain
intervals
DRX reduced battery consumption
Ai i f
~ 100 ms
DRX reduced battery consumption
DRX resume transfer even quicker
DRX reduced signalling
DRX also present in HSDPA Rel7 CPC
*
RRC_IDLE
Air interface structure.
RRC in eNB (not RNC)
Simpler RRC
Single inquiry by eNB to MME to get
UE profile and authentication info.
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RRC Transitions UMTS LTE
CELL_DCH RRC _CONNECTED
Handover
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
It is supposed to be a short
state so no transition with
LTE is supported
IDLE_MODE RRC _IDLE
Cellreselection
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Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED: Handover
HSS
Flat structure. All network side
radio protocols at eNB
eNB controls HO making extensive
f h X2 i f
NAS
NAS
AS
AS
use of the X2 interface.
X2 interface might not exist 2
types of HO: S1 and X2 HO.
Hard HO.
IntraeNB = IntereNB HO.
P d ll d b RNC i UMTS l Procedure controlled by RNC in UMTS slower
*
Quality based: UE reports neighbour cell with better channel.
Coverage based: handover to another RAT.
Loadbased: to avoid congestion in particular cells.
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X2 Handover: Basic Description
O
Before HO
O HO performed between eNBs quick preparation
HO preparation
O
O
HO Execution HO Completion
O
p q p p
It is possible to forward data in a per bearer basis.
OMultiple Preparation faster recovery if HO failure.
OLate path switch MME only informed at the end.
Release of resources triggered by target eNB
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Measurement Control
M t R t
UL allocation
Normal data transfer Normal data transfer
X2 Handover: Detailed Description
Source eNB
Target eNB
L3 signaling
L1/2 sign.
3. HO decision
Measurement Reports
5. Admission Control
HO Request
HO Request ACK
HO Command
DL allocation
Detach from
old cell. SYNC
t ll
Deliver buffered
and in transit data
t t t NB
User data
to new cell to target eNB
PDCP Status Transfer
Data Forwarding
Buffer packets
from source eNB
Random Access
UL Allocation + Timing Advance
HO Confirm 13 de 34
X2 Handover: Detailed Description
Source eNB Target eNB
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S1 Handover
Classical centralized HO.
Source eNB asks MME for HO.
MME sends HO command to target eNB.
eNB status is transferred via MME.
GTP Tunnel can be established between eNBs
only to forward data.
From the UE perspective both HO are
identical.
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PDCP and Handover
UE
eNB
NAS
RLC: ARQ but it also
considers Unackowledged
M d it bl f
AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
eNB
AS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
LTEUu
Mode suitable for non
delay tolerant services.
Seamless HO.
Lossless HO
PDCP not only for ROHC and ciphering, it is
also responsible for insequence delivery and
reordering of PDUs.
Lossless HO.
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PDCP and Seamless Handover
Seamless handover:
OBJETIVE: Interruption Time Minimization.
Used with Radio Bearers carrying control plane
data and data bearers mapped on RLC
Unacknowledged Mode (e.g. voice service).
eNB forwards only nontransmitted SDUs via X2 to
target eNB.
If transmission was started but has not been If transmission was started but has not been
successfully received packets are lost.
Minimum complexity because context is not
transferred between eNB via X2.
ROHC context is reset.
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PDCP and Lossless Handover
Lossless Handover:
OBJECTIVE: insequence delivery without losses.
Possible because PDCP adds a sequence number to
packets
Applied for radio bearers that are mapped on RLC
Acknowledged Mode (e.g. services that can
degrade because of TCP reaction to loss of packets)
Unacknowledged packets are forwarded via X2 an
retransmitted they may be received twice.
ROHC context is reset.
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Lossless Handover. UL Example
SDUs are delivered to
the GW in sequence
3
4
5
2
1
1
2
3
4
ACK 1
ACK 2
6
3
4
5
Source eNB transfers
via X2, outof
sequence SDUs
4
This message contains
Sequence and Hyper
STATUS TRANSFER
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6
Handover
Unacknowledged
SDUs are reTX
duplicity of P4
3 4 5 6
6
Sequence and Hyper
Frame Numbers
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Lossless Handover: DL Example
5
4
3

7
6
End Marker is
forwarded. Target
eNB knows when it
t t TX SDU
End Marker
4
3
3
2
1
6

6
5
4
can start TX SDUs
from SGW
ACK 1
ACK 2
5 4 3 2
STATUS TRANSFER
2
1
Handover
3
2
SDUs are delivered to
the UE in sequence
ACK 2
1 2 4
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Automatic Neighbour Relation Function
O&M
32 511
Example of SON
process in LTE
X2
OConfiguration,
SW download,
connections.
OSet up indicated X2s
32.511
OX2 missing
OUpdate Neighbour
Cell List and obtain IP
OSet up new X2
O Reports Global CI
g
OGlobal CI Request
OIdentifies Global CI
OMEASUREMENT REPORT (PHY CI)
OIdentifies PHY CI
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ANRF: Some Details
ANRF allows self optimizing the neighbour list:
Include cells with frequent HO requests.
Eli i t ll ith f HO tt Eliminate cells with very few HO attemps.
Eliminate cells with frequent HO failures.
The list should contain the exact set of necessary cells.
ANRF must consider restrictions fromO&M:
Blacklists: cells to which the eNB shall neither establish
nor keep a neighbour relation (test cells, Home eNBs...)
Whitelists.
Avoid certain X2 interfaces, while still allowing S1 HO.
LTE supports Closed Subscriber Groups (CSG)
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Example of ANR Architecture
NR R t
R3080988 R3080731 R3080958 R3080933
O&M
Relation
Id
Local
Cell Id
Target
Cell Id
No
Remove
No HO No X2
ANR
NR Report
1 LCI#1 TCI#1 X
2 LCI#1 TCI#2 X
3 LCI#1 TCI#3 X

S1HO
Exchange
info (load,
interference)
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ANR: Collateral Implications
X2 setup procedure allows automatic exchange of APP
layer configuration data, e.g. PHY CI, tracking area,
frequency band
This would enable another SON process: automatic
coordination of PHY CI among neighbours.
Proposes PHY CI coordination:
Collision free: discovered neighbouring cells
R3080376
Collision free: discovered neighbouring cells
Confusion free: neigbours of neighbours.
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Automated Coordination of PHY CIs imply
benefits beyond the mobility ones
PHY CI coordination allows using different RS sequences
and with different frequency shifts.
RS boosting can be implemented without manual planning RS boosting can be implemented without manual planning
More on SON:
32.500
pow
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Measurement Reporting for Mobility
RRC_CONNECTION_RECONFIGURATION
1 Measurement objects, e.g. frequency, blacklists. j , g q y,
2 Type of reporting: periodic or event triggered.
3 Criteria (BB = becomes better than, BW= worse)
A1/A2: serving BB/BW thresholds (thrs).
A3: neighbour BB serving + offset.
A4: neighbour BB thr.
A5: serving BW thr. and neighbour BB another thr. g g
InterRAT:
B1: neighbour BB thr.
B2: serving BW thr. and neighbour BB another thr.
4 Measurement Gaps: Periodic 6 ms gaps to evaluate other
RATs. During this time LTE TX/RX activities are interrupted.
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UMTS: UE updates Location & Routing Areas (CS & PS).
LTE: Only PS domain: UE updates Tracking Area.
UMTS: Specific PHY Channel for paging: PICH
Mobility in RRC_IDLE: Paging.
LTE: Short Duration of L1/L2 signaling Normal DL data.
Possibility to define a paging DRX cycle.
Paging can be also used to indicate change in system info: the
message contains a SystemInfoModification flag.
UE detects the group id used for paging (P RNTI) UE detects the group id used for paging (PRNTI)
Decodes message, it contains id of paged UE(s). Own id not found
Discards message. UE sleeps again according to DRX cycle
PDCCH PDCCH PDSCH PDSCH
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Cell selection: UE searches strongest cell on all EUTRAN bands that
supports may use historical info into service as fast as
possible. Criteria: Ref Symb RX Power and Quality RSRP, RSRQ.
Mobility in RRC_IDLE: Cell (re)selection
Intrafrequency cell reselection: After camping on a cell, UE
continues searching better candidates. Criteria: RSRP with classical
hysteresis and timetotrigger.
Interfrequency and InterRAT cell reselection: In order to avoid
excessive measurements LTE defines absolute priorities
*
UTRAN used same ranking for intra/interfrequency
excessive measurements LTE defines absolute priorities.
UEs only consider lower priorities if current cell quality is below
Thresh
HIGH
and target one is over Thresh
LOW
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From Idle to Connected
RRC_IDLE
36.300
Paging or UE has
data to TX
_
RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST (SRB0)
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP (or REJECT)
RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE
Admission
Control
Random Access and response with
initial UL resource assignment
RRC_CONNECTED
UE asks first UL grant on PUCCH.
Unless DRX, UE monitors CCEs in PDCCH
1000 times/s (DRX max = paging cycle).
Security Functions
Random Access Procedure
Preamble Transmission
Power setting according to DL estimation on RSRP.
Power ramping supported
RA Response (PDCCH tagged with RARNTI + PDSCH)
UL resource grant.
Temporary Cell Radio Network Id: TCRNTI
Backoff
Timing Advance
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Random Access Procedure
First PUSCH TX Includes CRNTI
If UEs collided, they will collide now again.
eNB detects one CRNTI and uses it. Rest of UEs
understand there was a collision.
Timing Advance (TA) is required to align UL TXs.
First one based on the received delay measured on
PRACH PRACH.
Process = GSM but higher granularity: 0.52 s
Maximum TA = 0.67 ms (RTT 200 km maximum
LTE cell radius = 100 km)
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Admission Control
AC basically evaluates whether the scheduler can
handle an incoming bearer with the required QoS:
New bearer QoS
Existent bearers QoS
Resource situation
Priority levels
AC
QoS is given by
Guaranteed Bit Rate or Aggregate Maximum Bit
Rate (depending on the service).
QoS class identifier.
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Admission Control
QCI # Priority
L2 packet
delay
L2 packet
loss rate
Example services
budget
loss rate
1 (GBR) 2 100 ms 10
2
Conversational voice
2 (GBR) 4 150 ms 10
3
Conversational video
3 (GBR) 5 300 ms 10
6
Buffered streaming
4 (GBR) 3 50 ms 10
3
Realtime gaming
5 (nonGBR) 1 100 ms 10
6
IMS signaling
( )
3
6 (nonGBR) 7 100 ms 10
3
Live streaming
7 (nonGBR) 6 300 ms 10
6
email, browsing, file
download, etc
8 (nonGBR) 8 300 ms 10
6
9 (nonGBR) 9 300 ms 10
6
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More
InterRAT Mobility (interworking issues):
Towards GERAN/UMTS S1 HO without transferring
eNB status Anchor: SGW eNB status. Anchor: SGW
Towards cdma2000 dedicated procedures:
tunnelling cdma2000 signalling between UE and
cdma2000 system over S1, without eNB interpretation
Towards other non3GPP technologies (WIMAX)
CircuitSwitched Fallback: temporary solution?
until high quality VoIP is supported? Until Volga
Forum solution? (www.volgaforum.com)
HO Security Issues
32.500
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Thank You.
Mario GarciaLozano
mariogarcia@tsc.upc.edu mariogarcia@tsc.upc.edu