Chapter#13:TheRiseofaMassDemocracyBigPictureThemes 1.AndrewJacksonfelthedbeenrobbedthepresidencyin1824.Thismotivatedtheregular folkstopoliticalaction.Hevowedtowinforthepeoplessake,anddidso. 2.Aconflictstartedtobrewbetweenthenorthandthesouth.Theissuewasthetariff(import tax)andwhetherthesouthhadtherighttonullifyorwipeitout.Thetroublewasworked out,butitforeshadowedbiggertroubletocome,overslavery. 3.Jacksondistrustedbankshethoughttheyweretoolsfortherichtomilkmoneyoffthe poor.HekilledtheNationalBankandthrewthewholebankingsystemintochaos. 4.BythetimeWilliamHenryHarrisonranforpresidentin1840,popular,masspoliticshad grownintothecircuslikemonsterthatitsknownastoday. IDENTIFICATIONS: AmericanSystem TheAmericanSystemwasathreewaysystemdevelopedbyHenryClaytoimprovethe Americanindustry.Itfeaturedastrongandpowerfulbank,ahighprotectivetariff,anda federalnetworkoftransportation.

Allofthesefactorswouldgivemanufacturersalotof money.JacksonwasstronglyagainsttheAmericanSystem. CorruptBargain ThecorruptbargainiswhenHenryClayallegedlystruckabackroomdealwithJohn QuincyAdams.BothClayandAdamswerecandidatesintheelectionof1824.HenryClay wasomittedfirst,andsincehedidntlikeJackson,hetoldAdamsthathewouldsupport AdamsasSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives.ThroughthisAdamswon.OnceAdams wasinofficehemadeClayhissecretaryofstate,whousuallybecomethenextpresident, whichiswhatClaywanted. TariffofAbominations TheTariffofAbominationsisthetariffthatPresidentAndrewJacksonpassed.Hepassedit sothathecouldappealtotherichindustrialpeoplemore,buthedidntactuallywantittobe passedorexpectittobepassed.However,itwaspassedandbecauseofthisJacksonlosta littlebitofhispopularity,especiallyintheSouth. Nullification Nullificationistheideathatthestatescanignoreanddisobeyafederallawiftheydecideitto beunconstitutional,null,andvoid.SouthCarolinausedthisideaandnullifiedtheTariffof 1828.Theyrefusedtopaythehightariffandasaresult,Jacksonsentoverthearmyand navytokillthenullifiers,skirtingacivilwar. ForceBill TheForceBillwasabillpassedbyCongressatthesametimeitpassedthecompromisebill thatwouldlowertheTariffof1832.Thebillsaidthatthepresidentcandispatchthearmyand

navytocollecttariffsifneeded.Congresspassedthistosavefacesoitwouldntlooklikethe Southcompletelygottheirway. FiveCivilizedTribes TheFiveCivilizedTribesweretheCherokee,Creek,Choctaw,Chickasaw,andSeminole NativeAmericantribes.TheywerecalledtheFiveCivilizedTribesbecausetheychanged theirlifestyletofitinwiththeAmericanssothattheywouldntbeforcedtomoveout. However,despitetheirefforts,theywerestillmovedoutintheTrailofTears. TrailofTears TheTrailofTearsistheremovalandmovementofNativeAmericans,specificallytheFive CivilizedTribes,acrosstotheothersideoftheMississippiRiver.ItwasaresultoftheIndian RemovalActpassedbyCongressin1830.ItopenedIndianlandstowhitesettlement. NicholasBiddle NicholasBiddleisthepresidentoftheBankoftheUnitedStates.HisnicknamewasCzar NicholasIbecausemanypeoplethoughthebehavedlikearuler.Hisbankcontrolledthe Americaneconomyandhadpowerscomparabletoanyofthethreebranchesofthefederal government. Democratsvs.Whigs TheDemocratsandWhigswerethetwoleadingpoliticalpartiesafterJacksonspresidency, especiallyduringtheelectionof1840.TheDemocratsweremoreagrarianandhumble,and opposedfederalcontrolssuchasastrongbank.TheWhigsweremoreindustriousandrich, andsupportedfederalpowers. SouthCarolinaExpositionandProtest TheSouthCarolinaExpositionandProtestisanessaywrittenanonymouslybyformer VicePresidentofJackson,JohnC.Calhoun.Init,Calhouncallsonthesouthernstatesto decidetogetherthattheTariffof1828tobeunconstitutional.Heurgedthemtonullifythe tariffandexercisetheirstatesrights. MartinVanBuren MartinVanBurenwasamanfromNewYorkwhoservedasJacksonsVicePresident. JacksonnominatedVanBurentobehissuccessorinthe1836election.VanBurenwonthe presidency,butwasunpopularduetomanyproblemssuchasCanadianrebellions, antislaverymovements,andnationaldepression. SpecieCircular SpecieCircularistheactauthorizedbyJacksonbecauseoftheexcessofpapermoneyafter Jacksonmovedallfederalmoneytosmallerwildcatbanks.Thisactcausedahaltinland speculationbecauseitonlyallowedlandtobepurchasedinmetallicmoney.Itwasoneofthe manyreasonsforthePanicof1837. HayneWebsterDebate TheWebsterHayneDebatewasadebatein1830betweenSenatorDanielWebsterfrom

MassachusettsandSenatorRobertY.HaynefromSouthCarolinaoverthehightariffsanda suggestionmademySenatorSamuelA.FootefromConnecticuttostopalllandpurchases untilthecurrentlandsalesweresold.Websterarguedthatitshouldbepassedbecausethe governmentshouldservethepeople.Haynearguedthatstatesshouldbeabletodeclareit unconstitutionalandobtainlandontheirown. TheAlamo TheAlamoisasiteatSanAntonio,TexaswheretwohundredAmericanmenfightingfor Texanindependencewerekilledafterasiegethatlastedthirteendays.ManylovedAmerican heroessuchasJimBowieandDavyCrockettwerekilled,andtheAlamowasusedin referencetomotivatepeopletohelpfightforTexanindependence. GUIDEDREADINGQUESTIONS: The"CorruptBargainor1824 Know: AndrewJackson,HenryClay,JohnQuincyAdams,KingCaucus,CorruptBargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? John Quincy Adams was notthepeoplesfirst choice,andonlywonpresidencybecauseHenry Clay, Speaker of the House ofRepresentatives,chosehimtobepresident.AndrewJackson, whowasthepeoplesfirstchoice,didnotwinbecauseofthiscorruptbargain. AYankeeMisfitintheWhiteHouse Know: JohnQuincyAdams 2. WasJohnQuincyAdamswellsuitedtobepresident?Explain. John Quincy Adams was not wellsuited to be president. Hewasextremelyunpopularwiththe people, especially with his ideas for American progress (that hurt the American common peoples financial circumstances).Hewasagoodsecretary ofstateformanagingforeignaffairs, butabadpresidentwhowasdetachedfromhispeople. Going"WholeHog"forJacksonin1828 Know: OldHickory,Mudslinging,RachelRobards 3. Describethetoneandtacticsusedinthe1828election. In the 1828 election, candidates started using mudslinging asatacticalcampaignstrategy.They used very aggressive andcondescendingtonestowardtheopposingcandidateinordertomake theothercandidatelookbad,thustheoreticallygainingmorepopularityandmorevotes. OldHickoryasPresident Know: InauguralBrawl,KingMob 4. WhatwasthereaboutAndrewJacksonwhichmadehimamanofthepeople? Andrew Jackson represented the people very well because he was bothafrontiermanbutwas a rich man, representing the aristocrats. He was awesterner,asisthemajority oftheAmerican people at the time. He also rose to popularity in Nashville,Tennessee,wherehefirstbecamea judgeandthenamemberofCongress. TheSpoilsSystem

Know: SpoilsSystem,RotationinOffice 5. DefendAndrewJackson'suseoftheSpoilsSystem. Jackson said new parties should have new members because everyone deserves a chance at holding public influence.Hedescribeditasrotationoffice,implyingthateveryonegotanequal opportunitytobeinfederaloffice. TheTrickyTariffofAbominations Know: TariffofAbominations(of1828),DenmarkVesey 6. WhatcircumstancesledtothepassageoftheTariffofAbominations? There was already a tariff on products, but NewEnglandmanufacturerswantedanevenhigher tariff so they could get more money out of it. Jacksonians passed a higher tariff to appeal to these New England manufacturers but they didnt expect it to go through. However, the tariff billwaspassed. "Nullies"inSouthCarolina Know: Nullies,HenryClay,Tariffof1833,ForceBill 5. Describethenullificationcrisis. South Carolina gathered in state legislature conventionanddebatedaboutthetariff.Afterafew weeks, the state of South Carolina declaredthetariffnullandvoid,meaningtheywontobeyit. Andrew Jackson wouldnt take it and dispatched the navy and armytocrushthenullifiers.The country was on the verge ofcivilwaruntilHenryClaysteppedinamadeacompromise,asking Congress to pass a bill that lowered the tariff by 10 percent over 8 years. At the same time, Congress also passed the Force Bill, which said the president could use the navy and army to collecttariffs,tosaveface. TheTrailofTears Know: Cherokees,FiveCivilizedTribes,IndianRemovalAct,TrailofTears,Indian Territory,TheBureauofIndianAffairs,Seminoles 8. WhatwasparticularlyunfairaboutthetreatmentoftheCherokeeTribe? The treatment oftheCherokeeTribewasespeciallyunfairbecausetheCherokeetribefollowed the advice of Thomas Jefferson, who promised them thatiftheycopiedthewhitemanswayof living, then Americans wouldnt take their land but live with them in harmony. Although the Cherokee changed their ways tobemoreliketheAmericans,theAmericansstilltooktheirland andforcedthemtomoveoutintheTrailofTears. TheBankWar Know: BankoftheUnitedStates,NicholasBiddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I agree with Nicholas Biddles nickname Czar Nicholas I because the Bank of the United States controlled the entire American economy, as itspowercouldbecomparedtoany branch of the American government. One example of its power was its decision to foreclose western farms.Jacksonsawitasamoneyedmonster. "OldHickory"WallopsClayin1832 Know: AntiMasonicParty

10. Whattwothingswereuniqueabouttheelectionof1832? The first unique thing about the 1832 election was a new party,calledtheAntiMasonicParty. It was the first third political party in an election and were also antiJackson, whichmighthave affected his popularity. The second unique thing about the 1832 election was the development of national nominating conventions and formal platforms to have candidates clearly state their positiononapoliticaltopic. BuryingBiddlesBank Know: Mandate,PetBanks,SpecieCircular 11. "AndrewJackson'skillingoftheBUSforcedhimtoissuetheSpecieCircular."Assess. Because Jackson transferred all of the federal money to smaller banks,the countryhadalotof paper money, making it worthless. Jackson then had to authorize the Specie Circular, only allowingpeopletobuylandwithmetallicmoney.Thisledtotheeconomysdownfall. TheBirthoftheWhigs Know: Democrats,Whigs 12. Whatissoalluringaboutbeingassociatedwiththecommonman? Being associated with the common man means that they know what the common people need and want. Because the American government exists to serve the people, knowing what the people want is essential. Also, the closer they are to the people,themorelikelythepeoplewill electthem. TheElectionof1836 Know: FavoriteSon,WilliamHenryHarrison,MartinVanBuren 13. Describethedevelopmentofthesecondpartysystemfrom18281836. Jackson chose Martin Van Buren, his Vice President, as his successor. The Whigs couldnt agree on who to select as the representative candidate, so it chose severalcandidatesinhopes of splittingupthevotessothatothercandidateswouldnothavemajority.Ifthevotesendedina tie, the House of Representatives would again give theWhigsanadvantage becauseofthehigh percentageofWhigmembers.However,MartinVanBurenwonbyalittlebitofvotes. BigWoesforthe"LittleMagician" Know: MartinVanBuren 14. WhywasMartinVanBurenunpopular? Martin Van Buren was unpopular because everyone knew he was taken in by Jackson. His neutrality in the relationship with Canada and its rebellions, the antislavery movements in the North, and the nationwide depression made Martin Van Buren extremely unpopular with the peopleandthepoliticians. DepressionDoldrumsandtheIndependentTreasury Know:Panicof1837,Speculation,DivorceBill,IndependentTreasury 15. WhatcausedthePanicof1837,andwhatwasdonebythepresidenttotryandendit? The Panic of 1837 was caused by speculation of land based on the weak and unstable wildcat money. The speculative crisis spread to the transportation (canal, road, railroad) business and slave business. The Bank War, the Specie Circular, and the agricultural failures

worsened the depression. British economic panicsetforththeAmericancorrespondentaswell. To end the depression, Martin Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill, cutting off the federal governmentfromallbanksandaccess. GonetoTexas Know: StephenAustin,DavyCrockett 16. WhatmadeTexassoappealingtoAmericans? Texas was appealing to Americans because it was a big expanse of land, readyforthesettlers to explore. Stephen Austin was granted the piece of land in an agreement that he would bring over three hundred American families. The Americans were naturally eager to explore more landtoownanduse. TheLoneStarRebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. HowdidTexas,apartofMexicosettledbyAmericans,becomeindependentofboth? Texas was leaning toward American government because they could not have won independence without American help. However, when prepared to become a state, the North complained that this idea and annexation of Texas was a plan by Southtoincreasethe number ofslavestates,therebyincreasingslavery.Becauseofthis,theUniondidnottakeinTexas. MakersofAmerica:MexicanorTexan? Know: MosesAustin,StephenAustin,Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance togetland? The Texans, such as Sam Austin, generally intendedtobecomeMexicancitizens. Theywent to Texas to escape the numerous laws in America. When the Mexican government attempted to control many of the Texan ways of life, such as slavery, they opposed these restrictions and eventuallyfoughtforindependence. TheLogCabinsandHardCiderof1840 Know: LogCabin,HardCider,"TippecanoeandTylerToo" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The 1840 election shows that the people and voters in America at that time had exactly the same ideas and preferences as theydidduringthetimeofJacksonselection.Theyallwanteda presidentthatwasmoreassociatedwiththecommonmanandawarhero,asbothHarrisonand Jacksonwere.Thechangewasinthepeoplespreferencefordemocracy. TheTwoPartySystem 20. WhoweretheDemocratsandwhatdidtheybelieve?TheWhigs? The Democrats were people that were more for states rights in their decisions and were generallymorehumblethantheWhigs,whobelievedinfederalpowerandweremorerich.