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Cht do (Plastic) - Khi nim c bn v nhng nh ngha

1. Thuc tnh v ng dng ca cht do. 2. nh ngha c bn da theo cu trc ho hc. 3. iu ch cht do 4. Tn gi da theo cng thc ha hc v nhng ng dng 5. K hiu v tn gi cc loi cht do thng thng 6. Cc phng php ch bin sn phm cht do (gia cng) 7. Cht do qua cc nin i v nhng thnh tu ca chng 1. Thuc tnh v ng dng ca cht do.
Sinh hot hng ngy ca chng ta c phc v bi v s nhng hng ha, sn phm c ch bin, gia cng t cht do, v hu nh iu ny tr thnh ng nhin khng th thiu trong suy ngh ca mi ngi. Chng ta cng c th gi thi i chng ta ang sng hin nay l thi di ca cht do. Tuy nhin chng ta vn bit rt t v nhng tnh cht khc bit cng vi nhng ng dng mun mt cng nh dng sut hin ca cht do, nhng tc dng c hi cho sc khe, mi trng sng, li cng t bit n thnh phn cu to ho hc bn trong ca chng. Cht do (Plastic) thng c gi vi nhiu tn khc nhau: Hp cht cao phn t, nha tng hp hay i khi d gi d nh ngi ta n gin ha cm t ni trn vi tn gi n gin l nha, mt loi hp cht hu c, c cc nh khoa hc tm ra trong 4 thp k tr li y v n , ang, v s bnh trng mnh lit trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin hng tiu dng, ng gi, c kh, in kh v in t, xe hi, hng khng..vv.. Tm li cht do l loi vt liu hin din khp mi ni v ty theo iu kin s thay th dn cc vt liu c in khc nh g, khong cht v kim loi. Cc nguyn liu quan trng cu to nn cht do thng l nhng cht c sn trong thin nhin nh Cellulose, m cao-su ...hay bn thnh phm ca thin nhin Ethin, Benzol, kh Ethen v Propylen. Sau cng l du ha hay cc sn phm t du ha, kh t, vi, than .... Hin nay xut hin rt nhiu loi cht do khc nhau t cc phng th nghim, vi nhng kh nng rt c bit v chuyn su cho tng iu kin v lnh vc ng dng. Chng ta c th phn bit ra 2 c tnh c bn ca cht do khi quan st cc mt hng tiu dng hng ngy. Th d: bao nha (cn c gi vi tn thng dng "bao nylon, mc d khng phi tt c cc bao nha u c thnh phn cu to ho hc t Nylon) s chy ra khi b t nng. Trong khi cm in (bng cht do) khng h hn g. K n chng ta s nhn thy tm nm mt (cao su tng hp) lt di gh ngi s bin dng khi chu mt lc nn v tr li dng lc ban u khi khng cn tc ng ca lc nn. Hai thuc tnh (nhit v c) ni trn cho chng ta phn bit c ba nhm cht do c bn. Nha nhit do (Thermoplast): Vi tc dng ca nhit chng s bin i trng thi t t sang do v chy nhn. v/d cc ng nc ung (xem hnh bn di). Nha chu nhit (Duroplast): C bn cao khi chu s tc dng ca nhit .v/d cm in Nha n-hi (Elastomere): Th hin vi tn gi, chng c tnh n hi cao .v/d nm cao-su

Th nghim n gin phn bit tnh khc nhau ca 3 nhm cht do: ng nhit, chu nhit v n-hi. Da theo cu trc phn t bn trong ca 3 nhm cht do ni trn c th gip chng ta nh ngha c mt cch khi qut v phn bit c thuc tnh khc nhau ca chng

Nha nhit do (Thermoplast)

Cc n phn t c cu trc ni tip, nm cnh nhau, khng phn nhnh. Khi b un nng nhng phn t ny s trt xa nhau ra lm cho ton din vt th bin dng theo. Khi ngui li vt th ng cng dn v tn ti

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vi hnh dng mi trong iu kin nhit bnh thng. Nh thuc tnh nng chy v ng cng ny nha nhit do c th c ti to li nhiu ln sau khi x dng to ra sn phm mi.

Nha chu nhit (Duroplast)

Bn trong n cc cao phn t ni kt nm cng vi nhau, to thnh nhng mng li ni kt rt cht ch. Vi nhit cao (tng i khi so snh vi nha nhit do) khng th lm cho cu trc cc phn t thay i, do hnh dng vt th bn ngoi cng khng thay i. Nha nhit do c bn cao khi gp tc dng ca nhit v thuc tnh cch in rt tt. Tri vi nha nhit do, nha chu nhit khng th nu chy x dng li nhiu ln.

Nha n hi (Elastomere)
Bn trong n cc cao phn t ni kt ri lon khng theo th t vi nhau. Khi vt th b nn th tt c cu trc cao phn t bn trong cng bin i theo. Khi vt th t do, tt c cu trc phn t ri lon s tr v v tr lc ban u.

Ngoi ra ngi ta c th nhn bit, phn bit cc loi cht do da theo cc th nghim sau y * Thng sut nh sng : Cu trc phn t v tinh th gi vai tr quan trng cho thuc tnh ca cht do. Th d: trong sut (nh thu tinh), trong va, trng c..vv.. * t chy: Hnh dng, mu sc ngn la v mi khi sau khi tt cng l nhng c tnh quan trng xp loi cht do. Do phn t c cha cc nguyn t C (carbon), H (hydro) nn nhiu loi cht do c th chy c, v thng qua cc cht ph v/d Halogenen nh Chlor v Fluor bn trong cc phn t s nh hng n hin tng chy. * Hnh ni: Ngi ta phn bit hin tng v trng, v to, v nh..vv...Dng mng tay hay inh xc nh cng b mt ca hnh v. * Tnh ho tan: Cht do c tnh bn cao trong dung mi hu c. * Tnh dn in: rt thp v c thng qua mt lng nh m in t t do v nhng i-on chuyn ng. Tuy nhin nha c tnh tnh in rt cao do nhng m in t t do, dng lc ch st tc dng ln b mt nha s to ra tnh in . * Tnh dn nhit: rt thp v tu thuc vo cu trc khng u n bn trong ca cc phn t. So snh tr s dn nhit gia kim loi ng = 335 v Polystyrol = 0,14 cho thy tr s tng quan 335 : 0,14 = 2400. ng dn in nhanh hn Polystyrol 2400 ln (vi mu th nghim c cng kch thc), v Polystyrol cng cn thi gian lm ngui 2400 ln lu hn ng. Tng t cng c th hiu nu dng nhit (nng lng) tc dng 1 gi cho ng th chng ta cn 100 ngy cho cht do. T i n kt lun: ng c tnh dn in tt v cht do c tnh cch in tt. * T trng: cho ta im ta phn bit cc loi cht do. Chng c t trng khong 1 g/ cm3. V/d Polyethylen: 0,96 g / m3 T trng ca mt vi nhm cht in hnh c nh gi theo bng k khai di y. T trng kg/dm3 0,9... 1,0 1,0... 1,2 1 ,2 ...1 ,4 1,4... 1,5 1,5... 1,8 > 1,8 Cc nhm cht do

Polyethylen, Polypropylen, Polysobutylen Polystyrol, Polykarbonate, Polymethylmethacrylate, Polyesterharze, Epoxidharze,Polyamide Vulkanfiber, PVC hart und weich, Phenolhan ungefllt und gefllt mit organischen Stoffen Aminoplaste mit anorganischen Fllstoffen, Polyimide Phenolharze, Epoxidharze, Polyesterharze mit organischen Fllstoffen Polytetrafluorethylen, Silikone

2. nh ngha c bn da theo cu trc ho hc.

Cht do l mt loi vt liu n t thin nhin hay c iu ch t cc nhm cao phn t. Cao phn t c cu to t nhng nhm n phn t nh thng qua phn ng kt ni. Trng thi thng thng ca cht do nm gia cng v mm, chng cn c gi vi tn cht do.

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2.1 Cc nhm n phn t

C hai loi hnh thi ca nhm n phn t: Nhm n phn t c ni n, khng phn nhnh th d nh Ethylenglykol (1), Terephthalsure (2), Hexamethylendiamin (3), Adipinsuredichlorid (4) und Harnstoff (5).

Nhm n phn t i c ni i, c kh nng kt ni hai chiu vi hai nhm phn t khc. Th d nh Ethen (7), Vinylchlorid (8), Formaldehyd (9) und Diisocyanat (10).

2.2 Cc loi cht do c bn

Tht ra ch c mt lung nh (khong 10 n 20) cht do c bn phn cn li xut hin vi dng hn hp, lin hp (co-polymere) hay vi nhng tn gi kt ni khc nhau. Nhng loi nha lin hp thng c bit nh Butadien lin hp vi Acrylnitril s lm thay i v gia tng tnh bn ca cao-su. Bn cnh vic ng dng nhiu h cht do khc nhau, to ra cht do lin hp, tuy nhin nhm lin hp s to ra nhiu vn kh khn cho quy trnh ti to (iu ch v gia cng nha ti to hay ph thi)

3. iu ch cht do
Cht do thng thng c iu ch t cc phng php tng hp (synthetisch). Cc phn t nh (monomere) vi tc dng c hc hay ho hc s kt ni li vi nhau to thnh chui cao phn t tng hp (Polymere). Kt ni ny c n gin ha bng hnh tng to dng m hnh ca mt ct thp t nhng mu chi LEGO ca tr con, v nhng hnh th to ln hn cng c to dng t nhng phn nh, ring bit trc . S hnh thnh cht do n t hin tng kt ni gia nhng n phn t (Momomere) c sn trong mt s thnh phm ca du ha thng qua phng php chng ct. Tuy nhin nguyn l ch yu cho hin tng kt ni ny chnh l nhng phn ng, l thuc rt nhiu vo ho tnh ca nhng phn t thnh phn. Ngi ta phn bit nhng phn ng ha hc sau y ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kt ni cc phn t li vi nhau. - Phn ng cng trng hp (Polymerisation) - Phn ng ngng t trng hp (Polykondensation) - Phn ng cng ni tip(Polyaddition)

3.1 Phn ng cng trng hp

Cc nhm n phn t (Monomere) c ni i, hp nht li thnh chui n phn t (Monomermolekuele), tin n kt ni thnh chui cao phn t (Makromolekuele). khi ng phn cng ng trng hp ngi ta thng thm vo nhng cht xc tc (Katalisator, Initiator) gip cho hin tng bt ni i hnh thnh v ni kt cc gc(Radikal) hay Ion c tin hnh nhanh hn. Ni cch khc, trong phn ng cng trng hp cc ni i m ra v ni kt vi h thng cc ni i khc thnh chui cao phn t c ni n.

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Ngi ta cng din t n gin tin trnh trng hp ni trn vi mt n phn t nm trong ngoc, vi n biu tng cho s lp li nhiu ln.

Mt vi loi nha in hnh vi phn ng trng hp:

* Polyethylen (PE, Hostalentypen), * Polypropylen (PP, Hostalentypen), * Polyvinylchlorid (PVC), * Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA, Plexiglas, Acrylglas), * Polyacrylnitril (PA, Polyacryl, Chemiefasern), * Polystyrol (PS, Styropor), * Polytetrafluorethen (PTFE, Teflon), * Butadienpolymerisate (Buna, analoges Naturstoffbeispiel: Polyisopren Kautschuk).

3.2 Phn ng ngng t trng hp

Khi u vi phn ng kt ni ca hai phn t thng qua kt qu tch ri ca mt phn t nh nm trong hai phn t ny, gi l sn phm ph. Kt qu tch ri thng l nc, ru, ammoniak, acit hu c.....v/d hin tng Ester-ho. Phn ng ngng t cn t nht hai nhm phn t khc nhau, cha bn trong nhng phn t c kh nng gy phn ng to ra sn phm ph v sau tch ri khi hai nhm phn t u tin, cc nhm phn t cn li s kt ni vi nhau thnh chui cao phn t. Th d: phn ng ca hai nhm Carboxyl (COOH) vi nhm Hydroxyl (OH) to ra Ester; cn c gi vi tn Polyester. Ngoi Polyester cng c nhng sn phm khc c iu ch t phn ng ngng t trng hp. Th du.: nha Phenol-Formaldehyd (cn c gi vi tn Fc-m-ca), Nylon, Perlon (ng dng cho k ngh t si nhn to) Th d: Tin trnh iu ch Polyesters (PET)

Cng thc din t n gin:

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Mt vi loi cht do in hnh c iu ch vi phn ng ngng t trng hp: * Polyester (PET, Trevira, Terylen, Polycarbonate, Nhin liu: DNA) * Polyamide (Nylon, Perlon, Kevlar, Naturstoffbeispiel: Protein) * Formaldehyd (Phenol, Bakelit, nha khai , nha Melamin) * Polycarbonate * Polyether (Nhin liu: Cellulose)

3.3 Phn ng cng ni tip

Trong phn ng cng kt ni cc nhm n phn t ni tip li vi nhau, gn ging nh phn ng cng trng hp, nhng trong phn ng cng ni tip khng to ra sn phm ph. Th d: Ru Butandiol cng vi Diisocyanate:

Cng thc din t n gin:

Mt vi loi cht do in hnh c iu ch vi phn ng cng ni tip: * Polyurethan (PU) * Epoxidharze * Perlon * Polyether

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4. Tn gi da theo cng thc ha hc v nhng ng dng

n phn t Ethylen (Ethen) Phn t tng hp Polyethylen (Polyethen) ng dng Bao nha, s ng nc, kt bia, ng dn nc, chai ng bt git hay ha cht ty ra.

Propylen (Propen)

Polypropylen (Polypropen) Ly ng Joghurt, ly dng mt ln, v bnh in c-cu, giy. Polystyrol Ly ng Joghurt, ly dng mt ln,dng c hc sinh, v bng Cassette, Styropor (nha bt).

Styrol (Phenylethen)

Tetrafluorethylen

Polytetrafluorethylen (Teflon)

K ngh t si, c phn cho vt liu xy ct, cht cch nhit cho dng c nu bp. Tm lt sn nh, v bc dy dn in, ng thot v dn nc, chi tr em, tm tri bn, o i ma. Trong k ngh t si nhn to kt hp vi Nylon, Polyester.. ng dng cho hng may mc

Vinylchlorid (Chlorethen) Polyvinylchlorid

Acrylnitril (Propensurenitril)

Polyacrylnitril

Polymethacrylsuremethylester 2-Acrylsuremethylester n xe hi, dng c vn phng cao cp, thy tinh nhn to, Plexiglas

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Terephthalsure Polyethylenterephthalat, ein Polyester

v Glykol

Chai ng nc gi kht c cha gaz nh Coca Cola, chai ng m phm

Hexandisure "Nylon", ein Polyamid Dy cc, li nh c, dy n, t si Nylon, Perlon trong k ngh dt, inh, c, vt, bu-loon trong k ngh c kh

und 1,6-Diaminohexan

Diisocyanattoluol

Polyurethan Nm mt, mu chn, nha bt, Moltopren

v Glykol

5. K hiu v tn gi cc loi cht do thng thng

K hiu t. DIN 7728 ABS AMMA CA CAB CF CMC CS DAP Tn gi Acryl-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymer Acrylnitril-Methylmethacrylat Celluloseacetat Celluloseacetatbutyrat Cresol-Formaldehyd Carboxymethylcellulose Casein (cht gi sng) Diallylphthalat

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EC EP EPS EVA EVAL FEP GFK HDPE LDPE MBS MC MF PA PA 6 PA 66 PAN PB PBT PC PCTFE PE PEC PEP PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA POM PP PPO PPS PS PTFE PUR PVAC PVAL PVC PVDC PVDF PVK PVP SAN SB SI SMS UF UP

Ethylcellulose Epoxid Expandierbares Polystyrol Ethylen-Vinylacetat Ethylen-Vinylalkohol Tetrafluorethylen-Hexafluorpropylen Glasfaserverstrkter Kunststoff (nha ph gia vi si thy tinh) Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-t trng cao) Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (PE t trng thp) Methylmethacrylat-Butadien-Styrol Methylcellulose Melamin-Formaldehyd Polyamid Polymeres aus -Caprolactam Polykondensat aus Hexamethylendiamin u. Adipinsure Polyacrylnitril Polybuten Polybutylenterephthalat Polycarbonat Polychlortrifluorethylen Polyethylen Chloriertes Polyethylen Ethylenpropylen Polyethylenterephthalat Phenol-Formaldehyd (nha ft-m-ca) Polyimid Polyisobutylen Polymethylacrylat Polymethylmethacrylat Polyoxymethylen Polypropylen Polyphenyloxid Polyphenylsulfid Polystyrol Polytetrafluorethylen Polyurethan Polyvinylacetat Polyvinylalkohol Polyvinylchlorid Polyvinylidenchlorid Polyvinylidenfluorid Polyvinylcarbazol Polyvinylpyrolidon Styrol-Acrylnitril Polystyrol mit Elastomer auf der Basis von Butadien modifiziert Silicon Styrol-alpha-Methylstyrol Harnstoff-Formaldehyd Ungesttigter Polyester (polyester i)

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6. Cc phng php ch bin sn phm cht do

6.1 Phng php y lin tc (Extrusion) 6.1.1 My y nha
C cu trc theo hnh v n gin di y gm mt ng hnh tr (xy-lanh) v chia theo chc nng gm 3 phn : u, thn v ui. Phn ui ni lin vi phu cha nguyn liu. Xy-lanh c bao chung quanh bi nhng bng in tr v phn u l mt b phn ri, ni lin v c th khp m vi xy-lanh bng bn l. Bn trong xy-lanh l mt trc trn c quay chung quanh trc ca chnh n nh tc ng ca mt my ko thng qua c phn chuyn lc tip ni pha sau ca trc. Phn u c tht k nh h thng khun c nhim v nh dng thnh phm .Tip theo sau l h thng lm ngui bng nc thng qua cc knh dn nc v bn cha.

6.1.2 Tin trnh y (trnh by rt gin n)

y l mt tin trnh y lin tc. Ht nha , trc tri qua cc chu trnh chun b nh trn, sy kh..., c cho vo bn cha hnh phu . H thng in v iu chnh c khi ng s gip cho ng c quay hot ng, c phn chuyn lc s quay trc trn c, ko ht nha t trong bn cha vo trong xy-lanh (ng hnh tr), ng thi cc rnh son c cng y ht nha v pha trc dc theo thn xy-lanh. Cc bng in tr ta nhit s nu mm dn dn cc ht nha (plastifiziert), cho n khi n phn u ca thn ng hnh tr ni tip gip vi h thng khun th nha hon ton bin i trng thi t c sang chy lng (homogenes). Nha chy nhn sau khi i qua h thng khun, c thit k theo hnh dng chun nh trc , s chy tip qua h thng lm ngui. Ni y nc ng vai tr ch yu, c dn trong cc knh, s lm ngui dn nha tr li vi nhit bnh thng, c hnh dng ging nh khun chun nh trc .Tt c cc c phn t h thng my quay, trc trn c, bng in tr, h thng lm ngui, iu chnh nhit , vn tc quay...vv. c iu khin bi mt h thng rt phc tp gi chung l h thng iu chnh c in my y nha.

S mt my y nha Ghi ch: 1. Phn u my, 2. Phn thn my, 3. Phn ui my a. phu np nguyn liu, b. ht nha, c. xy-lanh, d. vng bng in tr e. u khun, f. h thng lm ngui vi knh dn nc, g. trc trn c h. c phn truyn lc ng dng: Mt vi sn phm c ch bin t phng php y

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6.2 Phng php c phun (Spritzgiessen) 6.2.1 My c phun

Cu trc tng t nh my phun cng gm cc phn: ng c quay, b phn truyn lc, trc son c, ng hnh tr, bng ta nhit, kun p v h thng lm ngui vi nhng knh dn nc bn trong....vv....Tuy nhin hnh th trc son c, khun, phng php v tin trnh phun-nn hon ton khc vi phng php tin trnh my phun lin tc.

6.2.2 Tin trnh c phun

c chia th t theo 3 giai an nh sau Giai on 1: ng c quay khi ng , b phn truyn lc quay trc son c, a ht nha t bn np nguyn liu vo bn trong ng hnh tr v y dn ht nha v pha trc, ng thi nha chy lng nm phn u ng hnh tr c a vo knh dn v ph y phn rng bn trong khun p. Mt h thng my quay v h thng nn du c iu khin t bn ngoi, thng qua cc c phn s ton b trc son c v pha trc to ra mt lc nn tht ln nn cht lng nha bn trong khun m hnh dng c thit k trc, Giai on 2: Cng vi h thng h thng nn du ni trn s y h thng khun v pha trc ri xa ra ton b phn u mt khong cch an ton tht nh, ng thi nc lnh s c cho vo cc knh dn lm ngui thnh phm nha bn trong khun. Phng pp phun-nn c ng dng rt i tr, v vi phng php ny cc sn pm cao cp i hi knh thc chnh xc cao khng cn phi qua khu th cng ph. Thch hp v c ng dng rt nhiu cho phng php ny l h nha-nhit v mt vi loi nha thuc h nha-cng Giai on 3: Khun p c m ra bng h thng p du, cng lc vi vic tch ri thnh phm nha bn trong khun bng h thng thanh y. Trong cng thi gian ny h thng quay khi ng trc son c a dn nha nho v pha trc v ton thn trc di chuyn v pha sau.

Tin trnh hot ng ca my y nha

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ng Dng: mt vi sn phm thuc nhm nha nhit do c ch bin t phng php phun-nn

6.3 Phng php ln-cn (Kalandrieren) 6.3.1 H thng ln-cn

Nhng khi nha ln, trc qua khu chun b , v cc cht ph gia c cho vo h thng trc cn hnh tr (ru-l), bn trong c h thng in lm nng, quay ngc chiu nhau cn v trn iu sau nha trn s c trc ln a xung dn qua nhiu trc lng khc cn mng theo dy quy nh. Ngi ta cng thit k nhiu h thng ln- cn lin hp to ra tm nha (hay phim mng) c nhiu tng vi vt liu khc nhau. v/d Nha vi kim loi, nha vi t si, nha vi giy, nha vi nha.... Phng php ln-cn c p dng sn xut tm lt sn nh, phim mng t nha PVC, gia tng bn bng cch lin kt vi li vi hay si tng hp v/d si Nylon. Cc loi nha chy lng v/d PE khng th gia cng c vi phng php ny.

6.4 Phng php y-thi (Extrusionsblasformen) 6.4.1 My y-thi

Cng c hiu nh mt h thng thit b lin hp hai chc nng y v thi. Tu theo thit k chng ta s c hai dng my y-thi theo hnh v n gin di y.

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S my y-thi Ghi ch: A : My y-thi thng ng B : My y-thi nm ngang 1 : C phn truyn lc 2 : ng c (Motor) 3 : Phu cha ngyn liu 4 : Trc trn c 5 : u khun 6 : Phi 7 : Khun thi (v tr m) 8 : B phn chuyn hng

6.4.2 Tin trnh y-thi

y l phng php lin hp ca phng php y v thi c ng dng gia cng cc loi vt th rng bn trong vi nguyn liu nha nhit do. Phng php ny bao gm hai giai on. Giai on 1: To phi hnh ng trng thi nng v do t my y nha. Giai on 2: Phi ang trong trng thi nng, c a tip vo khun rng cu to 2 phn c th m ra v ng li c. Sau khi phi c cho hn vo bn trong, khun s ng kn li, ct ri khi phi. K n h thng thi vi p sut cao s thi khng kh theo ng dn vo bn phi (nm trong hc khun). Lc thi ny s gip cho phi trn phnh ra v p st vo thnh hc khun. Giai on 3: H thng t ng s m khun v thnh phm c mang ra ngoi bng tay (hay r-bt). ng dng : Mt vi sn phm tiu dng c gia cng t phng php phun-thi

6.5 Phng php ng bt (Schaeumen)

Cht xp hnh thnh mt nhm c bit trong h cht xp rng ln v c iu ch t nhiu tin trnh khc nhau , c gi chung l phng php ng bt. Hp cht c bn c khuy mnh trong thi gian nht nh to nn nhng bt kh bn trong tng t nh bt khng kh trn ln trong bt lm bnh ngt . Bt kh cng c to nn bi cht xc tc v/d cht t. Ngi ta trn vo hn hp c bn mt loi cht ha ng s gip cho b mt cc bc kh ng li gi nguyn trng thi rng bn trong, nh th s to ra mt khi lng ln c t trng rt nh.

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Bt Poly Styrol un nng trc khi cho vo khun, sau Khun c lc u cho n khi bt nha bn trong n ra lp y kn hc khun (phn rng bn trong khun).

Bt nha Poly Styrol trn vi cht t

Khun v phn bt nha Poly Styrol bn trong c un nng , bt kh s phng to (ging ht ngc trai) p st v dn cht li vi nhau to nn hnh th ca sn phm (phn rng ca khun c to dng trc ). ng dng : mt vi sn phm c ch bin t phng php ng bt.

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7. Cht do qua cc nin i v nhng thnh tu ca chng

1839 - Charles Goodyear iu ch cao-su vi phng php lu ha 1844 - F. Walton sn xut Linoleum 1851 Ti London xut hin mt s sn phm t cao-su-cng. Charles Goodyear l ngi u tin thnh cng trong vic cu hp ny, qua ng ta gia hn lu hn phn ng lu ha bng cch trn mt khi lng ln lu hunh vo cao su thin nhin theo quy nh. 1862 A. Parkes gii thiu ln u tin ti hi ch ln London sn phm t c xng Parkesine, mt hn hp ca Zellulosenitrat, Naphtalin v du cay thc vt (Khuynh dip) 1868 - John W. Hyatt cng gii thiu Zelluloid, mt sn phm tng t nh ca A. Parkes, nhng Zelluloid l hn hp iu ch t Zellulosenitrat v du khuynh dip 1870 - Bng pht minh Zelluloid c ng k u tin ti USA. 1872 Anh em nh Hyatt ch to thnh cng my bin ch Zelluloid u tin 1878 J.W.Hyatt ngi u tin lm ra khun-nhiu-ln 1879 - M. Gray ng k bng sng ch my phun-p vi trc son c . 1892 Paul Troester sn xut ra my p dy thng cho ng cao-su v dy cp t phng php ci tin ca my phun-p do Gray lm ra. 1897 - W. Kirsche v A. Spitteler ng k bng sng ch ra nha gi sng: Galalith. 1901 - W.J. Smith, ngi u tin tm ra Alkyd v nha lyzerophtalin. 1909 - L.H. Baekeland cng b sng ch nha Phenolharze , vi tn Bakelit. 1910 Thnh lp cng ty General Bakelite Co., sau c m rng v i tn mi l Union Carbide vo nm 1922. 1910 Zelluloseazetat c sn xut ti nc C.H.L.B. c. 1915 Cao-su tng hp c iu ch ti Leverkusen, nc C.H.L.B. c . 1920 - Hermann Staudinger bt u nghin cu l thuyt cu trc tng hp Polymer 1920 Cng ty Ford ti USA ch to ph tng xe hi t hn hp nha-Phenol v si ph gia . 1920 - Hans John, ngi Tip Khc tng hp c nha-khai(harnstoffharz), v c ng dng sn xut hng gia dng k t 1924 . 1921 - A. Eichengruen thit k my phun-nn u tin cho k thut nha. 1922 -H. Staudinger nghin cu cu trc cao phn t 1926 - Eckert v Ziegler ng k sng ch my phun-nn thng mi u tin. 1927 Bng sng ch u tin cho k ngh sn sut nha PVC ti U.S.A v ti C.H.L.B c. 1928 Sn xut thng mi bt cho my p nha-khai 1930 - K ngh pht trin Styrol v Polystyrol.

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1932 Gii thiu trc-son-c-nng cho my phun-p. 1934 Trong phng th nghim ca hng ICI ngi ta iu ch c Polymethylmetacryl, v sau n nm 1936 xut hin trn th trng. 1934 Cng ty French Oil Machine thit k my p vi sc nn 1500 tn 1935 My thi u tin cho vt th rng bng nha. 1935 - Henkel iu ch c nha Melamin 1936 - ABS c ch to v xut hin trn th trng. 1938 - Hng Du Pont cng b sn phm t nha lin hp Polyamid Nylon. 1938 - Bng sng ch cho nha Epoxyd c ng k. 1939 K ngh sn xut nha PE-LD ti vng quc Anh. 1941 - Sn xut nha Polyurethan 1941 - Sn xut nha Polyester i. 1943 - Sn xut nha Silikon. 1943 Nha Polyester mm c ch to ti U.S.A v vng quc Anh. 1946 Tp on sn xut my phun-nn ln nht nc , Sandretto Industrie c thnh lp, 1947 K thut hc cho phng php quay-p ng k bng sng ch. 1947 - K ngh sn xut nha Epoxyd. 1948 K ngh sn xut Polytetrafluorethylen (Teflon). 1954 - G. Natta iu ch c isotaktische Polypropylen, bt u 1957 c tp on Montecatini ti Ferrara a ra th trng. 1956 Polyethylen-p sut thp (PE-HD) 1959 - Sn xut Polykarbonaten. 1959 - Sn xut Acetal v nha Polyacetal. 1960 - Sn xut nha lin hp Vinylethylen - azetat Copolymer. 1961 - Nha lin hp Ethylen - Acryl Ethyl Copolymer E/EA c a ra th trng ti U.S.A. 1961 Sn xut nha Polyvinylfluorids Kynar, mt loi nha c tnh chu ho cao c ng dng rt nhiu trong k ngh ho hc v k ngh in. 1962 Sn xut nha thm Polyimid. 1963 - Sn xut nha Polybutilenglykol Terephtalat PBT 1964 - Tp on General Electric sn xut nha Polyphenyloxyd PPO. 1965 - Bng sng ch u tin cho nha lin hp Vinylpropylenchlorid Copolymer. 1965 - Hng DuPont nghin cu nha nhit Ionomer Polymer.

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1965 Hng Union Carbide gii thiu nha Polysulfone Udel : Mt loi nha-nhit-thm c tnh chu nhit cao. 1968 - Tp on BASF a ra th trng cng c in Nylon. 1968 - Tp on Phillips Petroleum bt u vi k ngh sn xut i tr PE-LD 1969 Nha Polybutilenrepthal Polyester (khng cng) c gii thiu bi tp on Celanese v General Electric. 1971 - Tp on Phillips Petroleum gii thiu nha Polyphenylensulfid Ryton. 1972 - Si Aramid ra i. 1975 - Tp on Mitsui Petrochemical sn xut Polymethylpenten, y l loi nha c Giulio Natta iu ch trong phng th nghim v 1965 c hng ICI khai trin tip. 1980 - Hng BASF gia tng tin trnh tng hp ca nha c bn Polypyrrol. 1982 K thut hc tng hp iu ch nha Polyetherimid c gii thiu. 1983 - K thut hc tng hp iu ch nha Polyarilsulfon c gii thiu. 1986 Hng ICI iu ch c Biopol, mt loi nha-nhit c ngun gc t thc vt, c th t hy c trong thin nhin. Mt vi nm sau mt loi nha c c tnh tng t, Mater-B, c iu ch bi hng Montedison. 1986 Tp on Rohm v Haas iu ch si lin hp Polyacrylimide Copolymer c tnh chng thot gaz cao. 1990 Tp on Himont gii thiu hp cht Polyolephene c kh nng to khi lng ln cho phn ng trng hp. Ghi ch : Ti liu v hnh nh c trch dn t trang nh ca Prof. Blumes Bildungsserver fuer Chemie. http://dc2.uni-bielefeld.de

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