Muscles of Mastication Slides

Muscles of Mastication
Oral Biology
Alex Forrest
Associate Professor, Forensic Odontology Forensic Science Research & Innovation Centre, Griffith University Consultant Forensic Odontologist, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia 4108
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Learning Objectives
You should be able to explain the embryological origin of the muscles of mastication, and to explain the resulting common motor nerve supply. You should be able to explain the various systems by which the muscles of mastication can be classified, and to demonstrate their ability to differentiate between the major and accessory groups of these muscles. You should be able to demonstrate knowledge of the origins, insertions and the functions of each of the major muscles during normal masticatory function.
As we talk about the muscles of mastication, we will involve ourselves in a discussion about bones, muscles and the structures that ensure their viability and continued function. We will be thinking about the functions of these muscles in a dynamic way, and trying to gain an appreciation of their role in the living, moving head and neck.
When thinking about anatomy, remember that the bones provide crucial clues to us about the soft tissues. Recall that the soft tissue structures were there first, and that the bones formed around them.
Recall also that the bones are part of a dynamic system called the musculoskeletal system. This system is responsive to change. Enlarge the muscles and the bones alter accordingly. Re-attach the muscles surgically in a different place, and the forces on bones are different following the procedure.
Definition
The Muscles of Mastication are defined as the muscles immediately concerned with the movements of the mandible in mastication and speech.
Definition
Some texts include the digastric muscle as a muscle of mastication, based on its function, and there are some arguments in favour of this approach. Other texts define the muscles based on their nerve supply, and include only the anterior belly of digastric as such a muscle. Many such texts include the mylohyoid also as a muscle of mastication.
Definition
We will include only the following muscles which are directly responsible for movements of the mandible at the TMJ:
Masseter Temporalis Medial Pterygoid Lateral Pterygoid
Definition
We will include the following muscles as accessory muscles of mastication:

Digastric Mylohyoid
Masseter
Masseter
The masseter muscle is quadrilateral in shape, and consists of three layers which blend anteriorly.
From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 1121
Masseter
It is covered by a strong layer of fascia called the parotid fascia. This is derived from the deep cervical fascia, and is firmly attached to the surface of the muscle.
Clemente CD, Anatomy, A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, Munich, Urban & Shwarzenberg, 1975, Diagram 451.
Masseter
The masseter originates from the zygomatic process and zygomatic arch, and inserts onto the ramus of the mandible in three layers which leave distinct oblique marks on the bone.
Masseter
It arises from the zygomatic process of the maxilla and lower border of the body of the zygomatic bone, and anterior two-thirds of the lower border of the zygomatic arch.
From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 257.
Copyright A. Forrest
Masseter
It passes downwards and backwards to insert into the angle and much of the superficial surface of the ramus of the mandible.
Masseter
The Superficial Layer is the largest layer, and arises by a thick aponeurosis from the zygomatic process of the maxilla and lower border of the body of the zygomatic bone, and anterior two-thirds of the lower border of the zygomatic arch. Its fibres pass downwards and backwards to insert into the angle and lower half of the superficial surface of the ramus of the mandible. Note that intramuscular tendinous septa in this layer are responsible for ridges on the bony surface.
Copyright A. Forrest
Masseter
The Middle Layer arises from the deep surface of the anterior two-thirds of the zygomatic arch, and from the lower border of the posterior third. It inserts on the middle of the ramus of the mandible. The Deep Layer arises from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch. It inserts into the upper part of the ramus of the mandible and into the coronoid process.
From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 281 Copyright A. Forrest
Masseter
The insertions of the separate layers can be seen on the mandible, and are separated by vague oblique lines on the external surface of the ascending ramus. You should examine a variety of mandibles, holding them in such a way that light falling across them casts a shadow from these lines to make them visible. Do not use a plastic skull for this purpose. A good-quality real skull will be needed.
Masseter
The masseter is supplied by the masseteric nerve, a motor branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of V3.
Masseter
The masseteric nerve passes from the infratemporal fossa through the posterior part of the mandibular notch along with the masseteric artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery, and both then run into the deep surface of the muscle.
Masseter
Masseter is active during closure, and most active during clenching and during the forceful phase of a chewing cycle. It is primarily an elevator of the mandible.
Temporalis
Temporalis
The temporalis muscle is covered superficially by the temporal fascia. This is firmly attached to the superficial surface of the muscle, and indeed the muscle arises partly from it. If followed upwards, the fascia attaches along the superior temporal line.
Temporalis
The temporalis muscle is fan-shaped, and originates from the whole of the temporal fossa (except the part formed by the zygomatic bone), and from the deep surface of the temporalis fascia.
Temporalis
Its fibres converge and descend in a tendon which passes through the gap between the zygomatic arch and the side of the skull, to insert upon the medial (deep) surface, apex, anterior and posterior borders of the coronoid process of the mandible, and the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible down nearly as far as the third molar.
Temporalis
It is supplied by deep temporal branches of the anterior trunk of V3, passing through the mandibular notch. The vessels and nerve to masseter pass behind the tendon of the temporalis.
Temporalis
Temporalis is an elevator of the mandible. It is also a retrudor of the mandible. During closure, the posterior, more horizontal, fibres are the first of the elevators to activate, followed by the oblique middle group, and then by the anterior vertical group - a wave of contraction starting posteriorly and ending anteriorly in the muscle.
Temporalis
It is not a particularly powerful elevator compared to others, but is nonetheless most important. It is believed to be functional mainly in the anteroposterior positioning of the mandible, and in the maintenance of its posture.
Lateral Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
This muscle is short and thick, and arises by two distinct heads.
Lateral Pterygoid
The upper head originates from the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid, between foramen ovale and the infratemporal crest, and from the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid (greater wing).
Modified from Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 268
Lateral Pterygoid
The lower head originates of the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid.
Lateral Pterygoid
At their origins, the two heads are separated by a slight space through which the buccal nerve passes, and also the second part of the maxillary artery if it lies deep to lateral pterygoid.
Lateral Pterygoid
The fibres of the upper head are horizontal in direction, pass beneath the articular eminence, and are attached to the front of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint.
Lateral Pterygoid
The fibres of the lower head run upwards, backwards, and slightly outwards, to attach to a small fossa on the anterior surface of the neck of the mandibular condyle.
Lateral Pterygoid
http://www.drjimboyd.com/lateralpteygoidsworktogether.jpg
It is generally a depressor muscle. Specifically it is a protrudor. Only a small component of its fibres are angled enough away from horizontal to produce a depressive action.
Lateral Pterygoid
http://www.drjimboyd.com/lateralpteygoidsworktogether.jpg
The lateral pterygoid muscles from both sides acting together protrude the mandible. One muscle, acting alone on one side, helps pull the condyle forwards, downwards and medially, swinging the mandible to the opposite side.
Lateral Pterygoid
The muscle is active during the power phase of a chewing cycle, as it exerts control over the anteroposterior position of the mandible.
Medial Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
The medial pterygoid is also a thick, quadrilateral muscle. It also arises by two heads.
Medial Pterygoid
The larger arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone, and the smaller from the lateral surface of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and the tuberosity of the maxilla.
Medial Pterygoid
It inserts onto the lower and posterior parts of the deep surface of the mandibular ramus, as far upwards as the mandibular foramen, and to the deep surface of angle of the mandible.
Modified from: Clemente CD, Anatomy, A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, Munich, Urban & Shwarzenberg, 1975, Diagram 459.
Medial Pterygoid
The medial pterygoid is supplied by a branch from the mandibular nerve V3.
Modified from: http://www.drjimboyd.com/TENSaccessibility.html
Medial Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid is an elevator. It becomes highly active towards the end of a closing movement, and even more so during clenching of the teeth. In a chewing stroke, it assists in directing the mandible towards the contralateral side.
Medial Pterygoid
The masseter and medial pterygoid are active together in protrusive movements, and in lateral mandibular movements, particularly so in movements towards the opposite side. In both of these movements they maintain elevation of the anterior part of the mandible, whilst the condyle is depressed.
Accessory Muscles of Mastication
Digastric
Digastric
Modified from: http://www.drjimboyd.com/TENSaccessibility.html
The digastric muscle is so-called because it has two bellies. This is an anatomists idea of a joke. They may not get out much.
Digastric
The muscle stretches between the mastoid process of the cranium to the mandible at the chin, and part-way between, it becomes a tendon which passes through a tendinous pulley attached to the hyoid bone.
Digastric
Because the hyoid is a mobile bone, not attached to the skeleton directly at any point, the action of the digastric can be modified by the position of the bone, and therefore the position of the sling, which determines where in space the tendon is.
Digastric
The posterior belly of the muscle attaches in a deep notch just medial to the mastoid process on the temporal bone called the digastric notch.
Modified from Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 268
Digastric
The posterior belly runs forward below the mandible, and often beneath the cover of the superficial belly of the submandibular gland, it starts to become tendinous again.
Digastric
The tendon passes through the pulley which originates as a thick band of fascia from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and then it starts to form a second muscle belly.
Digastric
The anterior belly of the digastric muscle originates from the first branchial arch, and therefore gains its motor supply from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), while the posterior belly originates from the second branchial arch and therefore is supplied by the Facial Nerve (VII).
Digastric
The anterior belly attaches to the mandible on the internal aspect at the digastric fossa, slightly to the side of the midline near the base of the mandible, inferior to the genial tubercles.
Digastric
Modified from Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 507.
As it passes down towards the fascial sling, the tendon of the posterior belly of the digastric is surrounded by the tendon of the stylohyoid muscle, which splits around it, before attaching to the hyoid bone slightly forward of the attachment of the digastric sling.
Digastric
If the hyoid bone is held down by the infrahyoid strap muscles, then contraction of the digastric causes the mandible to be pulled inferiorly, opening the mouth. If the mandible is held in the closed position, then the digastric muscles elevate the hyoid and therefore the larynx, as in swallowing. It seems that the digastric muscles always work together on both sides, rather than separately, and this makes sense, given their function.
Mylohyoid
Mylohyoid
The mylohyoid muscles are best thought of as the muscles forming the floor of the mouth, sometimes better referred to as the oral diaphragm.
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/larynx/notes/anat/naview072.htm
Mylohyoid
They form a muscular floor to the entire oral cavity which suspends the tongue and helps position it vertically.
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/larynx/notes/anat/naview072.htm
Mylohyoid
The muscles themselves are triangular sheets attached along the mylohyoid ridges or lines of the mandible, and to the anterior part of the body of the hyoid bone.
Mylohyoid
Because the hyoid bone lies posterior to the mandible, the muscles meet in front of the hyoid in the midline in a tendinous raphe which continues all the way forwards to the mandible.
Jamieson, EB. Illustrations of Regional Anatomy, Section II. Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 8th Ed. P.81.
Mylohyoid
The digastric muscles attach to the mandible in the digastric fossae inferior to the mylohyoid, and the geniohyoid muscles attach to the inferior genial tubercles superiorly to the mylohyoid.
Jamieson, EB. Illustrations of Regional Anatomy, Section II. Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 8th Ed. P.81.
Mylohyoid
If you follow the mylohyoid lines forwards to the midline on the mandible, you will see that the muscle attaches to the mandible quite highly posteriorly, and becomes progressively more inferior as one works forwards, until the mylohyoid lines meet in the midline, below the genial tubercles and above the digastric fossae.
Mylohyoid
The mylohyoid muscles also form from the first branchial arch tissue, and therefore they are provided with motor innervation by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3).
Mylohyoid
The mylohyoid again has its function determined partly by the position of both the mandible and the hyoid bone.
Mylohyoid
Where the mandible is fixed in position, it elevates the hyoid bone on contraction, and also elevates the tongue, as in the first stage of swallowing. Elevation of the hyoid bone is also important in closing the laryngeal inlet in swallowing. If the hyoid bone is held down by the infrahyoid strap muscles, then the mylohyoid causes the mandible to be depressed, opening the mouth.
Conclusion
We have briefly described the muscles that control the position of the mandible, separating them into Muscles of Mastication and Accessory Muscles. You should correlate their origins and insertions with their functions to try and get a dynamic view of the way in which the position of the mandible is controlled, and integrate this with your knowledge of the movements of which the TMJ is capable.
Normal Swallowing
In the mouth, the lips, teeth and tongue help prepare the bolus (food mass) for further stages of swallowing.
http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q64dysphagia.html
Normal Swallowing
Access between the nasal cavity and mouth closes as the bolus moves into the pharynx (throat).
Normal Swallowing
The bolus is propelled toward and into the oesophagus as the oesophagus entrance opens and the epiglottis helps guard against access to the lungs.
Normal Swallowing
The airway reopens and the oesophagus entrance closes as muscle contractions move the bolus toward the stomach.
Learning Objectives
You should be able to explain the embryological origin of the muscles of mastication, and to explain the resulting common motor nerve supply. You should be able to explain the various systems by which the muscles of mastication can be classified, and to demonstrate their ability to differentiate between the major and accessory groups of these muscles. You should be able to demonstrate knowledge of the origins, insertions and the functions of each of the major muscles during normal masticatory function.
The End

Muscles of Mastication Slides

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Muscles of Mastication

We will include the following muscles as accessory muscles of mastication:

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 1121

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 257.

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 281

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 281

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 502.

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 502.

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 502.

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 502.

Modified from: http://www.drjimboyd.com/TENSaccessibility.html

Accessory Muscles of Mastication

Modified from: http://www.drjimboyd.com/TENSaccessibility.html

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 1210.

From Grays Anatomy, 35th Ed, Longman, London 1973, p. 281

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