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ISSN: 110/2357
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Author:

William Joyce - Nitin Nohria - Bruce


Roberson

Title:

What Really Works: the 4 + 2 formula for sustained business success.

Publisher:

Harper Collins,Inc.

ISBN:

0-06-051278-4

Pages:

306

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