...

R.S

....

MXG
MXG

615

 ...

R.S

Remote Sensing

* :

.
- 1 Konecny
2003 " :
Force Fields .

".
.

- 2 Schowengerdt
"Remote Sensing: Models and Methods for Image Processing "
1997 :
" ".


.

- 3 Lillesand & Kiefer

:
"

".

Remote Sensing and Image
"
"Interpretation
.

616

...

R.S

* :

-

Arial Photography






.


.1957

.

ERTS-1
Earth Resource Technology Satellite 1972
.Landsat

SPOT 1986 1988
.

Computing
.
.

* :

.
.

.
)

.

.

.


patterns
.

)

.

617

 ...

R.S

* :

.
.

***
:
- 1

Kinetic Energy

.Electromagnetic Energy .
.

Passive Remote Sensing
.Active Remote Sensing

- 2
.

.


Wavelength
.

Frequency . f

. c
:

c f

- 3



!Error
.Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Reference source not found.
.

Visible Region 0.4 0.7 .

Infra-red Region 0.7 100 .
0.73

3 100 .
Microwave 1 1 .

618

 ...

R.S

* :

.

.
.
) :

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Mei Scattering Rayleigh Scattering .Non-Selective Scattering
.
.
.

.

.
) :

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.
.

.
Atmospheric Windows
.

* :
.
Absorption Transmission .Reflection



.


.Signature .

Spectral

Platforms .Sensors

.
.

. . .

Orbit .
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36000
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.

.
.Sun Synchronize

619

 ...

R.S

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Temporal Resolution

.

:
.


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.

* :

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.

*** -:

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:

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.

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.
- : Radiometric Resolution .
: .

* :

. .
:
*

: .
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.2 : .
.3 : .
- :
*

:
.4
.5

: Multispectral Sensors .
: Hyperspectral Sensors .

.
. .
.

620

 ...

R.S

Landsat 1972
ERTS-1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite .Landsat

.
7 - .1999
)Return Beam Vidicon (RBV
.
1 - .
Multispectral Scanner MSS 5 -
.
. MSS 79.

.MSS

) m (

0.5-0.6

MSS1
0.6-0.7

MSS2
0.7-0.8

MSS3
0.8-1.1

MSS4
4 - Thematic Mapper TM 30
120 .

.TM

.TM

) m (

0.45-0.52
TM1

0.52-0.60
TM2

0.63-0.69
TM3

0.76-0.90
TM4

1.55-1.75
TM5

10.4-12.5
TM6

2.08-2.35
TM7
.MSS
6 - TM Enhanced
Thematic Mapper ETM
. 7 -
.ETM+
ETM TM
TM61 TM62
60
28.5 TM8
14.25 .
.

7 - .

621

 ...

R.S

SPOT Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre

.Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales
1 - 1986 5 - .2002
.High Resolution Visible (HRV) .
10

Panchromatic . 20.

.HRV

) m (

0.51-0.73

Panchromatic
0.50-0.59

HRV1
0.61-0.68

HRV2
0.79-0.89

HRV3
SPOT
.

IRS .
. 1995 IRS-1C .
Panchromatic 5.8 . Linear Imaging Self-scanning
) Sensor (LISS-III 23 70 . Wide
) Field Sensor (WiFS . 188 .IRS

IRS

) m (

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LISS-III-1
LISS-III-2
LISS-III-3
LISS-III-4
WiFS1
WiFS2

0.5-0.75
0.52-0.59
0.62-0.68
0.77-0.86
1.55-1.70
0.62-0.68
0.77-0.86

IKONOS .GeoEye
2000 .
. 1 .
4 . .
.

) m (
Panchromatic
MS1
HRV1
HRV2
HRV3

0.45-0.90
0.445-0.516
0.506-0.595
0.632-0.698
0.757-0.853

622

 ...

R.S

QuickBird DigitalGlobe 2001

Panchromatic 60 Multispectral 2.44
2.88 . .
.QuickBird

MS1
HRV1
HRV2
HRV3

) m (
0.45 - 0.52
0.52 - 0.60
0.63 - 0.69
0.76 - 0.90

.QuickBird

.
.
.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing .
Radarsat .ERS
CASI .
.
.
25 .2010

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

EgyptSat SaudiSat Alsat
.

.

.
* :
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. Digitizing
.
*
Bands .
.Gray Scale

.
Landsat ETM+
.

( )
.
623

...

R.S

624

 ...

R.S

.
.

.

* :

. ).False Color Composite (FCC
(
) .
.
. .

.

* :

:
:

.

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.
.

625

 ...

R.S

- Tone

Panchromatic

.

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=
.

.
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.
. .

- Shadows
.
-
-
.

- Texture

.
Smooth Mat .Rough
.

.


.
.
parameters .

Histogram
Histogram . .
binomial distribution .
( )
Normal Distribution

626

 ...

R.S

. .

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Scatter Plot .
.
.

.
.

:
Mean Median .Mode
Variance .Standard Devision
Covariance Matrix Correlation
.Matrix

.
.
.
. .

***

.
.
.

. .

Stripping

.
MSS 3 -2-1 .
.MSS

High Pass
.Filter

627

 ...

R.S

MSS

Line Dropout
( .)
. .

Atmospheric Effects
.
. . :

Dark Pixel Subtract

.

Radiance to Reflectance Conversion

.
.

Linear Regression Models

.

Atmospheric Modeling
Computer Models
.

. .

628

...

R.S

Hz
Band

Hz

Airborne Space borne

90
100 80

629

 ...

R.S

{ }

36

BIL ()
BSQ

BIP

630