Sub: Geotechnical Engineering

Topic : Effective Stress

MODULE- 45B
Effective stress principle,

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1) If the effective stress strength parameters of a soil are kPa and = 30, the shear strength on a plane within the saturated soil mass at a point where the total normal stress is 300kPa and pore water pressure is 150 kPa will be (A) 90.5 kPa. (B) 96.6 kPa. (C) 101.5 kPa (D) 105.5 kPa 2) The specific gravity and insitu void value of is 19kN/m3. The unit weight of water is . If now the water table rises to the surface, the effective stress at a point P on the interface will

(a) (b) (c) (d)

increase by 5 remain unchanged decrease by 5 decrease by 10

ratio of a soil deposit are 2.71 and 0.85 respectively. The value of the critical hydraulic gradient is (A) 0.82 (C) 0.92 (B) 0.85 (D) 0.95

3) For the soil strata shown in figure, the water table is lowered by drainage by 2m and if the top 2m thick silty sand stratum remains saturated by capillary action even after lowering of water table, the increase in effective vertical pressure in kPa at mid-height of clay layer will be

5) Assuming that a river bed level does not change and the depth of water in river was 10 m, 15 m and 8 m during months of February, July and December respectively of a particular year. The average bulk 3 density of the soil is 20 kN/m . The 3 density of water is 110 kN/m . The effective stress at a depth of 10 m below the river bed during these months would be 2 (a) 300 kN/m in February, 350 2 2 kN/m july and 320 kN/m in December 2 (b) 100 kN/m in February, 100 2 2 kN/m July and 100 kN/m in December 2 (c) 200 kN/m in February, 250 2 2 kN/m July and 180 kN/m in December. 2 (d) 300 kN/m in February, 350 2 2 kN/m July and 280 kN/m in December. 6) The range of void ratio between which quick sand conditions occurs in cohesion less granular soil deposits is (a) 0.4-0.5 (b) 0.6-0.7 (c) 0.8-0.9 (d) 1.0-1.1 7) Which of the following statement is NOT true in the context of capillary pressure in soils ? (a) Water is under tension in capillary zone

(a) 0.2 (c) 20

(b) (d)

2 200

4) A 10m thick clay layer is underlain by a sand layer of 20m depth (see figure below). The water table is 5 m below the surface of clay layer. The soil above the water table is capillary saturated. The

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Sub: Geotechnical Engineering

(b) Pore water pressure is negative in capillary zone (c) Effective stress increases due to capillary pressure (d) Capillary pressure is more in coarse grained soils 8) The ground conditions at a site are as shown in the figure. The water table at the site which was initially at a depth of 5m below the ground level got permanently lowered to a depth of 15m below the ground level due to pumping of water over a few years. Assume the following data i. unit weight of water = 10kN/m3 ii. unit weight of sand above water table = 18kN/m3 iii. unit weight of sand and clay below the water table = 20kN/m3 iv. coefficient of volume compressibility = 0.25m2/MN

Topic : Effective Stress

10) Quick sand condition occurs when (A) the void ratio of the soil becomes 1.0 (B) the upward seepage pressure in soil becomes zero (C) the upward seepage pressure in soil becomes equal to the saturated uni! weight of the soil (D) the upward seepage pressure in soil becomes equal to the submeJged unit weight of the soil 11) For a saturated sand deposit, the void ratio and the specific gravity of solids are 0.70 and 2.67, respectively. The critical (upward) hydraulic gradient for the deposit would be (A) 0.54 (B) 0.98 (C) 1.02 (D) 1.87 12) A sand layer found at sea floor under 20

m water depth is characterized with relative density = 40 %, maximum void ratio = 1.0, minimum void ratio

0.5,

a) What is the change in the effective stress in kN/m2 at mid-depth of the clay layer due to the lowering of the water table? (A) 0 (B) 20 (C) 80 (D) 100 b) What is the compression of the clay layer in mm due to the lowering of the water table? (A) 125 (B) 100 (C) 25 (D) 0 9) The ground conditions at a site are shown in the figure below

and specific gravity of soil solids = 2.67. Assume the specific gravity of sea water to be 1.03 and the unit weight of fresh water to be 9.81 a) What would be the effective stress (rounded off to the nearest integer value of kPa) at 30 m depth into the sand layer? (A) 77 kPa (B) 273 kPa (C) 268 kPa (D) 281 kPa b) What would be the change in the effective stress (rounded off to the nearest integer value of kPa) at 30 m depth into the sand layer if the sea water level permanently rises by 2 m? A) 19 kPa (B) 0 kPa (C) 21 kPa (D) 22 kPa
13) Steady state seepage is taking place through a soil element at Q, 2 m below the ground surface immediately downstream of the toe of an earthen dam as shown in the sketch. The water level in a piezometer installed at P, 500 mm above Q, is at the ground surface. The water level in a piezometer installed at R, 500 mm below Q, is 100 mm above the ground surface. The bulk saturated unit weight of the soil is 18 kN/m3 and the unit weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3. The vertical effective stress (in kPa) at Q is

a) The saturated unit weight of the sand (kN/m3) is (A) 15 (B) 18 (C) 21 (D) 24 b) The total stress, pore water pressure and effective stress (kN/m2) at the point P are, respectively (A) 75, 50 and 25 (B) 90, 50 and 40 (C) 105, 50 and 55 (D) 120, 50 and 70

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Sub: Geotechnical Engineering

Topic : Effective Stress

Reason (R): when the upward seepage pressure becomes equal to the pressure due to submerged weight of a soil, the effective pressure becomes zero. Codes: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A c) A is true but R is false d) A is false but R is true 18) An upward hydraulic gradient i of a certain magnitude will initiate the phenomenon of boiling in granular soils. The magnitude of this gradient is a) 0 i 0.5 b) 0.5i1.0 c) i d) 1 <i2

(A) 14.42 (B) 15.89 (C) 16.38 (D) 18.34 14) A uniform sand stratum 2.5m thick has specific gravity of 2.62 and a natural void ratio of 0.62. The hydraulic head required to cause quick sand condition in the sand stratum is a) 0.5m b) 1.5m c) 2.5m d) 3.5m

15) If the saturated density of a given soil is 2.1t/ , then the total stress (T in t/ And the effective stress ( E in t/ ) of a saturated soil stratum at a depth of a depth of 4m will be T E a) 4.4 2.4 b) 5.4 3.4 c) 7.4 4.0 d) 8.4 4.4 16) Assertion (A): At depth z below the surface of a submerged soil, water pressure is z and it is the stress caused by the water which is called the neutral stress. Reason (R): The water pressure acts equally in all directions and transmits the same fully in grain to grain contact causing compression in the soil. Codes: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A c) A is true but R is false d) A is false but R is true 17) Assertion (A): Quick sand is not a type of sand but it is a condition arising in a sand mass.

19) Which one of the following equations correctly gives the relationship between the specific gravity of a soil grains (G) and the hydraulic (i) to initiate quick condition in a sand having a void ratio of 0.5? a) G=0.5i+1 b) G=i+0.5 c) G=1.5i-1 d) G= 1.5i-1

20) A sand deposit has a porosity of 1/3 and its specific gravity is 2.5. the critical hydraulic gradient to cause sand boiling in the stratum will be a) 1.5 b) 1.25 c) 1.0 d) 0.75

21) A sand deposit has a porosity of 0.375 and a specific gravity of 2.6, the critical hydraulic gradient for the sand deposit is a) 2.975 b) 2.225 c) 1 d) 0.75

22) A stratum of 3.5m thick fine sand has a void ratio of 0.7 and G of 2.7. for a quick sand condition to develop in this strata, the water flowing in upward direction would require a head of a) 7m b) 5.56m c) 5m d) 3.5m

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Sub: Geotechnical Engineering

4. 23) Which one of the following soil types is most likely to be subjected to liquefaction under seismic forces? a) Soft saturated clays b) Loose saturated sands c) Murum d) Fractured rocky strata. 24) Assertion (A): The possibility of quicksand condition occurring is more on the downstream of a weir on a permeable foundation. Reason (R): Seepage lines are directed upwards at the downstream of such a weir. Codes: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of a b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true. 25) Assertion (A): Effective vertical stress at some depth below a river bed is unaffected by the water depth in the river. Reason (R): Equal amounts of increase in total stress and pore pressure will not change the effective stress. 26) Assertion (A): permanent lowering of GWT results in settlements. Reason (R): Increases in effective stress results in settlement of soils. 27) The total, neutral and effective vertical stresses(in t/ ) at a depth of 5m below the surface of a fully saturated soil deposit with a saturated density of 2 t/ ) would, respectively, be a) 5,5 and 10 b) 5,10 and 5 c) 10,5 and 10 d) 10,5 and 5

Topic : Effective Stress

Liquefaction is associated with increase in pore water pressure due to vibrations.

Which of these statements are correct? a) 2 and 4 b) 1 and 4 d) 1,3 and 4

c) 1 and 2

29) On which of the following factors does the behavior of sand mass to cause liquefaction during an earthquake depend largely? 1. The number of stress cycles 2. The frequency and amplitude of vibrations of the earthquake shock 3. Angle of internal friction of sand 4. Relative density of sand. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: a) 1,2,3 and 4 b) 2,3 and 4 d) 4 only

c) 1 and 3

30) Which one of the following different types of submerged soils is susceptible to liquefaction under earthquake shocks? a) Dense sand b) soft clay c) loose silt d) fissured clay

31) Consider the following statements: Liquefaction is a phenomenon 1. 2. Observed in fine sands Associated with development positive pore pressure. of

Which of these statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only d) neither 1 or 2

c) Both 1 and 2

28) Consider the following statements: 1. Quick condition and liquefaction of saturated sands are based on similar phenomenon. 2. Quick condition is associated with only earth dams. 3. Liquefaction is possible in dry sand.

32) In seismic exploration method, velocities and were 600m/s and 4000m/s. the distance corresponding to the break point of velocities was 30m. Based on this detail, what is the depth of overburden? a) 11.5m b) 12.5m c) 2.9m d) 13.2m

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Sub: Geotechnical Engineering

Topic : Effective Stress

sand and its bulk unit weight is assumed to be 16.68KN/ The unit weight of clay is 19.32KN/ . 38) A cohesion less soil with a void ratio e=0.6 and G=2.65 exists at a site where the water table is located at a depth of 2m below the ground surface. Calculate effective stress at a depth 5m below the ground surface.

33) In a 6m thick stratum of fine sand having submerged density of 11KN/ , quicksand condition occurred at a depth of 4.2m of excavation. What is the depth of lowering of groundwater table required for making an excavation 5m deep? Take density of water as 10KN/ . a) 3.85m b) 1.68m c) 1.1m d) 0.897m

34) Liquefaction of foundation soil during an earthquake shall not be the reason for cracking of a) Only floors in the building b) Walls and roof in the building c) Beams and columns in the building d) Only balcony in the building 35) The porosity of a certain soil sample was found to be 80% and its specific gravity was 2.7; the critical hydraulic gradient will be estimated as a) 0.34 b) 0.92 c) 1.0 d) 1.5

39) A layer of saturated clay 5m thick is over laid by sand 4.0m deep. The water table is 3m below the top surface. The saturated unit weight of sand is 18KN/ and 20KN/ respectively. Above the water table, the unit weight of sand is 17KN/ . Calculate the effective pressures on a horizontal plane at a depth of 9mbelow the ground surface. What will be the increase in the effective pressure at 9m if the soil gets saturated by capillary, up to height of 1m above the water table? =9.81KN/ 40) A 5m thick clay layer lies between two layers of sand each 4m thick, the top of the upper layer of sand being at ground level. The water table is 2m below the ground level but the lower layer of sand is under artesian pressure the piezometric surface being 4m above ground level. Of clay is 20KN/ & of sand is 19KN/ . Above water table of sand is 16.5KN/ . Calculate the effective stresses at top and bottom of the clay layer.

36) Compute the total, effective and pore water pressure at a depth of 20m below the bottom of a lake 6m deep. The bottom of lake consists of soft clay with a thickness of more than 20m. The average water content of the clay is 35% and specific gravity of the soil may be assumed as 2.65. 37) The subsoil strata at a site consist of fine sand 1.8m thick overlaying a stratum of clay 1.6m thick. Under the clay stratum lies a deposit of coarse extending to a considerable depth. The water table is 1.5m below the ground surface. Assuming the top fine sand to be saturated by capillary water, calculate the effective pressure at ground surface an at depth of 1.8m, 3.4m and 5m below the ground surface. Assume for find sand a=2.65, e=0.8 and for coarse sand a=2.66, e=0.5. what will be the change in effective pressure at depth 3.4m if no capillary water is assumed to be present in the fine

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