BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION ____________________________________________________________ GUIDE 1. TRANSLATION, TRANSLATOLOGY AND TRANSLATOR.

KATHERINE BOLIVAR BORDA DIANA ROCIO GIRALDO CRUZ HUGO GUIOVANNI PREZ CABEZAS SANTIAGO ALEJANDRO ORTEGON SARMIENTO

EAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF E-LEARNING STUDIES BOGOT - COLOMBIA 2013

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Bus !"ss E!#$ s% T&'!s$'( )! Gu*' 1. T&'!s$'( )!, T&'!s$'()$)#+ '!, (%" T&'!s$'()&.

Su-. ((", ()/ Daniel Alejandr M!r"#e$ G#$%!n

B&' Ka()erine B li*ar B rda Diana R +i Girald Cr#$ H#, G#i *anni P-re$ Ca.e$a/ San(ia, Alejandr Or(e,0n Sar%ien(

EAN UNIVERSITY F'0u$(+ )1 D s('!0" L"'&! !# S(u, "s B)#)(' - C)$).- ' 2013

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CONTENTS 2'#".

...........................................................................................................................................3 CONTENTS........................................................................................................................3 2'#"..................................................................................................................................3 OB3ECTIVES.....................................................................................................................4 INTRODUC( )!..................................................................................................................5 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................6 RESUMEN..........................................................................................................................6 1.ACTIVITY 1. TRANSLATION FUNDATIONS................................................................7 1.1.OUTLINE - 8HAT IS TRANSLATION9......................................................................7 8HAT IS TRANSLATION9...............................................................................................7 A.T%" ("&. '!, (%" 0)!0":( )1 ;(&'!s$'( )!;................................................................7 B.C)..)! . s0)!0":( )!s............................................................................................7 A.T&'!s$'( )! <s. !("&:&"( !#.........................................................................................7 B.T&'!s$'( )! :&)0"ss......................................................................................................= C.M"'su& !# su00"ss ! (&'!s$'( )!...............................................................................= A.G"!"&'$ :&)-$".s.........................................................................................................= B.U!(&'!s$'('- $ (+............................................................................................................=

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C.C)..)! >)&,s.............................................................................................................= 1.2. TRANSLATING 2ARAGRA2HS/.............................................................................10 2. ACTIVITY 2. TRANSLATION COM2ETENCES........................................................13 2.2. TRANSLATION - ROLE OF TRANSLATOR...........................................................1? 2.3 MIND MA2 @ ICONTEC REGULATIONS ................................................................15 3.ACTIVITY 3. TRANSLATION 2ROCEDURES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS.......17 3.1 SCHEME - TRANSLATION TECHNIAUES I( >)u$, -" ' $ (($" - ( us"1u$ > (% s:"0 1 0 "B'.:$"s...........................................................................................................17 3.2. ARTICLE ECTRACT TRANSLATIONS .................................................................1= CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................25 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................27

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OB3ECTIVES

Recognize and identify translation basics.

Analyze multiples techniques and apply them to various activities in order to identify unexpected situations while translating.

Understand the basic translation regulations in Colombia.

Acquire knowledge of the various translation competences in order to be able to reach the expertize in the different contexts translation may be experience.

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INTRODUCTION

ith the start of the phenomenon known as globalization in the late of twentieth century! borders have been expanded around the world! and it has become easier for individuals of different cultures to connect with each other. "n order for these intercultural exchanges to occur! translators and interpreters may be necessary. #oth types of professions convert information and transmit messages from one language to another one. "nterpreters convert spoken language and sign language! while translators work with written words. $here are different activities developed in this guide! such as an outline! several translations of articles in regard the same sub%ect! as well as a schema. All of these serve to analyze and present important elements involved in translation& foundations! regulations! and the role! the competencies and the techniques translator may use based upon Norma Tcnica Colombiana.

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ABSTRACT
D"+ 8)&,s& translation! interpretation! transference! exact science! cryptography! art! craft! writing! decoding! re'encoding! faithfulness! transparency! problems! unstranlatability! common words! different fields! trends! CA$ (Computer'assisted translation)! T%" >)&$, s .)&" #$)-'$ E", (%'! "<"& '!, 's .'!+ 0u$(u&"s u! (", s) ,)"s (%" & $'!#u'#"s, (%" :&)-$". s (%'( !)( '$$ :"):$" %'!,$" .'!+ $'!#u'#"s, (%"! (%"+ !"", %"$: () 0)..u! 0'(" -)(% >& ( !# '!, )&'$$+. T&'!s$'()&s '&" (%)s" >%) > $$ %"$: .'F" (% s :&)0"ss :)ss -$". B+ ,"<"$): !# (% s #u ," >" 0&"'(", (%" 1)u!,'( )!s )1 )u& :&)1 $" 's ' (&'!s$'()&, ,"!( 1 ", %)> (% s 0'&""& $))Fs '&)u!, (%" >)&$,, %)> ( $))Fs ! C)$).- ' G (s &u$"sH, (%" s(+$"s us", -+ (&'!s$'()&s >%"! (%"+ (&'!s$'(" ' ("B(, (%" (&'!s$'( )! s(+$"s (%'( "B s( '!, >" -"#'! )u& :'(% -+ (&'!s$'( !# s.'$$ ("B(s '!, "B0"&:(s.

R*+U,*2'$'-&'s C$'<"s/ T&',u00 I!, I!("&:&"('0 I!, T&'!s1"&"!0 ', 0 "!0 ' "B'0(', 0& :()#&'1*', '&(", )1 0 ), "s0& - &, ,"s0 1&'&, &"-0), 1 0'0 I!, 1 ,"$ ,',, (&'!s:'&"!0 ', :&)-$".'s, !(&',u0 -$" GU!(&'!s$'('- $ (+H, :'$'-&'s 0).u!"s,

0'.:)s , 1"&"!("s, ("!,"!0 's, (&',u00 I! 's s( ,' :)& 0).:u(',)&. E$ .u!,) "s(J .Js #$)-'$ E',) Ku" !u!0', + '$ u! &s" <'& 's 0u$(u&'s, ('.- L! s" u!"! <'& )s , ).'s, "$ :&)-$".'s "s Ku" !) (),' $' #"!(" .'!"M' .u0%)s , ).'s, 's* Ku" !"0"s ('! '+u,' :'&' 0).u! 0'&s" ('!() ," 1)&.' "s0& (', 0).) ," 1)&.' )&'$. L)s (&',u0()&"s s)! $)s Ku" '+u,'&J! ' Ku" "s" :&)0"s) s"' :)s -$". D"s'&&)$$'!,) "s(' #u*' 0&"'.)s $'s -'s"s ," !u"s(&) :"&1 $ 0).) (&',u0()&, ,"!( 1 0'.)s 0I.) s" <" "s(' :&)1"s I! '$&",",)& ,"$ .u!,), 0I.) s" <" "! C)$).- ' GKuL &"#$'s %'+H + $)s "s( $)s Ku" us'! $)s (&',u0()&"s 0u'!,) (&',u0"! u! ("B(), $)s "s( $)s ," (&',u00 I! Ku" %'+ + ('.- L! ".:"E'.)s !u"s(&) 0'. !) (&',u0 "!,) :"Ku"N)s ("B()s + "B(&'0()s. 10

1. ACTIVITY 1. TRANSLATION FUNDATIONS

....

/U$0"-* '

1A$ "+ $RA-+0A$"/-2

8HAT IS TRANSLATION9 T%"s s& $ranslation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production in another new equivalent language! which establishes a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target texts. I. GENERAL BACDGROUND A. $he term and the concept of 3translation3 .. 0atin& translatio or transferre 4 5carrying across6 or 5bringing across6 2. ,odern *uropean languages& 5to lead across3 or 5to bring across6. 7. 8reek& metaphrasis 4 speaking across 9. *nglish metaphrase 4 literal! or word'for'word! translation :. *nglish paraphrase 4 saying in other words. #. Common misconceptions .. *xact science like cryptography. ;. Requires the use of a translation dictionary. 7. "s translation and art or a craft2 II. MADING THE DIFFERENCE A. $ranslation vs. interpreting 1. $ranslation O (&'!s1"&& !# 1&). )!" $'!#u'#" () '!)(%"& ,"'s "B:&"ss", ! >& ( !#. a) $ranslators work in different sub%ects! use special terminology and special software tools. b) $ranslations are expected to be over <<= accurate. 2. "nterpreting O (&'!s1"&& !# ,"'s "B:&"ss", )&'$$+ )& -+ (%" us" )1 #"s(u&"s.

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a) $rained in listening skills! memory! note'taking techniques and split' attention. b) Consecutive interpreting. c) +imultaneous interpreting. d) $hey are expected to be about >?= accurate. #. $ranslation process .. @ecoding the meaning of the source text. ;. Re'encoding this meaning in the target language! mostly native language. C. ,easuring success in translation .. Aidelity in translation ;. $ransparency in translation 7. -on'transparent translations III. TRANSLATION 2ROBLEMS A. 8eneral problems. .. $he source text ;. 0anguage problems 7. /ther #. Untranslatability C. Common words IV. S2ECIALIPED TY2ES OF TRANSLATION A. Administrative translation #. Commercial translation C. Computer translation @. 8eneral translation *. 0egal translation A. 0iterary translation 8. ,edical translation 1. Bedagogical translation ". +cientific translation C. +cholarly translation D. $echnical translation 0. $ranslation for dubbing and film subtitles V. HISTORY

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A. #. C. @. *.

$ranslation of religious texts $rends in translation ,achine translation Computer'assisted translation $ranslation memory

..;. $RA-+0A$"-8 BARA8RAB1+&

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S)u&0" L"!#u'M" T'&#"( L"!#u'M" a. $ranslation is an activity comprising the a. 0a traducciEn es una actividad que interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production! in another language! of a new! equivalent text! or comprende la interpretaciEn del significado de un texto en un idioma! y la producciEn de un nuevo texto o traducciEn

translation. equivalentes en otro idioma. b. $here is also debate as to whether b. *xisten algunas diferencias de opiniEn translation is an art or a craft. c. Although interpreting can be considered c. a subcategory of translation in regard to the analysis of the processes involved (translation studies)! in practice the skills required for these two activities are quite different. acerca de si la traducciEn es un arte o un oficio. Aunque la interpretaciEn puede

considerarse como una categorFa subyacente a la traducciEn en el anGlisis implicados de los procesos de (estudios

traducciEn)! en la prGctica las habilidades requeridas para estas dos actividades son muy

diferentes. d. @ecoding the meaning of the source d. @escifrar el significado del texto original text! and re'encoding this meaning in the target language. e. Boorly written text. f. ,easuring success in translation. g. /bscure %argon. h. +cholarly translation. i. "f you want to work independently! you may want to start by marketing your services to local businesses. y recodificarlo en el idioma de destino. e. $exto con ba%a redacciEn. f. ,ediciEn del Hxito en la traducciEn. g. 0engua%e misterioso h. $raducciEn acadHmica i. +i su deseo es el de traba%ar de manera independiente! negocios locales. podrFa iniciar comercializando sus servicios en

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%. $ranslators receive extensive practice %. 0os traductores deben realizar varias with representative texts in various sub%ect areas! learn to compile and manage both glossaries of relevant terminology! and master the use of current (for and document'related example! graphics software) word or and publishing software systems! presentation prGcticas traduciendo textos utilizar especFficos en diferentes Greas! aprenden a recopilar y glosarios de terminologFa esencial! y dominan el uso de software actualizado para ediciEn de texto (e%.& procesadores de texto! sistemas de ediciEn y programas grGficos o de presentaciEn)! asF como herramientas de software de traducciEn asistida por ordenador (CA$).

processors!

desktop

computer'assisted (CA$) software tools

translation

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2. ACTIVITY 2. TRANSLATION COM2ETENCES

;... I"@*/ ' : $RA-+0A$"/- C/,B*$*-C*+. L !F )1 (%" < ,")/ %((:/QQ>>>.+)u(u-".0).Q>'(0%9<O+HY,-,1FC4s ECCELLENTR

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2.2. $RA-+0A$"/- ' R/0* /A $RA-+0A$/R R)$" )1 ' L'!#u'#" T&'!s$'()& E$ R)$ ," u! T&',u0()& ," I, ).'s Brofessional translators are neither 0os traductores profesionales no son ni walking dictionaries! nor diccionarios andantes! o maquinas que ingieren palabras en un idioma y luego las expulsan en otro. traductores idiomas. aplicados! son *llos profesionales son de machines that swallow words in one language then spit them out whole in another. 3$ranslators are language 50os professionals. $hey are applied linguists! diplomats! competent and writers! educated

lingJistas

escritores

competentes!

diplomGticos! y aficionado cultos.

amateurs. 0ike linguists! translators have to be Al igual que los lingJistas! los traductores capable of discerning subtleties and nuances in their languages! and researching handling in have to new their be 0os escritores! traductores! tienen que estar acostumbrados a traba%ar durante largas horas sobre un tema de interHs para pocas personas y en un idioma que pocas personas a su alrededor conocen. tienen que ser capaces de discernir las sutilezas y matices en su idioma! investigar coloquialismo! terminologFa y mane%ar y nuevos

terminology and colloquialisms! developments languages. riters! translators

desarrollos en sus idiomas.

accustomed to working long hours alone on a sub%ect which interests few people and with a language that few people around them know.

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0ike diplomats! translators have to be AsF como los diplomGticos! los traductores sensitive to the cultural and social differences which exist in their languages and be capable of addressing these issues when deben ser sensibles a las diferencias culturales y sociales que existen en su idioma y ser capaces de mane%ar estos problemas al

translating. traducir. And like educated amateurs! translators K siendo aficionados cultos! los traductores have to know the basics and some of the details about the tienen que conocer los fundamentos y algunos detalles acerca de los temas

sub%ects they deal with... que tratan. ...$he fundamental rule when youLre not 0a regla fundamental cuando no se estG sure of a term or phrase is ask. An important part of the translatorLs role is to communicate with the client '' and a good translator knows when to ask questions.3 Excerpt from "The Translation Profession" by Roger Chriss At 0anguage $ranslation our professional on pro%ects related to seguro de un tHrmino o frase es preguntar. Una parte importante del rol de un traductor es la comunicaciEn con el cliente. Un buen traductor sabe cuGndo hacer preguntas. Extracto tomado de a Profesi!n de la Trad"cci!n# Por Roger Chriss. ang"age Translation $nc.% nuestros traductores traba%an en proyectos relacionados a su experiencia y conocimientos! y tambiHn pueden asesorar clientes sobre! negocios y problemas tHcnicos biculturales

"nc.! *n their

translators work

experience and expertise! and can also advise clients on vital bicultural! business and technical

issues. vitales. $hey will ask any pertinent questions in *llos formularGn cualquier pregunta pertinente order to guarantee a perfect rendition of the original document. con el fin de garantizar una perfecta interpretaciEn del documento original.

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/ur translation service then edits and Ainalmente! nuestro servicio de traducciEn proofreads their work! assuring content! grammatical! spelling and accent accuracy '' every time. 3&e spea' yo"r lang"age...and theirs.3 #etty Carlson edita y corrige el traba%o realizadoM asegurando! la exactitud en el contenido! la gramGtica! la ortografFa y los acentos '' en todo momento. 5(ablamos s" idioma) as* como el de ellos.6 #etty Carlson

;.7 ,"-@ ,AB N "C/-$*C R*8U0A$"/-+ a. Brofessional competencies of the translator. b. ,ain requirements. c. $echnological resources for translating.

MIND MA2 ABOUT REGULATION ON TRANSLATION

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S)u&0"& Datherinne #olivar #orda! 1ugo 8uiovanni Berez Cabezas! @iana Rocio 8iraldo Cruz. +antiago Ale%andro /rtegon +armiento . #ased upon& N)&.' ," T&',u00 I! "! C)$).- ' ' "C/-$*C

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3. ACTIVITY 3. TRANSLATION 2ROCEDURES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS.

7.. +C1*,* ' $RA-+0A$"/- $*C1-"OU*+ "t would be a little bit useful with specific examples.

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7.;. AR$"C0* *P$RAC$ $RA-+0A$"/-+

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S)u&0" $'!#u'#" I! ' $'&#" )&#'! E'( )!, ( s usu'$$+ "'s "& () ,"!( 1+ s":'&'(" 1u!0( )!'$ '&"'s -"0'us" :"):$" >)&F ()#"(%"& ! ,":'&(."!(s. T%" .' ! :u&:)s" )1 1u!0( )!'$ '&"'s s () "!su&" (%'( '$$ .:)&('!( -us !"ss '0( < ( "s '&" 0'&& ", )u( "11 0 "!($+ A$$ -us !"ss"s .us( $))F '1("& 0us()."&s )& 0$ "!(s >%) %'<" '! "!Ku &+, 0)!0"&! )& 0).:$' !(.

T'&#"( $'!#u'#" Usualmente! en una compaQFa grande! es mucho mGs fGcil identificar por separado las Greas funcionales! ya que las personas traba%an de forma con%unta en los departamentos. *l ob%etivo principal de las Greas funcionales es el de asegurar que todas las actividades de negocios importantes son llevadas a cabo eficientemente. $odos los negocios deberFan hacer un seguimiento a los clientes que tenganienen una peticiEn! que%a o reclamo.

T"0%! Ku" us",

Compensation ord by word

ord by word

Compensation Adaptation

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M)s( -us !"ss"s %'<" ' s:"0 '$ :&)0",u&" 1)& ,"'$ !# > (% 0us()."& 0).:$' !(s, () "!su&" (%"s" '&" ,"'$( > (% Ku 0F$+ '!, 0)!s s("!($+.

0a mayorFa de los negocios tienen un procedimiento especial para atender las que%as de los usuarios! para asegurar que se hagan de una forma rGpida y constante.

Adaptation 0iteral translation

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M'!+ )&#'! E'( )!s )u(s)u&0" -)(% s()&'#" '!, , s(& -u( )! () "B("&!'$ 0)!(&'0()&s. T% s ."'!s :'+ !# ' s:"0 '$ s( S&. () ,) (%" >)&F. M)s( "!(&":&"!"u&s 0)!s ,"& (% s s (%" .)s( .:)&('!( 1u!0( )! ! (%" -us !"ss. T),'+, < &(u'$$+ '$$ -us !"ss"s us" 0).:u("& '00)u!( !# :'0F'#"s () &"0)&, 1 !'!0 '$ (&'!s'0( )!s '!, :&":'&" (%" & '00)u!(s 's >"$$ 's s:&"',s%""(s () '!'$+E" 1 !'!0 '$ ,'('.

,uchas organizaciones subcontratan los servicios de distribuciEn y bodega! lo que significa que pagan a una empresa dedicada a este traba%o para que lo hagan por ellos.

Compensation

0a mayorFa de los emprendedores consideran que esta es la funciEn mGs importante en los negocios. 1oy en dFa! todos los negocios usan paquetes de contabilidad para usarlos virtualmente con el fin de guardar las transacciones financieras y preparar sus propias cuentas asF como las ho%as de cGlculo para analizar los datos financieros.

0iteral translation

Reformulation Compensation ord by ord

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N)&.'$$+, !"> ".:$)+""s '(("!, '! !,u0( )! :&)#&'.." >% 0% ("$$s (%". '-)u( (%" -us !"ss, (%" & & #%(s '!, &"s:)!s - $ ( "s 's ".:$)+""s, (%" 0).:'!+ &u$"s '!, (%" &"Ku &"."!(s )1 (%" & !"> M)-. I( s !) us" ,"<"$): !# !"> :&),u0(s )& s"&< 0"s 1 !) )!" F!)>s '-)u( (%".. S'$"s s ' 0&u0 '$ 1u!0( )! 1)& '$$ -us !"ss"s. S%):s (%'( s"$$ -'s 0 :&),u0(s, su0% 's 0%)0)$'("s )& .'#'E !"s ,) !)( !"", () ,) .u0% s"$$ !#.

-ormalmente! los nuevos empleados asisten a un programa de inducciEn donde aprenden sobre la funciEn del negocio! los derechos y deberes como empleados! el reglamento de la empresa y las funciones y requerimientos de su nuevo traba%o.

Reformulation Compensation

-o tiene sentido se proponern nuevos productos o servicios si nadie los conoce. 0as ventas son una funciEn crucial para todos los negocios. 0as tiendas que venden productos bGsicos! como chocolates o revistas! no necesitan vender mucho.

ord by

ord

M),u$'( )!

ord by word

,odulation $ransposition 0iteral translation

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E.:$)+ !# ' sF $$", s'$"s 1)&0" s "B:"!s <", "s:"0 '$$+ 1 (%"+ '&" :' , -)!us"s )& 0).. ss )!. A$$ s'$"s s('11 s%)u$, F!)> (%"&" '&" ' !u.-"& )1 $'>s (%'( :&)("0( 0us()."&s '!, u!,"&s('!, >% 0% (+:" )1 s'$"s '0( < ( "s '&" $"#'$ '!, >% 0% '&" !)(. 2&),u0( )! &"1"&s () (%" .'!u1'0(u&" )& 'ss".-$+ )1 #)),s. T),'+, .'!+ :&),u0( )! :&)0"ss"s '&" 'u().'(",.

Contratar a personas con habilidades para vender es costoso! especialmente si se les paga con bonos o por comisiones. $odos los que hagan parte del departamento de ventas deberFan saber que hay leyes que protegen a los clientes y! asF como entender quH tipo de tHcnicas de ventas son legales y cuGles no. 0a producciEn se refiere a la fabricaciEn o monta%e de productos. 1oy en dFa! muchos procesos de producciEn son automatizados.

ord by

ord

Reformulation

Reformulation

0iteral translation

Reformulation

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8%"! ' :&)0"ss 0'!!)( -" 'u().'(",, ("'.s )1 ):"&'()&s .'+ >)&F ()#"(%"& '!, ('F" &"s:)!s - $ (+ 1)& ' s"Ku"!0" )1

Cuando un proceso de producciEn no puede ser automatizado! el grupo de operadores traba%an en con%untos y se hace toman la responsable ilidad de la secuencia de operaciones

ord by wordCompens ation

):"&'( )!s. I.:&)<"."!(s () "B s( !# Realizar la me%orFa de los :&),u0(s '&" )1("! )!#) !# 's ' &"su$( )1 .'&F"( &"s"'&0% )& 0us()."& 1"",-'0F A::$ ", &"s"'&0% s 1)0us", !<"s( #'( )! !() %)> !"> , s0)<"& "s 0'! -" us", () .:&)<" :&),u0(s productos ya existentes son el resultado de encuestas realizadas a las personas o retroalimentaciEn de los clientes. 0as investigaciones aplicadas se enfocan en coEmo nuevos descubrimientos puedes ser utilizados para me%orar un producto.

Reformulation $ransposition Addition Adaptation

0iteral translation,od ulation

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T%" s (u'( )! s , 11"&"!( ! ' $'&#"& )&#'! s'( )! -"0'us" :"):$" .'+ >)&F ! s":'&'(" '&"'s )& ,":'&(."!(s '!, &'&"$+ .""( "'0% )(%"&.

0a situaciEn es diferente en una organizaciEn grande porque las personas deben pueden traba%ar en Greas separadas o diferentes departamentos y muy de vez en cuando se encuentran unos con

0iteral translation Compensation

otros. S)." )1 (%" &"'s)!s >%+ Algunas de las razones del ,":'&(."!('$ $ !Fs '&" "ss"!( '$ '&" s%)>! ! (%" ('-$" -"$)>, >% 0% ,"!( S"s s)." )1 (%" F"+ ssu"s )<"& >% 0% 1u!0( )!'$ '&"'s !"", () 0)..u! 0'(". porquHe la conexiEn entre los departamentos son es esenciales se muestran en la tabla siguiente! donde se identifican algunos de los temas claves sobre cuGles de las Greas funcionales necesitan comunicarse.

0iteral translation Reformulation

CONCLUSIONS

$ranslation and "nterpretation are different concepts! the first one is expressed in written and the second one is expressed orally.

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0ike other countries (United +tates or +pain) Colombia is aware of the necessities of the Colombian translators! so they created the standard :R?R which has improved this field in Colombia.

$ranslation is not an exact science that is why there is a lot of different 5styles6 (,odulation! Calque or #orrowing).

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REFERENCES

AB s(&'!s$'( )!s. 8%'( s T&'!s$'( )!9 S""! ! G2013H %((:/QQ>>>.'B s(&'!s$'( )!s.0).Q(&'!s$'( )!-'&( 0$"Q>%'(- s-(&'!s$'( )!.%(.$ COTTON, D., FALVEY, D., DENT, S. G2001H. U::"& I!("&.", '(" M'&F"( L"',"&. Bus !"ss E!#$ s% C)u&s"-))F. N"> ", ( )!. E!#$'!,, L)!#.'!. 8uzmGn! @. A. (Autor)! (AdecuaciEn BedagEgica) #arreto! /. (;?.7). Universidad *A-. http&SSvirtual.ean.edu.coSbbcswebdavSpid'.::.T>'dt'content'rid' 79;7;;;U.ScoursesS??;><7;?.7' ;@9.*SAmbienteIirtualSguiaU?..htmlV0anguage $ranslation "nc. (;??T). Role of

"acovoni.files.wordpress.com. (;?.?) $ranslations procedures. http&SSiacovoni.files.wordpress.comS;??<S?;Stranslation'procedures.pdf

"contec internacional (;?.?). -orma $Hcnica Colombiana.

"ntercultural +tudies 8roup (;?.?) Universita Rovila " Iirgiri. $ranslations $echniques. http&SSisg.urv.esSpublicitySmastersSsampleStechniques.html

0anguage $ranslation. (;??T) http&SSblog.languagetranslation.comSblogSbidS;:TTTTS

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