Chapter 22.

Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
Chapter 22. Sound
Speed of Sound Waves
22-1. Young's modulus for steel is 2.! " 1
11
Pa and its density is !# $g%m
&
. Compute the
speed of sound in a steel rod.
11
&
2.! " 1 Pa
!# $g%m
Y
v

' v = (1( m%s

22-2. ) &-m length of copper rod has a density ## $g%m
&
, and Young's modulus for copper is
1.1! " 1
11
Pa. *o+ much time +ill it ta$e for sound to tra,el from one end of the rod to
the other-
11
&
1.1! " 1 Pa
## $g%m
Y
v

' v = &6.6 m%s

2/& m0
'
&6.6 m%s
s s
v t
t v
; t 1 1.6( ms
22-&. 2hat is the speed of sound in air /3 1 24 g%mol and 1 1..0 on a day +hen the
temperature is &

C- 5se the appro"imation formula to chec$ this result.

/1..0/#.&1. 6%$g 70/2!& & 07
.24 $g%mol
RT
v
M
+
' v 1 &.4 m%s

m%s
&&1 m%s .6 /& C0'
C
v
_
+

,
v 1 &.4 m%s
22-.. 8he speed of longitudinal +a,es in a certain metal rod of density !#( $g%m
&
is measured
to 9e &&# m%s. 2hat is the Young's modulus for the metal-
2
' '
Y Y
v v

Y = v
2
= /!#( $g%m
&
0/&&# m%s0
2
' Y 1 #.4! " 1
1
Pa
..
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-(. :f the fre;uency of the +a,es in Pro9lem 22-. is &12 *<, +hat is the +a,elength-
&&# m%s
'
&12 *<
v
v f
f

; 1 1.# m
22-6. Compare the theoretical speeds of sound in hydrogen /3 1 2. g%mol, 1 1..0 +ith helium
/3 1 .. g%mol, 1 1.660 at

C.
1..0/#.&1. 6%mol 70/2!& 70
.2 $g%mol
H
RT
v
M

' v
H
1 126 m%s
1.660/#.&1. 6%mol 70/2!& 70
.. $g%mol
He
RT
v
M

' v
He
1 4!1 m%s
4!1 m%s
126 m%s
He
H
v
v

; v
He
= .!!1 v
H
=22-!. ) sound +a,e is sent from a ship to the ocean floor, +here it is reflected and returned. :f
the round trip ta$es .6 s, ho+ deep is the ocean floor- Consider the 9ul$ modulus for sea
+ater to 9e 2.1 " 1
4
Pa and its density to 9e 1& $g%m
&
.
4
&
2.1 " 1 Pa
1& $g%m
B
v

' v 1 1.2# m%s

h = vt = /1&2# m%s0/.& s0' h = .2# m
Vibrating Air Columns
22-#. >ind the fundamental fre;uency and the first three o,ertones for a 2-cm pipe at 2

C if
the pipe is open at 9oth ends. v

= &&1 m%s ? /.6 0/&

0 1 &.& m%s.
1
/10/&.& m%s0
' #(# *<
2 /20/.2 m0
n
nv
f f
l

f
1
1 #(# *<
(First overtone, n = 2) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= 2/#(!.( *<0 1 1!1( *<
.(
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-# /Cont.0 (2nd overtone, n = 3) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= &/#(!.( *<0 1 2(!& *<
(3rd overtone, n = 4) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= ./#(!.( *<0 1 &.& *<
22-4. >ind the fundamental fre;uency and the first three o,ertones for a 2-cm pipe at 2

C if the
pipe is closed at one end.
1
/10/&.& m%s0
' .24 *<
. /.0/.2 m0
n
nv
f f
l

f
1
1 .24 *<
(First overtone, n = 3) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= &/.24 *<0 1 124 *<
(2nd overtone, n = 5) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= 5/.24 *<0 1 21. *<
(3rd overtone, n = 7) f
n
= nf
1
; f
2
= 7/.24 *<0 1 & *<
22-1. 2hat length of closed pipe +ill produce a fundamental fre;uency of 2(6 *< at 2

C-
/10/&.& m%s0
'
. ./2(6 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = .&&( m; l = &&.( cm
22-11. 2hat length of open pipe +ill produce a fundamental fre;uency of &(6 *< at 2

C-
/10/&.& m%s0
'
2 2/&(6 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = ..#2 m; l = .#.2 cm
22-12 2hat length of open pipe +ill produce a fre;uency of 12 *< as it first o,ertone on a
day +hen the speed of sound is &. m%s- @ For oen ie, first overtone is for n = 2 A
2/&. m%s0
'
2 2/12 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = 2#.& cm
22-1&. 8he second o,ertone of a closed pipe is 12 *< at 2

C. 2hat is the length of the pipe.

The se!ond overtone for " !losed ie o!!#rs $hen n = 5, "nd v 1 &.& m%s.
(/&.& m%s0
'
. ./12 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = &(.! cm
.6
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-1.. :n a resonance e"periment, the air in a closed tu9e of ,aria9le length is found to resonate
+ith a tuning for$ +hen the air column is first 6 cm and then 1# cm long. 2hat is the
fre;uency of the tuning for$ if the temperature is 2

C- @ v = &.& m%s "t 2

C% A
The dist"n!e &et$een "d'"!ent nodes of reson"n!e is one(h"lf of " $"velen)th%
&.& m%s
1# cm - 6 cm' 2. cm'
2 .2. m
v
f

; f = 1.& *<
=22-1(. ) closed pipe and an open pipe are each & m long. Compare the +a,elength of the fourth
o,ertone for each pipe at 2

C. - /*nl+ odd h"r,oni!s "llo$ed for !losed ie.0

For "n oen ie, the fo#rth overtone is the fifth h"r,oni!, n 1 (.
*en (fo#rth overtone)-
(
2 2/& m0
' '
(
n
l
n

5
= 1.2 m
For !losed ie, the fo#rth overtone is the ninth h"r,oni!, n 1 4.
.losed (fo#rth overtone)-
4
. ./& m0
' '
4
n
l
n

/
= 1.&& m
Sound Intensity and Intensity Level
22-16. 2hat is the intensity le,el in deci9els of a sound +hose intensity is . " 1
-(
2%m
2
-
-( 2
-12 2

. " 1 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 !6. dB
22-1!. 8he intensity of a sound is 6 " 1
-#
2%m
2
. 2hat is the intensity le,el-
-# 2
-12 2

6 " 1 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 .!.# dB
.!
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-1#. ) 6 dB sound is measured at a particular distance from a +histle. 2hat is the intensity
of this sound in 2%m
2
-
6

1log 6 dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
6
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-6
2%m
2
=22-14. 2hat is the intensity of a . dB sound-
.

1log . dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
.
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-#
2%m
2
=22-2. Compute the intensities for sounds of 1 dB, 2 dB, and & dB.
1

1log 1 dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
1
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-11
2%m
2
2

1log 2 dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
2
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-1
2%m
2
&

1log & dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
&
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-4
2%m
2
22-21. Compute the intensity le,els for sounds of 1 " 1
-6
2%m
2
, 2 " 1
-6
2%m
2
, and
& " 1
-6
2%m
2
.
-6 2
-12 2

1 " 1 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 6. dB
-6 2
-12 2

2 " 1 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 6&. dB
-6 2
-12 2

& " 1 2%m

1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 6..# dB
.#
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-22. )n isometric source of sound 9roadcasts a po+er of 6 2. 2hat are the intensity and the
intensity le,el of a sound heard at a distance of . m from this source-
2
2 2
6 2
.24#. 2%m
. . /. m0
1
0
r

' : 1 .24# 2%m
2
2
-12 2

.24#. 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 11( dB
22-2&. ) &.-2 sound source is located 6.( m from an o9ser,er. 2hat are the intensity and the
intensity le,el of the sound heard at that distance-
-& 2
2 2
&. 2
(.6( " 1 2%m
. . /6.( m0
1
0
r

' : 1
-&
(.6( " 1 2%m
2
2
-12 2

.24#. 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 4!.( dB
22-2.. ) person located 6 m from a sound source hears an intensity of 2 " 1
-.
2%m
2
. 2hat
intensity is heard 9y a person located 2.( m from the source-
2 -. 2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2
2
/2 " 1 2%m 0/6 m0
'
/2.( m0
0 r
0 r 0 r 0
r

' 0 = 1.1( " 1
-&
2%m
2
=22-2(. 8he intensity le,el 6 m from a source is # dB. 2hat is the intensity le,el at a distance
of 1(.6 m from the same source-
#

1log # dB' 1 '
0 0
0 0

: 1 /1
#
0/1 " 1
-12
2%m
2
0' 0 = 1 " 1
-.
2%m
2
2 -. 2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2
2
/1 " 1 2%m 0/6 m0
'
/1(.6 m0
0 r
0 r 0 r 0
r

' 0
2
= 1..# " 1
-(
2%m
2
-( 2
-12 2

1..# " 1 2%m

1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 !1.! dB
.4
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
The oppler !ffe"t
)ssume that the speed of sound in &.& m%s for all of these pro9lems.
22-26. ) stationary source of sound emits a signal at a fre;uency of 24 *<. 2hat are the
fre;uencies heard 9y an o9ser,er /a0 mo,ing to+ard the source at 2 m%s and /90 mo,ing
a+ay from the source at 2 m%s- /2ro"!h = 3, re!ede = ()

&.& m%s ? 2 m%s

24 *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= &! *<

&.& m%s ? /-2 m%s0

24 *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ 1

1

]
' f
5
= 2!& *<
22-2!. ) car 9lo+ing a (6-*< horn mo,es at a speed of 1( m%s as it first approaches a
stationary listener and then mo,es a+ay from a stationary listener at the same speed.
2hat are the fre;uencies heard 9y the listener- /2ro"!h = 3, re!ede = ()

&.& m%s ?
(6 *<
&.& m%s - 1( m%s
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= (#6 *<

&.& m%s ?
&6 *<
&.& m%s - /-1( m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
' f
5
= (&! *<
22-2#. ) person stranded in a car 9lo+s a .-*< horn. 2hat fre;uencies are heard 9y the dri,er
of a car passing at a speed of 6 $m%h- /2ro"!h = 3, re!ede = ()

$m 1 m 1 h
6 16.! m%s
h 1 $m &6 s
v
_ _


, ,
2ro"!hin)-

&.& m%s ? 16.! m%s

. *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= .14 *<
2t s",e oint "s !"r there is no !h"n)e- f
5
1 . *<
6e"vin)-

&.& m%s ? /-16.! m%s0

. *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ 1

1

]
' f
5
= &#1 *<
(
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-24. ) train mo,ing at 2 m%s 9lo+s a &-*< +histle as it passes a stationary o9ser,er. 2hat
are the fre;uencies heard 9y the o9ser,er as the train passes-
2ro"!hin)-

&.& m%s ?
& *<
&.& m%s - 2 m%s
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= &14 *<
7hen "t the s",e osition there is no !h"n)e- f
5
= & *<
6e"vin)-

&.& m%s ?
& *<
&.& m%s - /-2 m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
' f
5
= 2#& *<
=22-&. ) child riding a 9icycle north at 6 m%s hears a 6 *< siren from a police car heading
south at 1( m%s. 2hat is the fre;uency heard 9y the child- /)pproaches are ?0
2ro"!hin)-

&.& m%s ? 6 m%s

6 *<
&.& m%s - 1( m%s
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= 6&# *<
=22-&1. )n am9ulance mo,es north+ard at 1( m%s. :ts siren has a fre;uency of 6 *< at rest. )
car heads south at 2 m%s to+ard the am9ulance. 2hat fre;uencies are heard 9y the car
dri,er 9efore and after they pass- /2ro"!h = 3, re!ede = -0
Before "ssin)-

&.& m%s ? 2 m%s

6 *<
&.& m%s - 1( m%s
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= 66. *<
2fter "ssin)-

&.& m%s ? /-2 m%s0

6 *<
&.& m%s - /-1( m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
' f
5
= (.1 *<
=22-&2. ) truc$ tra,eling at 2. m%s o,erta$es a car tra,eling at 1 m%s in the same direction. 8he
truc$er 9lo+s a 6-*< horn. 2hat fre;uency is heard 9y the car dri,er-
The !"r is ,ovin) "$"+, so v
5
= (1 m%s; Tr#!8 is "ro"!hin), so v
s
= 32. m%s

&.& m%s ? /-1 m%s0

6 *<
&.& m%s - /?2. m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
' f
5
= 626 *<
(1
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-&&. ) (-*< sound source is heard 9y a stationary o9ser,er at a fre;uency of .!( *<.
2hat is the speed of the train- :s it mo,ing to+ard the o9ser,er or a+ay from the
o9ser,er-

.!( *<
' ' .4(
( *<
o
s
s s s s
4 v f f 4
f f
4 v f 4 v f
+ +


.4(' .4( .4( ' .4( .(
s s
s
4
4 4 v v 4
4 v

.(/&.& m%s0
.4(
s
v

' v
s
1 -1#.1 m%s, a+ay
The ne)"tive si)n ,e"ns the tr"in is ,ovin) "$"+ fro, the o&server.
Challenge #roblems
22-&.. 8he speed of sound in a certain metal rod is .6 m%s and the density of the metal is (2&
$g%m
&
. 2hat is YoungCs modulus for this metal-
2
' '
Y Y
v v

Y = v
2
= /(2& $g%m
&
0/.6 m%s0
2
' Y 1 1.11 " 1
11
Pa
22-&(. ) sonar 9eam tra,els in a fluid for a distance of 2 m in .12 s. 8he 9ul$ modulus of
elasticity for the fluid is 26 3Pa. 2hat is the density of the fluid-
4
2
2 2
2 m 2.6 " 1 Pa
166! m%s' ' '
.12 s /166! m%s0
B B B
v v v
v

1 4&6 $g%m
&
22-&6. 2hat is the fre;uency of the third o,ertone for a closed pipe of length 6 cm-
Third overtone is for n = 7D
! !
! /!0/&.& m%s0
'
. /.0/.6 m0
v
f f
l

f
1
1 1 *<
(2
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
22-&!. ) .-g string 2 m in length ,i9rates in three loops. 8he tension in the string is 2! E.
2hat is the +a,elength- 2hat is the fre;uency-
2 2/2 m0
'
&
l
n
= 1.&& m
/2! E0/2 m0
.. $g
Fl
v
,

v = 116 ft%s'
116 m%s
1.&& m
v
f

' f = #!.1 *<

22-&#. *o+ many 9eats per second are heard +hen t+o tuning for$s of 2(6 *< and 2(4 *< are
sounded together-
f9( f = 2(4 *< F 2(6 *< 1 & 9eats%s
=22-&4. 2hat is the length of a closed pipe if the fre;uency of its second o,ertone is 4 *< on a
day +hen the temperature is 2C-
The se!ond overtone for " !losed ie o!!#rs $hen n = 5, "nd v 1 &.& m%s.
(/&.& m%s0
'
. ./4 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = .!.6 cm
=22-.. 8he fundamental fre;uency for an open pipe is &6 *<. :f one end of this pipe is closed,
+hat +ill 9e the ne+ fundamental fre;uency- /n = 1 for f#nd",ent"l )
7e $ill first find the len)th of "n oen ie th"t h"s " fre:#en!+ of 3;5 H<
1/&.& m%s0
'
2 2/&6 *<0
n
nv
f l
l

' l = .!.6 cm
=o$, t"8e this len)th for " !losed ie to find ne$ fre:#en!+-
1
/10 /&.& m%s0
'
. ./..!6 m0
v
f f
l

' f = 1# *<
(&
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-.1. ) 6-cm steel rod is clamped at one end as sho+n in >ig. 2&-1&a. S$etch the
fundamental and the first o,ertone for these 9oundary conditions. 2hat are the
+a,elengths in each case-
Bo#nd"r+ !onditions = node "t ri)ht, "ntinode to left-

1
1 4l 1 ./.6 m0'
1
= 2.. m
First overtone "dds one node, 1
st
ovt% = 3rd h"r,oni!%

&
. ./.6 m0
& &
l
'
3
1 .# m
=22-.2. 8he 6-cm rod in >ig. 22-1&9 is no+ clamped at its midpoint. 2hat are the
+a,elengths for the fundamental and first o,ertone-
Bo#nd"r+ !onditions- 2 node ,#st &e "t the !enter,
"nd "n "ntinode ,#st &e "t e"!h end in &oth !"ses%
F#nd",ent"l-
1
2
2/.6 m0'
1
l

1
1 1.2 m
>irst o,ertone is first possi9ility after the fundamental. Because of clamp at midpoint,
>irst o,ertoneD
2 2/.6 m0
& &
l
; 1 .. m
=22-.&. 8he ,elocity of sound in a steel rod is (6 m%s. 2hat is the length of a steel rod
mounted as sho+n in >ig. 22-1&a if the fundamental fre;uency of ,i9ration for the rod
is & *<-

(6 m%s
'
& *<
v
v f
f

' = 1.64 m
>or fundamentalD
1
1 .l'
1.64 m
. .
l

' l = .2.2 cm
(.
>irst o,ertone
>undamental
>irst o,ertone
>undamental
>undamental
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-... >ind the ratio of the intensities of t+o sounds if one is 12 dB higher than the other-
1 2 2 2
1 2 2 1

1log ' 1log ' 1log 1log
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Re!"ll th"t- log 2 > log B = log /)%B0 "nd "l+ to the "&ove rel"tion
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
1log 1log ' 1log
0 0 0
0 0 0

1.2 2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
1log 12 dB' log 1.2' 1
0 0 0
0 0 0

/0
2
?0
1
0 1 1(.#
=22-.(. ) certain loud spea$er has a circular opening of area 6 cm
2
. 8he po+er radiated 9y this
spea$er is 6 " 1
-!
2. 2hat is the intensity of the sound at the opening- 2hat is the
intensity le,el-
-!
2 -. 2
-. 2
6 " 1 2
6 cm 6 " 1 m ' '
6 " 1 m
1
2 0
2
0 = 1 " 1
-&
2%m
2
-& 2
-12 2

1 " 1 2%m
1log 1log
1 " 1 2%m
0
0

' 1 4 dB
=22-.6. 8he noon +histle at the te"tile mill has a fre;uency of &6 *< 2hat are the fre;uencies
heard 9y the dri,er of a car passing the mill at 2( m%s on a day +hen sound tra,els at
&.& m%s-
2ro"!hin)-

&.& m%s ? 2( m%s

&6 *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= &#6 *<
2t s",e oint "s so#r!e- f
5
= &6 *<
6e"vin)-

&.& m%s - 2( m%s

&6 *<
&.& m%s -
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
+ _

,
' f
5
= &&. *<
((
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-.!. 2hat is the difference in intensity le,els /dB0 for t+o sounds +hose intensities are
2 " 1
-(
2%m
2
and .4 2%m
2
- @ See solution for Pro9. 22-.. a9o,e. A
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
1log 1log ' 1log
0 0 0
0 0 0

2
2 1 -( 2
.4 2%m
1log
2 " 1 2%m
' 1 .6.( dB
Criti"al Thin$ing %uestions
=22-.#. By inhaling helium gas, one can raise the fre;uency of the ,oice considera9ly. >or air
3 1 24 g%mol and 1 1..' for helium 3 1 .. g%mol and 1 1.66. )t a temperature of
2!

C, you sing a GCH note at 2(6 *<. 2hat is the fre;uency that +ill 9e heard if you
inhale helium gas and other parameters are unchanged- Eotice that 9oth v and f +ere
increased. *o+ do you e"plain this in ,ie+ of the fact that v = f% Iiscuss.
1..0/#.&1. 6%mol 70/& 70
.24 $g%mol
"ir
RT
v
M

' v
H
1 &.! m%s
1.660/#.&1. 6%mol 70/& 70
.. $g%mol
He
RT
v
M

' v
He
1 11! m%s
The f#nd",ent"l $"velen)th is " roert+ of the &o#nd"r+ !onditions $hi!h don9t
!h"n)e% Therefore, the fre:#en!ies "re dire!tl+ roortion"l to the velo!ities%
11! m%s
2.4&'
&.! m%s
He
"ir
f
f

f
He
= 2.4& f
"ir
= 2.4&/2(6 *<0' f
He
= !( *<
The r"tio of v?f is !onst"nt "nd e:#"l to the $"velen)th in e"!h !"se%
(6
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-.4. ) toy +histle is made out of a piece of sugar cane that is # cm long. :t is essentially an
open pipe from the air inlet to the far end. Eo+ suppose a hole is 9ored at the midpoint
so that the finger can alternately close and open the hole. /a0 :f the ,elocity of sound is
&.m%s, +hat are the t+o possi9le fundamental fre;uencies o9tained 9y closing and
opening the hole at the center of the cane- /90 2hat is the fundamental fre;uency if the
finger co,ers the hole and the far end is plugged-
2n oenin) for!es "n "ntinode to o!!#r "t th"t oint%
/a0 7ith the fin)er !losin) the hole, the f#nd",ent"l is-

1
= 2l = 2/.# m0'
1
1 1.6 m

1
&. m%s
1.6 m
f ' f
1
1 212 *<
=o$, $ith the fin)er re,oved, the f#nd",ent"l is- = l = .# m, so th"t
1
&. m%s
.# m
f ' f
1
1 .2( m
/90 =o$ if the f"r end is l#))ed "nd the hole is !overed, f
1
= 4l-
1 ./.# m0 1 &.2 m'
&. m%s
&.2 m
f ' f = 16 *<
=22-(. ) tuning for$ of fre;uency (12 *< is mo,ed a+ay from an o9ser,er and to+ard a flat
+all +ith a speed of & m%s. 8he speed of sound in the air is &. m%s. 2hat is the
apparent fre;uency of the unreflected sound- 2hat is the apparent fre;uency of the
reflected sound- *o+ many 9eats are heard each second-
For #nrelfe!ted so#nd, v
s
= 3& m%s' for refle!ted so#nd, v
s
= -& m%s
@nrefle!ted-

&. m%s ?
/(12 *<0
&. m%s -/?& m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
f
5
= (1! *<
(!
.# m
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
=22-(. /.ont%) Refle!ted-

&. m%s ?
/(12 *<0
&. m%s -/-& m%s0
s
s
4 v
f f
4 v
1 +

1

]
f
5
= (# *<
=#,&er of &e"ts = (1! *< F (# *< 1 4 9eats%s
=22-(1. 5sing the logarithmic definition of deci9els, deri,e the follo+ing e"pression +hich
relates the ratio of intensities of t+o sounds to the difference in deci9els for the soundsD

2 1
2
1
1 log
0
0
5se this relationship to +or$ Pro9lems 22-.. and 22-.!.
1 2 2 2
1 2 2 1

1log ' 1log ' 1log 1log
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Re!"ll th"t- log 2 > log B = log /)%B0 "nd "l+ to the "&ove rel"tion
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
1log 1log ' 1log
0 0 0
0 0 0

Refer to 1ro&le,s 22(44 "nd 22(47 for "li!"tions of this for,#l"%
22-(2. 8he la9oratory apparatus sho+n in >ig. 22-1. is used to measure the speed of sound in
air 9y the resonance method. ) ,i9rating tuning for$ of fre;uency f is held o,er the
open end of a tu9e, partly filled +ith +ater. 8he length of the air column can 9e ,aried
9y changing the +ater le,el. )s the +ater le,el is gradually lo+ered from the top of the
tu9e, the sound intensity reaches a ma"imum at the three le,els sho+n in the figure. 8he
ma"ima occur +hene,er the air column resonates +ith the tuning for$. 8hus, the
distance 9et+een successi,e resonance positions is the distance 9et+een adJacent notes
for the standing +a,es in the air column. 8he fre;uency of the for$ is (12 *<, and the
(#
Chapter 22. Sound Physics, 6
th
Edition
resonance positions occur at 1!, (1, and #( cm from the top of the tu9e. 2hat is the
,elocity of sound in the air- 2hat is the appro"imate temperature in the room-
The dist"n!e &et$een "d'"!ent reson"n!e oints ,#st &e e:#"l to one(h"lf of "
$"velen)th% Therefore, the $"velen)th of the so#nd ,#st &e-
= 2/(1 cm F 1! cm0 1 6#. cm
v = f = /(12 *<0/.6# m0' v = &.# m%s
2
m%s
&&1 m%s .6 &.# m%s
C
v t
_
+

,
t

1 2#.&

C
=21-(&. 2hat is the difference in intensity le,els of t+o sounds, one 9eing t+ice the intensity of
the other-
2ss#,e 0
2
= 20
1
-
2 1
2 1
1 1
2
1log 1log
0 0
0 0

' 1 &.1 dB
(4