MODULE 4

hyperbolic navigation system

MOHAMED SAMEER T K Aero Dept. JCET

hyperbolic navigation system

Hyperbolic systems are based on measuring the difference in distance between a craft and two known sites. Fixed distance difference between the craft and the two sites lie on a hyperbolic locus that passes between the sites. Definition of terms: base-line base-line extension line of position (LOP) centre-line (CL)

hyperbolic navigation system

CL X

base-line extension A base-line

LOP

hyperbolic navigation system

LORAN A LORAN C DECCA OMEGA

loran
Because of the need for accurate and effective navigation on overseas routes and polar routes and in other areas where conventional navigation aids are not available, a variety of long-range systems have been developed. LORAN is a system that utilizes pulse-transmitting stations to provide the signals necessary for navigational computation.

loran
A master station and one or more slave stations send out synchronized pulses that are received by equipment in the airplane. If the airplane receives pulses from the master station and slave station at the same time, the airborne LORAN receiver "knows" that the airplane is equidistant from the two stations and that it is located some-where on the perpendicular bisector of a line between the stations. If the pulses are not received at the same time, the airplane is located on a hyperbolic line representing the difference in distances from the airplane to the two stations.
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Loran-a
It operates in MF band around 2 MHz

Its a pulse system, ground station transmit a train of pulses with fixed time relation between them and at the receiver, these pulses are identified and the delay between them is measured on CRO tube.
If the two transmitter transmit identical pulse simultaneously, then its very difficult to determine which pulse arrived first. To avoid this pulse transmission are not made simultaneously

Loran-a
o t=0 A d1 A o A B o B

p
t= t1 B t= t2

0 A

d2 t= t2+t3 B
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Loran-a
t =0 t = t1 = (d1/c) t = t2 t = t2 + t3 = t2 + d2/c Transmitter A transmit a pulse The pulse reaches the craft Transmitter B transmit a pulse (absolute delay) The pulse from b reaches the craft

The transmission of B takes place after the pulse from A reaches B The time delay between two pulsed is t2 is known to the receiver so t2+t3-t1 is measured

t3-t1 can determined

Loran-a
The interval between one transmission of A and next transmission of B is called absolute delay (). AD must be greater than the time taken for transmission to reach from A to B ie. = 2d/c The maximum time interval between A and B pulse at the receiver (+ ) The minimum time interval between A and B pulse at the receiver (- )

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Loran-c
It operates in the band of 90 110 KHz

Advantage of LF is that ground wave transmission is very much good than 2 MHz
Peak power is 1 MW, transmission consist of a succession of pulses, eight in number for slave station and nine pulses for master station

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decca
It operates at LF band between 70 to 120 kHz, uses unmodulated sin waves Here measurement can be done by measuring the phase difference between the signals of the two stations. DECCA chain consist of four stations, a master and three slaves, slaves being at the corner of a triangle and master at the center These will give three set of hyperbolic position lines
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decca

B
3

B purple red A
1

green

B
2

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decca
If all station uses same frequency, its very difficult to find phase difference and also to differentiate the transmitter To avoid, by radiating harmonically related frequencies from stations The four frequencies are related by common sub harmonics.

If f is sub harmonic, master station has freq 6f and slaves has 5f, 8f, 9f.
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decca

Master station 6f 6f 6f

slave 8f(red) 5f(purple) 9f(green)

common harmonics 24f 30f 18f

Frequency f=14.166 KHz (slave stations are distinguished by colors)

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omega
It uses CW, coverage is increased by very LF in the 10 KHz range. (attenuation is low and cover long distance, typically 5000 to 15000 nmi) Its comprised eight transmitting stations located through out the world. CW signals are transmitted on four harmonic frequencies and one station unique frequency.

The signal frequencies are time shared among the station so that a given frequency is transmitted by only one station at any given time
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Omega stations

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omega
Each stations transmit eight different frequency in 10 sec. Important features of the time / freq multiplex format includes 1. Four common transmitted freq are 10.2, 11 1/3 13.6 and 11.05 KHz. 2. One unique signal frequency is transmitted by each station 3. A separation interval of 0.2 sec bwt each of eight transmission 4. Variable length transmission periods. 18

omega

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