Chapter 14

Truss Analysis
Using The Stiffness Method
Stiffness Method
Fundamentals of the stiffness method
There are essentially two ways in which structures can be analyzed using
matrix methods.
Flexibility method
Stiffness method
The stiffness method can be used to analyzed both statically determinate
& indeterminate structures, whereas the flexibility method required a
different procedure for each of these cases.
The stiffness method yields the displacements & forces directly, whereas
with the flexibility method the displacements are not obtained directly.
Application of this method requires subdividing the structure into a series
of discrete finite elements & identifying their end points as nodes.
The force-displacement properties of each element are determined & then
related to one another using the force equilibrium equations written at the
nodes
These relationships, for the entire structure, are then grouped together into
what is called the structure stiffness matrix K.
Once the K is established, the unknown displacements of the nodes can
then be determined for any given loading on the structure.
When the displacements are known, the external & internal forces in the
structure can be calculated using the force-displacement relations for each
member.
Stiffness Method
Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
Member & node identifications
We will specify each member by a number enclosed within a square,
& use a number enclosed within a circle to identify the nodes.
Also the near & far ends of the member must be identified, this will
be done using an arrow written along the member with the head of the
arrow directed toward the far end.
Global & member coordinates.
We will use two different type of coordinate systems, global or
structure coordinate system and local or member coordinate system.
Global system x, y, used to specify the sense of each of the external
force & displacement components at the nodes.
Local system x,y used to specify the sense of direction of members
displacements & internal loadings.
Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
Degrees of freedom
The unconstrained truss has two degree of freedom or two possible
displacements for each joint (node).
Each degree of freedom will be specified on the truss using a code
number, shown at the joint or node, & referenced to its positive global
coordinate direction using an associated arrow.
For example
The truss has eight degree of freedom or eight possible displacements.
1 through 5 represent unknown or
unconstrained degree of freedom.
6 through 8 represent constrained
degree of freedom
Lowest code numbers will always be used
to identify the unknown displacements.
Highest code numbers will be used to
identify the known displacements
Preliminary Definitions & Concepts
Member Stiffness Matrix
Case I
Positive displacement d
N
on the near end
Case II
Positive displacement d
F
on the far end
Case I + Case II
Resultant forces caused by both displacements are
'
N N
AE
q d
L
= '
F N
AE
q d
L
=
''
N F
AE
q d
L
= ''
F F
AE
q d
L
=
N N F
AE AE
q d d
L L
=
F N F
AE AE
q d d
L L
= +
These load-displacement equations written in matrix form
1 1
1 1
N N
F F
q d
AE
q d L

( ( (
=
( ( (

' q k d =
1 1
'
1 1
AE
k
L

(
=
(

or
where
The matrix, k` is called the member stiffness matrix.
It is of the same form for each member of the truss.
Member Stiffness Matrix
Example 1
Given: For the spring system shown,
K
1
= 100 N/mm, K
2
= 200 N/mm,
K
3
= 300 N/mm
P = 500 N,
Find:
(a) the global stiffness matrix
(b) displacements of nodes 3 and 4
(c) the reaction forces at nodes 1 and 2
(d) the force in the spring 2
1 2 3 4
1
2 3
Solution
(a) the global stiffness matrix
1
100 0 100 0 1
100 100 3 0 0 0 0 2
100 100 1 100 0 100 0 3
0 0 0 0 4
k

(
(

(
(
=
(
(

(

2
200 200 0 0 1
200 200 1 200 200 0 0 2
200 200 2 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 4
k

(
(

(
(
=
(
(

(

3
0 0 0 0 1
300 300 2 0 300 0 300 2
300 300 4 0 0 0 0 3
0 300 0 300 4
k
(
(

(
(
=
(
(

(

1 2 3 4
Solution
(a) the global stiffness matrix
100 0 100 0 1 200 200 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 200 200 0 0 2 0 300 0 300 2
100 0 100 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 300 0 300 4
K

( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
= + +
( ( (
( ( (

K = k
1
+ k
2
+ k
3
300 200 100 0 1
200 500 0 300 2
100 0 100 0 3
0 300 0 300 4
K

(
(

(
=
(
(

1 2 3 4
1
2 3
K = k
1
+ k
2
+ k
3
KA=F
(b) displacements of nodes 3 and 4
d
3
= d
4
= 0., F
3
= 0 and F
4
= P = 500
1 1
2 2
10
300 200 0.
11
200 500 500 15
11
d d
d d

(

= =
` ` ` `
(

) ) )


)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
300 200 100 0
200 500 0 300
100 0 100 0
0 300 0 300
d F
d F
d F
d F

(
(


(
=
` `
(

(

) )
300 200 100 0 1
200 500 0 300 2
100 0 100 0 3
0 300 0 300 4
K

(
(

(
=
(
(

3
3 4
4
10
0 300 200 100 0
11
1000
500 200 500 0 300 15
11
11
100 0 100 0 4500
0
11
0 300 0 300
0
F
F F
F



(



(




(
= =
` ` ` `
(
)

(


)

)

)
(c) the reaction forces at nodes 1 and 2
(d) the force in the spring 2
2
2 2 1
1
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
10 1000
200 200 1
11 11
200 200 2 15 1000
11 11
k k d
f
k k d
f
f f
f f

(
=
` `
(

)
)

(

= =
` ` ` `
(

) )


) )
Transformation Matrices
Displacement & force transformation
We will now develop a method for
transforming the member forces q and
displacements d defined in local coordinate
to global coordinates
cos
F N
x x
x x
L
u

= =
cos
F N
y y
y y
L
u

= =
( ) ( )
2 2
cos
F N
x x
F N F N
x x
x x y y
u

= =
+
( ) ( )
2 2
cos
F N
y y
F N F N
y y
x x y y
u

= =
+
Transformation Matrices
Displacement transformation matrix
In global coordinate each end of the member can have two independent
displacements.
J oint N has displacements D
Nx
& D
Ny in
global coordinate
cos cos
N Nx x Ny y
d D D u u = +
N Nx x Ny y
d D D = +
or
Also joint F has displacements D
Fx
& D
Fy
Displacements at N & F
cos cos
F Fx x Fy y
d D D u u = +
F Fx x Fy y
d D D = +
or
N Nx x Ny y
d D D = +
F Fx x Fy y
d D D = +
0. 0.
0. 0.
Nx
x y Ny
N
x y Fx
F
Fy
D
D
d
D
d
D


(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(


(

d TD =
or
0. 0.
0. 0.
x y
x y
T


(
=
(

where
Transformation Matrices
Force transformation matrix
Force q
N
applied to the near end of the member
Force q
F
applied to the far end of the member
Rewrite in a matrix form:
cos
Nx N x
Q q u =
or
cos
Ny N y
Q q u =
Nx N x
Q q =
Ny N y
Q q =
cos
Fx F x
Q q u =
or
cos
Fy F y
Q q u =
Fx F x
Q q =
Fy F y
Q q =
0.
0.
0.
0.
Nx x
Ny y
N
Fx x
F
Fy y
Q
Q
q
Q
q
Q

( (
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (

( (

T
Q T q =
or
where
0.
0.
0.
0.
x
y
T
x
y
T

(
(
(
=
(
(

Transformation Matrices
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
Stiffness matrix
We will determine the stiffness matrix for a member which relates
the members global force components Q to its global
displacements D.
'
q k d = d TD = and
'
q k T D =
T
Q T q =
' T
Q T k TD = Q kD =
' T
k T k T =
0.
0. 0. 0.
1 1
0. 0. 0.
1 1
0.
x
y x y
x x y
y
AE
k
L

(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(



(

Member Global Stiffness Matrix
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
N
N
AE
k
F
L
F




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

x y x y
N N F F
' T
k T k T =
Example 1
Determine the structure stiffness matrix for the two-member truss
shown. AE is constant
Solution:
Establish the x, y global system
Identify each joint & member numerically.
Member 1:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =3ft
3 0
1
3
x

= =
0 0
0
3
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
N
N
AE
k
F
L
F




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

x y x y
N N F F
1
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 1
0. 0. 0. 0. 2
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 3
0. 0. 0. 0. 4
k AE

(
(
(
=
(
(

1 2 3 4
Dividing each element byL =3ft
( )
2
2
1
0.333
3
x
L

= =
Member 2:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L = 3ft
3 0
0.6
5
x

= =
4 0
0.8
5
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
N
N
AE
k
F
L
F




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

x y x y
N N F F
2
0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096 1
0.096 0.128 0.096 0.128 2
0.072 0.096 0.072 0.096 5
0.096 0.128 0.096 0.128 6
k AE

(
(

(
=
(
(


1 2 5 6
Dividing each element byL =5ft
( )
0.8 0.6
0.096
5

=
Structure stiffness matrix
K =k
1
+k
2
0.333 0 0.333 0 0 0 1 0.072 0.096 0 0 0.072 0.096
0. 0 0. 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.128 0 0 0.096 0.128
0.333 0 0.333 0 0 0 3 0. 0. 0 0 0. 0.
0. 0 0. 0 0 0 4 0. 0. 0 0 0. 0.
0. 0 0. 0 0 0 5 0.072 0.096 0 0 0.072 0.096
0. 0 0. 0 0 0 6 0.096 0.128 0 0 0
K AE AE

(
(

(
(
= +
(
(
(

(


1
2
3
4
5
.096 0.128 6
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1 2 3
4
5 6 1 2 3
4
5 6
0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
K AE

(
(

(
(
=
(
(
(

(


Example 2
Determine the structure stiffness matrix for the truss shown. AE is
constant
Member 1:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =10ft
10 0
1
10
x

= =
0 0
0
10
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
x
x x y x x y
y
y x y y x y
N
N
AE
k
F
L
F




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

x y x y
N N F F
1
0.1 0 0.1 0 1
0 0 0 0 2
0.1 0 0.1 0 6
0 0 0 0 5
k AE

(
(
(
=
(
(

1 2 6 5
Dividing each element byL =10ft
( )
2
1
0.1
10

=
Member 2:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =14.14ft
10 0
0.707
14.14
x

= =
10 0
0.707
14.14
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
AE
k
L




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

2
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 1
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 2
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 7
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 8
k AE

(
(

(
=
(
(


1 2 7 8
Member 3:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =10ft
0 0
0.
10
x

= =
10 0
1
10
y

= =
3
0 0 0 0 1
0 0.1 0 0.1 2
0 0 0 0 3
0 0.1 0 0.1 4
k AE
(
(

(
=
(
(

1 2 3 4
Member 4:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =10ft
10 0
1
10
x

= =
10 10
0.
10
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
AE
k
L




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

4
0.1 0 0.1 0 3
0 0 0 0 4
0.1 0 0.1 0 7
0 0 0 0 8
k AE

(
(
(
=
(
(

3 4 7 8
Member 5:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =14.14ft
10 0
0.707
14.14
x

= =
0 10
0.707
14.14
y

= =
5
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 3
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 4
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 6
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 5
k AE

(
(

(
=
(
(


3 4 6 5
Member 6:
Determine
x
&
y
, where L =10ft
10 10
0.
10
x

= =
10 0
1
10
y

= =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
x x y x x y
y x y y x y
AE
k
L




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

6
0 0 0 0 6
0 0.1 0 0.1 5
0 0 0 0 7
0 0.1 0 0.1 8
k AE
(
(

(
=
(
(

6 5 7 8
Structure stiffness matrix
K =k
1
+k
2
+k
3
+k
4
+k
5
+k
6
0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
K AE

(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
(

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 1
0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 7
0.035 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.035 0.035 8
AE

(
(

(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(

(


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
AE
(
(

(
(
(

(
+
(
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
AE
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(

(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0 3
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0 4
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0 5
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
AE
(
(
(
(
(

(
+
(

(

(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 8
AE
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(

(
(
(
(

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.135 0.035 0 0 0 0.1 0.035 0.035
0.035 0.135 0 0.1 0 0 0.035 0.035
0 0 0.135 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.1 0
0 0.1 0.035 0.135 0.035 0.035 0 0
0 0 0.035 0.035 0.135 0.035 0 0.1
0.1 0 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.135 0 0
0.035 0.035 0.1 0 0 0 0.1
K AE




=



1
2
3
4
5
6
35 0.035 7
0.035 0.035 0 0 0.1 0 0.035 0.135 8
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0. 0. 0.1 0. 0.035 0. 0.135 = + + + + + =
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.035 0. 0.035 = + + + + =
Application of Stiffness Method
Truss analysis
The global force components Q acting on the truss can be
related to its global displacements D using
k 11 12 u
u 21 22 k
=
Q K K D
Q K K D
( ( (
( ( (

Q KD =
Q
k
, D
k
=know external loads & displacements. The
loads here exist on the truss as part of the
problem
Q
u
, D
u
=unknown loads & displacements. The loads
here represent the unknown support reactions
K =structure stiffness matrix
11 12 k u k
Q K D K D = +
21 22 u u k
Q K D K D = +
Application of Stiffness Method
The member forces can be determined using
0. 0.
1 1
0. 0.
1 1
Nx
x y Ny
N
x y Fx
F
Fy
D
D
q
AE
D
q L
D


(
(
(
( (
(
=
(
( (
(

(

' q k TD =
Nx
Ny
F x y x y
Fx
Fy
D
D
AE
q
D
L
D

(
(
(
( =

(
(

Example 3
Determine the force in each member of the two member truss
shown. AE is constant.
Structure stiffness matrix: from previous example
0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
K AE

(
(

(
(
=
(
(
(

(


Displacements and loads
Q KD =
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6
0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
Q D
Q D
Q D
AE
Q D
Q D
Q

( (
( (

( (
( (
=
( (
( (
( (

( (

6
D
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

The known external displacements are D
3
=D
4
=D
5
=D
6
=0.
Determine the unknown displacements by
The known external loads are Q
1
=0., Q
2
=-2k
Rewrite the matrix
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.405 0.096 0.333 0. 0.072 0.096
2 0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128
0.333 0. 0.333 0. 0. 0. 0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0
0.072 0.096 0. 0. 0.072 0.096 0
0.096 0.128 0. 0. 0.096 0.128 0
D
D
Q
AE
Q
Q
Q

( (
( (

( (
( (
=
( (
( (
( (

( (


(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
0 0.405 0.096 0
2 0.096 0.128 0
D
AE
D
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (

( )
1 2
0 0.405 0.096 AE D D = +
( )
1 2
2 0.096 0.128 AE D D = +
1
4.505
D
AE
=
2
19.003
D
AE

=
The support reactions are now obtained by
The force in each member obtained by
3
4
5
6
0.333 0 0
4.05
0 0 0
0.072 0.096 19.003 0
0.096 0.128 0
Q
Q
AE
AE
Q
AE
Q

( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
= +
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(



3
0.333(4.505) 1.5 Q K = =
4
0 Q =
5
0.072(4.505) 0.096( 19.003) 1.5 Q K = =
6
0.096(4.505) 0.128( 19.003) 2.0 Q K = =
Nx
Ny
F x y x y
Fx
Fy
D
D
AE
q
D
L
D

(
(
(
( =

(
(

Member 1:
| |
1
4.505
19.003
1 0 1 0 1.5
3
0
0
AE
AE
q k
AE
(
(
(

(
= =
(
(
(
(

1
x
= 0
y
= 3 L ft =
Member 2:
| |
2
4.505
19.003
0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.5
5
0
0
AE
AE
q k
AE
(
(
(

(
= =
(
(
(
(

0.6
x
= 0.8
y
= 5 L ft =
Example 4
Determine the support reactions and the force in member 2 of
the truss shown in figure. AE is constant
Example 4
The Stiffness matrix has been determine in Example 2 using the
same notation as shown.
Example 5
Determine the force in member 2 of the assembly if the support at joint 1
settles downward 25mm. AE = 810
3
kN
Member 1:
| |
1
0, 1, 3
0
0.0025
8000
0 1 0 1 8.333
0.00556 3
0.021875
x y
L m
q kN
= = =
(
(

(
= =
(
(

Member 2:
| |
2
0.8, 0.6, 5
0.00556
0.021875
8000
0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 13.9
0 5
0
x y
L m
q kN
= = =
(
(

(
= =
(
(

Member 3:
| |
3
1, 0, 4
0
0
8000
1 0 1 0 11.11
0.00556 4
0.021875
x y
L m
q kN
= = =
(
(
(
= =
(
(

Members Forces
Nodal Coordinate
To solve this problem
A set of nodal coordinate system x, y located at the inclined
support will be used
If the support is an inclined roller
The zero deflection cannot be defined using single horizontal and
vertical global coordinate system
Nodal Coordinate
'' ''
'' ''
0.
0.
0.
0.
Nx x
Ny y
N
Fx x
F
Fy y
Q
Q
q
Q
q
Q

( (
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (

( (

The Nodal Forces
'' '' ''
''
0. 0.
0. 0.
Nx
x y Ny
N
x y Fx
F
Fy
D
D
d
D
d
D


(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(


(

The Nodal Displacements
Nodal Coordinate
''
''
2
'' ''
2
'' ''
2
'' '' '' '' ''
2
'' '' '' '' ''
x
x x y x x x y
y
y x y y x y y
x x y x x x y x
x y y y x y y y
N
N
AE
k
F
L
F




(
(

(
=
(

(

(

'' ''
x y
x y
N N F F
' T
k T k T =
The Stiffness Matrix
'' '' ''
''
0.
0. 0. 0.
1 1
0. 0. 0.
1 1
0.
x
y x y
x x y
y
AE
k
L

(
(
(

(
(
=
(
(
(

(

(
(

The member forces can be determined using
'' '' ''
''
0. 0.
1 1
0. 0.
1 1
Nx
x y Ny
N
F x y Fx
Fy
D
D
q
AE
D
q L
D


(
(
(

( (
(
=
(
( (
(

(

(
(

' q k TD =
''
''
'' ''
Nx
Ny
F x y x y
Fx
Fy
D
D
AE
q
D
L
D

(
(
(
( =

(
(
(

Nodal Coordinate
The Member Forces
Example 6
Determine the support reaction for the truss shown
Member 1:
| |
'' ''
1
0, 1, 0.707, 0.707, 4
0
0
1
0 1 0.707 0.707 22.5
127.3 4
0
x y
x y
L m
EA
q kN
EA
= = = = =
(
(
(
= =
(
(

Member 2:
| |
'' ''
2
0, 1, 0.707, 0.707, 3
352.5
157.5
1
0 1 0.707 0.707 22.5
127.3 3
0
x y
x y
L m
EA
q kN
EA
= = = = =
(
(

(
= =
(
(

Member 3:
| |
3
0.8, 0.6, 5
0
0
1
0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 37.5
352.5 5
157.5
x y
L m
EA
q kN
EA
= = =
(
(
(
= =
(
(

Members Forces
Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors
Thermal Effects
If a truss member of length L is subjected to a temperature
increase AT, The member undergo an increase in length of
L TL o A = A
( )
( )
0
0
N
F
q AE T
q AE T
o
o
= A
= A
Then
Transforming into global coordinate
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0.
0.
1
0.
1
0.
Nx
x x
Ny
y y
x x
Fx
y y
Fy
Q
Q
AE T AE T
Q
Q


o o


(
( (
(
( (
(
(
( (
= A = A (
(
( (

(
( (
(


(

Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors
Fabrication Errors
If a truss member is made too long by an amount AL, then the force
q
0
needed to keep the member at its design length L
( )
( )
0
0
N
F
AE L
q
L
AE L
q
L
A
=
A
=
In global coordinates
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
Nx
x
Ny
y
x
Fx
y
Fy
Q
Q
AE L
L Q
Q

(
(
(
(
(
A
(
= (
(
(
(
(


(

Thermal Changes and Fabrication Errors
Matrix Analysis
0
Q KD Q = +
The Member forces
'
0
q k TD q = +
Where: Q
0
is the column matrix for the entire truss of the initial
fixed-end force caused by the temperature changes and fabrication
errors of the members defined in previous equations
( )
( )
k
k 11 12 u 0
u 21 22 k
u
0
=
Q
Q K K D
Q K K D
Q
(
( ( (
( +
( ( (
(


Example 7
Determine the force in member 1 and 2 of the pin-connected
assembly if the member 2 was made 0.01m too short before it
was fitted into place. Take AE=8(10
3
)
Example 8
Member 2 of the truss shown is subjected to an increase in temperature
of 150 F. Determine the force developed in member 2. E=29(10
6
)lb/in
2
.
Each member has across sectional area of A=0.75 in
2
Space Truss Analysis
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos
cos
cos
F N F N
x x
F N F N F N
F N F N
y y
F N F N F N
F N F N
z z
F N F N F N
x x x x
L
x x y y z z
y y y y
L
x x y y z z
z z z z
L
x x y y z z
u
u
u

= = =
+ +

= = =
+ +

= = =
+ +
0 0 0
0 0 0
x y z
x y z
T


(
=
(

Stiffness Matrix
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y z x y z
x x y x z x x y x z x
y x y y z y x y y z y
x z y z z x z y z z z
x y x x z x x y x z x
x y y y z x y y y z y
x z y z z x z y z z z
N N N F F F
N
N
N
AE
k
F L
F
F






(
(

(
(

=
(

(
(

(

(

0
0
0 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 1
0
0
x
y
x y z
z
x y z
x
y
z
AE
k
L

(
(
(
( (
(
=
( (
(

(
(
(