1

MEASUREMENT
In Grade 8 a student should 1. 2. 3. #. $. %. &. 8. (. 1*. understand the difference between quantity and unit. know the SI units of various quantities. know the meanin and symbols of kilo! me a! i a! tera! milli! centi! micro! nano and "ico. convert units for a quantity. understand the orders of ma nitude for which multi"les and submulti"les should be used . be able to use the metre rule to measure len th. be able to measure the area of a re ular rectan ular sha"e be able to measure the volume of rectan ular blocks as well as irre ular ob'ects such as stones! lass sto""ers etc. be able to use the measurin cylinder! "i"ette! burette and tri"le)beam balance. be able to take very small measurements by usin multi"licative methods e + thickness of sheet of "a"er, volume of dro" of water etc

QUANTITIES AND UNITS - .hysical /uantity is e0"ressed as the "roduct of a numerical value and a "hysical unit. e. . 1he tallest livin man is Sultan 2osen. 3e is 2!$1 m tall and still rowin . 3ow tall are you4 5and still rowin 6. S.I. - SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL D UNITES 1he system of measurement used in most "arts of the world is called the Systeme International 78unites 5SI units6. In this system the 3 most im"ortant units for rade 8 are+ The metre (m = the unit of len th! The "ilo r#m (" = the unit of m#$$! The $e%on& ($ = the unit of time! 1hese 3 units are called '#$e unit$. 9ther units like m2 and k .m)3 can be made u" from the base units and are called &eri(e& unit$. (E)ten$ion! 1here are four other base units+ #m*ere for current! +el(in for tem"erature! %#n&el# for luminosity and mole for amount of a substance.6

2 :om"lete the table.

QUANTITY

SI UNIT metre 5m6

OT,ER UNITS (e)ten$ion!

area cubic metre 5m36 'oule 5=6 "ower metre "er second 5m.s)16 force "ascal
MULTI-LES AND SU.MULTI-LES O/ UNITS

ounce! "ound! ton year! hour inch! yard! mile acre ;itre! allon <ahrenheit calorie horse"ower m"h dyn
"ound "er square inch 5"si6

Some measurements are so bi that very lar e numbers would be used. e + ) the distance to Gauten is about 1$***** metres. 1o avoid lar e numbers we use multi"les of units. 1he distance to Gauten is stated as about 1$** kilometres. 1here are also submulti"les. e. + the len th of your thumb is about *!*2$ metres but it is easier to write this as 2$ millimetres or 2!$ centimetres 51 metre > 1** centimetres > 1*** millimetres.6 :onversions+ kilo > 1*** centi > 1?1** milli > 1?1***

@ow com"lete these statements + 1. 3. $. 13&$ m > ......km $32&!$ mm > ..cm 2** mm > ...m 2. #. %. *!%32 km > ....m 1&% m > ..km 122 cm > m

-RE/I0ES 2ilo and milli are "refi0es that we write in front of a unit to show that it is 1*** times bi er 5kilo6 or 1*** smaller 5 milli 6. Ae can fi0 these "refi0es to any unit of len th! mass or time.e + ) $* kiloseconds > $* *** seconds ) 2$ milliseconds > *!*2$ second ) 12 kilo rams > 12 *** rams

3 1here are other "refi0es+ Billion times > me a 5B6 1*** million times > i a 5G6 Billion million times > tera 516 1?million > micro 5C6 1?1*** million > nano 5n6 1?million million > "ico 5"6 -O1ERS O/ 23 Instead of usin "refi0es for very lar e or very small numbers we can use "owers of 1* to re"resent multi"les or submulti"les. .ower of 1* 1* 1 > 1* 1*3 > 1* 0 1* 0 1* > 1*** 1*% > 1* 0 1* 01* 0 1* 0 1* 0 1* 1*( > 1*01*01*01*01*01*01*01*01* 1*12 > 1*01*01*01*01*01*01*01*01*01*01*01* 1*)1 > 1?1* 1*)2 > 1?1** 1*)3 > 1?1*** 1* )% > 1? 1 *** *** 1*)( > 1? 1*** *** *** 1*)12 > 1? 1*** *** *** *** DSE 9< BD;1I.;E -@7 SDFBD;1I.;E D@I1S 1*)12 1*)% 1*)3 1*3 1*% 1*( 1*12 "ico micro milli kilo me a i a tera 5 a""ro0imate measures 6 radius of o0y en atom > & "m siGe of a bacterial cell > 1Cm width of cell"hone > 8 mm distance to Gauten > 1$** km distance to moon > #** Bm diameter of sun > 1 Gm distance "luto to sun > % 1m .refi0 deca kilo me a i a tera deci centi milli micro nano "ico 7 k B G 1 d c m C n "

Ae choose units and multi"les of units so that the numbers used will be easy to work with in calculations e + the len th of climbin ro"e is about #*m but the distance to 7urban is 2*** km and the len th of a matchbo0 is $* mm. E0tra conversions (e)ten$ion 4or"! 1. %!# Gm > ...km 3. %$8(!# "m > .mm $. # 0 1*)# s > ...ms 2. *!#$ m > C #. *!**$ 1bytes > ..Gbytes %. & 0 1*1* m > 1m

# MEASURIN5 LEN5T, ( &i$t#n%e ! 1he sim"lest method of measurin len th is to use a metre rule or ta"e measure. Error of .aralla0 .aralla0 is the a""arent chan e in the readin of a measurement when the eye is not in direct line with the raduation marks. 1he correct readin is #!8 cm. Error of "aralla0 can ha""en when readin almost any non)di ital a""aratus. Hou must always record your result to the accuracy of you measurin equi"ment. e. . with a normal ruler a readin of e0actly $ cm would be recorded as $!* cm. Ahat is the len th of the line below in mm4 . EI1E@SI9@ A9J2 -1 13E E@7 5vernier cali"ers and micrometers6 MEASURIN5 AREA 1. Square or rectan le+ -rea > len th 0 breadth 5- > l 0 b6

1he area of this rectan le is 5show your workin 6+ E)ten$ion @ote+ when convertin units for area you move the decimal 20 the usual amount. e. .1 e. .2 #!2 cm > #2 mm 1!3 m > .cm FD1 #!2 cm2 > #2* mm2 FD1 1!3 m2 > cm2

$ MEASURIN5 6OLUME 1he volume of an ob'ect is a measure of the s"ace it occu"ies. 1. Kolume of a rectan ular block 1o find the volume of a rectan ular block we measure its len th! breadth and hei ht and use the formula+ K > l 0 b 0 h K>l0b0h > l h b

2. 5a6

Kolume of irre ular solid ob'ect 5 e . a stone 6 7is"lacement of water in a measurin cylinder .ut some water in a measurin cylinder and take the readin . Jemember to avoid "aralla0 and also to take the readin at the 'ottom of the meni$%u$. .ut the stone into the water and take the readin a ain. 1he difference between the 2 readin s should be the volume of the stone. (V = V2 V1 = 14 10 = 4 ml) 7is"lacement of water from a Eureka can. <ill the can so that it is overflowin . Ahen the overflow sto"s! "ut the stone into the can and collect the water dis"laced into a measurin cylinder. Jead the volume in the cylinder. 1his will be the volume of the stone.

K1

K2

5b6

% MEASURIN5 T,E 6OLUME O/ A LIQUID

57raw a""aratus in bo0es on ri ht.6

5a6 1he Beasurin :ylinder 1he measurin cylinder is the easiest way of measurin the volume of a liquid but it is not always very accurate.

5b6 1he .i"ette Ae use a "i"ette to transfer an e0act amount of liquid from one container to another. 5Ae usually use a 2$ cm3 lass "i"ettes but there are many sha"es and different siGes.6

5c6 1he Furette - burette measures the volume of liquid th#t run$ out of it.

& Me#$urin M#$$ Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. 1. 2. Electronic Scales. 5Karious ty"es. Dsually measure to *!1 1ri"le beam balance. 5-ccurate to *!1 .6 1hese are called LbalancesM because the o"erator moves the various wei hts on the three arms in order to balance the turnin forces about a "ivot. Ahen balanced the readin of the mass of the ob'ect can be made. 1he readin on the tri"le beam balance is+ 1** 1* arm > . arm > . > . or *!*1 accuracy.6

7i it arm

Tot#l m#$$ = 7777777

Me#$ure $m#ll (#lue$ u$in l#r e num'er$ Arite down a short method of how one mi ht measure the followin . 1hen do the first one. 5Hour teacher will do the second for you.6 e. .1 1hickness of a "a e in your te0tbook.

e. .2 Kolume of a "a"er cli".

8 Me#$urin hei ht u$in $h#&o4$ #n& *ro*ortion$ - len th of an ob'ects shadow 5;6 is always in direct "ro"ortion to its hei ht 536.

3 h ; l

3 > h ; l
If the small ob'ect is a 1 metre ruler then LhM can be re"laced by 1 1he equation can then be substituted and rearran ed to become+

3 > ;? l
-r#%ti%#l e)#m*le8 -im+ Bethod+ 1o find the hei ht of a ru by "ole on the .iley Jees Go to ru by field Stand metre rule u"ri ht. Beasure len th of shadow of metre rule 5l6. Jecord. Beasure len th of shadow of ru by "ole 5;6. Jecord. l >

Jesults+ :alculation+

; > ..

3 > ;? l
> :onclusion+ 1he hei ht of the "ole is .

( DENSITY 7ensity is defined as mass per unit volume. Den$it9 = M#$$:6olume & = m:6

1he SI unit is kilo ram "er cubic metre 5k .m)36 but we usually use .%m-;. 1he density of water is about 1!* .cm)3.

m d
e. . Ahat is the density of a silver if %3 d > m?K > %3?% > 23<= .%m-;

K
of it has a volume of % cm34

-nswer the followin questions showin all your workin . Set out neatly. 1. Ahat is the density of coal if 1$ cm3 of it has a mass of 2& 4

2.

:alculate the mass of mercury in 2$ cm3 of it. Bercury has a density of 13!% .cm)3.

3.

Ahat is the volume of old in a crown if it has a mass of 2 k 4 Gold has a density of 1(!3 ?cm3.

1* #. Ahat mass of air is in a room if its density is 1!2% k ?m3 and the dimensions of the room are 1* m by 12 m and it has a hei ht of # m4

$.

- rock of mass 8% is lowered into some water in a measurin cylinder. 1he level of the water rose from #* cm3 to &8 cm3. Ahat was the density of the rock4

%.

- rectan ular block of co""er has a density of 8!(# .cm)3 and a mass of 112 . Ahat is the len th of the block if it has a hei ht of *!( cm and a breadth of 2!8 cm4

&.

- neutron star consists of matter with a density of about $ 0 1*1# .cm)3. If a teas"oon of it is $ cm3! what would be the mass of a teas"oon of matter from a neutron star4

8.

- %!* m rectan ular rod has the same breadth and width. If it was made of iron 5density &!8 .cm)36 and had a mass of 1# k ! what was its breadth and width4

11 /OR>E - force is a "ush or a "ull. - force chan es the s"eed! direction and?or sha"e of an ob'ect. Dnit+ newton 5@6 1ei ht8 this is the ravitational force which acts on an ob'ect on or near the surface of a "lanet or moon. 9n earth the ravitational field stren th 5 6 is 1* newtons "er kilo ram 51* @.k )16 e. . - 2 k mass on earth wei hs 2 0 1* > 2* @ - #** mass on earth wei hs *!# 0 1* > # @

9n the moon the ravitational field stren th is 1?% of the earth. e. - 3 k mass on the moon wei hs 3 0 51*?%6 > $ @

:om"lete the sentences+ - k mass wei hts $* @ on earth. - 3** k moon bu - 2#* y has a mass of . on the moon.

tin of food will wei h .. on the moon.

12 KEJ@IEJ :-;I.EJS and BI:J9BE1EJS. 5E)ten$ion 4or"! 1. Kernier :ali"ers can measure accurately to *!1 mm.

1 ) Out$i&e ?#4$+ used to take e0ternal measures of ob'ects 2 ) In$i&e ?#4$+ used to take internal measures of ob'ects 3 ) De*th *ro'e+ used to measure the de"th of ob'ects # ) M#in $%#le 5cm6 $ ) M#in $%#le 5inch6 % ) 6ernier 5cm6 & ) 6ernier 5inch6 8 ) Ret#iner+ used to block movable "art

Kernier Scales e. .1

e. .2

1he len th is 3!3 mm. 2.

1he len th is .

Bicrometers measure to an accuracy of 1 micrometer 5*!*1 mm6.

Sleeve reads full mm Sleeve reads N mm 1himble reads Tot#l me#$urement

> 12 > *!$ > *!1% = 2@<AA mm

Sleeve reads full mm Sleeve reads N mm 1himble reads 1otal measurement > > > >