1. WHAT ARE THE P R E C A U T I O N S TO BE TAKEN W H I L E ENTERING INTO ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR? Ans: 1.

All voltages shall be considered dangerous even though voltage may not be high enough to produce severe shock (80V onwards). 2. All electrical circuits are to be treated as live and no work i.e. maintenance repairs cleaning etc is to be carried out on any part o! the apparatus unless " # $uch parts are dead i.e. totally de"energi%ed. # &solated and all steps taken to lock o!! !rom live conductors. # '!!ectively earthed. # (eleased to work by issuing work permit by authori%ed person. # )on!irmation !or de"energisation is received. *. Visitors + unauthori%ed persons should not be allowed to touch or handle electrical apparatus or come in danger %one o! high voltage e,uipment. -. .oose clothing metal (straps) watch rings chains etc. should be avoided. /. 0aste causes many accidents be sure o! what you are doing.

1. 2se grounding chains whenever entering the precipitator 3"( switch enclosure or bus ducts. 3he precipitator can hold a high static charge up to 1/ kV a!ter it is de"energi%ed. 3he only sa!e ground is one that can be seen. 4. 5ever open a hopper door unless the dust level is positively below the door. 6o not trust the level alarm. )heck !rom the upper access in the precipitator. 0ot dust can !low like water and severely burn or kill a person standing below the door. 7ear protective clothing. 8. 8e on !irm !ooting prior to entering the precipitator. )lear all trip ha%ards. 2se the back o! the hand to test !or high metal temperatures. 9. Avoid o%one inhalation. :%one is created any time the discharge electrodes are energi%ed. 7ear an air"line mask when entering the precipitator !lues or stack when o%one may be present. 6o not use !ilters cartridge or canister respirators. 10. 5ever poke hoppers with an uninsulated metal bar. ;eep sa!ety and danger signs in place. )lean bright signs are obeyed more than deteriorated signs.

Principles of Electrostatic precipitator Electrostatic precipitatio is a !et"o# o$ #%st collectio t"at %ses electrostatic $orces& a # co sists o$ #isc"ar'e (ires a # collecti ' plates. A "i'" )olta'e is applie# to t"e #isc"ar'e (ires to $or! a electrical $iel# *et(ee t"e (ires a # t"e collecti ' plates& a # also io i+es t"e 'as aro% # t"e #isc"ar'e (ires to s%ppl, io s. W"e 'as t"at co tai s a aerosol -#%st& !ist. $lo(s *et(ee t"e collecti ' plates a # t"e #isc"ar'e (ires& t"e aerosol particles i t"e 'as are c"ar'e# *, t"e io s. T"e Co%lo!* $orce ca%se# *, t"e electric $iel# ca%ses t"e c"ar'e# particles to *e collecte# o t"e collecti ' plates& a # t"e 'as is p%ri$ie#. T"is is t"e pri ciple o$ electrostatic precipitatio & a # Electrostatic precipitator appl, t"is pri ciple o a i #%strial scale. T"e particles collecte# o t"e collecti ' plates are re!o)e# *, !et"o#s s%c" as -1. #islo#'i ' *, rappi ' t"e collecti ' plates& -/. scrapi ' o$$ (it" a *r%s"& or -0. (as"i ' o$$ (it" (ater& a # re!o)i ' $ro! a "opper.

1ia'ra! o$ t"e pri ciple o$ electrostatic precipitatio Dust collection efficiency and electrical resistivity of dust

T"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, o$ Electrostatic precipitator is a$$ecte# *, t"e electrical resisti)it, o$ t"e #%st collecte#. I t"e or!al resisti)it, area& t"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, is "i'"& so #%st collectio is sta*le. 2ost o$ t"e aerosols "a #le# *, Electrostatic precipitator are i t"is electrical resisti)it, area. Particles i t"e lo(3resisti)it, area lose t"eir c"ar'e as soo as t"e, arri)e at t"e collecti ' plate& so t"e, are re3e trai e# i t"e #%st collectio area& a # t"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, is 'reatl, re#%ce#. -Re3e trai !e t. T"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, i t"e "i'"3resisti)it, area re#%ces as t"e electrical resisti)it, o$ t"e #%st i creases. Also& partial #isc"ar'e occ%rs (it"i t"e #%st la,er collecte# o t"e collecti ' plates& a # as a res%lt $las"o)ers $re4%e tl, occ%r& t"e applie# )olta'e is re#%ce#& a # t"e #isc"ar'e c%rre t is re#%ce#. I$ t"e electrical resisti)it, o$ t"e #%st is $%rt"er i crease#& t"e #isc"ar'e c%rre t i creases a* or!all,& a # t"e applie# )olta'e is re#%ce# -*ac5 coro a p"e o!e o .. T"e !o)i '3electro#e t,pe electrostatic precipitator (e #e)elope# is s%ita*le $or "i'"3per$or!a ce collectio o$ "i'"3resisti)it, #%st. T"ere$ore& a i!porta t $actor ("e pla i ' Electrostatic precipitator is t"e electrical resisti)it, o$ t"e #%st to *e collecte#.

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Dust collection efficiency and particle size distribution T"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, o$ Electrostatic precipitator is a$$ecte# *, t"e particle si+e o$ t"e aerosol -#%st& !ist. to *e collecte#. T"e t"eoretical !i'ratio )elocit, at ("ic" a particle #ia!eter o$ se)eral 6! !o)es to(ar#s t"e collecti ' plate is al!ost #irectl, proportio al to t"e particle #ia!eter. W"e #%st collectio is per$or!e# o a aerosol (it" #i$$ere t si+e particles %si ' a electrostatic precipitator& t"e collectio e$$icie c, is "i'" $or t"e lar'e particles& a # lo( $or t"e s!all particles. To o*tai t"e sa!e #%st collectio e$$icie c, $or a aerosol (it" s!all particle si+e& t"e electrostatic precipitator !%st *e lar'er -to i crease t"e treati ' ti!e it ta5es $or t"e process 'as to pass t"ro%'". t"a t"at o$ lar'e3si+e particles. T"ere$ore& t"e particle si+e #istri*%tio o$ t"e aerosol to *e collecte# is a i!porta t $actor ("e pla i ' a electrostatic precipitator. Relationship between electrostatic precipitator collection efficiency and the particle size

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Dust collection efficiency and aerosol concentration T"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, o$ a electrostatic precipitator is 'reatl, a$$ecte# *, t"e co ce tratio i t"e 'as o$ t"e aerosol -#%st& !ist. to *e collecte#. 7or t"e sa!e re4%ire# )al%e o$ aerosol co ce tratio at t"e o%tlet o$ t"e electrostatic precipitator& t"e "i'"er t"e aerosol co ce tratio at t"e i let& t"e lo 'er t"e treat!e t ti!e o$ t"e 'as i t"e electrostatic precipitator& a # t"e lar'er t"e #e)ice. Also& i$ t"e i let aerosol co ce tratio is "i'" a # t"e co te t o$ $i e particles s!aller t"a se)eral 6! is "i'"& i or#er to create a c"ar'e clo%# o$ c"ar'e# $i e particles *et(ee t"e #isc"ar'e (ires a # t"e collecti ' plates& t"e coro a #isc"ar'e $ro! t"e #isc"ar'e (ires is re#%ce#& also re#%ci ' t"e #%st collectio e$$icie c, -space c"ar'i ' e$$ect.. T"e aerosol co ce tratio at t"e electrostatic precipitator i let a # t"e re4%ire# o%tlet co ce tratio are i!porta t $actors ("e pla i ' a electrostatic precipitator. Introduction to Precipitators A electrostatic precipitator is a lar'e& i #%strial e!issio 3co trol % it. It is #esi' e# to trap a # re!o)e #%st particles $ro! t"e e8"a%st 'as strea! o$ a i #%strial process. Precipitators are %se# i t"ese i #%stries9 Po(er:Electric Ce!e t C"e!icals 2etals

Paper

I !a , i #%strial pla ts& partic%late !atter create# i t"e i #%strial process is carrie# as #%st i t"e "ot e8"a%st 'ases. T"ese #%st3la#e 'ases pass t"ro%'" a electrostatic precipitator t"at collects !ost o$ t"e #%st. Clea e# 'as t"e passes o%t o$ t"e precipitator a # t"ro%'" a stac5 to t"e at!osp"ere. Precipitators t,picall, collect ;;.;< or !ore o$ t"e #%st $ro! t"e 'as strea!. Precipitators $% ctio *, electro staticall, c"ar'i ' t"e #%st particles i t"e 'as strea!. T"e c"ar'e# particles are t"e attracte# to a # #eposite# o plates or ot"er collectio #e)ices. W"e e o%'" #%st "as acc%!%late#& t"e collectors are s"a5e to #islo#'e t"e #%st& ca%si ' it to $all (it" t"e $orce o$ 'ra)it, to "oppers *elo(. T"e #%st is t"e re!o)e# *, a co )e,or s,ste! $or #isposal or rec,cli '. 1epe #i ' %po #%st c"aracteristics a # t"e 'as )ol%!e to *e treate#& t"ere are !a , #i$$ere t si+es& t,pes a # #esi' s o$ electrostatic precipitators. =er, lar'e po(er pla ts !a, act%all, "a)e !%ltiple precipitators $or eac" % it. Basic Principles Electrostatic precipitatio re!o)es particles $ro! t"e e8"a%st 'as strea! o$ a i #%strial process. O$te t"e process i )ol)es co!*%stio & *%t it ca *e a , i #%strial process t"at (o%l# ot"er(ise e!it particles to t"e at!osp"ere. Si8 acti)ities t,picall, ta5e place9 Io i+atio 3 C"ar'i ' o$ particles 2i'ratio 3 Tra sporti ' t"e c"ar'e# particles to t"e collecti ' s%r$aces Collectio 3 Precipitatio o$ t"e c"ar'e# particles o to t"e collecti ' s%r$aces C"ar'e 1issipatio 3 Ne%trali+i ' t"e c"ar'e# particles o t"e collecti ' s%r$aces Particle 1islo#'i ' 3 Re!o)i ' t"e particles $ro! t"e collecti ' s%r$ace to t"e "opper

Particle Re!o)al 3 Co )e,i ' t"e particles $ro! t"e "opper to a #isposal poi t T"e !a>or precipitator co!po e ts t"at acco!plis" t"ese acti)ities are as $ollo(s9 1isc"ar'e Electro#es Po(er Co!po e ts Precipitator Co trols Rappi ' S,ste!s P%r'e Air S,ste!s 7l%e Gas Co #itio i ' Design & Performance Requirements 1esi' i ' a precipitator $or opti!%! per$or!a ce re4%ires proper si+i ' o$ t"e precipitator i a##itio to opti!i+i ' precipitator e$$icie c,. W"ile so!e %sers rel, o t"e precipitator !a %$act%rer to #eter!i e proper si+i ' a # #esi' para!eters& ot"ers c"oose to eit"er ta5e a !ore acti)e role i t"is process or "ire o%tsi#e e 'i eeri ' $ir!s. Precipitator per$or!a ce #epe #s o its si+e a # collecti ' e$$icie c,. I!porta t para!eters i cl%#e t"e collecti ' area a # t"e 'as )ol%!e to *e treate#. Ot"er 5e, $actors i precipitator per$or!a ce i cl%#e t"e electrical po(er i p%t a # #%st c"e!istr,. Precipitator si+i ' T"e si+i ' process is co!ple8 as eac" precipitator !a %$act%rer "as a % i4%e !et"o# o$ si+i '& o$te i )ol)i ' t"e %se o$ co!p%ter !o#els a # al(a,s i )ol)i ' a 'oo# #ose o$ >%#'!e t. No co!p%ter !o#el o its o( ca assess all t"e )aria*les t"at a$$ect precipitator per$or!a ce. Collecti ' E$$icie c, Base# o speci$ic 'as )ol%!e a # #%st loa#& calc%latio s are %se# to

pre#ict t"e re4%ire# si+e o$ a precipitator to ac"ie)e a #esire# collecti ' e$$icie c,. Po(er I p%t Po(er i p%t is co!prise# o$ t"e )olta'e a # c%rre t i a electrical $iel#. I creasi ' t"e po(er i p%t i!pro)es precipitator collecti ' e$$icie c, % #er or!al co #itio s. Process ariables Gas c"aracteristics a # particle properties #e$i e "o( (ell a precipitator (ill (or5 i a 'i)e applicatio . T"e !ai process )aria*les to co si#er are9 Gas $lo( rate T"e 'as $lo( rate i a po(er pla t is #e$i e# *, coal 4%alit,& *oiler loa#& e8cess air rate a # *oiler #esi' . W"ere t"ere is o co!*%stio & t"e 'as $lo( rate (ill "a)e process3speci$ic #eter!i a ts. Particle si+e a # si+e #istri*%tio T"e si+e #istri*%tio i a po(er pla t is #e$i e# *, coal 4%alit,& t"e coal !ill setti 's a # *%r er #esi' . Particle si+e $or o 3co!*%stio processes (ill "a)e si!ilar #eter!i a ts. Particle resisti)it, T"e resisti)it, o$ $l, as" or ot"er particles is i $l%e ce# *, t"e c"e!ical co!positio a # t"e 'as te!perat%re. Gas te!perat%re

7ollo(i ' are #etails o$ t"ese process )aria*les9 1. Gas 7lo( Rate A precipitator operates *est (it" a 'as )elocit, o$ 0.? 3 ?.? $t:sec. At "i'"er )elocit,& particle re3e trai !e t i creases rapi#l,. I$ )elocit, is too lo(& per$or!a ce !a, s%$$er $ro! poor 'as $lo( #istri*%tio or $ro! particle #ropo%t i t"e #%ct(or5. /. Particle Si+e A precipitator collects particles !ost easil, ("e t"e particle si+e is coarse. T"e 'e eratio o$ t"e c"ar'i ' coro a i t"e i let $iel# !a, *e

s%ppresse# i$ t"e 'as strea! "as too !a , s!all particles -less t"a 1 6!.. =er, s!all particles -@./ 3 @.A6!. are t"e !ost #i$$ic%lt to collect *eca%se t"e $% #a!e tal $iel#3c"ar'i ' !ec"a is! is o)er("el!e# *, #i$$%sio c"ar'i ' #%e to ra #o! collisio s (it" $ree io s. 0. Particle Resisti)it, Resisti)it, is resista ce to electrical co #%ctio . T"e "i'"er t"e resisti)it,& t"e "ar#er it is $or a particle to tra s$er its electrical c"ar'e. Resisti)it, is i $l%e ce# *, t"e c"e!ical co!positio o$ t"e 'as strea!& particle te!perat%re a # 'as te!perat%re. Resisti)it, s"o%l# *e 5ept i t"e ra 'e o$ 1@B 3 1@1@ o"!3c!. Hi'" resisti)it, ca re#%ce precipitator per$or!a ce. 7or e8a!ple& i co!*%stio processes& *%r i ' re#%ce#3s%l$%r coal i creases resisti)it, a # re#%ces t"e collecti ' e$$icie c, o$ t"e precipitator. So#i%! a # iro o8i#es i t"e $l, as" ca re#%ce resisti)it, a # i!pro)e per$or!a ce& especiall, at "i'"er operati ' te!perat%res. O t"e ot"er "a #& lo( resisti)it, ca also *e a pro*le!. 7or e8a!ple -i co!*%stio processes.& % *%r e# car*o re#%ces precipitator per$or!a ce *eca%se it is so co #%cti)e a # loses its electrical c"ar'e so 4%ic5l, t"at it is easil, re3e trai e# $ro! t"e collecti ' plate. A. Gas Te!perat%re T"e e$$ect o$ 'as te!perat%re o precipitator collecti ' e$$icie c,& 'i)e its i $l%e ce o particle resisti)it,& ca *e si' i$ica t. ?. I teractio s to Co si#er Particle si+e #istri*%tio a # particle resisti)it, a$$ect t"e co"esi)e ess o$ t"e la,er o$ precipitate# !aterial o t"e collecti ' plates a # t"e a*ilit, o$ t"e rappi ' s,ste! to #islo#'e t"is la,er $or tra sport i to t"e precipitator "opper (it"o%t e8cessi)e re3e trai !e t. !bout Discharge Electrodes -Bac5 to top. 1isc"ar'e electro#es e!it c"ar'i ' c%rre t a # pro)i#e )olta'e t"at 'e erates a electrical $iel# *et(ee t"e #isc"ar'e electro#es a # t"e

collecti ' plates. T"e electrical $iel# $orces #%st particles i t"e 'as strea! to !i'rate to(ar# t"e collecti ' plates. T"e particles t"e precipitate o to t"e collecti ' plates. Co!!o t,pes o$ #isc"ar'e electro#es i cl%#e9 Strai'"t ro% # (ires T(iste# (ire pairs Bar*e# #isc"ar'e (ires Ri'i# !asts Ri'i# $ra!es Ri'i# spi5e# pipes Spiral (ires 1isc"ar'e electro#es are t,picall, s%pporte# $ro! t"e %pper #isc"ar'e $ra!e a # are "el# i ali' !e t *et(ee t"e %pper a # lo(er #isc"ar'e $ra!es. T"e %pper #isc"ar'e $ra!e is i t%r s%pporte# $ro! t"e roo$ o$ t"e precipitator casi '. Hi'"3)olta'e i s%lators are i corporate# i to t"e s%pport s,ste!. I (ei'"te# (ire s,ste!s& t"e #isc"ar'e electro#es are "el# ta%t *, (ei'"ts at t"e lo(er e # o$ t"e (ires. !bout "ollecting Plates -Bac5 to top. Collecti ' plates are #esi' e# to recei)e a # retai t"e precipitate# particles % til t"e, are i te tio all, re!o)e# i to t"e "opper. Collecti ' plates are also part o$ t"e electrical po(er circ%it o$ t"e precipitator. T"ese collecti ' plate $% ctio s are i corporate# i to t"e precipitator #esi' . Plate *a$$les s"iel# t"e precipitate# particles $ro! t"e 'as $lo( ("ile s!oot" s%r$aces pro)i#e $or "i'" operati ' )olta'e. Collecti ' plates are s%spe #e# $ro! t"e precipitator casi ' a # $or! t"e 'as passa'es (it"i t"e precipitator. W"ile t"e #esi' o$ t"e collecti ' plates )aries *, !a %$act%rer& t"ere are t(o co!!o #esi' s9 Plates s%pporte# $ro! a )il *ea!s at eit"er e # T"e a )il *ea! is also t"e poi t o$ i!pact $or t"e collecti ' rapper

Plates s%pporte# (it" "oo5s #irectl, $ro! t"e precipitator casi ' T(o or !ore collecti ' plates are co ecte# at or ear t"e ce ter *, rapper *ea!s& ("ic" t"e ser)e as i!pact poi ts $or t"e rappi ' s,ste! Top& ce ter& or *otto! spacer *ars !a, *e %se# to !ai tai collecti ' plate ali' !e t a # s%stai electrical cleara ces to t"e #isc"ar'e s,ste!. !bout Power #upplies and "ontrols -Bac5 to top. T"e po(er s%ppl, s,ste! is #esi' e# to pro)i#e )olta'e to t"e electrical $iel# -or *%s sectio . at t"e "i'"est possi*le le)el. T"e )olta'e !%st *e co trolle# to a)oi# ca%si ' s%stai e# arci ' or spar5i ' *et(ee t"e electro#es a # t"e collecti ' plates. Clic5 "ere to )ie( a precipitator po(er s,ste! a i!ate# sc"e!atic s"o(i ' represe tati)e co!po e ts. Electricall,& a precipitator is #i)i#e# i to a 'ri#& (it" electrical $iel#s i series -i t"e #irectio o$ t"e 'as $lo(. a # o e or !ore *%s sectio s i parallel -cross3(ise to t"e 'as $lo(.. W"e electrical $iel#s are i series& t"e po(er s%ppl, $or eac" $iel# ca *e a#>%ste# to opti!i+e operatio o$ t"at $iel#. Li5e(ise& "a)i ' !ore t"a o e electrical *%s sectio i parallel allo(s a#>%st!e ts to co!pe sate $or t"eir #i$$ere ces& so t"at po(er i p%t ca *e opti!i+e#. T"e po(er s%ppl, s,ste! "as $o%r *asic co!po e ts9

A%to!atic )olta'e co trol Step3%p tra s$or!er Hi'"3)olta'e recti$ier Se si ' #e)ice

1.

=olta'e co trol A%to!atic )olta'e co trol )aries t"e po(er to t"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier i respo se to si' als recei)e# $ro! se sors i t"e precipitator a # t"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier itsel$. It !o itors t"e electrical co #itio s i si#e t"e precipitator& protects t"e i ter al co!po e ts $ro! arc3o)er #a!a'es& a # protects t"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier a # ot"er co!po e ts i t"e pri!ar, circ%it. T"e i#eal a%to!atic )olta'e co trol (o%l# pro#%ce t"e !a8i!%! collecti ' e$$icie c, *, "ol#i ' t"e operati ' )olta'e o$ t"e precipitator at a le)el >%st *elo( t"e spar53o)er )olta'e. Ho(e)er& t"is le)el ca ot *e ac"ie)e# 'i)e t"at co #itio s c"a 'e $ro! !o!e t to !o!e t. I stea#& t"e a%to!atic )olta'e co trol i creases o%tp%t $ro! t"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier % til a spar5 occ%rs. T"e t"e co trol resets to a lo(er po(er le)el& a # t"e po(er i creases a'ai % til t"e e8t spar5 occ%rs. !utomatic oltage "ontrollers -$or Electrostatic Precipitators. A electro ic #e)ice %se# to co trol t"e applicatio o$ 1.C. po(er i to a $iel# o$ a electrostatic precipitator. -PIC O7 2=CA 7ACE PANEL AN1 PIC O7 INTER7ACE BOAR1. $heory C Optimize power application D T"e pri!ar, p%rpose o$ a )olta'e co troller is to #eli)er as !%c" %se$%l electrical po(er to t"e correspo #i ' electrostatic precipitator $iel#-s. as possi*le. T"is is ot a eas, >o*E electrical c"aracteristics i t"e $iel#-s. are co sta tl, c"a 'i '& ("ic" is (", a )olta'e co troller is re4%ire#. C Spark reaction D W"e t"e )olta'e applie# to t"e electrostatic precipitator $iel# is too "i'" $or t"e co #itio s at t"e ti!e& a spar5 o)er -or coro a #isc"ar'e. (ill occ%r. 1etri!e tall, "i'" a!o% ts o$ c%rre t ca occ%r #%ri ' a spar5 o)er i$ ot properl, co trolle#& ("ic" co%l# #a!a'e t"e $iel#s. A )olta'e co troller (ill !o itor t"e pri!ar,

a # seco #ar, )olta'e a # c%rre t o$ t"e circ%it& a # #etect a spar5 o)er co #itio . O ce #etecte#& t"e po(er applie# to t"e $iel# (ill *e i!!e#iatel, c%t o$$ or re#%ce#& ("ic" (ill stop t"e spar5. A$ter a s"ort a!o% t o$ ti!e t"e po(er (ill *e ra!pe# *ac5 %p& a # t"e process (ill start o)er. C Protect system components by adhering to component limitations D T"e Tra s$or!er Recti$ier set -TR set. ca *e #a!a'e# *, e8cessi)e a!o% ts o$ c%rre t or )olta'e $lo(i ' t"ro%'" it. Eac" TR set "as )olta'e a # c%rre t li!its esta*lis"e# *, t"e !a %$act%rer& ("ic" are la*ele# o a attac"e# a!eplate -PIC O7 A NA2EPLATE.. T"ese a!eplate li!it )al%es -t,picall, pri!ar, a # seco #ar, c%rre t& a # )olta'e. are pro'ra!!e# i to t"e )olta'e co troller. T"ro%'" !eteri ' circ%its& t"e )olta'e co troller (ill !o itor t"ese )al%es& a # e s%re t"ese li!its are ot e8cee#e#. C Tripping D W"e a co #itio occ%rs t"at t"e )olta'e co troller ca ot co trol& o$te ti!es t"e )olta'e co troller (ill trip. A trip !ea s t"e )olta'e co troller -*, (a, o$ t"e co tactor. (ill s"%t o$$ t"e i #i)i#%al precipitator po(er circ%it. A s"ort i si#e t"e electrostatic precipitator $iel# ca%se# *, a $alle #isc"ar'e electro#e -(ire.& or a s"orte# o%t Silico e Co trolle# Recti$ier are e8a!ples o$ co #itio s t"at a )olta'e co troller ca ot co trol. -PIC O7 CLOSE3UP O7 TRIP LIGHT ON 2=CA 7ACE PANEL. %peration To !a8i!i+e electrostatic precipitator e$$icie c, a )olta'e co troller %s%all, atte!pts to i crease t"e electrical po(er #eli)ere# to t"e $iel#. Ho(e)er i so!e co #itio s a )olta'e co troller !%st >%st !ai tai po(er at a co sta t le)el. I crease# electrical po(er i to t"e electrostatic precipitator #irectl, correlates (it" *etter precipitator per$or!a ce& *%t t"ere is a li!it. I$ too !%c" )olta'es is applie# $or a 'i)e co #itio -as !e tio e# i t"e spar5 reactio sectio .& a spar5

o)er (ill occ%r. 1%ri ' a spar5 o)er precipitator per$or!a ce i t"at $iel# (ill #rop to +ero& re #eri ' t"at $iel# te!poraril, i e$$ecti)e. To o)erco!e t"e crippli ' e$$ect t"at spar5 o)er "as to i creasi ' t"e electrical po(er i t"e precipitator $iel#& spar5 respo se al'orit"!s "a)e *ee #e)elope# t"at (ill i terr%pt po(er %po #etectio o$ a spar5& t"e ra!p po(er *ac5 %p to a "i'" le)el. T"ese respo se al'orit"!s ca 'reatl, i $l%e ce o)erall precipitator per$or!a ce. 1. Tra s$or!er3Recti$iers T"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier rati ' s"o%l# *e !atc"e# to t"e loa# i!pose# *, t"e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio . T"e po(er s%ppl, (ill per$or! *est ("e t"e tra s$or!er3recti$iers operate at F@ 3 ;@< o$ t"e rate# capacit,& (it"o%t e8cessi)e spar5i '. T"is re#%ces t"e !a8i!%! co ti %o%s3loa# )olta'e a # coro a po(er i p%ts. Practical operati ' )olta'es $or tra s$or!er3recti$iers #epe # o 9 o Collecti ' plate spaci ' o Gas a # #%st co #itio s o Collecti ' plate a # #isc"ar'e electro#e 'eo!etr, At seco #ar, c%rre t le)els o)er 1?@@ !A& i ter al i!pe#a ce o$ a tra s$or!er3recti$ier is lo(& ("ic" !a5es sta*le a%to!atic )olta'e co trol !ore #i$$ic%lt to ac"ie)e. T"e #esi' o$ t"e tra s$or!er3 recti$ier s"o%l# call $or t"e "i'"est possi*le i!pe#a ce t"at is co!!e s%rate (it" t"e applicatio a # per$or!a ce re4%ire!e ts. O$te & t"is li!its t"e si+e o$ t"e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio . It is 'e eral practice to a## a##itio al i!pe#a ce i t"e $or! o$ a c%rre t3li!iti ' reactor i t"e pri!ar, circ%it. T"is reactor (ill li!it t"e pri!ar, c%rre t #%ri ' arci ' a # also i!pro)e t"e (a)e s"ape o$ t"e )olta'e:c%rre t $e# i to t"e tra s$or!er3recti$ier. /. Coro a c%rre t #e sit, Coro a c%rre t #e sit, s"o%l# *e i t"e ra 'e o$ 1@ 3 1@@ !A:1@@@ $t/ o$ plate area. -Calc%late t"is %si ' seco #ar, c%rre t #i)i#e# *, collecti ' area o$ t"e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio .. T"e act%al le)el #epe #s %po 9

o o o o

Locatio o$ electrical $iel# or *%s sectio to *e e er'i+e# Collecti ' plate area Gas a # #%st co #itio s Collecti ' electro#e a # #isc"ar'e (ire 'eo!etr, !bout &as Distribution #ystems -Bac5 to top. O e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio o$ a electrostatic precipitator is *, itsel$ a i #epe #e t precipitator. Its operatio is 'o)er e# *, t"e i let 'as a # #%st co #itio s& as (ell as t"e collecti ' plate a # #isc"ar'e electro#e 'eo!etries. Wit"i t"is electrical $iel# or *%s sectio & o e 'as passa'e is also a i #epe #e t precipitator 3 'o)er e# *, t"e sa!e $actors. -Note t"at t"e 'as passa'e s"ares t"e )olta'e le)el (it" t"e a#>ace t 'as passa'es o$ t"e sa!e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio & *%t ot t"e coro a c%rre t le)el& ("ic" ca *e #i$$ere t i eac" 'as passa'e.. T"is poi ts to t"e i!porta ce o$ creati ' si!ilar 'as a # #%st co #itio s 1. at t"e i let o$ eac" electrical $iel# or *%s sectio & a # /. $%rt"er at t"e i let o$ eac" 'as passa'e o$ t"e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio . I#eall,& % i$or!it, is #esire# i 9 Gas )elocit, Gas te!perat%re 1%st loa#i ' Gas )elocit, #istri*%tio ca *e !ost e$$ecti)el, i $l%e ce# *, t"e %se o$ 'as #istri*%tio #e)ices. T"e 4%alit, o$ 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio ca *e !eas%re# i a scale#3 #o( !o#el o$ t"e precipitator a # its #%ct(or5& a # also i t"e precipitator itsel$. T,pical criteria are *ase# o ICAC -I stit%te o$ Clea Air Co!pa ies. reco!!e #atio s %si ' a)era'e 'as )elocities or o a calc%late# R2S statistical represe tatio o$ t"e 'as )elocit, patter .

I 'e eral& 'as #istri*%tio #e)ices co sist o$ t%r i ' )a es i t"e i let #%ct(or5& a # per$orate# 'as #istri*%tio plates i t"e i let a #:or o%tlet $iel#s o$ t"e precipitator. !bout Rapping #ystems -Bac5 to top. Rappers are ti!e3co trolle# s,ste!s pro)i#e# $or re!o)i ' #%st $ro! t"e collecti ' plates a # t"e #isc"ar'e electro#es as (ell as $or 'as #istri*%tio #e)ices -optio al. a # $or "opper (alls -optio al.. Rappi ' s,ste!s !a, *e act%ate# *, electrical or p e%!atic po(er& or *, !ec"a ical !ea s. T%!*li ' "a!!ers !a, also *e %se# to #islo#'e as". Rappi ' !et"o#s i cl%#e9 Electric )i*rators Electric sole oi# pisto #rop rappers P e%!atic )i*rati ' rappers T%!*li ' "a!!ers So ic "or s -#o ot re4%ire tra s!issio asse!*lies. 1. 1isc"ar'e Electro#e Rappi ' I 'e eral& #isc"ar'e electro#es s"o%l# *e 5ept as $ree as possi*le o$ acc%!%late# partic%late. T"e rappi ' s,ste! $or t"e #isc"ar'e electro#es s"o%l# *e operate# o a co ti %o%s sc"e#%le (it" repeat ti!es i t"e / 3 A !i %te ra 'e& #epe #i ' o t"e si+e a # i let partic%late loa#i ' o$ t"e precipitator. /. Collecti ' Plate Rappi ' Collecti ' plate rappi ' !%st re!o)e t"e *%l5 o$ t"e precipitate# #%st. T"e collecti ' plates are s%pporte# $ro! a )il *ea!s or #irectl, (it" "oo5s $ro! t"e precipitator casi '. Wit" a )il *ea! s%pport& t"e i!pact o$ t"e rappi ' s,ste! is #irecte# i to t"e *ea!s locate# at t"e lea#i ' a #:or traili ' e#'e o$ t"e collecti ' plates. 7or #irect casi ' s%pport& t"e i!pact is #irecte# i to t"e rapper *ea!s locate# at or ear t"e ce ter o$ t"e top o$ t"e collecti ' plates. T"e $irst electrical $iel# 'e erall, collects a*o%t G@3B@< o$ t"e i let #%st loa#. T"e $irst $iel# plates s"o%l# *e rappe# o$te e o%'" so t"at t"eir precipitate# la,er o$ partic%late is a*o%t 0:B 3 1:/H t"ic5. T"ere is

o a#)a ta'e i rappi ' !ore o$te si ce t"e precipitate# #%st "as ot ,et a''lo!erate# to a s"eet ("ic" re4%ires a !i i!%! la,er t"ic5 ess. S"eet $or!atio is esse tial to !a5e t"e #%st #rop i to t"e precipitator "opper (it"o%t re3e trai !e t i to t"e 'as strea!. Rappi ' less $re4%e tl, t,picall, res%lts i a #eterioratio o$ t"e electrical po(er i p%t *, a##i ' a a##itio al resista ce i to t"e po(er circ%it. O ce a opti!%! rappi ' c,cle "as *ee $o% # $or t"e $irst electrical $iel# -("ic" !a, )ar, across t"e $ace o$ a lar'e precipitator.& t"e opti!%! rappi ' c,cles $or t"e #o( strea! electrical $iel#s ca *e esta*lis"e#. T"e collecti ' plate rappi ' s,ste! o$ t"e $irst $iel# "as a repeat ti!e T e4%al to t"e ti!e it ta5es to *%il# a 0:B 3 1:/Hla,er o t"e collecti ' plates. T"e plates i t"e seco # $iel# s"o%l# "a)e a repeat ti!e o$ a*o%t ?T& a # t"e plates i t"e t"ir# $iel# s"o%l# "a)e a repeat ti!e o$ /?T. I#eall,& t"ese repeat ti!es ,iel# a #eposite# la,er o$ 0:B31:/H $or t"e plates i all t"ree $iel#s. A#>%st!e t !a, *e re4%ire# $or $actors s%c" as #%st resisti)it,& #%st la,er co"esi)e ess& 'as te!perat%re e$$ects& electrical $iel# "ei'"t a # le 't"& a # t"e collecti ' area ser)e# *, o e rapper. 0. Gas 1istri*%tio Plate a # Hopper Wall Rappi ' T"e 'as #istri*%tio plates s"o%l# also *e 5ept $ree o$ e8cessi)e partic%late *%il#%p a # !a, re4%ire rappi ' o a co ti %o%s *ase (it" a c,cle ti!e i t"e 1@3/@ !i %te ra 'e& #epe #i ' o t"e i let partic%late loa#i ' o$ t"e precipitator a # t"e at%re o$ t"e partic%late. Gas #istri*%tio plates i t"e o%tlet o$ t"e precipitator !a, *e rappe# less o$te -e)er, 0@ 3 G@ !i %tes.. A. I!pro)i ' Rappi ' S,ste! Per$or!a ce All precipitator rappi ' s,ste!s allo( a#>%st!e t o$ rappi ' $re4%e c,& or!all, starti ' (it" t"e "i'"est $re4%e c, -t"e least ti!e *et(ee raps.& pro'ressi ' to t"e lo(est $re4%e c,. T"e ti!es t"at are act%all, a)aila*le !a, *e li!ite#. Rappi ' s,ste!s (it" p e%!atic or electric act%ators allo( )ariatio s o$ t"e rappi ' i te sit,. P e%!atic

or electric )i*rators allo( a#>%st!e ts o$ t"e rappi ' ti!e. State3o$3 t"e3art rapper co trols allo( selectio o$ rappi ' se4%e ces& selectio o$ i #i)i#%al rappers& a # pro)i#e a ti3coi ci#e ce sc"e!es ("ic" allo( o l, o e rapper to operate at a 'i)e ti!e. Rappi ' s,ste!s ca *e opti!i+e# $or top precipitator per$or!a ce %si ' precipitator po(er i p%t a # stac5 opacit, as criteria. Opti!i+atio o$ t"e rappi ' s,ste! starts (it" t"e #isc"ar'e electro#e rappi ' s,ste! operati ' o its o( ti!e sc"e#%le& $or e8a!ple (it" repeat ti!es o$ / 3 A !i %tes. T"e rappi ' s,ste! $or t"e 'as #istri*%tio scree s i t"e i let a # o%tlet o$ t"e precipitator s"o%l# t"e *e operate# (it" repeat ti!es o$ /30 !i %tes $or t"e i let a # / 3 0 "o%rs $or t"e o%tlet scree s. T"e o l, rappi ' s,ste! re4%iri ' opti!i+atio is t"e collecti ' plate rappi ' s,ste!. T"e opti!i+atio s"o%l# start (it" t"e Collecti ' Plate Rappi ' Sc"e#%le #eter!i e# a*o)e. Ne8t& t"e rappi ' $re4%e c, o$ t"e i let $iel# s"o%l# *e i crease# or #ecrease# % til t"e electrical po(er i p%t o$ t"e i let $iel# re!ai s co sta t. Ne8t& t"e rappi ' $re4%e c, o$ t"e ot"er $iel#s s"o%l# *e a#>%ste# i se4%e ce % til t"eir electrical po(er i p%ts re!ai co sta t. I$ t"e stac5 opacit, trace s"o(s rappi ' spi5es& t"e rappi ' i te sit, s"o%l# *e re#%ce# ("ile o*ser)i ' t"e electrical po(er i p%t o$ t"e precipitator. T"e a#>%st!e t o$ t"e rappi ' s,ste! $or opti!%! precipitator per$or!a ce is a slo( process. It re4%ires a s%*sta tial a!o% t o$ ti!e $or sta*ili+atio a$ter eac" a#>%st!e t. !bout 'oppers -Bac5 to top. Precipitator "oppers are #esi' e# to co!pletel, #isc"ar'e #%st loa# o #e!a #. T,picall,& precipitator "oppers are recta '%lar i cross3 sectio (it" si#es o$ at least G@3#e'ree slope. T"ese "oppers are i s%late# $ro! t"e ec5 a*o)e t"e #isc"ar'e $la 'e (it" t"e i s%latio co)eri ' t"e e tire "opper area. I a##itio & t"e lo(er 1:A3 1:0 o$ t"e

"opper (all !a, *e "eate#. 1isc"ar'e #ia!eters are 'e erall, BH 3 1/H. 1. I s%latio I s%latio pro)i#es protectio $or $acilit, perso el as (ell as (or5i ' to retai as !%c" "opper (all te!perat%re as possi*le. Hopper (all te!perat%re rete tio #isco%ra'es co #e satio o t"e i si#e o$ t"e "opper. Heaters are a##e# to e s%re "ot !etal s%r$aces i!!e#iatel, a*o)e t"e $l, as" #isc"ar'e. /. 7acilitati ' "opper #isc"ar'e Hopper #isc"ar'e pro*le!s are ca%se# *, co!pactio o$ t"e $l, as" i t"e "opper. Co!pactio c"aracteristics are a$$ecte# *, !oist%re co te t& particle si+e a # s"ape& "ea# o$ !aterial& a # )i*ratio . T"e $lo( o$ $l, as" o%t o$ t"e "opper ca *e $acilitate# *, t"e %se o$ e8ter al )i*rators. T"ese ca operate o t"e o%tsi#e (all o$ t"e "opper or o a i ter al "opper *a$$le. 0. Hopper $l%i#i+ers Hopper $l%i#i+ers "a)e a !e!*ra e t"at per!its air $lo( to t"e $l, as" #irectl, a*o)e. T"is air $lo( $ills t"e )oi#s *et(ee t"e $l, as" particles at a sli'"t press%re& c"a 'es t"e repose a 'le o$ t"e particles& a # pro!otes 'ra)it, $lo(. A. As" "a #li ' s,ste! T"e $l, as" "a #li ' s,ste! e)ac%ates t"e $l, as" $ro! t"e "oppers& a # tra sports t"e $l, as" to reprocessi ' or to #isposal. T"e as" "a #li ' s,ste! s"o%l# *e #esi' e# a # operate# to re!o)e t"e collecte# $l, as" $ro! t"e "oppers (it"o%t ca%si ' re3e trai !e t i to t"e 'as $lo( t"ro%'" t"e precipitator. T"e #esi' o$ t"e as" "a #li ' s,ste! s"o%l# allo( $or $le8i*ilit, o$ sc"e#%li ' t"e "opper #isc"ar'es accor#i ' to t"e $l, as" *ei ' collecte# i t"ese "oppers. Eit"er t"e precipitator "opper or t"e $ee#er "opper is %se# $or te!poraril, stori ' !aterial prior to #isc"ar'e. T"ree t,pes o$ "a #li ' s,ste!s are i %se9

Ne'ati)e press%re or )ac%%! s,ste! Co ects to t"e "opper *, a si!ple #isc"ar'e )al)e Positi)e press%re #il%te p"ase s,ste! Uses a airloc53t,pe $ee#erE t"e $ee#er is separate# $ro! t"e "opper *, a i let 'ate a # $ro! t"e co )e,i ' li e *, a #isc"ar'e 'ate Positi)e press%re #e se p"ase s,ste! Co ects to t"e "opper (it" a airloc5 t,pe $ee#er. !bout Ductwor( -Bac5 to top. 1%ct(or5 co ects t"e precipitator (it" %pstrea! a # #o( strea! e4%ip!e t. T"e #esi' o$ t"e #%ct(or5 ta5es i to co si#eratio t"e $ollo(i '9 Lo( resista ce to 'as $lo( Ac"ie)e# *, selecti ' a s%ita*le cross3sectio $or t"e #%ct(or5 a # *, i stalli ' 'as $lo( co trol #e)ices& s%c" as t%r i ' )al)es a # $lo( strai'"te ers Gas )elocit, #istri*%tio Gas $lo( co trol #e)ices are %se# to !ai tai 'oo# 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio 2i i!al $allo%t o$ $l, as" 7allo%t ca *e !i i!i+e# *, %si ' a s%ita*le tra sport )elocit, 2i i!al strati$icatio o$ t"e $l, as" A s%ita*le tra sport )elocit, also re#%ces $l, as" strati$icatio i t"e 'as strea! Lo( "eat loss T"e 'oal is to re#%ce t"e "eat loss o$ t"e $l%e 'as to a le)el t"at (ill pre)e t aci# or !oist%re co #e satio i t"e #o( strea! e4%ip!e t& re4%iri ' t"e %se o$ t"er!al i s%latio protecte# *, e8ter al si#i '. Str%ct%ral i te'rit, 1%ct(or5 str%ct%re s%pports its total loa#& i cl%#i ' (i # a # s o( loa#s. T"e #esi' also allo(s $or acc%!%late# $l, as"&

e'ati)e:positi)e operati ' press%re& a # 'as te!perat%re. E8pa sio >oi ts are %se# to acco!!o#ate t"er!al 'ro(t". !bout &as elocity Distribution -Bac5 to top. E$$icie t precipitator per$or!a ce #epe #s "ea)il, %po "a)i ' si!ilar 'as co #itio s at t"e i let o$ eac" electrical $iel# or *%s sectio a # at t"e i let o$ eac" 'as passa'e o$ t"e electrical $iel# or *%s sectio . U i$or!it, o$ 'as )elocit, is also #esira*le 3 'oo# 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio t"ro%'" a precipitator !eets t"ese re4%ire!e ts9 I B?< o$ all !eas%re# 'as )elocities J 1.1? ti!es t"e a)era'e 'as )elocit, I ;;< o$ all !eas%re# 'as )elocities J 1.A@ ti!es t"e a)era'e 'as )elocit, 1. I!pro)i ' Gas =elocit, 1istri*%tio T"e 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio i a precipitator ca *e c%sto!i+e# accor#i ' to t"e #esi' o$ t"e precipitator a # t"e c"aracteristics o$ t"e #%st particles. Tra#itio all,& precipitators "a)e *ee #esi' e# (it" % i$or! 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio t"ro%'" t"e electrical $iel#s& to a)oi# "i'"3)elocit, areas t"at (o%l# ca%se re3e trai !e t. W"ile t"is is still a reco!!e #e# practice& t"ere is a a#)a ta'e i so!e cases to #e)elopi ' a )elocit, pro$ile t"at *ri 's !ore particles closer to t"e "opper. Bot" o$ t"ese sc"e!es "a)e applicatio s i site3speci$ic co #itio s. Gas )elocit, #istri*%tio ca *e co trolle# *, t"e $ollo(i '9 A##i ':i!pro)i ' 'as $lo( co trol #e)ices i t"e i let #%ct(or5 A##i ':i!pro)i ' $lo( co trol #e)ices i t"e i let o$ t"e precipitator A##i ':i!pro)i ' $lo( co trol #e)ices i t"e o%tlet o$ t"e precipitator A##i ' a rappi ' s,ste! to t"e $lo( co trol #e)ices -("ere applica*le.

A##i ':i!pro)i ' a ti3s ea5 *a$$les at t"e perip"eries o$ t"e electrical $iel#s A##i ':i!pro)i ' "opper *a$$les Eli!i ati ' air lea5a'es i to t"e precipitator !bout Re)entrainment -Bac5 to top. Re#%ci ' rappi ' re3e trai !e t to a accepta*le le)el 'e erall, re4%ires a s%*sta tial i!pro)e!e t o$ t"e 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio a # t"e electrical po(er #e sit, a # % i$or!it,& as (ell as a e8te #e# opti!i+atio pro'ra! $or t"e collecti '3plate rappi ' s,ste!. 7actors A$$ecti ' Re3e trai !e t Re3e trai !e t o$ collecte# particles is t"e !a>or co tri*%tor to partic%late e!issio s o$ t"e precipitator. I so!e cases& re3e trai !e t acco% ts $or G@ 3 B@< o$ t"e resi#%al. T"e !a>or ca%ses o$ re3 e trai !e t are as $ollo(s9 Particles9 Lo( co"esi)e ess Lo( a#"esio to collecti ' plates Particle si+e Lo( resisti)it, =olta'e Spar5 rate setti ' Co trols9 1esi' 9 Collecti ' plate #esi' 1isc"ar'e electro#e #esi' Plate spaci ' Rappi ' 7re4%e c, S,ste!9 I te sit, 1%ratio -i$ applica*le. Electrical Collecti ' plate a # #isc"ar'e electro#e rappi ' 7iel#9 Spar5i ' Saltatio Erosio -locali+e# "i'" 'as )elocit,.

Hopper9

S ea5a'e Hopper #esi' Lea5a'e -"opper )al)e. Hopper 'as $lo(

!bout "orona Power -Bac5 to top. Precipitator coro a po(er is t"e %se$%l electrical po(er applie# to t"e $l%e 'as strea! to precipitate particles. Eit"er precipitator collecti ' e$$icie c, or o%tlet resi#%al ca *e e8presse# as a $% ctio o$ coro a po(er i Watts:1@@@ ac$! o$ $l%e 'as& or i Watts:1@@@ $t o$ collectio area. T"e separatio o$ particles $ro! t"e 'as $lo( i a electrostatic precipitator #epe #s o t"e applie# coro a po(er. Coro a po(er is t"e pro#%ct o$ coro a c%rre t a # )olta'e. C%rre t is ee#e# to c"ar'e t"e particles. =olta'e is ee#e# to s%pport a electrical $iel#& ("ic" i t%r tra sports t"e particles to t"e collecti ' plates. I t"e lo(er ra 'e o$ collecti ' e$$icie cies& relati)el, s!all i creases i coro a po(er res%lt i s%*sta tial i creases i collecti ' e$$icie c,. O t"e ot"er "a #& i t"e %pper ra 'es& e)e lar'e i creases i coro a po(er (ill res%lt i o l, s!all e$$icie c, i creases. E4%all,& i t"e lo(er ra 'e o$ t"e coro a po(er le)els& a s!all i crease i t"e coro a po(er res%lts i a s%*sta tial re#%ctio i t"e 'as strea! particle co te t. I t"e %pper ra 'e o$ t"e coro a po(er le)el& a lar'e i crease is re4%ire# to re#%ce t"e particle co te t. Opti!i+i ' Coro a Po(er Opti!%! co #itio s #epe # %po t"e locatio o$ t"e $iel# -i let& ce ter a # o%tlet.& $l, as" c"aracteristics -resisti)it,. a # p",sical co #itio s -collecti ' plates a # #isc"ar'e (ires.. Coro a po(er le)els ca *e opti!i+e# *, a#>%sti ' or opti!i+i ' t"e $ollo(i '9 Gas )elocit,9 U i$or!it, 7l, As"9 Particle si+eK Resisti)it,

=olta'e Co trols9 1esi' 9 Rappi ' S,ste!9 S%pport I s%lator9

Spar5 rate setti ' C%rre t L )olta'e li!its Plate spaci ' Collecti ' plate L #isc"ar'e electro#e #esi' 7re4%e c, L i te sit, P%r'e air s,ste! operatio

!bout Performance Improvements -Bac5 to top. I!pro)e!e t or opti!i+atio o$ precipitator operatio ca res%lt i si' i$ica t sa)i 's. 2a , speci$ic sit%atio s e co%ra'e a re)ie( o$ precipitator operatio 9 1eterioratio o$ e8isti ' e4%ip!e t Ti'"te i ' o$ air poll%tio e!issio re'%latio s C"a 'es i pro#%cts a #:or pro#%ctio rates 7re4%e t $orce# o%ta'es 1e3rati ' o$ pro#%ctio To lear !ore a*o%t per$or!a ce i!pro)e!e t pro'ra!s& re$er to t"e appropriate sectio 9 Gas =elocit, 1istri*%tio Coro a Po(er Re3e trai !e t Process I!pro)e!e ts 7l%e Gas:7l, As" Co #itio i ' E4%ip!e t I!pro)e!e ts Equipment Improvements -Bac5 to top. T"e o*>ecti)es o$ e4%ip!e t i!pro)e!e ts are to opti!i+e coro a po(er& re#%ce re3e trai !e t& a # opti!i+e 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio i si#e t"e precipitator. So!e i!porta t topics to co si#er ("e pla i ' e4%ip!e t i!pro)e!e ts i cl%#e9

1.

Precipitator Si+e W"e si+i ' t"e precipitator& it is i!porta t to pro)i#e a cross3sectio t"at (ill !ai tai a accepta*le 'as )elocit,. It is also i!porta t to pro)i#e $or e o%'" total #isc"ar'e (ire le 't" a # collecti ' plate area& so t"at t"e #esire# speci$ic coro a c%rre t a # electrical $iel# ca *e applie#. /. Gas =elocit, 1istri*%tio I!pro)i ' 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio i t"e precipitator re#%ces particle re3e trai !e t a # *oosts precipitator e$$icie c,. T,picall,& a % i$or! 'as )elocit, is #esire#& *%t t"ere are site3speci$ic e8ceptio s. Gas )elocit, #istri*%tio ca *e !o#i$ie# *, %si ' $lo( co trol #e)ices a # *a$$les. Re$er to t"e special sectio o 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio . 0. Coro a Po(er T"e separatio o$ #%st particles $ro! t"e 'as $lo( i a electrostatic precipitator #epe #s o t"e applie# coro a po(er. Coro a po(er is t"e pro#%ct o$ coro a c%rre t a # )olta'e. C%rre t is ee#e# to c"ar'e t"e particles. =olta'e is ee#e# to s%pport a electrical $iel#& ("ic" i t%r tra sports t"e particles to t"e collecti ' plates. 7or a##itio al i $or!atio & re$er to Coro a Po(er. A. Sectio ali+atio T"e precipitator is #i)i#e# i to electrical sectio s t"at are cross3(ise a # parallel to t"e 'as $lo( to acco!!o#ate spatial #i$$ere ces i 'as a # #%st co #itio s. Opti!i+atio o$ coro a po(er i )ol)es a#>%sti ' t"e coro a po(er -seco #ar, )olta'e a # c%rre t. i eac" electrical sectio $or opti!%! co #itio s. ?. Particle Re3e trai !e t 2i i!i+i ' re3e trai !e t o$ #%st particles is i!porta t to i!pro)e!e t o$ precipitator e$$icie c,. 2ost precipitator e4%ip!e t a$$ects t"e re3e trai !e t le)el. 7or a #etaile# #isc%ssio & )isit t"e special sectio o re3e trai !e t. G. A##itio al E4%ip!e t Per$or!a ce i!pro)e!e t optio s i cl%#e t"e i stallatio o$ a seco #

precipitator i series (it" t"e e8isti ' precipitatorE %si ' $a*ric $ilters #o( strea! o$ t"e precipitatorE a # a##i ' a seco # particle collector i parallel (it" t"e e8isti ' collector. Ot"er possi*ilities i cl%#e so ic or electrostatic particle a''lo!erators %pstrea! o$ t"e precipitatorE a !ec"a ical %pstrea! collectorE or a electrostaticall,3e "a ce# or !ec"a ical collector& or a $ilter #o( strea! o$ t"e precipitator. F. Re)ie( t"e Ge eral E4%ip!e t Re4%ire!e ts Re)ie(i ' t"e Ne% #or$er K o(le#'e Base sectio s o e4%ip!e t (ill pro)i#e a##itio al i si'"t i to per$or!a ce i!pro)e!e ts. 7or !ore i $or!atio & see t"ese relate# topics9 Gas =elocit, 1istri*%tio Coro a Po(er Re3e trai !e t 1isc"ar'e Electro#es Collecti ' Plates Po(er S%pplies Gas 1istri*%tio Rappi ' S,ste!s Hoppers a # 1%st Ha #li ' 1%ct(or5 "ombustion Process Improvements for Power Plants -Bac5 to top. Co!*%stio process co #itio s !ai l, a$$ect t"e coro a po(er le)el. T"e pri!ar, co tri*%tors to co!*%stio process co #itio s a # t"eir e$$ects i cl%#e9 Coal I 7l%e 'as $lo( rate I 7l%e 'as !oist%re co te t I 7l, as" resisti)it,

I 7l, as" i let loa#i ' I 7l, as" particle si+e Coal !ills I 7l, as" particle si+e I U *%r e# car*o -LOI. 7%r ace I Base loa#:s(i ' loa# operatio I 7l%e 'as $lo( rate B%r ers I 7l%e 'as te!perat%re I 7l, as" resisti)it, I U *%r e# car*o -LOI. Air pre3"eaters I Rotatio I Gas $lo( patter I Gas te!perat%re patter I SO0 #istri*%tio patter "oal Bit%!i o%s coals $ro! Easter !i es& s%*3*it%!i o%s a # li' ite coals $ro! Wester !i es& a # li' ites $ro! Te8as !i es are s%*sta tiall, #i$$ere t $ro! eac" ot"er i t"e co!*%stio process. Coal *le #i ' is o( %se# $or operatio al a # $i a cial *e e$its. T"is res%lts i a (i#e ra 'e o$ *oiler a # precipitator operati ' co #itio s. Precipitati ' $l, as" $ro! #i$$ic%lt coals ca *e i!pro)e# (it" co #itio i ' s,ste!s. Ho(e)er& t"e $%r ace a # its associate# e4%ip!e t ca still ca%se pro*le!s i t"e precipitator& partic%larl, coal !ills& *%r ers& a # air pre3"eaters. "oal *ills

T"e setti ' o$ t"e coal !ills a # classi$iers #e$i es t"e coal particle si+e ("ic" i t%r i!pacts t"e $l, as" particle si+e. Lar'er coal particles are !ore #i$$ic%lt to co!*%st& *%t lar'er $l, as" particles are easier to collect i t"e precipitator. +urnace Base3loa# operatio o$ t"e *oiler is %s%all, *etter $or precipitator operatio t"a s(i '3loa# operatio #%e to !ore sta*le operati ' co #itio s. Boiler operatio at lo( loa#s !a, *e as pro*le!atic $or t"e precipitator as operati ' t"e *oiler at its !a8i!%! loa# le)el& #%e to $allo%t o$ $l, as" i t"e #%ct(or5& lo( 'as te!perat%res& a # #eterioratio o$ t"e 4%alit, o$ t"e 'as )elocit, #istri*%tio . I$ lo( loa# operatio ca ot *e a)oi#e#& t"e i stallatio o$ a##itio al 'as $lo( co trol #e)ices i t"e i let a # o%tlet o$ t"e precipitator !a, pro)e *e e$icial. "oal Burner T"e operatio o$ coal *%r ers& to'et"er (it" t"e setti ' o$ t"e coal !ills a # t"eir classi$iers& a$$ects t"e perce ta'e o$ % *%r e# car*o -LOI or UBC. i t"e $l, as". T"e %se o$ Lo3NO8 *%r ers i creases t"is perce ta'e& a # ca%ses re3e trai !e t a # i crease# spar5i ' i t"e precipitator. 7%rt"er& t"e UBC te #s to a*sor* SO0& ("ic" i t%r i creases t"e $l, as" resisti)it,. O)er3$ire air opti!i+atio or coal3 re*%r s,ste!s !a, re#%ce UBC i t"e $l, as". !ir Pre)heater Re'e erati)e air pre3"eaters ca%se te!perat%re a # SO 0 strati$icatio i t"e #o( strea! 'as $lo(. T"is pro*le! is !ore se)ere i closel,

co%ple# s,ste!s& ("ere t"e precipitator is locate# close to t"e air pre3 "eater. 1epe #i ' %po site3speci$ic co #itio s& $lo( !i8i ' #e)ices !a, *e i stalle# i t"e #%ct(or5 to t"e precipitator& or $l%e 'as co #itio i ' s,ste!s !a, *e %se# to e4%ali+e t"e 'as $lo( c"aracteristics. +ly !sh and +lue &as "onditioning -Bac5 to top. 7l%e 'as a # $l, as" c"aracteristics at t"e i let #e$i e precipitator operatio . T"e co!*i atio o$ $l%e 'as a al,sis& $l%e 'as te!perat%re a # $l, as" c"e!istr, pro)i#es t"e *ase $or $l, as" resisti)it,. T,picall,& $l, as" resisti)it, i )ol)es *ot" s%r$ace a # )ol%!e resisti)it,. As 'as te!perat%re i creases& s%r$ace co #%cti)it, #ecreases a # )ol%!e resisti)it, i creases. I lo(er 'as te!perat%re ra 'es& s%r$ace co #%cti)it, pre#o!i ates. T"e c%rre t passi ' t"ro%'" t"e precipitate# $l, as" la,er is co #%cte# i a $il! o$ (ea5 s%l$%ric aci# o t"e s%r$ace o$ t"e particles. 7or!atio o$ t"e aci# $il! -$ro! SO0 a # H/O. is i $l%e ce# *, t"e s%r$ace c"e!istr, o$ t"e $l, as" particles. I "i'"er 'as te!perat%re ra 'es& )ol%!e co #%cti)it, pre#o!i ates. C%rre t co #%ctio t"ro%'" t"e *o#ies -)ol%!e. o$ t"e precipitate# $l, as" particles is 'o)er e# *, t"e total c"e!istr, o$ t"e particles. 7l, as" resisti)it, ca *e !o#i$ie# -'e erall, (it" t"e i te t to re#%ce it. *, i >ecti ' o e or !ore o$ t"e $ollo(i ' %pstrea! o$ t"e precipitator9 S%l$%r trio8i#e -SO0. A!!o ia -NH0. Water #ulfur $rio,ide and !mmonia "onditioning #ystems

I !ost cases& a s%l$%r trio8i#e co #itio i ' s,ste! is s%$$icie t to re#%ce $l, as" resisti)it, to a accepta*le le)el. T"e so%rce o$ s%l$%r trio8i#e ca *e li4%i# s%l$%r #io8i#e& !olte ele!e tal s%l$%r& or 'ra %late# s%l$%r. It is also possi*le to co )ert ati)e $l%e 'as SO/ to SO0. I so!e i sta ces& a!!o ia alo e "as *ee pro)e a s%ita*le co #itio i ' a'e t. It $or!s a a!!o ia3*ase# partic%late to i crease t"e space c"ar'e. T"e so%rce o$ a!!o ia !a, *e li4%i# a ",#ro%s or a4%eo%s a!!o ia& or soli# %rea. 7i all,& s%l$%r trio8i#e a # a!!o ia !a, *e %se# i co!*i atio . T"is sol%tio "as *ee s%ccess$%l *eca%se it ca lo(er $l, as" resisti)it, a # also $or! a!!o ia *is%l$ate. T"e latter i creases t"e a#"esio o$ particles& a # t"%s re#%ces re3e trai !e t losses. -ater In.ection T"e i >ectio o$ (ater %pstrea! o$ t"e precipitator lo(ers t"e 'as te!perat%re a # a##s !oist%re to t"e $l%e 'as. Bot" are *e e$icial i col#3si#e precipitator applicatio s. Ho(e)er& care !%st *e ta5e t"at all o$ t"e (ater is e)aporate# a # t"at t"e (alls i t"e #%ct(or5 or 'as #istri*%tio #e)ices #o ot 'et (et.

GENERALSA7ETMPRECAUTIONS
Ans: Accidents do not <ust happen " they are results o! unsa!e conditions or unsa!e acts or combination o! both. &n order that we prevent accidents it is necessary to !ollow the guidelines given below= 1. 0aste causes many accidents be sure o! what you are doing.

2. &mmediately report to person in"charge any dangerous condition or practice you have observed. *. 8e!ore working on motors or other rotating machines make sure that it cannot be set in motion without your permission by removing !uses + installing danger board on controlling switch. -. 3horoughly discharge all cables to earth be!ore starting the work. /. >lace rubber mats in !ront o! switchboards. 1. 6o not close any switch unless you are !amiliar with the circuit which it controls and know the reasons !or it being open. 4. 6o not work on live circuits. ?ake sure that all sa!ety precautions have been taken. 8. 6o not close or open switch hesitantly. " do it ,uickly and positively. ;. 1o ot t"ro( (ater o li)e electrical apparat%s i case o$ $ire. Use proper e8ti '%is"er.