Frequency Response

PART - 2

Chapter Objectives:
Understand the Concept of Transfer Functions. Be Familiar with the Decibel Scale. Learn how to make Bode Magnitude and Phase plots. Know Different Types of Passive and Active Filters and their Characteristics.

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Ideal Filter Magnitude Responses

Magnitude responses of different type of ideal filter functions. |H()| |H()|

c
Highpass Filter |H()|

Lowpass Filter |H()|

Bandpass Filter
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Bandstop Filter
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Actual Filter Magnitude Responses

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

LOWPASS FILTER

A low pass filter is designed to pas only frequencies from DC up to the cutoff 1 frequency c. V ( ) 1 j C H ( ) = 0 = = 1 + j RC Vi ( ) R + 1 j C
H (0) = 1 and H () = 0 At the cutof or Rolloff frequency c H ( c ) =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

1 1 + c R C
2 2 2

1 2

c =

1 RC
4

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

LOWPASS FILTER

Regulator: (a) effect of spike in current on the input side; (b) noise reduction.

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

HIGHPASS FILTER

A high pass filter is designed to pass all the frequencies above its cutoff frequency c.
H ( ) = V0 ( ) R j RC = = Vi ( ) R + 1 1 + j RC j C H (0) = 0 and H () = 1

At the cutof or Rolloff frequency c H (c ) =

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

1 1 + c R C
2 2 2

1 2

c =

1 RC
6

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

BANDPASS FILTER

A bandpass filter is designed to pass all the frequencies within a band of frequencies, 1 < < 2 V ( ) R H ( ) = 0 H (0) = 0 and H () = 1 = Vi ( ) R + j L 1 C

1 LC The Lower and Upper cutoff frequencies are 1 and 2 The center frequency o is given by o = The Bandwidth is B= 2 -1 H (o ) = 1 and H (1 ) = H ( 2 ) =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

1 2
7

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

BANDSTOP FILTER

A Bandstop filter is designed to stop or eliminate all the frequencies within a band of frequencies 1 < < 2 .
H ( ) = j L 1 V0 ( ) C = Vi ( ) R + j L 1

) )

H (0) = 1 and H () = 1

1 LC The Lower and Upper cutoff frequencies are 1 and 2 The center frequency o is given by o = The bandwidth is B= 2 -1 H ( o ) = 1 and H (1 ) = H ( 2 ) =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

1 2
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Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Active first-order low-pass filter

Active filters use also active devices such as OP AMPs. Passive filters use only passive devices such as inductors and capacitors only.

Rf H ( ) = Z V 0 ( ) = f V i ( ) Zi Z i = Ri , Z f = Rf j C f Rf 1 = = 1 j C f 1 + j R f C f Rf + j C f

H ( ) =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Rf

1 Ri 1 + j C f R f

c =

1 Rf C f
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Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

Active first-order High-pass filter

H ( ) =

Z V0 ( ) = f Vi ( ) Zi Rf Ri + 1

Z i = Ri + =

1 , j C i

Z f = Rf 1 C i Ri

H ( ) =

j C i R f 1 + j C i Ri

c =

j C i

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

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Active Bandpass Filter

A bandpass filter is obtained by cascading a LPF and a HPF together with an inverting amplifier to provide the desired gain.

Active Bandpass Filter Block Diagram.

Frequency Response

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

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Active Bandpass Filter Example

Three cascaded stages are used to realize the bandpass filter. A LPF cascaded with a HPF and an inverter stage.

H ( ) =

jC2 R 1 1 + jC1 R 1 + jC2 R Rf jC2 R 1 = Ri 1 + jC1 R 1 + jC2 R Rf Vo = Ri Vi

2 =

1 1 , 1 = , o = 12 , B = 2 1 , Q = o RC1 RC2 B
Rf j

H ( ) =

H (o ) =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Ri 1 + j 1 + j 2 1 R f 2 Ri 1 + 2
Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu
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Active Bandreject Filter

A bandreject filter may be constructed by parallel combination of a LPF and a HPF filter and a summing amplifier.

Active Bandreject Filter Block Diagram.

Frequency Response

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

13

Active Bandreject Filter Example

H ( ) = j C2 R 1 1 + j C1 R 1 + j C2 R j Rf 1 1 = + j j Ri 1+ 1+ 2 1 Rf Vo = Ri Vi

j 2 + ( j ) 2 1 + 1 11 Rf = Ri 1 + j 1 + j 2 1 R 0 and H ( ) = f Ri

= o = 1 2
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

H ( o ) =

Rf

21 Ri 1 + 2
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Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

15

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

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Problem 14.3 For the circuit shown in Fig 14 70, Fnd H(s) = Vo(s)/ V(s).

Additional Problems

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

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Problem: Obtain the transfer function H() = I/Vs of the circuits shown and plot the magnitude response

|H()|

Standard Form 1 2s 1 + 14 5 H (s) = 2 2 15 1 + s + s 35 35 1 20 log = 23 dB 14 35 2 H Max = 23 + 20 log 5 2 =-23+4.5=-18.5 dB

ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu

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Problem 14.45 For the network illustrated in Fig. 14.82, find (a) the transfer function H() = Vo()/I(), (b) the magnitude of H at 0 = 1 rad/s.

1|| j =

j , 1 + j

1||

1 1 j 1 = = j 1 + 1 j 1 + j
H ( ) = Vo j = 2 (1 + j ) 2 I

1 j 1 + j Vo = I j 1 + j 1 + 1+ 1 + j 1 + j 1 H (1) = 2 (1 + j ) 2
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2

H (1) =

1 = 0.25 2 ( 2) 2
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Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu