Presentation on

SUB STATION BASIC : PART I

Single Line Diagram Bus Bar Arrangement Sub Station Layout
1

Introduction
The economics of generation of electrical energy and the huge demands for power in the modern times requires creation of bigger POWER STATIO S! The power stations may be far from the load centre " consumers and so long high #oltage transmission lines are necessary for transfer of bul$ power from power station to different load centres! In between power station and ultimate consumers a number of transformation and switching stations are to be created! Such stations are $nown as Sub Station!

%oncept of Power System

What is Sub Station &

A S'(STATIO is a subsidiary station of an electricity )eneration* Transmission and +istribution system where #oltage is transformed from high to low or #ise #ersa using transformers! Electric power may flow through se#eral substations between generating plant and consumer* and may be changed in #oltage in se#eral steps! A Step,up transformer increases the #oltage and proportionally decreases the current* while a step,down transformer decreases the #oltage and proportionally increases the current for domestic and commercial distribution! 4

BUS BAR STRIPS

3- & 1- MCBs

-ouse Electrification

SOURCE CABLE (Incoming) 3- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing) 1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing) 1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing) 1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
5

TR! .I E 1I %O0ER " O'T)OI )2 .I)-T I ) ARRESTOR %AP! 3O.TA)E TRA S/OR0ER WA3E TRAP %'RRE T TRA S/OR0ER EARTSWIT%ISO.ATOR %IR%'IT (REA4ER ISO.ATOR

TR! .I E 1I %O0E R2

)eneral Arrangement

POWER TRA S/OR 0ER S'( STATI O POTE TIA. TRA S/OR 0ER

('S (AR

Single (us (ar Scheme

S'( STATIO POWER STATIO .OA+ %E TRE

!u"t# ('S (AR !u"t#

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
SI ).E ('S (AR 1'PTO 66$3 SS2 Ad#antages .owest cost Small land area required Easily e7pandable Simple in concept and operation +isad#antages .owest reliability /ailure of a circuit brea$er causes loss of the feeder (us fault causes loss of the entire substation8

Impro#ement
0ain +isad#antage & .oss of the entire Sub Station in case of (us fault! Requirement & A#oid loss of entire bus i!e!* entire Sub Station in (us fault! -ow to Achie#e & (y Sectionali8ing the Single (us (ar! Arrangement & Sectionalisation Arrangement! of Single (us (ar
9

Sectionali8ation of Single (us (ar Scheme

S'( STATIO POWER STATIO .OA+ %E TRE

!u"t# ('S SE%TIO !u"t# ,I ('S SE%TIO , II

SE%TIO A.I9I ) %(

10

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
SE%TIO A.I9ATIO Ad#antages /le7ible operation -igher reliability than single bus scheme Isolation of bus sections for maintenance .oss of only part of the substation for a bus fault +isad#antages .oss of circuit for brea$er failure A sectionali8ed bus arrangement has a higher cost than a single bus scheme as additional 11 circuit brea$er and isolators are required for ('S (AR 166$3 5 ::$3 SS2

Impro#ement
0ain +isad#antage & %ircuit (rea$er failures are more than (us fault! Thus* we loose important feeder in case of %ircuit (rea$er outage! Requirement & A#oid loss of important circuit in case of %ircuit (rea$er outage! -ow to Achie#e & (y by,passing the faulty circuit brea$er! Arrangement & 0ain and Transfer (us (ar Arrangement!
12

0ain and Transfer (us (ar Scheme

S'( STATIO POWER STATIO .OA+ %E TRE

TRA S/ER ('S %O'P.ER 1T(%2

!u"t# 0AI I ('S !u"t# TRA S/ER ('S

13

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
0AI 5 TRA S/ER ('S (AR 1;6<$3 SS2 Ad#antages %ircuit brea$er outage " maintenance does not disrupt the ser#ice of feeder " circuit Reasonable in cost /airly small land area Easily e7pandable +isad#antages (us /ault causes disruption of ser#ice of entire sub station An additional circuit brea$er is required for bus tie
14

Impro#ement
0ain +isad#antage & (us fault in a sub station ha#ing more nos! of circuits causes greater interruption of power! In 0ain and Transfer (us (ar arrangement bus fault results loss of entire sub station i!e!* all circuits! Requirement & A#oid loss of too many circuits in case of bus fault! -ow to Achie#e & (y pro#iding another 0ain (us for connection of circuits! Arrangement &
15

+ouble 0ain (us (us (ar Scheme Single 0ode

S'( STATIO POWER STATIO .OA+ %E TRE

I T

O I T 'P R ER
!u"t#

('S %O'P.ER 1(%2

0AI I

('S 0AI ('S II

16

!u"t#

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
+O'(.E 0AI Ad#antages (us (ar outage " maintenance does disrupt the ser#ice of any feeder " circuit Reasonable in cost /airly small land area Easily e7pandable +isad#antages %ircuit (rea$er outage causes disruption of ser#ice of that feeder
17

('S (AR 1<<=$3 SS2 not

0ain +isad#antage &

Impro#ement

+ouble 0ain (us arrangement is an alternati#e to 0ain 5 Transfer (us scheme! In both cases* the in#estment is same! The only difference is that in +ouble 0ain (us the outage of (us (ar and in 0ain 5 Transfer (us the outage of (rea$er is prioriti8ed! Interruption operation! Requirement & (oth (us fault and %ircuit (rea$er outage are to be ta$en care off! -ow to Achie#e & (y using one of the 0ain (uses as >0ain %um Transfer (us?! Arrangement &
18

of

Power

during

Isolator

S'( STATIO

0ain +ouble and Transfer 0ain %um (us Transfer Scheme (us 0ode (ar Single (us Scheme Scheme 0ode POWER .OA+
STATIO %E TRE

ER T I

IO T P ' R
('S I %'0 TRA S/ER

!u"t#

!u"t# (%

('S II
19

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
+O'(.E 0AI SS2 Ad#antages (us (ar outage " maintenance does disrupt the ser#ice of any feeder " circuit %ircuit (rea$er outage does not disruption of ser#ice of that feeder Reasonable in cost /airly small land area Easily e7pandable +isad#antages Additional Isolator in each circuit increases the cost
20

%'0 TRA S/ER ('S (AR 1<<=$3

not

cause

Impro#ement
0ain +isad#antage & +ouble 0ain %um Transfer (us (ar arrangement outage of %ircuit (rea$er and (us together causes loss of faulty %ircuit (rea$er feeder! Interruption of Power during Isolator Operation! Requirement & A#oid loss of feeder in case of simultaneous outage of %ircuit (rea$er and a 0ain (us! -ow to Achie#e & (y pro#iding separate transfer (us along with +ouble 0ain (uses! Arrangement & +ouble 0ain and Transfer (us
21 (ar

+ouble 0ain and Transfer (us (ar 0ain and Transfer Single Scheme (us Scheme 0ode Scheme 0ode
S'( STATIO POWER STATIO .OA+ %E TRE (%

I TERR'PTIO
('S I ('S II !u"t#

!u"t#

T(%

TRA S/ER

22

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
+O'(.E 0AI SS2 Ad#antages (us (ar outage " maintenance does disrupt the ser#ice of any feeder " circuit %ircuit (rea$er outage does not disruption of ser#ice of that feeder not A + TRA S/ER ('S (AR 1<<=$3

cause

0aintenance of (us and %( does not interrupt supply +isad#antages Additional Isolator and %ircuit required for transfer (us tie! (rea$er
23

0ain +isad#antage & Interruption operation! of Power

Impro#ement
during Isolator

Interruption of Power is li$ely to cause ma@or disturbance if the feeders are important and hea#ily loaded! Requirement & A#oid interruption of important and hea#ily loaded feeders during bus fault or outage of %ircuit (rea$er! -ow to Achie#e & (y connection of circuits for double feed through %ircuit (rea$ers and a#oid Isolator switching!
24

('S I

One and a -alf (rea$er (us (ar Scheme POWER

STATIO

('S II

0AI %(

TIE %(

0AI %(

!u"t#

0AI %(

TIE %(
!u"t#

0AI %(

!u"t#

S'( STATIO

.OA+ %E TRE

!u"t#
25

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage
O E 5 -A./ (REA4ER ('S (AR 1A==$3 SS2 Ad#antages /le7ible operation -igh reliability %an isolate either main bus for maintenance without disrupting ser#ice %an isolate any circuit brea$er for maintenance without disrupting ser#ice +ouble feed to each circuit (us fault does not interrupt ser#ice to any circuits All switching done with circuit brea$ers +isad#antages One,and,a,half brea$ers are required per 26 circuit

Important

Impro#ement

In transmission system the highest reliable (us (ar Arrangement adopted by POWER)RI+ is One and a -alf (us (ar Scheme! -owe#er* where bul$ power e#acuation without alternati#e path is concerned* further reliable arrangement may be adopted! What Arrangement & %onnection of circuits in +ouble (us (ar Arrangement where each circuit will ha#e a spare %ircuit (rea$er in ser#ice! Where can be used & In large )enerating Plants where implication of generation outage is much higher than the 27 cost of %ircuit (rea$ers!

+ouble (rea$er (us (ar Scheme

('S I ('S II
POWER STATIO

!u"t#

S'( STATIO

.OA+ %E TRE

!u"t#

28

+O'(.E (REA4ER ('S (AR 10ega )enerating 'nits2 Ad#antages /le7ible operation 3ery high reliability Isolation of either main bus for maintenance without disrupting ser#ice Isolation of any circuit brea$er for maintenance without disrupting ser#ice +ouble feed to each circuit o interruption of ser#ice to any circuits from bus fault .oss of only one circuit for brea$er failure All switching with circuit brea$ers +isad#antages This configuration carries a high cost 29 Two circuit brea$ers are required for each

Ad#antage 5 +isad#antage

PHOTOGRAPHS

30

Photographs

('S (AR

31

Photographs

%IR%'IT (REA4ER

ISO.ATOR A + EARTSWIT%-

32

Photographs

%'RRE T TRA S/OR0ER

POTE TIA. TRA S/OR0ER

33

Photographs

.I)-T I ) ARRESTER

%APA%ITOR 3O.TA)E TRA S/OR0ER

34

Photographs

WA3E TRAP

TRA S0ISSIO .I E
35

Photographs

TRA S/OR0 ER

36

Photographs

REA%TOR
37

Photographs

S'( STATIO

38

LAYOUT & SECTION

39

A CL-LA CL-CVT CL-WT CL-CT

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D ( ;
CL-TFR. CL-LA

CL-ISO

'T O .AE WI ) A +R

E I . E . A0 ) SI IA)R +

CL-CB

CL-ISO

S.I+E D ;

40

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D ;
Earth Wire Gantr

LA

CV T

W T

CT

ISO & ES

CB

IS O

Ground Level

SECTION - AA

S.I+E D <

41

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D ;

Tran!"or #er

LA

CT

IS O

CB

IS O

Ground Level

SECTION - BB

S.I+E D 6

42

A CL-LA CL-CVT C LWT CL-CT CL-ISO CL-CB

TFR. CL-LA

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D CL<

'T O .AE WI ) A +R

E I . E . A0 ) SI IA)R +

CL-ISO CL-ISO

S.I+E D ;

43

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D Earth <

Gantr Wire

LA

CV W T T

CT

ISO & ES

C B

ISO

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - AA

S.I+E D <

44

+RAWI ) B ECA0P.E D Earth Wire <

Gantr

Tran!"or #er

LA

CT

ISO & ES

C B

ISO

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - BB

S.I+E D 6

45

46

F'ESTIO
What are the different parts of Power System & What is Sub Station & What is Single .ine +iagram & E7plain ('S (AR & What do you Arrangement &
understand by (us (ar

What are the limitations of Single (us (ar Scheme & What is the ad#antage of Sectionalisation of Single (us (ar o#er Single (us Arrangement & (us (ar Arrangement for ;6<$3 Sub Station is 47 !

F'ESTIO
What are the limitations of 0ain 5 Transfer (us (ar Scheme & -ow does +ouble 0ain (us Scheme differ from 0ain 5 Transfer (us Arrangement & What is the difference between +ouble 0ain (us and +ouble 0ain %um Transfer (us Arrangement & What is the (us (ar Arrangement for Sub Station ha#ing #oltage class A==$3 5 abo#e & What is the ad#antages of One and a half (rea$er (us (ar Scheme & What is the ad#antage 5 +isad#antage of Two (rea$er (us (ar Scheme and where the same 48 is used &

F'ESTIO
E7plain the purpose of using
1a2 %ircuit (rea$er 1b2 Isolator 1c2 Earth Switch 1d2 .ightning Arrestor 1e2 %urrent Transformer 1f2 Potential Transformer 1g2 %apacitor 3oltage Transformer 1h2 Wa#e Trap 1i2 Power Transformer
49

50